CN114793810A - Planting method of cigar wrapper tobacco leaves - Google Patents
Planting method of cigar wrapper tobacco leaves Download PDFInfo
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- CN114793810A CN114793810A CN202210486707.2A CN202210486707A CN114793810A CN 114793810 A CN114793810 A CN 114793810A CN 202210486707 A CN202210486707 A CN 202210486707A CN 114793810 A CN114793810 A CN 114793810A
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Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/45—Tobacco
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
- A01G13/0268—Mats or sheets, e.g. nets or fabrics
- A01G13/0275—Films
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G31/00—Soilless cultivation, e.g. hydroponics
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for planting cigar coat tobacco leaves, which comprises the steps of 1) variety selection; 2) cultivating strong seedlings; 3) land preparation and fertilization; 4) ridging and film covering; 5) digging a cellar for transplanting; 6) managing the field; 7) uncovering the film and earthing up; 8) topping, bud killing and leaf retention; 9) and (6) harvesting. According to the invention, by changing the planting mode of the cigar coat tobacco leaves, the input of the fertilizer is reduced, the application amount of pesticides is reduced, and the quality and the yield of the cigar coats are improved.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for planting cigar coat tobacco leaves.
Background
In recent years, the market of Chinese cigar products is rapidly increased, the demand for raw materials is continuously increased, and the raw materials for the cigar coat and the cigar sleeve in China have insufficient energy production and basically lean on import. Wherein, the eggplant yield of the eggplant varieties is lower than 20 percent, and the eggplant yield of the eggplant varieties in foreign high-quality eggplant production areas such as Guba, dominica and other countries can reach more than 50 percent. This severe dependence on foreign raw materials places a very passive position on the sustainable and steady healthy development of the cigar industry in China. Therefore, improving the quality and yield of cigar raw materials is a fundamental solution to the problem.
The cigar consists of three parts of a cigar coat, a cigar core and a cigar sleeve. Wherein, the eggplant coat is the essence part of the cigar and the most expensive part, and has the highest requirements on the raw material process and the appearance quality. The dilemma faced by the cigar industry can be effectively improved by improving the quality and the yield of the raw materials of the domestic eggplant clothes. The cigar coat requires moderate leaf size, wide leaf shape, thin leaf, fine leaf vein, fine tissue, uniform color, good elasticity, strong tension and good combustibility.
Years of researches on flue-cured tobacco, aromatic tobacco, burley tobacco and the like show that besides the adoption of proper cigar coat varieties, a proper planting method is also one of important measures for improving the quality and yield of cigar coats, and the planting of cigar coat tobacco leaves in China is blank. The Dangjiang estuary is one of cigar production areas in Hubei, the annual average temperature is 7.7-16 ℃, the heat is abundant, the rain and heat are in the same season, the frost-free period is 180-day, the relative humidity is high, the average altitude is 400 meters, and the geographical position and the climatic conditions are both suitable for planting cigar tobacco leaves. But the light irradiation is sufficient, which has adverse effect on the thickness of the eggplant-coated tobacco leaves. Research shows that the shading measures can control the thickness of the cigar leaves and increase the yield of the cigar coat. The shading measures need to build a steel frame and cover a thin film, so that the planting cost of the cigars is increased. In addition, the pesticide is a protective umbrella for crops, but the pesticide spraying times and the spraying amount are more in the existing tobacco planting, the excessive pesticide spraying can have adverse effects on the quality of the tobacco, and when people increasingly attach importance to health, the problem that how to reduce the cost and the pesticide dosage and improve the yield and the quality of the tobacco is urgently needed to be solved in the present stage is solved.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the problems in the prior art and provides a method for planting cigar coat tobacco leaves, which reduces fertilizer input, pesticide application amount and cost and improves cigar coat quality and yield by changing the planting mode of the cigar coat tobacco leaves.
In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical measures:
a method for planting cigar coat tobacco leaves comprises the following steps:
1) variety selection: selecting high-yield and high-quality cigar coat tobacco leaves with wide adaptability such as CX-26 and the like;
2) culturing strong seedlings:
a seedling raising method comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of (1) carrying out seedling culture according to a floating seedling culture technology and a floating seedling culture program, wherein the seedling culture substrate comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 30-50% of turf, 8-12% of diatomite, 8-12% of biochar, 8-12% of vermiculite and 20-40% of perlite, and the air permeability, the water retention property and the fertilizer retention property of the matrix are improved.
