CN106211987A - A kind of cultural method of hillside fields Rhizoma Dioscoreae - Google Patents
A kind of cultural method of hillside fields Rhizoma Dioscoreae Download PDFInfo
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- CN106211987A CN106211987A CN201610598725.4A CN201610598725A CN106211987A CN 106211987 A CN106211987 A CN 106211987A CN 201610598725 A CN201610598725 A CN 201610598725A CN 106211987 A CN106211987 A CN 106211987A
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- rhizoma dioscoreae
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
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Abstract
The present invention relates to the cultural method of a kind of hillside fields Rhizoma Dioscoreae, described cultural method comprises the following steps: selects planting site and kind, whole sow, field management, the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control, gather and process.Use cultural method of the present invention, utilize hillside physical features to plant, by rationally cultivation and field management, thus improving yield, its method is simple, receives excavation just, dig low cost than tradition plantation receipts, plantation family economic benefit, the beneficially popularization and application of implant mass can be improved.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to proportion of crop planting technical field, be specifically related to the cultural method of a kind of hillside fields Rhizoma Dioscoreae.
Background technology
Rhizoma Dioscoreae is Dioscoreaceae perennial voluble herb plant, as grain, dish, medicine dual-purpose exemplary potent industrial crops entirely
State's most area all has cultivation, and Rhizoma Dioscoreae market at home and abroad is becoming increasingly popular, and the market demand capacity strengthens year by year.Work as previous existence
On product, the main cultivation yam variety overwhelming majority has relatively strong to ground growth characteristics, and its tuber buries straight raw at underground 0.8～2m soil layer
In, its shape, size and integrity degree are the direct factors affecting its commodity value.China four big Rhizoma Dioscoreae main producing region cultivation at present
Main Cultivation mode is the cultivation of excavated by manual work ditch or semimechanized subsoiling Root growth, and main harvesting approach is artificial downward
Excavating results or fragmentary mechanical assistance subsoiling results, the big harvest time of labor intensity is long, time-consuming easy damaged tuber shadow
Ring commodity.Ground hole is planted, sleeve pipe is cultivated, crack is filled out the methods such as formula cultivation and is used for multiple times by locally deep-cutting or once deep-cut
To some extent solve yam cultivation and results link deep-cuts the problems such as work consuming poor efficiency.
The Main Cultivation mode of yam cultivation is the cultivation of excavated by manual work ditch or semimechanized subsoiling Root growth at present, by
Very competent in the adaptation of Rhizoma Dioscoreae, the most all there is plantation.But, the Rhizoma Dioscoreae that quality better to be produced, yield are high still needs
Explore a set of applicable hillside such special topography condition cultivation management technology.
Summary of the invention
It is an object of the invention to for the deficiencies in the prior art, it is provided that a kind of method is simple, high yield, high-quality, low one-tenth
Originally, the implantation methods of time saving and energy saving Rhizoma Dioscoreae.It it is the cultural method of a kind of hillside fields Rhizoma Dioscoreae for having.
