CN111713344A - Yellow sand ridging cultivation method for strawberries in summer facility - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a yellow sand ridging cultivation method for strawberries in a summer facility, which comprises the following steps: (1) preparation before planting: sterilizing a greenhouse using yellow sand as a culture medium before field planting, sealing the greenhouse for 5-7 days after sterilization, and ventilating and airing for 10-15 days after sealing the greenhouse; after ventilation and airing, applying base fertilizer 5-7 days before field planting, preparing soil, ridging and paving a drip irrigation tape; 2-4 days before planting, drip irrigation is carried out to fully irrigate the surface of the ridge; (2) planting: dipping strawberry seedlings in roots, sterilizing and then planting, wherein the growth points of the seedlings are flush with the surfaces of yellow sand ridges during planting; after field planting, covering a mulching film on the strawberry seedlings after the seedlings are revived; (3) and (5) carrying out temperature and water and fertilizer management after field planting. The method can effectively promote the growth of strawberry plants and increase the yield, and is suitable for popularization and application in facility strawberry high-yield cultivation in the gobi desert area.

Description

Yellow sand ridging cultivation method for strawberries in summer facility

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of strawberry cultivation, in particular to a yellow sand ridging cultivation method for strawberries in a summer facility.

Background

Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) named as yacon, ficus tikoua, raspberry, etc., is perennial herb of strawberry genus of Rosaceae; the strawberry is delicious, red and tender, has juicy pulp, is sour and sweet, has rich nutrition and aromatic flavor, and is really good at the king of fruits.

In recent years, the desertification of the land is very serious, and the embarrassment situation of competing with grains appears, so that under the great situation that the cultivated land resources are increasingly deficient, how to develop and utilize the desert resources in a wide range is important for adjusting the structure of the agricultural industry by vigorously developing the strawberry desert planting.

Disclosure of Invention

In view of the above, the invention provides a yellow sand ridging cultivation method for strawberries in a summer facility.

In order to achieve the purpose, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:

a summer facility strawberry yellow sand ridging cultivation method comprises the following steps:

(1) preparation before planting:

sterilizing a greenhouse using yellow sand as a culture medium before field planting, sealing the greenhouse for 5-7 days after sterilization, and ventilating and airing for 10-15 days after sealing the greenhouse;

after ventilation and airing, applying base fertilizer 5-7 days before field planting, preparing soil, ridging and paving a drip irrigation tape; 2-4 days before planting, drip irrigation is carried out to fully irrigate the surface of the ridge;

(2) planting:

dipping strawberry seedlings in roots, sterilizing and then planting, wherein the growth points of the seedlings are flush with the surfaces of yellow sand ridges during planting; after field planting, covering a mulching film on the strawberry seedlings after the seedlings are revived;

(3) managing after planting:

1) temperature management:

and (3) seedling recovering stage: within 7-10 days after planting, the temperature is 15-28 ℃ in the daytime and 8-15 ℃ at night;

after seedling slowing and before flowering: 22-28 ℃ in the daytime and 12-15 ℃ at night;

and (3) flowering and fruit setting: 20-25 ℃ in the daytime and 8-10 ℃ in the nighttime;

fruit expansion period: 20-25 ℃ in the daytime and 6-8 ℃ at night;

fruit mature period: 20-22 ℃ in the daytime and 5-7 ℃ at night;

2) and (3) water and fertilizer management:

irrigating for 1 time every 7-10 days, and the single irrigation amount is 2-4m³Per mu;

after the seedlings grow to 4 leaves and 1 heart, dropwise applying a water-soluble fertilizer, wherein the nutrient content of the water-soluble fertilizer is N + P₂O₅+K₂O is more than or equal to 50 percent, and the trace elements are more than or equal to 0.5 percent.

The traditional soil cultivation easily causes the problems of soil hardening, serious soil-borne diseases, pathogenic bacteria accumulation and other continuous cropping obstacles, and greatly influences the yield and the taste of the strawberries; the method adopts yellow sand cultivation, is more favorable for sugar accumulation in the later period of strawberries, and improves the yield and the quality of the strawberries; yellow sand is breathable and loose, has no nutrient substances, is supplied by people with nutrients, is not wasted in fertilizer nutrients, has high utilization rate of water and fertilizer, has quick response change to temperature and obvious temperature rise and temperature reduction change, effectively inhibits the occurrence of soil-borne diseases, reduces the usage amount of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and greatly reduces the pesticide residue of strawberry fruits and the adverse effect of the pesticides on environmental ecology.

Preferably, in step (1)

The disinfection comprises fumigation disinfection and liquid spraying disinfection;

the fumigation is carried out by using 30% chlorothalonil solid granules as fumigants, 5-6 ignition points are hung per mu, and the dosage of the fumigants is 250-;

spraying formalin diluent on the surface layer of yellow sand in a greenhouse;

spraying the liquid for disinfection, then covering a film on the surface of the yellow sand, sealing a shed room, and closing the shed; removing the covering film after the greenhouse is closed, and ventilating and airing.

By adopting fumigation, liquid spraying and disinfection and shed-closing treatment, the yellow sand is quickly heated up by utilizing the high temperature in summer, thereby effectively killing the eggs of the pests and reducing soil-borne diseases.

Further preferably, in the liquid spraying disinfection process, the formalin (37% formaldehyde solution) in the formalin dilution sprayed on the yellow sand surface layer per square meter is 400-500mL, and the water is 1-3 kg.

Preferably, in step (1)

The base fertilizer applied before planting comprises 900-1100 kg/mu of organic fertilizer, 25-35 kg/mu of potassium sulfate type 15-15-15 ternary compound fertilizer, 20-30 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 10-20 kg/mu of potassium sulfate; spreading in yellow sand at one time, ploughing and mixing uniformly; ridging after ploughing, wherein the width of the surface of a yellow sand cultivation ridge is 55-65cm, the height of the ridge is 20-30cm, and the surface of the ridge is leveled;

2 patch-type drip irrigation tapes are laid on each ridge surface, the drip holes are upward, and the distance between the drip holes is 25-35 cm.