As a preferable technical scheme of the invention, the seedling substrate comprises the raw materials of 40% of turf, 10% of diatomite, 10% of charcoal, 10% of vermiculite and 30% of perlite in percentage by weight.
The density of the diatomite is 1.8-2.0g/cm 3 ，SiO 2 The content is 80-83%, the water content is 5%, and the organic matter is less than or equal to 5%.
B, sowing;
c, leaf shearing and seedling hardening: cutting off water and fertilizer 7 days before transplanting, and cutting leaves and hardening seedlings;
d, seedling age: and (5) 50-60 days, so that the effect of five-leaf one core or six-leaf one core is achieved.
Researches show that different seedling raising modes have important influence on the quality of tobacco seedlings and the field growth and development of flue-cured tobacco. According to the seedling raising method, 10% of diatomite is added into the seedling raising substrate, and due to the characteristics of light weight, porosity, looseness, strong adsorbability, stable chemical property and the like of the diatomite, the air permeability, the water retention property and the fertilizer retention property of the substrate can be improved, and the quality of tobacco seedlings can be effectively improved. The diatomite is combined with macroporous substances such as biochar, perlite, turf and the like, so that the nutrient migration and absorption of the cigar can be effectively improved, the adsorbability of the diatomite and the characteristics of providing silicon and other nutrient elements can be fully utilized, and the coordination of the chemical components of the cigar can be enhanced.
3) Land preparation and fertilization:
a, soil preparation: mechanical or animal power tillage is adopted, and mechanical or animal power tillage is adopted 35 days before transplanting, three ditches (furrow, waist ditch and enclosing ditch) are complete, and no water is accumulated in a field block.
B, fertilizing: mechanically or manually opening fertilizing furrows, wherein the depth of each furrow is 15-20cm, the width of each furrow is 15-20cm, and the distance between the two furrows is 110 cm. Applying compound fertilizer 8-8.5 kgN/mu and 2.4-2.7kg P in the whole growth period of eggplant-coated tobacco leaves 2 O 5 18-20kg K/mu 2 O/mu, mixing three thousandth of slow release control agents according to the nitrogen application amount of the base fertilizer, wherein the slow release control agents are a nitrification inhibitor and a urease inhibitor in a mass ratio of 3:1, uniformly spreading the base fertilizer in the fertilizing ditch, mixing the base fertilizer with a cake fertilizer for application, wherein the nitrogen and potassium fertilizer content in the base fertilizer is about 1/3, and completely throwing the phosphate fertilizer at one time.
4) Ridging and film covering:
a, ridging: ridging is carried out by adopting a micro-tillage machine along the fertilizing ditch, the height of the ridge is 25-30cm, the ridge body is flat and straight, the ridge distance (110cm) is uniform, soil particles are finely crushed, and the surface is smooth. The ridge direction is downwind, and the ventilation and the light transmission are realized, so that the tobacco plants are prevented from being blown down by wind.
B, coating a film: after ridging, applying soil moisture to the ridge for mulching, wherein the mulching film is a black and white film, the two sides of the ridge are black films, the white film is a tobacco plant planting area, the width of the white film is about 20cm, and the mulching film is tight, solid and flat.
The difference of the mulching film covering mode influences the growth and development, yield and quality of the flue-cured tobacco, and the mulching film tobacco cultivation mode can improve the yield and quality of the tobacco and shorten the field growth period of the tobacco. The present invention reduces herbicide application by employing a black and white film. The black film is light-tight, inhibits weeds on the ridges from growing, and the white film is light-tight, so that the temperature of the ridges can be improved, and the tobacco plants can be promoted to grow and grow quickly.