For solving above-mentioned technical problem, the technical solution used in the present invention is: the cultural method of a kind of hillside fields Rhizoma Dioscoreae, described
Cultural method comprises the following steps:
(1) select planting site and kind: select the gradient 10～20 degree, soil layer is deep, it is fertile to loosen, draining is good, soda acid is moderate
Sand loam as planting site, select that disease-resistant, strong stress resistance, resistance to rich water, yield is high, the kind of shelf-stable；
(2) sowing: plough deeply 50 centimetres of soil at late March wholely, discharge base manure simultaneously, every mu is discharged base manure and includes farm manure
2000～3000 kilograms and plant ash 300～500 kilograms of mixing are mixed thoroughly, then rake and make big ridge and sow, select hypertrophy
Full, shape neat, not damaged and endothelium turn green seed, open plantation ditch along direction, hillside in face, ridge by line-spacing 30～35cm,
Use bar broadcast mode to plant, want earthing 3～4 cm thick after plantation, then add a cover one layer of Caulis et Folium Oryzae；
(3) field management:
A built draws climing: take staking when staying in height of seedling 30cm, and support height is not less than 1.5 meters, and takes at the 2/3 of support height
Vertical cross bar, surrounding connects into rectangle, draws climing winding and grows up, and the initial stage of emerging pulls out unnecessary primary shoot branch, and every strain stays one
The stem that bar is strong；
B training control Seedling and rich water quality management: combine shallow intertillage before and after Rhizoma Dioscoreae is added and water and execute seedling fertilizer, when Rhizoma Dioscoreae tendril upper half frame
Heavy dressing in the ranks 1 time is prosperous to be fleshed up, and before and after the Summer Solstice, potato long to Rhizoma Dioscoreae heavy dressing is fertile, water irrigation in addition during arid and 7～arrange in time August
Water is prevented waterlogging；Part side shoot top is destroyed, simultaneously the brown sugar of foliage-spray 3%～4% or white sugar liquid, every spray in 8～10 days after August
Execute once, spray 3～5 times；
(4) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: spray 80% anthrax good fortune U.S. 800 times of liquid of wettable powder, 70% thiophanate methyl wettability in June～July
1500 times of liquid of powder and 77% can kill to obtain 600 times of liquid mixed liquors of microgranule, within every 10 days, sprays 1 time, even spray 2～3 times, meets and rain after spray
Need to fill spray in time；
(5) gather and process: the branch above Rhizoma Dioscoreae is withered, after leaf drops, starting to gather, first extract support, shake to cause drop climing
Bulbilus dioscoreae on stem, tilts physical features and takes from the top down, and dig out Rhizoma Dioscoreae block from the one end on ridge successively carefulness along hillside
Root, divider lattice pick size Rhizoma Dioscoreae, and tuber cleans tuber after gathering in time, scrapes off crust with bamboo knife or sheet glass after ducking in drink,
Thinly slice and dry or dry.
Further, prior to seeding, the material of breeding in breeding seed selection is cut into the block potato that weight is 0.1kg, and is cutting
Coat hydrated lime in powder or plant ash at Kou, be placed in indoor storage 2～3d, accelerating germination after wound healing, plant, use before accelerating germination
Mancozeb or thiophanate or make hectogram diluent soak 15～20min, get final product Pregermination and seedling breeding after drying.
Further, preferably, in whole ground seeding process, the kind stem of described yam planting spacing of planting is 15
～20cm.
Further, during the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control, it is also possible to 500 times of liquid of 58% metalaxyl-mancozeb wettable powder or
25% 1000 times of liquid of thunder many Mils wettable powder carry out spraying preventing and treating.
Using the cultural method of a kind of hillside fields Rhizoma Dioscoreae of the present invention, compared with prior art, it has the beneficial effects that: utilize
Hillside physical features is planted, and by rationally cultivation and field management, thus improves yield, and its method is simple, receives excavation just, than biography
System plantation receipts dig low cost, can improve plantation family economic benefit, the beneficially popularization and application of implant mass.
Detailed description of the invention
In order to explain the enforcement of the present invention more fully, further illustrate the present invention below in conjunction with specific embodiment.Institute
Give an actual example and be served only for explaining the present invention rather than limiting the scope of the present invention.
Embodiment 1:
A kind of cultural method of hillside fields Rhizoma Dioscoreae, described cultural method comprises the following steps:
(1) select planting site and kind: select the gradient 10～20 degree, soil layer is deep, it is fertile to loosen, draining is good, soda acid is moderate
Sand loam as planting site, select that disease-resistant, strong stress resistance, resistance to rich water, yield is high, the kind of shelf-stable；
(2) sowing: plough deeply 50 centimetres of soil at late March wholely, discharge base manure simultaneously, every mu is discharged base manure and includes farm manure
2000 kilograms and 500 kilograms of mixing of plant ash are mixed thoroughly, then rake and make big ridge and sow, select loose full, shape is whole
Together, not damaged and endothelium turn green seed, open plantation ditch along direction, hillside in face, ridge by line-spacing 30cm, so can guarantee that Rhizoma Dioscoreae exists
In growth course, illumination is sufficient；Use bar broadcast mode to plant, want earthing 3 cm thick after plantation, then add a cover one layer of Caulis et Folium Oryzae.Enter
One step ground, prior to seeding, the material of breeding in breeding seed selection is cut into the block potato that weight is 0.1kg, and coats ripe in incision
Pulverized limestone or plant ash, be placed in indoor storage 2～3d, accelerating germination after wound healing, plants, before accelerating germination with Mancozeb or
Thiophanate or make hectogram diluent soak 15min, get final product Pregermination and seedling breeding after drying.In whole ground seeding process, described Rhizoma Dioscoreae kind
The kind stem planted spacing of planting is 15～20cm.