Preferably, in step (2)

Before planting, using 800 times of 50% carbendazim solution to dip roots of strawberry seedlings, wherein the treatment time is 15-20 min;

planting according to a Chinese character pin-shaped pattern after dipping the roots, wherein the planting distance is 25-35cm, and the planting position of the seedling does not exceed the range of drip trace of the drip irrigation tape;

after field planting, the seedlings are irrigated by using a growth regulator to ensure sufficient water for seedling revival, promote the seedling root system to be pricked downwards, and improve the stress resistance and survival rate of the seedlings.

Preferably, the growth regulator is 'gold root' transplanting agent, each 35g of the 'gold root' transplanting agent is mixed with 20-30kg of water, and each seedling is irrigated with 150-250mL of water.

Preferably, in step (3)

Shading objects are set according to the temperature during the seedling recovering period for shading, and shed room covering objects are added according to the temperature at night for heat preservation.

Preferably, uncovering the shade after the slow seedling survives, covering the strawberry seedlings with a mulching film, and forming planting holes with the diameter of 8-10cm on the mulching film according to the seedling planting positions.

Preferably, in step (3)

Seedlings grew 4 leaves before 1 heart: no additional fertilizer is applied, only clear water is dripped, the irrigation amount is determined according to the water content of the yellow sand matrix, and the water content of the yellow sand matrix is ensured to be not lower than 60-70%;

4 leaves 1 heart to blossom and fruit setting: after the seedlings grow to 4 leaves and 1 heart, topdressing is started, and the balanced (20-20-20+ TE) full water-soluble composite quick-acting water-soluble fertilizer is applied in a dropping manner for 1 time every 7-10 days, and 2-3 kg/mu is applied in a dropping manner every time.

Fruit expansion to maturity: after the strawberries are set, the strawberries enter a fruit expanding period, and the super-potassium (13-6-40+ TE) full water-soluble composite quick-acting water-soluble fertilizer is applied dropwise, and the super-potassium (13-6-40+ TE) full water-soluble composite quick-acting water-soluble fertilizer is applied 1 time every 7-10 days, and 4-6 kg/mu is applied dropwise each time.

Further preferably, the drip irrigation before the drip irrigation is ensured in the drip irrigation process under the water and fertilizer integration film, the fertilizer is dripped at intervals in batches every time of fertilization, the fertilizer cannot be dripped at one time, and the water pipeline is flushed by clean water after the fertilization is finished.

Preferably, step (3) further comprises

3) Plant management:

and (3) seedling revival to 4 leaves and 1 heart: removing the withered and dead old residual leaves in time, and removing all inflorescences before the 4-leaf 1-heart;

4 leaves 1 heart to end of flowering: 4, reserving flowers in the 1-leaf heart, and thinning out flowers in time, reserving 2-3 flowers in each inflorescence, and thinning out weak and high inflorescence flowers in time; moving the beehive into a shed room 5-7 days before the strawberry blooms, and configuring 8000-;

starting fruit setting till fruit ripens: timely removing stolons and old diseased leaves of plants, and timely thinning flowers and fruits, wherein each plant is reserved with 2-3 inflorescences, and each inflorescence is reserved with 3-5 fruits;

fruit ripening till picking is finished: timely picking off stolons, old and residual leaves, diseased plants and wilted or rotten fruits; periodically removing weeds growing in the row spaces or the planting holes.

Preferably, step (3) further comprises

4) And (3) pest control:

the amblyseius cucumeris is released in the greenhouse for 20 ten thousand heads/mu, and meanwhile, yellow pest-attracting adhesive plates and blue pest-attracting adhesive plates are alternately hung in the greenhouse for 30-40 blocks/mu and 10-15 blocks/mu.

During the yellow sand ridging cultivation period of the strawberries in the facility in summer, the yellow sand matrix contains few nutrient substances, so that the yellow sand matrix is not beneficial to the reproduction of disease and insect eggs, and the yellow sand has obvious response to temperature, so that the occurrence of soil-borne diseases is effectively reduced. But the red spiders are easily caused by high-temperature drought in summer. Therefore, aiming at insect pests such as red spiders, the method combines physical control and biological control to release predatory mites of natural enemies, and hang the trap sticky board to trap and kill pests such as whitefly, aphids, liriomyza americana, thrips and the like.

Preferably, the yellow sand ridging cultivation method for strawberries in the summer facility further comprises the following steps of preparing strawberry seedlings for field planting:

sowing the strawberry mother plants by adopting a strawberry seed direct seeding method, and transplanting after the strawberry mother plants grow to 4-6 leaves; the strawberry mother plant grows until a large amount of stolons are extracted, strawberry seedlings growing from the stolons in the period from 3 months to 5 months are reserved, and the rest plants are all removed; periodically removing diseased, old and residual leaves, and removing inflorescences on the parent plant;

when the strawberry seedlings grow to 3-5 leaves and the color of the newly-grown root system is white, removing part of leaves on the strawberry seedlings, only reserving 2-3 leaves, cutting off the strawberry seedlings, and directly transplanting and fixedly planting the strawberry seedlings in a production shed room; or cutting strawberry seedlings, pressing and burying the strawberry seedlings in 50-hole or 72-hole plug substrates, wherein 1 plant is planted in each hole, and the substrates are peat: vermiculite: perlite is 3:1:1, performing temperature, humidity and water management, and preparing for transplanting and field planting when the seedlings grow to 4-6 leaves.

Further preferably, the temperature, humidity and water management of the strawberry seedlings is as follows:

immediately watering the hole tray for 1 time for permeating water after the strawberry seedlings are buried, wherein the cultivation temperature is 28-32 ℃ in the daytime and 22-24 ℃ at night, and spraying clear water every day within 7-12 days after the strawberry seedlings are buried, so that the humidity in the seedling greenhouse is kept above 90%, and watering is not carried out; when the strawberry seedlings are lifted from the plug tray, the spraying can be stopped when the root ball is not scattered, the seedlings are hardened for 2-3 weeks under the full-light condition, and watering is carried out for 1 time every day during the hardening period.