5) Digging a cellar and transplanting:
marking and cellar digging: marking the mulching film at intervals of 0.45m along the ridge direction, and pointing a well according to the mark by using a manual puncher or an automatic puncher, wherein the mouth of the well is circular, the diameter of the well is 12-15cm, and the depth of the well is 18-25 cm;
b, carrying out pit transplanting with a matrix, water, fertilizer and medicine: selecting disease-free small strong seedlings with consistent sizes, and transplanting by adopting a matrix, water, fertilizer and medicine carrying mode. The distance between the growing point of the tobacco seedling and the opening of the well is 5-8 cm. Breaking the wall of the cellar by using bamboo sticks and other articles, and covering a layer of floating soil on the root matrix. Pouring root water, dissolving 5kg of potassium nitrate fertilizer in 100kg of water, pouring 250ml of potassium nitrate fertilizer per plant under normal soil moisture content, and pouring the potassium nitrate fertilizer and the potassium nitrate fertilizer into the soil simultaneously with agents for preventing diseases and insect pests such as tobacco root rot, tobacco black shank, cutworms, wild slugs and the like.
By adopting the well cellar transplanting method, the seedling reviving time of the eggplant-coated tobacco seedlings is shortened, the eggplant-coated tobacco seedlings have good heat preservation and soil moisture preservation effects, and the quality of tobacco leaves is improved.
Compared with the conventional tobacco plant transplanting mode, the tobacco plant transplanting mode with the matrix, the water, the fertilizer and the pesticide can provide silicon fertilizer for tobacco plants, can also act together with the controlled release agent in the fertilizer to improve the nutrient utilization efficiency, reduce the frequency of topdressing, save time and labor and ensure the yield and quality of tobacco leaves.
6) Field management:
a, seedling supplementing: checking and supplementing seedlings 3-5 days after transplanting;
b, pest control: turning on a solar pest killing lamp at night to trap and kill adults 30 days before transplantation; during transplanting, using efficient cyhalothrin to prevent insect pests, adopting a yellow plate to trap and kill winged aphids to reduce a migratory flight insect source, and setting a dry trap to trap prodenia litura; after 20 days of transplantation, applying thiamethoxam to leaf surfaces for 1 time to prevent aphid damage; hanging trichogramma bee venom card in the field 30-40 days after transplanting to control the prodenia litura and the oriental tobacco budworm larvae; releasing the stiff aphid seedlings to biologically control aphids 40-50 days after transplanting, and removing yellow plates; after 60-70 days of transplanting, 1-time foliar application of acetamiprid to control myzus persicae;
c, disease control: in the field period, 1200 times of antiviral agent 8% ningnanmycin aqueous solution is sprayed before each field operation, so as to prevent and treat viral diseases. Bacillus subtilis powder is selected in the colony period, and octyl trichlamide or trichloroisocyanuric acid is selected for a long time to be matched with methyloxanil-manganese zinc wettable powder for alternate root irrigation to prevent and control bacterial wilt and black shank;
d, topdressing: topdressing for the 1 st time 25-30 days after transplanting; and (4) topdressing for the 2 nd time 40-45 days after transplanting. After 25-30 days of transplanting, topdressing potassium nitrate for the 1 st time, wherein the dosage of the nitrogen-potassium fertilizer is about 1/3 of the total dosage of the nitrogen-potassium fertilizer, and water-soluble topdressing is adopted; and (3) after 40-45 days of transplanting, topdressing potassium nitrate for the 2 nd time, topdressing 1/6 of the total amount of the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers by using water, and spraying foot leaves and tobacco leaves in the next two sheds by using a spraying mode to the remained 1/6. The top dressing method adopts plant-based top dressing, potassium nitrate is dissolved in water and poured into a cellar, and about 18kg of potassium nitrate is applied to each mu.
Through the compound fertilizer input (N, P) 2 O 5 、K 2 O is respectively 8-8.5 kgN/mu and 2.4-2.7kg P 2 O 5 18-20kg K/mu 2 O/mu) compared with the conventional fertilizer, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are added 2 O 5 ) Potassium (K) 2 O) is respectively 9 kg/mu, 4 kg/mu and 24 kg/mu, on the basis of ensuring the yield and the quality of the tobacco leaves, the nitrogen fertilizer is reduced by 5.6 to 11.1 percent, the phosphate fertilizer is reduced by 32.5 to 40.0 percent, the potassium fertilizer is reduced by 16.7 to 25.0 percent, the nutrient utilization efficiency is improved, and the fertilizer cost is saved.