(3) field management:
A built draws climing: take staking when staying in height of seedling 30cm, and support height is not less than 1.5 meters, and takes at the 2/3 of support height
Vertical cross bar, surrounding connects into rectangle, draws climing winding and grows up, and the initial stage of emerging pulls out unnecessary primary shoot branch, and every strain stays one
The stem that bar is strong；
B training control Seedling and rich water quality management: combine shallow intertillage before and after Rhizoma Dioscoreae is added and water and execute seedling fertilizer, when Rhizoma Dioscoreae tendril upper half frame
Heavy dressing in the ranks 1 time is prosperous to be fleshed up, and before and after the Summer Solstice, potato long to Rhizoma Dioscoreae heavy dressing is fertile, water irrigation in addition during arid and 7～arrange in time August
Water is prevented waterlogging；Part side shoot top is destroyed, simultaneously the brown sugar of foliage-spray 3%～4% or white sugar liquid, every spray in 8～10 days after August
Execute once, spray 3～5 times；
(4) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: spray 80% anthrax good fortune U.S. 800 times of liquid of wettable powder, 70% thiophanate methyl wettability in June～July
1500 times of liquid of powder and 77% can kill to obtain 600 times of liquid mixed liquors of microgranule, within every 10 days, sprays 1 time, even spray 2～3 times, meets and rain after spray
Need to fill spray in time；
(5) gather and process: the branch above Rhizoma Dioscoreae is withered, after leaf drops, starting to gather, first extract support, shake to cause drop climing
Bulbilus dioscoreae on stem, tilts physical features and takes from the top down, and dig out Rhizoma Dioscoreae block from the one end on ridge successively carefulness along hillside
Root, divider lattice pick size Rhizoma Dioscoreae, and tuber cleans tuber after gathering in time, scrapes off crust with bamboo knife or sheet glass after ducking in drink,
Thinly slice and dry or dry.
Embodiment 2:
A kind of cultural method of hillside fields Rhizoma Dioscoreae, described cultural method comprises the following steps:
(1) select planting site and kind: select the gradient 10～20 degree, soil layer is deep, it is fertile to loosen, draining is good, soda acid is moderate
Sand loam as planting site, select that disease-resistant, strong stress resistance, resistance to rich water, yield is high, the kind of shelf-stable；
(2) sowing: plough deeply 50 centimetres of soil at late March wholely, discharge base manure simultaneously, every mu is discharged base manure and includes farm manure
2500 kilograms and 400 kilograms of mixing of plant ash are mixed thoroughly, then rake and make big ridge and sow, select loose full, shape is whole
Together, not damaged and endothelium turn green seed, open plantation ditch along direction, hillside in face, ridge by line-spacing 32cm, so can guarantee that Rhizoma Dioscoreae exists
In growth course, illumination is sufficient；Use bar broadcast mode to plant, want earthing 3 cm thick after plantation, then add a cover one layer of Caulis et Folium Oryzae.?
Before sowing, the material of breeding in breeding seed selection is cut into the block potato that weight is 0.1kg, and coats hydrated lime in powder or grass in incision
Wood ash, is placed in indoor storage 2～3d, accelerating germination after wound healing, plants, with Mancozeb or thiophanate or make before accelerating germination
Hectogram diluent soaks 20min, gets final product Pregermination and seedling breeding after drying.In whole ground seeding process, the kind stem of described yam planting is planted
Planting spacing is 15～20cm.