According to the technical scheme, the beneficial effects obtained by the invention are as follows:

1. the inferior resources are efficiently utilized: the Gobi desert yellow sand is rich in resources, and the yellow sand is fully utilized as a strawberry cultivation substrate, can be used locally, and is continuously used for many years; the yellow sand contains few nutrient substances and is not beneficial to germ reproduction, and the yellow sand is heated up more quickly when the greenhouse is closed at high temperature in summer, so that the eggs of the pests can be effectively killed, the soil-borne diseases are reduced, the problem of continuous cropping obstacles is solved, and the characteristics and advantages of the yellow sand resource are fully exerted.

2. The method fills the blank of strawberry production in the gobi desert summer facility, makes up the gap of strawberry supply in summer, fully utilizes non-cultivated land resources such as gobi desert, desertification land and the like, and does not occupy cultivated land.

3. Opens up a new path for the soilless culture mode: compared with other matrixes, the yellow sand matrix has low content of basic nutrient elements, and has great differences in the aspects of water permeability, water storage capacity, fertilizer water demand rule, fertilizer water drip application time, irrigation frequency, irrigation total amount and the like, so that the yellow sand matrix is a brand-new soilless culture mode.

4. Compared with the traditional water and fertilizer integrated cultivation mode, the yellow sand ridging cultivation mode adopts a planting mode of planting firstly and then laminating a film, is matched with a full-water-soluble high-concentration drip irrigation special fertilizer, and has the fertilizer nutrient content of N + P₂O₅+K₂O is more than or equal to 50 percent, the trace elements are more than or equal to 0.5 percent, the irrigation and fertilization principle of a small amount of fertilizer is adhered, the drip holes of the drip irrigation tape correspond to the root system accurately, point-to-point accurate quantitative supply of water and fertilizer is realized, the water and fertilizer are ensured to directly drip on the position of the plant root system, and the utilization efficiency of the water and fertilizer is improved.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a strawberry field planting layout according to example 1;

wherein a is a soil cultivation area, b is a yellow sand cultivation area, and c is a walkway.

Detailed Description

The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention are clearly and completely described below, and it is obvious that the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the present invention, and not all embodiments. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.

Example 1

In 2019, in 3 months, the research institute of agricultural engineering and technology, facility agriculture and equipment, of Gansu province, developed a strawberry yellow sand ridging cultivation test in No. 18 plastic spring and autumn shed in the research institute test base (gobi desert, Hexi). The 'sweet Charlie' is taken as a test material, yellow sand and soil are respectively taken as culture mediums, and the difference expression of plant growth, leaf photosynthetic property and fruit yield and quality of the strawberries under the conditions of the two culture mediums of the soil and the yellow sand is researched.

Test material

The tested strawberry variety is 'sweet Chairu', belongs to American big fruit type early-maturing variety, has shallow dormancy stage and strong stress resistance and plant growth potential; the seedlings are provided by green profit vegetable seedling planting professional cooperative society in Gulang county of Wuwei city.

The organic fertilizer in the base fertilizer is purchased from Wuwei Weilite biological fertilizer industry Co Ltd, the content of organic matters is more than or equal to 40 percent, and N + P₂O₅+K₂O≥5％。

The potassium sulfate type 15-15-15 ternary compound fertilizer is purchased from Jiangsu Wuxi red Russian fertilizer manufacturing Co, the total nutrient is more than or equal to 45 percent, and N-P₂O₅-K₂The O ratio is 15-15-15.

The water-soluble fertilizer is obtained from quick-acting water-soluble fertilizer containing Baume concentrated macroelement and fertilizer nutrients (N: P) produced by Jiangsu, Lugang, modern agriculture development corporation₂O₅:K₂O) ratio of 20-20-20+ TE and 13-6-40+ TE.

Growth regulators: the ingredients of the 'gold root' transplanting agent comprise imported BR rooting powder, various nutrient elements, trace elements (Cu + Fe + Mn + Zn + B is more than or equal to 10 percent), rare earth elements, a root germ control agent and the like, and manufacturers: zhengzhou Shang agricultural chemical products Co., Ltd, the standard of execution: NY 1428-2010.

Yellow sand matrix: the yellow sand of the Gobi desert of the Wuwei local is pure yellow sand, is not doped with any other components, has very little nutrient content and capacityWeighing 1.54g cm^-3Field water holding capacity 9%, pH 7.87.

Soil matrix: the fertility is medium, the content of soil organic matters in a soil layer of 0-20cm is 154.26g/kg, the total nitrogen is 1.31g/kg, the alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen is 89.7mg/kg, the quick-acting phosphorus is 9.04mg/kg, and the quick-acting potassium is 181.25 mg/kg.

Second, design of experiment

1. Strawberry strong seedling cultivation

Cultivating the mother strawberry plant in a seedling greenhouse, sowing and cultivating the strawberry in a 50-hole or 72-hole plug tray by adopting a strawberry seed direct sowing method, transplanting and planting the strawberry when the strawberry grows to 4-6 leaves, managing and protecting the strawberry growth until a great amount of stolons are extracted from the mother plant, keeping strawberry seedlings grown from the stolons in the period from 3 months to 5 months, and removing all the rest plants; and (3) regularly removing diseases, old leaves and residual leaves, and removing inflorescences on the mother plants to prevent the strawberry mother plants from losing nutrients and causing diseases and insect pests in nursery gardens.

When the strawberry seedlings grow to 3-5 leaves, the aerial roots at the roots of the seedlings are large in number and dense, the color of the newly grown roots is white, part of the leaves on the strawberry seedlings are removed, only 2-3 leaves are reserved, the strawberry seedlings are cut off and buried in 50-hole or 72-hole plug substrates, 1 plant is planted in each hole, the substrates are prepared according to the volume ratio of peat to vermiculite to perlite to be 3:1:1, temperature, humidity and water are managed, and transplanting and field planting are prepared when the seedlings grow to 4-6 leaves.