7) Uncovering the film and hilling: after the 1 st topdressing, uncovering the mulching film and weeding; the furrow soil is rotary-tilled and loosened by a small-sized mini-tiller, and the soil in the furrow is tilled on the ridge by using tools such as a hoe and the like; and filling the well. After ridging, the ridge height reaches 30cm, and the lodging resistance of tobacco plants is improved.
8) Topping, bud killing and leaf retention: cutting off buds at the top of the tobacco leaves and removing 2-3 young leaves at the top from the initial flowering stage to the full flowering stage. And (3) keeping buds at two sides of the top part, consuming redundant nutrition of the leaves, simultaneously, pinching off secondary branches of the leaves, removing 3-4 damaged leaves or bottom leaves, and keeping 22-24 tobacco leaves.
The nutrition of the upper tobacco leaves can be controlled by topping and remaining the fork, and the eggplant proportion in the upper tobacco leaves is increased.
9) Harvesting:
a, standard of harvesting: the leaves are all green, and the sound of the broken petiole is crisp during picking; the top leaf and part of the upper two green leaves have alternate green and yellow colors and starch spots.
And B, a harvesting method comprises the following steps: tobacco leaves are harvested from the bottom of the tobacco plant in batches, 3-4 leaves are harvested from each plant every time, and one round is carried out in 5-7 days, so that the leaves are prevented from being damaged.
The invention has the following advantages and beneficial effects:
1. according to the invention, the diatomite is added in the matrix to be combined with the biochar, perlite, turf and other macroporous substances, so that the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil is improved, the soil structure is improved, the migration and absorption of nutrients are promoted, the adsorbability of the diatomite and the characteristics of providing silicon and other nutrient elements are fully utilized, and the coordination of the chemical components of the cigar is enhanced. During seedling culture, the water and fertilizer can be effectively preserved, the seedling culture efficiency is improved, the harm of diseases and pests is reduced, and the yield and the quality of eggplant-coated tobacco leaves are effectively improved.
2. According to the method, the substrate is adopted for transplanting, the transplanted diatomite not only can provide silicon fertilizer for tobacco plants, but also can be used for improving the nutrient utilization efficiency under the combined action of the diatomite and the slow controlled release agents (nitrification inhibitor and urease inhibitor) in the fertilizer, the nutrient utilization efficiency is improved by adopting the modes of fertilizer fractional application, water soluble fertilizer topdressing and foliar fertilizer spraying, the synergistic effect is realized among the steps, the nutrient input is reduced, the fertilizer consumption is reduced, the cost is reduced, and the quality and the yield of eggplant-coated tobacco leaves are greatly improved.
3. By adopting the black-white mulching film, the growth of weeds in the tobacco ridges can be controlled, the use of herbicides is reduced, the temperature of the ridges is effectively increased, and the early growth and quick growth of tobacco plants are promoted.
Detailed Description
Example 1:
a method for planting cigar coat tobacco leaves comprises the following steps:
first step, selection of field
A field convenient for drainage and irrigation is randomly selected in the cigar coat production area of Wufeng Tujia autonomous county in Yichang city, Hubei province.
Second, culturing tobacco seedlings
Selecting a CX-26 cigar coat tobacco variety, and completing seeding of seedling culture trays by adopting double-layer seedling culture in the middle ten days of 2 months, wherein the seedling culture substrate comprises 40% of turf, 10% of diatomite, 10% of biochar, 10% of vermiculite and 30% of perlite in percentage by weight. And 7 days before transplanting, cutting off water and fertilizer and hardening seedlings. And trimming the whole tobacco leaves. Spraying the pesticide at proper time to prevent and treat diseases and pests. Transplanting can be carried out (the transplanting seedling age is 50-60 days) after one core of five leaves or one core of six leaves is reached, the tobacco seedlings are uniform in size, the stems are thick and strong, and no plant diseases or insect pests are caused during transplanting.