(3) field management:
A built draws climing: take staking when staying in height of seedling 30cm, and support height is not less than 1.5 meters, and takes at the 2/3 of support height
Vertical cross bar, surrounding connects into rectangle, draws climing winding and grows up, and the initial stage of emerging pulls out unnecessary primary shoot branch, and every strain stays one
The stem that bar is strong；
B training control Seedling and rich water quality management: combine shallow intertillage before and after Rhizoma Dioscoreae is added and water and execute seedling fertilizer, when Rhizoma Dioscoreae tendril upper half frame
Heavy dressing in the ranks 1 time is prosperous to be fleshed up, and before and after the Summer Solstice, potato long to Rhizoma Dioscoreae heavy dressing is fertile, water irrigation in addition during arid and 7～arrange in time August
Water is prevented waterlogging；Part side shoot top is destroyed, simultaneously the brown sugar of foliage-spray 3%～4% or white sugar liquid, every spray in 8～10 days after August
Execute once, spray 3～5 times；
(4) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: spray 80% anthrax good fortune U.S. 800 times of liquid of wettable powder, 70% thiophanate methyl wettability in June～July
1500 times of liquid of powder and 77% can kill to obtain 600 times of liquid mixed liquors of microgranule, within every 10 days, sprays 1 time, even spray 2～3 times, meets and rain after spray
Need to fill spray in time；
(5) gather and process: the branch above Rhizoma Dioscoreae is withered, after leaf drops, starting to gather, first extract support, shake to cause drop climing
Bulbilus dioscoreae on stem, tilts physical features and takes from the top down, and dig out Rhizoma Dioscoreae block from the one end on ridge successively carefulness along hillside
Root, divider lattice pick size Rhizoma Dioscoreae, and tuber cleans tuber after gathering in time, scrapes off crust with bamboo knife or sheet glass after ducking in drink,
Thinly slice and dry or dry.
Embodiment 3:
A kind of cultural method of hillside fields Rhizoma Dioscoreae, described cultural method comprises the following steps:
(1) select planting site and kind: select the gradient 10～20 degree, soil layer is deep, it is fertile to loosen, draining is good, soda acid is moderate
Sand loam as planting site, select that disease-resistant, strong stress resistance, resistance to rich water, yield is high, the kind of shelf-stable；
(2) sowing: plough deeply 50 centimetres of soil at late March wholely, discharge base manure simultaneously, every mu is discharged base manure and includes farm manure
3000 kilograms and 300 kilograms of mixing of plant ash are mixed thoroughly, then rake and make big ridge and sow, select loose full, shape is whole
Together, not damaged and endothelium turn green seed, open plantation ditch along direction, hillside in face, ridge by line-spacing 35cm, so can guarantee that Rhizoma Dioscoreae exists
In growth course, illumination is sufficient；Use bar broadcast mode to plant, want earthing 4 cm thick after plantation, then add a cover one layer of Caulis et Folium Oryzae.?
Before sowing, the material of breeding in breeding seed selection is cut into the block potato that weight is 0.1kg, and coats hydrated lime in powder or grass in incision
Wood ash, is placed in indoor storage 2～3d, accelerating germination after wound healing, plants, with Mancozeb or thiophanate or make before accelerating germination
Hectogram diluent soaks 18min, gets final product Pregermination and seedling breeding after drying.In whole ground seeding process, the kind stem of described yam planting is planted
Planting spacing is 15～20cm.