The temperature, humidity and moisture management is as follows:

immediately watering the hole tray for 1 time for permeating water after the strawberry seedlings are buried, wherein the cultivation temperature is 28-32 ℃ in the daytime and 22-24 ℃ at night, spraying clear water every day after the strawberry seedlings are buried, keeping the indoor humidity of a seedling raising shed to be more than 90%, and not watering; after 10 days, when the strawberry seedlings are lifted from the hole tray, the root ball can not be scattered, the spraying is stopped, the seedlings are hardened for 2-3 weeks under the full light condition, and watering is carried out for 1 time every day during the hardening period.

2. Preparation before strawberry field planting

As shown in fig. 1, a matrix groove with the depth of 40cm is arranged in a greenhouse, greenhouse films are laid on the bottom and the side walls of the matrix groove, 6 cultivation areas are arranged, yellow sand and soil are respectively used as cultivation matrixes, and the treatment is repeated for 3 times; meanwhile, in order to prevent the test error caused by the mutual mixing of yellow sand soil, different cultivation areas are separated by a greenhouse film with the vertical buried depth of 40cm, and a walkway with the width of 50cm is arranged.

30 days before the fixed planting of the strawberries, a greenhouse is disinfected by a method of 'fumigant and liquid spraying', 280g of 30% chlorothalonil solid granules per mu are fumigated, 5 burning points are hung per mu, formalin diluent [ formalin (37% formaldehyde solution) 450mL + water 2kg, namely the amount of the formalin diluent sprayed on the yellow sand surface layer per square meter ] is uniformly sprayed on the surface layer of a substrate in the greenhouse, then a waste greenhouse film (double layers are covered when the substrate is damaged) or a plastic film is covered on the surface of the substrate to ensure that the substrate is not exposed, an air outlet and an insect-proof net of the greenhouse are closed, the greenhouse is sealed, and the greenhouse is sealed for 7 days. After the greenhouse is closed, the waste greenhouse film or the plastic film is removed in time, the air outlets at the upper part and the lower part of the greenhouse are opened, and soil preparation and ridging can be carried out after ventilation and airing for 15 days.

After ventilation and airing, base fertilizers (1000 kg/mu of organic fertilizer, 30 kg/mu of potassium sulfate type 15-15-15 ternary compound fertilizer, 25 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 15 kg/mu of potassium sulfate) are scattered in the matrix 7 days before field planting at one time, the matrix is ploughed by a small rotary cultivator special for a greenhouse, and the base fertilizers and the matrix are fully and uniformly mixed.

Ridging is carried out after ploughing, the east-west ridge direction is adopted, the width of the cultivation ridge surface is 60cm, the ridge length is 65m, the ridge height is 25cm, the plant spacing is 30cm, the row spacing is 40cm, 1 ridge is arranged in each cultivation area, and the ridge surface is leveled; 2 patch-type drip irrigation tapes are laid on each ridge surface, the drip holes are upward, the distance between the drip holes is 30cm, and the ridge surface is fully watered (6 hours of drip irrigation) 3 days before the strawberry field planting.

3. Strawberry field planting

In summer, the strawberries begin to be planted in the middle and last ten days of 4 months, and before planting, the strawberries are treated by dipping roots with 800 times of 50 percent carbendazim solution for 18 min.

After dipping roots, carrying out double-row staggered planting on each ridge according to a Chinese character 'pin' -shaped pattern in the morning on a fine day, wherein the planting distance is 30cm, the planting position of seedlings is determined according to the drip trace of a drip irrigation tape, and planting the seedlings at drip holes; during planting, the arch back of the strawberry faces out of the ridge, the planting depth is noticed, the seedling growing point is ensured to be flush with the ridge surface, the growing point cannot be buried by the matrix, the situation that the core is not buried deeply and the root is not exposed shallowly is achieved, the matrix around the seedling is lightly pressed by four fingers with two hands, the root system of the seedling is enabled to be tightly attached to the matrix, and the seedling is prevented from water loss and withering.

After field planting, the seedlings are watered with the 'gold root' transplanting agent, 25kg of water is added into every 35g of the 'gold root' transplanting agent, and each seedling is watered with 200 mL.

About 2600 plants were co-planted.

Shading properly by using a shading net according to the temperature of the facility during the whole field planting process of the strawberries and the period of seedling revival after the field planting (about 7-10 days), and preventing the strawberries from being dehydrated and wilted.

After the strawberry seedlings survive, uncovering a shade (sunshade net) in time, and covering mulching films on the strawberry seedlings; in order to ensure weeding and light reflecting effects, covering a ridge surface with an upper silver and lower black double-color mulching film with the width of 140cm, accurately forming planting holes on the mulching film according to the planting positions of seedlings, ensuring that the edges of the plastic films do not contact with the rhizosphere parts of the seedlings and pressing and planting the plastic films in order to ensure that the seedlings are not scalded and burnt and the diameter of each hole is about 8-10 cm.

In order to prevent weeds from being produced on the ground of the walkway and facilitate the operation of personnel and farming, black grass-prevention cloth is covered on the mulching film in the walkway, and the grass-prevention cloth is made of polypropylene and has the width of 0.5m and the length of 65 m.

4. Post-planting management

(1) Temperature management:

the intelligent temperature control air release device is arranged at the air release opening of the greenhouse, and the air release opening is automatically opened or closed according to the temperature change in the greenhouse to maintain the constant temperature in the greenhouse.

The concrete temperature management indexes of the strawberries in each growth period are as follows:

and (3) seedling recovering stage: one week after field planting is a key period of seedling revival, wherein the temperature is 15-28 ℃ in the daytime, 10-15 ℃ in the nighttime and is not lower than 8 ℃, and the seedling is properly shaded and is not ventilated; enhancing the heat preservation at night, covering for the second time when the temperature is low, namely covering an old greenhouse film after putting a curtain in the afternoon to improve the night temperature, and removing the covering in time the next day.

After seedling slowing and before flowering: 22-28 ℃ in the daytime and 12-15 ℃ at night.

And (3) flowering and fruit setting: the pollination is affected by the temperature of 20-25 ℃ in the daytime and 8-10 ℃ at night.

Fruit expansion period: 20-25 ℃ in the daytime and 6-8 ℃ at night.

Fruit mature period: 20-22 ℃ in the daytime and 5-7 ℃ at night.