Thirdly, preparing soil for field
And (4) ploughing by adopting machinery or animal power, and preparing the land uniformly in 3 months.
Fourthly, ditching and fertilizing
Adopting mechanical or manual ditching to ensure that the depth of the ditch is 15-20cm, the width of the ditch is 15-20cm and the distance between the two ditches is 110 cm. The method comprises the steps of applying a base fertilizer by a strip application method, mixing the fertilizer with three thousandths of a slow release agent according to the nitrogen application amount of the base fertilizer, wherein the slow release agent comprises a nitrification inhibitor and a urease inhibitor in a mass ratio of 3:1, applying N8 kg, phosphorus 2.5kg and potassium 18kg per mu, applying 100 kg/mu of a commercial organic fertilizer or cake fertilizer, and uniformly scattering the organic fertilizer or cake fertilizer in the ditch. 1/3 basal application of the total dosage of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer, and basal application of phosphate fertilizer. After fertilization, the fertilizing ditch is subjected to ridging operation by using a small white dragon mini-tiller, so that the flatness and the straightness of a ridge body, the uniform ridge distance, fine soil particles and the smooth surface are ensured. And (3) applying soil moisture and covering with a film, wherein the mulching film is a black and white film, the two sides of the ridge are black films, the white film is a tobacco plant planting area, and the width of the white film is about 20 cm. And the film covering can reach the standard of 'tight, solid and flat'.
Fifthly, digging a cellar to transplant
And making the well on the ridge at intervals of 0.45m by adopting a manual puncher or an automatic puncher along the direction of the ridge. When transplanting, selecting disease-free small strong seedlings with consistent sizes for deep planting, and avoiding high-foot seedlings. Transplanting with matrix, medicine, water and fertilizer. After planting, breaking the wall of the pit by using articles such as bamboo sticks and the like, and covering a layer of floating soil on the root matrix. And the distance between the growing point of the tobacco seedling and the well opening is 5-8 cm. After transplanting, root fixing water (5 kg of potassium nitrate fertilizer is dissolved in 1000kg of water) needs to be applied, 200-250ml of root fixing water is applied to each plant under normal soil moisture, and the root fixing water and agents for preventing diseases and insect pests such as tobacco root rot, tobacco black shank, cutworms, wild slugs and the like are simultaneously applied.
The sixth step, field management and pest control
And (4) timely checking and supplementing seedlings and hanging yellow boards 3-5 days after transplanting, well preventing and controlling pests, and timely checking tobacco fields in rainy days to prevent water accumulation in the cellar. Pest control: turning on a solar pest killing lamp at night to trap and kill adults 30 days before transplantation; during transplanting, using efficient cyhalothrin to prevent insect pests, adopting a yellow plate to trap and kill winged aphids to reduce a migratory flight insect source, and setting a dry trap to trap prodenia litura; applying thiamethoxam to leaf surfaces in the middle ten days of 5 months for 1 time to prevent aphid damage; suspending trichogramma bee venom card in the field from 5 th to 6 th earlier days to control the spodoptera litura and the oriental tobacco budworm larvae; 6, releasing the stiff aphid seedlings to biologically prevent and control aphids in the middle ten days of the month, and removing yellow boards; 1-time foliar application of acetamiprid to the late 6-7 months to control the myzus persicae; disease control: in the field period, 1200 times of antiviral agent 8% ningnanmycin aqueous solution is sprayed before each field operation, so as to prevent and treat viral diseases. Bacillus subtilis powder is selected in the colony stage, and octyl trichlamide or trichloroisocyanuric acid is selected for a long time to be matched with wettable powder of methyl cream and manganese zinc for alternate root irrigation, so as to prevent and control bacterial wilt and black shank.
Seventh step, topdressing and intertillage ridging
Topdressing is carried out for 2 times after the eggplant is transplanted. The 1 st additional fertilizer is about 25-30 days after transplanting, and is mainly used for additional application of potassium nitrate which is 1/3 of the total dosage of nitrogen fertilizer and potassium fertilizer. The top dressing method adopts plant-based top dressing, potassium nitrate is dissolved in water and poured into a cellar, and about 18kg of potassium nitrate is applied to each mu. After topdressing, the mulching film is uncovered, and intertillage and hilling are carried out. And the 2 nd top dressing is carried out about 40-45 days after transplanting, the top dressing method is the same as the first top dressing, and half of the top dressing is used for top dressing according to plants and half of the top dressing is used for spraying on leaf surfaces of tobacco leaves below the next two sheds.