(3) field management:
A built draws climing: take staking when staying in height of seedling 30cm, and support height is not less than 1.5 meters, and takes at the 2/3 of support height
Vertical cross bar, surrounding connects into rectangle, draws climing winding and grows up, and the initial stage of emerging pulls out unnecessary primary shoot branch, and every strain stays one
The stem that bar is strong；
B training control Seedling and rich water quality management: combine shallow intertillage before and after Rhizoma Dioscoreae is added and water and execute seedling fertilizer, when Rhizoma Dioscoreae tendril upper half frame
Heavy dressing in the ranks 1 time is prosperous to be fleshed up, and before and after the Summer Solstice, potato long to Rhizoma Dioscoreae heavy dressing is fertile, water irrigation in addition during arid and 7～arrange in time August
Water is prevented waterlogging；Part side shoot top is destroyed, simultaneously the brown sugar of foliage-spray 3%～4% or white sugar liquid, every spray in 8～10 days after August
Execute once, spray 3～5 times；
(4) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: it is anti-that June～spray in July also can carry out spraying with 500 times of liquid of 58% metalaxyl-mancozeb wettable powder
Control, within every 10 days, spray 1 time, even spray 2～3 times, meet the needs that rain after spray and fill spray in time；
(5) gather and process: the branch above Rhizoma Dioscoreae is withered, after leaf drops, starting to gather, first extract support, shake to cause drop climing
Bulbilus dioscoreae on stem, tilts physical features and takes from the top down, and dig out Rhizoma Dioscoreae block from the one end on ridge successively carefulness along hillside
Root, divider lattice pick size Rhizoma Dioscoreae, and tuber cleans tuber after gathering in time, scrapes off crust with bamboo knife or sheet glass after ducking in drink,
Thinly slice and dry or dry.
The foregoing is only embodiments of the invention, not thereby limit the scope of the claims of the present invention, every utilize this
The improvement of the various unsubstantialities that bright method design and technical scheme are carried out, or the most improved design by the present invention and technology
Scheme directly applies to other occasion, all within protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (4)
1. the cultural method of a hillside fields Rhizoma Dioscoreae, it is characterised in that described cultural method comprises the following steps:
(1) select planting site and kind: select the gradient 10～20 degree, soil layer is deep, it is fertile to loosen, draining is good, soda acid is moderate
Sand loam as planting site, select that disease-resistant, strong stress resistance, resistance to rich water, yield is high, the kind of shelf-stable；
(2) sowing: plough deeply 50 centimetres of soil at late March wholely, discharge base manure simultaneously, every mu is discharged base manure and includes farm manure
2000～3000 kilograms and plant ash 300～500 kilograms of mixing are mixed thoroughly, then rake and make big ridge and sow, select hypertrophy
Full, shape neat, not damaged and endothelium turn green seed, open plantation ditch along direction, hillside in face, ridge by line-spacing 30～35cm,
Use bar broadcast mode to plant, want earthing 3～4 cm thick after plantation, then add a cover one layer of Caulis et Folium Oryzae；
(3) field management:
A built draws climing: take staking when staying in height of seedling 30cm, and support height is not less than 1.5 meters, and takes at the 2/3 of support height
Vertical cross bar, surrounding connects into rectangle, draws climing winding and grows up, and the initial stage of emerging pulls out unnecessary primary shoot branch, and every strain stays one
The stem that bar is strong；
B training control Seedling and rich water quality management: combine shallow intertillage before and after Rhizoma Dioscoreae is added and water and execute seedling fertilizer, when Rhizoma Dioscoreae tendril upper half frame
Heavy dressing in the ranks 1 time is prosperous to be fleshed up, and before and after the Summer Solstice, potato long to Rhizoma Dioscoreae heavy dressing is fertile, water irrigation in addition during arid and 7～arrange in time August
Water is prevented waterlogging；Part side shoot top is destroyed, simultaneously the brown sugar of foliage-spray 3%～4% or white sugar liquid, every spray in 8～10 days after August
Execute once, spray 3～5 times；
(4) prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control: spray 80% anthrax good fortune U.S. 800 times of liquid of wettable powder, 70% thiophanate methyl wettability in June～July
1500 times of liquid of powder and 77% can kill to obtain 600 times of liquid mixed liquors of microgranule, within every 10 days, sprays 1 time, even spray 2～3 times, meets and rain after spray
Need to fill spray in time；
(5) gather and process: the branch above Rhizoma Dioscoreae is withered, after leaf drops, starting to gather, first extract support, shake to cause drop climing
Bulbilus dioscoreae on stem, tilts physical features and takes from the top down, and dig out Rhizoma Dioscoreae block from the one end on ridge successively carefulness along hillside
Root, divider lattice pick size Rhizoma Dioscoreae, and tuber cleans tuber after gathering in time, scrapes off crust with bamboo knife or sheet glass after ducking in drink,
Thinly slice and dry or dry.