(2) And (3) water and fertilizer management:

irrigation is carried out by adopting a drip irrigation mode, and the precision of the water inlet is 0.001m³The water meter measures and controls the secondary water filling quantity of each cell. Liquid manure management and control equipment includes parts such as 2 300L's rigid plastic fertilization bucket, self priming pump, PLC programming microcomputer integrated circuit, switch board, sets for the procedure after, irrigates the automatic timing ration supply of liquid manure.

Irrigating for 1 time every 7-10 days, and automatic irrigating time for 60min (single irrigation amount 2-4 m)³Per mu), the irrigation frequency is determined according to the growth period and the growth condition of the strawberries, irrigation water needs to be pumped into a facility water pool in advance for proper temperature rise, and the matrix temperature is prevented from being greatly reduced due to direct irrigation.

a. And (3) seedling stage: before the seedlings grow to 4 leaves and 1 heart, only drip irrigation with clear water without topdressing, and determine irrigation quantity according to the water content of the matrix to ensure that the water content of the matrix is not lower than 60-70%.

b. 4 leaves 1 heart to blossom and fruit setting: after the seedlings grow to 4 leaves and 1 heart, topdressing is started, and the full water-soluble composite quick-acting water-soluble fertilizer (balanced 20-20-20+ TE) is applied dropwise, and the topdressing is carried out for 1 time every 7-10 days and 2-3 kg/mu each time.

c. Fruit expansion to maturity: after the strawberries are set, the strawberries enter a fruit expanding period, and the full water-soluble composite quick-acting water-soluble fertilizer (super potassium type 13-6-40+ TE) is applied dropwise, and the strawberry is topdressed 1 time every 7-10 days, and 4-6 kg/mu is applied dropwise each time.

The number of water and fertilizer dripping application times is determined according to the growth condition of strawberry plants, water and fertilizer dripping is ensured at each time, fertilizer is applied at each time and is dripped at intervals in batches, the fertilizer cannot be dripped at one time, and the water pipeline is flushed with clear water after the fertilizer application is finished.

TABLE 1

(3) Plant management:

and (3) seedling revival to 4 leaves and 1 heart: and (3) removing the withered and dead old residual leaves in time, and removing all inflorescences before the 4-leaf and 1-heart to prevent the plants from being aged prematurely and ensure that nutrients are used for the vegetative growth of the plants.

4 leaves 1 heart to end of flowering: and 4, reserving flowers in 1-leaf heart, and thinning out flowers in time, reserving 2-3 flowers in each inflorescence, and thinning out weak and high inflorescence flowers in time.

Bee supplementary pollination: in order to obviously improve the fruit setting rate of the strawberries, bee is adopted for supplementary pollination. The 40-mesh insect-proof net is arranged at the air outlet and the personnel entrance and exit positions of the bee holding shed room, Italian bees with large body sizes and good pollination effects are adopted, the beehive is moved into the shed room 6 days before the strawberries bloom, about 9000 bees are allocated per mu, the beehive is supported by an iron frame to be about 0.5m high and is arranged at the middle position of the shed room, and the bee outlet faces south.

Starting fruit setting till fruit ripens: after the plants enter reproductive growth, the stolons and old diseased leaves of the plants are removed in time, so that the concentrated supply of nutrients to the reproductive growth of the plants is ensured, and the method is mainly used for the expansion of strawberry fruits; timely thinning flowers and fruits, reserving 2-3 inflorescences for each plant, reserving 3-5 fruits for each inflorescence, and removing diseased fruits, malformed fruits and the like at the early fruit setting stage; and the lateral buds are properly picked off according to the growth vigor of the plants, so that the over-vigorous growth of nutrients is prevented.

Fruit ripening till picking is finished: picking off stolons, old and residual leaves, diseased plants and withered or rotten fruits in time, uniformly bagging, taking out of the greenhouse, and intensively deeply burying or fermenting to prevent the secondary propagation of pathogenic ova; periodically removing weeds growing in the row spaces or the planting holes.

(4) And (3) pest control:

20 million heads/mu of amblyseius cucumeris are released in the greenhouse, and 35 yellow pest-trapping adhesive plates (the specification is 25cm multiplied by 40cm) and 12 blue pest-trapping adhesive plates are alternately hung in the greenhouse.

5. Harvesting

Fresh strawberries are generally harvested when the color of the surfaces of the strawberries reaches more than 70%, and are most suitable for harvesting when the color is eight-red. For processing strawberries, such as making fruit juice, jam, preserved fruit and the like, in order to ensure higher sugar content, fragrance and more fruit juice of the fruits, the harvesting needs to be carried out when the fruits are red and fully ripe. The strawberries which are picked at present in the strawberry sightseeing picking garden are preferably picked in full red and full done state to ensure the taste. The strawberries are transported for a long distance and are preferably harvested when the strawberries 7 are ripe.

The flowering and fruiting period of the strawberries is long, and the strawberries need to be harvested in batches when flowering and fruiting are carried out successively. The strawberries are harvested once every 1-2 days in the early fruiting period, and the strawberries are harvested once every day in the full bearing period, so that the mature fruits are completely harvested once every time in order to prevent fruit rot and disease infection. The harvesting time is preferably before the dew is dried in the early morning until the high temperature comes in the middle of the day, or after the air turns cold in the evening.

6. Index measurement

Respectively processing at each of 4 growth periods in a seedling stage, a flowering and fruit setting stage, a fruit expansion stage and a fruit mature stage, repeating each time, randomly and continuously selecting 5 plants, and listing to determine the growth vigor of strawberry plants; and counting the survival rate after seedling revival, measuring the photosynthetic index of strawberry leaves in the flowering and fruit setting period, measuring the dry fresh weight of the upper and lower parts of the strawberry in the fruit maturation period, harvesting and measuring the yield and quality of the strawberry fruits, and evaluating the mouthfeel. The specific index determination method comprises the following steps:

6.1 plant growth indicator determination

After the strawberry seedlings are fixedly planted for 15 days, counting the survival rate of each treatment, and measuring the leaf number, the petiole length, the petiole thickness and the leaflet length/width of the branded plant by using a vernier caliper and a steel tape measure in 4 breeding periods respectively; and after the harvesting is finished, respectively measuring the fresh weights of the overground part and the underground part of another 5 plants, deactivating enzymes in a drying oven at 105 ℃ for 30min, drying the plants to constant weight at 80 ℃, measuring the dry weights of the overground part and the underground part, and calculating the root-crown ratio.