Eighth step, harvesting
After the tobacco leaves are mature, harvesting in batches, and putting the harvested leaves in an airing room in batches for airing.
The yield of the cigars planted by the method reaches 110 kg/mu, and the ratio of the tobacco to the outer wrapper of the tobacco reaches 35%.
Example 2:
in 2020, a test of planting cigar-coated tobacco leaves is carried out in the town of the study families in the city of Danjiang estuary of Hubei province, CX-26 variety is selected, and according to the basic steps of the embodiment 1, the specific test method in the embodiment is as follows:
the tobacco leaves are subjected to intensive floating seedling culture, 15 days before transplanting, furrowing and base fertilizer application is carried out on the tobacco leaves, the depth of each furrow is 15-20cm, the width of each furrow is 15-20cm, the distance between every two furrows is 110cm, ridging is carried out after uniform fertilization, the height of each ridge is 25-30cm, soil moisture is suitable for mulching, a mulching film is a black-white mulching film, black films are arranged on two sides of each ridge, a middle planting area is a white film, and the width of the white area is about 20 cm. Strong seedlings are selected from tobacco plants and transplanted in a well cellar manner. The fertilizer is added in the whole growth period, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are added 2 O 5 ) Potassium (K) 2 O) is respectively 8 kg/mu, 2.5 kg/mu and 18 kg/mu, is mixed with 100kg of organic fertilizer cake fertilizer, and is mixed with three per thousand of slow controlled release agents according to the nitrogen application amount of the base fertilizer, wherein the slow controlled release agents are a nitrification inhibitor and a urease inhibitor in a mass ratio of 3: 1; 1/3 of nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer is used as base fertilizer, 1/3 is used as top dressing for the 1 st time, half of top dressing for the 2 nd time is used for top dressing, and half of top dressing is used for leaf surface spraying of tobacco leaves below the next two sheds; phosphate fertilizer and cake fertilizer are used as base fertilizer for one-time application.
After the tobacco plants are transplanted, root fixing water is poured, pesticide is sprayed to prevent and control underground pests, bamboo poles are inserted in time, and yellow boards are pasted. After transplanting for 25-30 days, topdressing for the 1 st time, uncovering the mulching film and weeding; loosening furrow soil by using tools such as a hoe and the like, banking the soil in the furrow on the ridge and filling the well pit; and after 40-45 days of transplanting, top dressing for the 2 nd time.
Cutting off buds at the top of the tobacco leaves and removing 2-3 young leaves at the top, leaving buds at two sides of the top, consuming redundant nutrition of the leaves, simultaneously cutting off other secondary buds of the leaves, and applying a bud inhibitor. And removing 3-4 pieces of damaged leaves or bottom leaves, and retaining 22-24 pieces of tobacco leaves.
The habit of farmers is different from the embodiment of the invention: the culture medium is not added with diatomite, black mulching film ridge planting is adopted, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) are added into the fertilizer in the whole growth period 2 O 5 ) Potassium (K) 2 O) is respectively 9 kg/mu, 4 kg/mu and 24 kg/mu, and is mixed with 100kg of organic fertilizer cake; 2/3 of nitrogenous fertilizer and potash fertilizer is used as a base fertilizer, and 1/3 is used as a first additional fertilizer and is applied for a long time. In the full-bloom stage, flower buds at the top of the tobacco leaves are cut off, 2-3 young leaves at the top are removed, other secondary branches and buds of the leaves are cut off, and a bud inhibitor is applied.
The two cultivation modes are tobacco under-mature harvesting, namely harvesting according to the standards of full green leaves, clear and crisp fracture sound of leaf stalks during harvesting, alternate green and yellow colors of top leaves and partial top leaves, appearing starch spots and the like. Tobacco leaves are harvested from the bottom of a tobacco plant in batches, each tobacco leaf is harvested for about 3-4 days, the tobacco leaves are harvested once every 5-7 days, and the harvested leaves are placed in a drying room in batches for drying.