The cultural method of a kind of hillside fields the most according to claim 1 Rhizoma Dioscoreae, it is characterised in that: in described step (2) wholely
In seeding process, prior to seeding, the material of breeding in breeding seed selection is cut into the block potato that weight is 0.1kg, and is coated with in incision
Upper hydrated lime in powder or plant ash, be placed in indoor storage 2～3d, accelerating germination after wound healing, plants, and uses maneb before accelerating germination
Zinc or thiophanate or make hectogram diluent soak 15～20min, get final product Pregermination and seedling breeding after drying.
The cultural method of a kind of hillside fields the most according to claim 1 Rhizoma Dioscoreae, it is characterised in that: in described step (2) wholely
In seeding process, the kind stem of described yam planting spacing of planting is 15～20cm.
The cultural method of a kind of hillside fields the most according to claim 1 and 2 Rhizoma Dioscoreae, it is characterised in that: described step (4) disease pest
Also can be with 500 times of liquid of 58% metalaxyl-mancozeb wettable powder or 25% 1000 times of liquid of thunder many Mils wettable powder in evil preventing and treating
Carry out spraying preventing and treating.
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110604023A (en) * | 2019-09-26 | 2019-12-24 | 湖北民族大学 | Method for breeding Chinese yam seedling by utilizing Chinese yam bulbil |
| CN112243819A (en) * | 2020-10-14 | 2021-01-22 | 河北省农林科学院植物保护研究所 | Method for planting Chinese yam |
| CN112913614A (en) * | 2021-04-21 | 2021-06-08 | 宝兴县齐海蒙农业有限公司 | High-altitude organic Chinese yam cultivation method |
| CN115088568A (en) * | 2022-06-09 | 2022-09-23 | 河南盛世中药产业研究院有限公司 | High-yield cultivation method for polygonatum sibiricum by topping and promoting roots |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH11239414A (en) * | 1998-02-25 | 1999-09-07 | Toyama City | Yam culturing tool |
| CN101438646A (en) * | 2008-12-29 | 2009-05-27 | 朱启阁 | Method for planting yam of high yield |
| CN101803523A (en) * | 2010-04-12 | 2010-08-18 | 利川市汇川现代农业有限公司 | Cultivation method of Chinese yam |
| CN103210783A (en) * | 2013-05-17 | 2013-07-24 | 攀枝花愚公农业开发有限公司 | Dioscorea opposita planting method |
| CN104396524A (en) * | 2014-11-27 | 2015-03-11 | 秦富英 | Cultivation method of dioscorea opposita |
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2016
- 2016-07-28 CN CN201610598725.4A patent/CN106211987A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH11239414A (en) * | 1998-02-25 | 1999-09-07 | Toyama City | Yam culturing tool |
| CN101438646A (en) * | 2008-12-29 | 2009-05-27 | 朱启阁 | Method for planting yam of high yield |
| CN101803523A (en) * | 2010-04-12 | 2010-08-18 | 利川市汇川现代农业有限公司 | Cultivation method of Chinese yam |
| CN103210783A (en) * | 2013-05-17 | 2013-07-24 | 攀枝花愚公农业开发有限公司 | Dioscorea opposita planting method |
| CN104396524A (en) * | 2014-11-27 | 2015-03-11 | 秦富英 | Cultivation method of dioscorea opposita |
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN110604023A (en) * | 2019-09-26 | 2019-12-24 | 湖北民族大学 | Method for breeding Chinese yam seedling by utilizing Chinese yam bulbil |
| CN112243819A (en) * | 2020-10-14 | 2021-01-22 | 河北省农林科学院植物保护研究所 | Method for planting Chinese yam |
| CN112913614A (en) * | 2021-04-21 | 2021-06-08 | 宝兴县齐海蒙农业有限公司 | High-altitude organic Chinese yam cultivation method |
| CN115088568A (en) * | 2022-06-09 | 2022-09-23 | 河南盛世中药产业研究院有限公司 | High-yield cultivation method for polygonatum sibiricum by topping and promoting roots |
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Application publication date: 20161214 |