6.2 determination of photosynthetic index of leaf

Measuring the chlorophyll content: the SPAD value of the fully expanded functional leaves of the wall-hung plants is measured by a hand-held SPAD-502 type chlorophyll meter in 4 growth periods respectively, 5 plants (leaves) are randomly and continuously taken every treatment and each repetition, and the value of each leaf is recorded for 3 times.

Measuring photosynthetic parameters of leaves: selecting sunny and cloudy weather, and in the morning of flowering and fruit setting period, 9: 30-11: 30 measurement of Net photosynthetic Rate (Pn, mu molCO) of fully developed leaves of the plants on the wall by LI-6400XT type Portable photosynthetic measurement System₂·m^-2·s^-1)、Transpiration rate (Tr, mmolH)₂O·m^-2·s^-1) And gas pore conductance (Gs, mmol. m)^-2·s^-1) Intercellular CO₂Concentration (Ci, μmol.)^-1) 3 replicates, 5 plants (leaves) were assayed per replicate, and 3 sets of stable values were recorded per leaf.

6.3 yield and quality determination

The yield index is as follows: and (3) measuring the weight of each single strawberry of the strawberry fruits in batches by using a thousandth electronic balance in the fruit ripening period, recording the number of commodity fruits in a cell, measuring the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the fruits by using a vernier caliper, and finally converting the total output of each treatment according to batch output data.

Quality index: soluble solid content (%), and comprehensive taste evaluation.

7. Data processing and analysis

The test data is subjected to difference significance analysis (Duncan new repolarization method P < 0.05) by using an SPSS19.0 data processing system, data recording and drawing are carried out by using Excel 2007 software, and the test chart data are average values of 3 times of repetition.

7.1 Performance of growth traits in the field of strawberries with different culture media

Under the condition of two culture mediums, the strawberry variety 'sweet Charlie' has no difference in the field growth character performance (Table 2), and the plant types are compact and upright, strong in stem, nearly round in leaf type, thick in leaf, strong in flower bud differentiation capacity, more in flower buds and high in fruit setting rate.

TABLE 2 comparison of the growth behavior in the field of strawberries under different cultivation media

7.2 Effect of different culture mediums on strawberry seedling survival Rate

Under the condition of two culture mediums, the survival rate of the strawberry variety reaches over 95 percent after the seedling rejuvenation is finished (table 3), and the survival rate is higher. The 'sweet charles' seedling survival rate under the yellow sand cultivation condition is 99.14%, the 'sweet charles' seedling survival rate under the soil cultivation condition is 98.11%, and the seedling survival rate of the yellow sand cultivation is higher than that of the yellow sand cultivation.

TABLE 3 survival rate of strawberry seedlings under different cultivation media

Note that different lowercase letters after the same column data indicate significant difference (P < 0.05), as shown in the following table.

7.3 Effect of different culture media on strawberry growth index

7.3.1 Effect of different media on strawberry leaf count

As the growth period advanced, the number of strawberry leaves under different culture mediums showed a gradual increase trend, reaching a maximum value at the fruit maturity stage (Table 4). In the seedling stage, the flowering and fruit setting stage and the fruit expansion stage, the number of leaves under the yellow sand cultivation condition has no obvious difference with the soil cultivation; in the fruit mature period, the number of leaves under the yellow sand cultivation condition is obviously higher than that of leaves cultivated in soil by 19.05%.

TABLE 4 leaf number of strawberry under different cultivation media

7.3.2 Effect of different culture media on strawberry petiole Length

As the growth period advanced, the petiole length of strawberries under different cultivation media showed a gradually increasing trend, reaching a maximum at the fruit ripening stage (Table 5). The leaf stalk length under the yellow sand cultivation condition is obviously higher than that of 5.68%, 7.37%, 1.12% and 1.35% in the seedling stage, the flowering and fruit setting stage, the fruit expanding stage and the fruit mature stage respectively.

TABLE 5 petiole Length of strawberries under different cultivation media

7.3.3 Effect of different cultivation substrates on strawberry petiole coarseness

As the growth period advanced, the leaf stalk thickness of strawberries under different cultivation media showed a gradually increasing trend, reaching a maximum at the fruit ripening stage (Table 6). In the seedling stage, the leaf stalk thickness under the yellow sand cultivation condition is obviously higher than 14.49% of the soil cultivation; in the fruit expansion period, the leaf stalk thickness under the yellow sand cultivation condition is obviously lower than that of soil cultivation by 15.73 percent; in the flowering and fruit setting period and the fruit mature period, the strawberry leaf stalk thickness under the two culture mediums has no obvious difference.

TABLE 6 leaf stalk thickness of strawberry under different cultivation media

7.3.4 Effect of different cultivation substrates on strawberry lobular leaf Length

As the growth period advanced, the growth of the small leaves of strawberries under different cultivation media showed a gradually increasing trend, reaching a maximum at the fruit ripening stage (Table 7). In the seedling stage, the leaflet leaf length of the strawberry under the yellow sand cultivation condition is obviously higher than that of the strawberry cultivated in soil by 13.19 percent; in the other 3 periods, there was no significant difference in leaflet leaf length of strawberries under the two cultivation media.

TABLE 7 lobular leaf Length of strawberries under different cultivation media

7.3.5 Effect of different cultivation substrates on strawberry lobular leaf Width

As the growth period advanced, the width of the small leaves of strawberries under different cultivation media showed a gradually increasing trend, reaching a maximum value at the fruit ripening period (Table 8). In the seedling stage, the leaflet width of the strawberry under the yellow sand cultivation condition is obviously higher than that of the strawberry cultivated in soil by 10.45 percent; in the other 3 periods, there was no significant difference in the leaflet leaf width of the strawberries under the two cultivation media.