The cigar planting method has obvious influence on the yield and the output value (quality) of the tobacco leaves. The 2020 test results show that the yield of the tobacco leaves in the planting method is greatly improved, the yield per mu of three fields is respectively increased by 16.1 kg/mu, 11.8 kg/mu and 15.9 kg/mu, and the yield increase rates are 16.5%, 13.3% and 16.4%.
TABLE 1 eggplant coat tobacco yield (kg/mu)
| Treatment of | Field one | Field block two | Field three |
| The habit of farmers | 97.6 | 88.6 | 97.0 |
| Inventive example 2 method | 113.7 | 100.4 | 112.9 |
The results of the equal smoke rate on the tobacco leaves of different field eggplant coats show that the eggplant coat proportion is respectively improved by 3.24 percent, 3.37 percent and 2.93 percent compared with the habit of farmers, and the output values are respectively improved by 1662.1 yuan/mu, 1238.7 yuan/mu and 1637.4 yuan/mu.
TABLE 2 Equipped tobacco ratio and yield (Yuan/mu) on eggplant-coated tobacco leaves
The sensory quality of smoking evaluation is an important index for evaluating the quality of the cigar tobacco leaves. Miscellaneous gas refers to uncomfortable smell of protein, soil fishy smell, green miscellaneous gas, scorched gas, pollen gas, wood gas and the like, and the score is 0-20 minutes; the aroma characteristic refers to the richness and maturity of the alcohol degree, and the score is 0-15; the smoke characteristic refers to plumpness smoothness, fineness and sweetness, the score is 0-15, the aftertaste characteristic refers to cleanliness and aftertaste, and the score is 0-20; the combustion characteristics refer to combustibility, gray and condensation gray, and the score is 0-20; the coordination property refers to balance feeling, and the score is 0-10. Compared with the habit of farmers, the sensory evaluation quality score of the tobacco leaves in the middle of the eggplant coat produced by the method is improved to a certain extent.
TABLE 3 sensory evaluation and quality evaluation table for tobacco leaf in the middle of eggplant
It should be noted that the planting time mentioned in the above embodiments can be adaptively adjusted according to the local climate conditions, and is not meant to specifically limit the present invention. Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made in these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (10)
1. A method for planting cigar coat tobacco leaves is characterized by comprising the following steps: (1) culturing strong seedlings: selecting a cigar coat tobacco variety with wide adaptability, high yield and high quality, and adopting a floating seedling culture mode to culture seedlings, wherein the seedling culture matrix comprises the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 30-50% of turf, 8-12% of diatomite, 8-12% of biochar, 8-12% of vermiculite and 20-40% of perlite, cutting off water and fertilizer before transplanting, and cutting leaves and hardening seedlings; (2) land preparation and fertilization: ploughing, ditching and fertilizing, wherein the compound fertilizer applied to the eggplant-coated tobacco leaves in the whole growth period contains 8-8.5kg of N/mu and 2.4-2.7kg of P 2 O 5 18-20kg K/mu 2 O/mu, mixing three thousandth of slow controlled release agent into the nitrogen fertilizer, uniformly spreading a base fertilizer into the fertilizing ditch, and applying the base fertilizer by mixing a compound fertilizer and a cake fertilizer; the dosage of the nitrogen and potassium fertilizer in the base fertilizer is 1/3 of the total amount of the nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, and the cake fertilizer and the phosphate fertilizer are all added at one time; (3) ridging and film covering: the mulching film adopts a black and white film, the black film is arranged on two sides of the ridge, and the white film is adopted in the tobacco plant planting area; (4) transplanting in a well cellar with a substrate, water, fertilizer and medicine: selecting disease-free small strong seedlings with consistent sizes, transplanting by adopting a matrix, water, fertilizer and medicine, and watering root fixing water; (5) field management: after 25-30 days of transplanting, applying potassium nitrate for the 1 st time, wherein the dosage of the nitrogen-potassium fertilizer is 1/3 of the total amount of the nitrogen-potassium fertilizer, and applying the potassium nitrate by adopting water solution; after 40-45 days of transplanting, performing additional application of potassium nitrate for the 2 nd time, performing water-soluble additional application of 1/6 of the total amount of the nitrogen and potassium fertilizers, and spraying foot leaves and tobacco leaves in a second shed in a spraying mode to the rest 1/6; (6) and (6) harvesting.
2. The method for planting cigar wrapper tobacco leaves according to claim 1, wherein the controlled release agent is a nitrification inhibitor and a urease inhibitor in a mass ratio of 3: 1.
3. The method for planting cigar wrapper tobacco leaves according to claim 1, wherein the seedling substrate is composed of the following raw materials in percentage by weight: 40% of turf, 10% of diatomite, 10% of biochar, 10% of vermiculite and 30% of perlite.
4. The method for planting cigar wrapper tobacco leaves according to claim 1, wherein the furrowing and fertilizing furrow of the step (2) is 15-20cm deep, 15-20cm wide and 110cm apart; and (3) ridging along the fertilizing ditch by using a micro-tillage machine, wherein the ridge height is 25-30cm, the ridge body is straight, and the ridge distance is 110 cm.
5. The cigar wrapper tobacco planting method according to claim 1, wherein the step (4) of root-fixing watering: 5kg of potassium nitrate fertilizer is dissolved in 100kg of water, 200-250ml of potassium nitrate fertilizer is poured into each plant under normal soil moisture, and the potassium nitrate fertilizer and the pesticide are poured into the plants at the same time.
6. The method for planting cigar wrapper tobacco leaves according to claim 1, wherein the step (4) further comprises the step of breaking the wall of the well by using bamboo sticks and other objects, wherein the growing point of the tobacco seedlings is 5-8cm away from the mouth of the well, and a layer of soil is covered on the root matrix.
7. The cigar wrapper tobacco planting method according to claim 1, wherein the step (5) further comprises pest control: turning on a solar pest killing lamp at night to trap and kill adults 30 days before transplantation; during transplanting, using efficient cyhalothrin to prevent insect pests, adopting a yellow plate to trap and kill winged aphids to reduce a migratory flight insect source, and setting a dry trap to trap prodenia litura; after 20 days of transplantation, applying thiamethoxam to leaf surfaces for 1 time to prevent aphid damage; hanging trichogramma bee venom card in the field 30-40 days after transplanting to control the prodenia litura and the oriental tobacco budworm larvae; releasing the stiff aphid seedlings to biologically control aphids 40-50 days after transplanting, and removing yellow plates; and (4) applying acetamiprid to the leaf surfaces 60-70 days after transplanting for 1 time to control the myzus persicae.
8. The cigar wrapper tobacco planting method according to claim 1, wherein the step (5) further comprises disease control: in the field period, 1200 times of antiviral agent 8% ningnanmycin aqueous solution is sprayed before each field operation, so as to prevent and treat viral diseases; bacillus subtilis powder is selected in the colony stage, and octyl trichlamide or trichloroisocyanuric acid is selected for a long time to be matched with wettable powder of methyl cream and manganese zinc for alternate root irrigation, so as to prevent and control bacterial wilt and black shank.
9. The method for planting cigar coat tobacco leaves according to claim 1, wherein the step (5) of field management is followed by topping, cross-cutting, budding and leaf retention: cutting off buds at the top of the tobacco leaves and removing 2-3 young leaves at the top, keeping buds at two sides of the top, consuming redundant nutrition of the leaves, simultaneously pinching off other secondary branches of the leaves, removing 3-4 damaged leaves or bottom leaves, and keeping 22-24 tobacco leaves in the full-bloom period.
10. The cigar wrapper tobacco planting method according to claim 1, wherein the harvesting method in step (6): tobacco leaves are harvested from the bottom of the tobacco plant in batches, 3-4 leaves are harvested from each plant every time, and one round is carried out in 5-7 days, so that the leaves are prevented from being damaged.
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| CN115305092A (en) * | 2022-08-09 | 2022-11-08 | 中国农业科学院烟草研究所(中国烟草总公司青州烟草研究所) | Tobacco planting soil conditioner and application thereof |
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