TABLE 8 Width of Small leaves of strawberry under different cultivation media

7.3.6 influence of different culture mediums on dry and fresh weight of strawberry on upper and lower parts

Different culture mediums significantly influence the dry fresh weight of the upper and lower parts of the strawberry plants in the fruit ripening period, and the dry fresh weight of the upper and lower parts of the plants under the yellow sand culture condition is significantly higher than that of the plants cultured in soil (Table 9). The fresh weight of the plants on the ground, the fresh weight of the plants under the ground, the dry weight of the plants on the ground and the dry weight of the plants under the yellow sand cultivation condition are obviously higher than 4.14%, 5.36%, 5.79% and 8.35% of the plants cultivated in the soil, but the root-crown ratio difference of the plants is not obvious.

TABLE 9 fresh and dry weight of upper and lower parts of strawberry under different cultivation media

7.4 Effect of different cultivation media on chlorophyll content of strawberry leaves

As the growth period advances, the SPAD value of strawberry leaves under different culture mediums shows a trend of increasing and then decreasing, and reaches a peak value in the flowering and fruit setting period (Table 10). In the seedling stage, the flowering and fruit setting stage and the fruit mature stage, the SPAD value of the leaves under the yellow sand cultivation condition is higher than that of the leaves under the yellow sand cultivation condition, and in the fruit expansion stage, the SPAD value of the leaves under the soil cultivation condition is higher than that of the leaves under the yellow sand cultivation condition, but the difference is not obvious.

TABLE 10 SPAD values of strawberry leaves under different cultivation media

7.5 Effect of different culture mediums on photosynthetic parameters of strawberry leaves

Different culture mediums significantly influence the photosynthetic parameters of strawberry leaves in the flowering and fruit setting period, and the photosynthetic parameters of partial leaves under the yellow sand culture condition are significantly higher than those of the strawberry leaves cultured in soil (Table 11). Expressed as net photosynthetic rate Pn, stomatal conductance Gs, intercellular CO under yellow sand cultivation conditions₂The concentration Ci and transpiration rate Tr were significantly higher than the soil cultivation 7.42%, 47.83%, 5.91% and 17.50%.

TABLE 11 photosynthetic parameters of strawberry leaves under different culture media

7.6 Effect of different cultivation media on strawberry yield and quality

Different culture media significantly affected the yield and quality of strawberries, with yield quality significantly higher under yellow sand culture conditions than soil culture (table 12). The transverse diameter, the weight of a single fruit, the yield and the soluble solid content of the fruit under the yellow sand cultivation condition are obviously higher than those of 28.29%, 11.72%, 23.78% and 29.82% of the soil cultivation, and the longitudinal diameter and the fruit setting number of the single plant of the fruit are all higher than those of the soil cultivation, but the difference is not obvious.

TABLE 12 yield and quality of strawberries under different cultivation media

In summary, the 'sweet Charlie' strawberry has long petiole, dry fresh weight of the upper and lower parts, net photosynthetic rate of leaves, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO under the condition of yellow sand cultivation₂The concentration and the transpiration rate are both obviously higher than those of soil cultivation; the fruit yield and quality under the yellow sand cultivation condition are also superior to those of soil cultivation, and the fruit yield and the soluble solid content under the yellow sand cultivation condition are obviously higher than those of soil cultivation. Therefore, the facility strawberry yellow sand ridging cultivation mode is a novel facility cultivation mode which can promote the growth of strawberry plants and has a good yield increasing effect, and is suitable for popularization and application in facility strawberry high-yield cultivation in the gobi desert area in the west of the river.

7.7 comparison of production cost of strawberry yellow sand cultivation and soil cultivation

The northern margin of the Hexi walk contour is close to the Tenggeli desert and the badan Jilin desert, the yellow sand is rich in resources and can be used as local materials, and the yellow sand culture medium is used for planting strawberries, so that the production cost is greatly reduced (Table 13). According to the investigation of a large number of five-ditch Gobi agricultural demonstration bases visiting the Huanghua Tibet in Gulange county in Wuwei city, the cost data of the method is combined. Statistics shows that under the condition that greenhouse lease fees, management fees and labor fees are not included, the production cost of the two cultivation modes does not exceed 1 ten thousand yuan, the total cost of yellow sand cultivation and soil cultivation is 8163.25 yuan and 9082.00 yuan respectively, and the cost of yellow sand cultivation is saved by 918.75 yuan compared with that of soil cultivation; the cost difference of the two cultivation modes is mainly in the consumption of fertilizer and pesticide and water consumption, and the yellow sand cultivation mode reduces the consumption of fertilizer and pesticide and water consumption and realizes water, fertilizer and pesticide saving.

Table 13 yellow sand cultivation and soil cultivation production cost comparison unit: yuan/mu

The fertilizer and water in the table are the consumption of the final crops, namely the fertilizer and water consumption used by the crops in one growing season, and are obtained by recording and accumulating by a water meter.

The general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims (9)

1. A summer facility strawberry yellow sand ridging cultivation method is characterized by comprising the following steps:

(1) preparation before planting:

sterilizing a greenhouse using yellow sand as a culture medium before field planting, sealing the greenhouse for 5-7 days after sterilization, and ventilating and airing for 10-15 days after sealing the greenhouse;

after ventilation and airing, applying base fertilizer 5-7 days before field planting, preparing soil, ridging and paving a drip irrigation tape; 2-4 days before planting, drip irrigation is carried out to fully irrigate the surface of the ridge;

(2) planting:

dipping strawberry seedlings in roots, sterilizing and then planting, wherein the growth points of the seedlings are flush with the surfaces of yellow sand ridges during planting; after field planting, covering a mulching film on the strawberry seedlings after the seedlings are revived;

(3) managing after planting:

1) temperature management:

and (3) seedling recovering stage: within 7-10 days after planting, the temperature is 15-28 ℃ in the daytime and 8-15 ℃ at night;

after seedling slowing and before flowering: 22-28 ℃ in the daytime and 12-15 ℃ at night;

and (3) flowering and fruit setting: 20-25 ℃ in the daytime and 8-10 ℃ in the nighttime;

fruit expansion period: 20-25 ℃ in the daytime and 6-8 ℃ at night;

fruit mature period: 20-22 ℃ in the daytime and 5-7 ℃ at night;

2) and (3) water and fertilizer management:

irrigating for 1 time every 7-10 days, and the single irrigation amount is 2-4m³Per mu;

after the seedlings grow to 4 leaves and 1 heart, dropwise applying a water-soluble fertilizer, wherein the nutrient content of the water-soluble fertilizer is N + P₂O₅+K₂O is more than or equal to 50 percent, and the trace elements are more than or equal to 0.5 percent.

2. The yellow sand ridging cultivation method for strawberries in a summer facility as claimed in claim 1,

in the step (1)

The disinfection comprises fumigation disinfection and liquid spraying disinfection;

the fumigation is carried out by using 30% chlorothalonil solid granules as fumigants, 5-6 ignition points are hung per mu, and the dosage of the fumigants is 250-300 g/mu;

the liquid spraying and disinfection is to uniformly spray formalin diluent on the surface layer of yellow sand in a greenhouse;

spraying the liquid for disinfection, then covering a film on the surface of the yellow sand, sealing a shed room, and closing the shed; removing the covering film after the greenhouse is closed, and ventilating and airing.

3. The yellow sand ridging cultivation method for strawberries in a summer facility as claimed in claim 1,

in the step (1)

The base fertilizer applied before planting comprises 900-1100 kg/mu of organic fertilizer, 25-35 kg/mu of potassium sulfate type 15-15-15 ternary compound fertilizer, 20-30 kg/mu of calcium superphosphate and 10-20 kg/mu of potassium sulfate; spreading in yellow sand at one time, ploughing and mixing uniformly; ridging after ploughing;

2 patch-type drip irrigation tapes are laid on each ridge surface, the drip holes are upward, and the distance between the drip holes is 25-35 cm.

4. The yellow sand ridging cultivation method for strawberries in a summer facility as claimed in claim 1,

in the step (2)

Before planting, using 800 times of 50% carbendazim solution to dip roots of strawberry seedlings, wherein the treatment time is 15-20 min;

planting according to a Chinese character pin-shaped pattern after dipping the roots, wherein the planting distance is 25-35cm, and the planting position of the seedling does not exceed the range of drip trace of the drip irrigation tape;

and irrigating the seedlings by using a growth regulator after field planting.

5. The yellow sand ridging cultivation method for strawberries in a summer facility as claimed in claim 1,

in the step (3)

Shading objects are set according to the temperature during the seedling recovering period for shading, and shed room covering objects are added according to the temperature at night for heat preservation.

6. The yellow sand ridging cultivation method for strawberries in a summer facility as claimed in claim 1,

in the step (3)

Seedlings grew 4 leaves before 1 heart: no additional fertilizer is applied, only clear water is dripped, the irrigation amount is determined according to the water content of the yellow sand matrix, and the water content of the yellow sand matrix is ensured to be not lower than 60-70%;

4 leaves 1 heart to blossom and fruit setting: after the seedlings grow to 4 leaves and 1 heart, topdressing is started, and the balanced full-water-soluble composite quick-acting water-soluble fertilizer is applied in a dropwise manner, 1 time of topdressing is carried out every 7-10 days, and 2-3 kg/mu of topdressing is applied in a dropwise manner every time.

Fruit expansion to maturity: after the strawberries are set, the strawberries enter a fruit expanding period, and the super-potassium full-water-soluble composite quick-acting water-soluble fertilizer is applied dropwise, and the top application is carried out for 1 time every 7 to 10 days, and 4 to 6 kg/mu is applied dropwise each time.

7. The yellow sand ridging cultivation method for strawberries in a summer facility as claimed in claim 1,

the step (3) further comprises

3) Plant management:

and (3) seedling revival to 4 leaves and 1 heart: removing the withered and dead old residual leaves in time, and removing all inflorescences before the 4-leaf 1-heart;

4 leaves 1 heart to end of flowering: 4, reserving flowers in the 1-leaf heart, and thinning out flowers in time, reserving 2-3 flowers in each inflorescence, and thinning out weak and high inflorescence flowers in time; moving the beehive into a shed room 5-7 days before the strawberry blooms, and configuring 8000-;

starting fruit setting till fruit ripens: timely removing stolons and old diseased leaves of plants, and timely thinning flowers and fruits, wherein each plant is reserved with 2-3 inflorescences, and each inflorescence is reserved with 3-5 fruits;

fruit ripening till picking is finished: timely picking off stolons, old and residual leaves, diseased plants and wilted or rotten fruits; periodically removing weeds growing in the row spaces or the planting holes.

8. The summer facility strawberry yellow sand ridging cultivation method as claimed in claim 7,

the step (3) further comprises

4) And (3) pest control:

the amblyseius cucumeris is released in the greenhouse for 20 ten thousand heads/mu, and meanwhile, yellow pest-attracting adhesive plates and blue pest-attracting adhesive plates are alternately hung in the greenhouse for 30-40 blocks/mu and 10-15 blocks/mu.

9. The yellow sand ridging cultivation method for strawberries in a summer facility as claimed in claim 1,

also comprises the preparation of strawberry seedlings for field planting:

sowing the strawberry mother plants by adopting a strawberry seed direct seeding method, and transplanting after the strawberry mother plants grow to 4-6 leaves; the strawberry mother plant grows until a large amount of stolons are extracted, strawberry seedlings growing from the stolons in the period from 3 months to 5 months are reserved, and the rest plants are all removed; periodically removing diseased, old and residual leaves, and removing inflorescences on the parent plant;

when the strawberry seedlings grow to 3-5 leaves and the color of the newly-grown root system is white, removing part of leaves on the strawberry seedlings, only reserving 2-3 leaves, cutting off the strawberry seedlings, and directly transplanting and fixedly planting the strawberry seedlings in a production shed room; or cutting strawberry seedlings, pressing and burying the strawberry seedlings in 50-hole or 72-hole plug substrates, wherein 1 plant is planted in each hole, and the substrates are peat: vermiculite: perlite is 3:1:1, performing temperature, humidity and water management, and preparing for transplanting and field planting when the seedlings grow to 4-6 leaves.

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