CN108849346B - Polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding - Google Patents
Polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding, which comprises the following steps of firstly, after-ripening the picked polygonatum kingianum berries for 20-25 days, and removing pulp parts to obtain polygonatum kingianum seeds; secondly, fertilizing and ploughing the seedling growing land, and then performing insect killing and sterilization; thirdly, sowing; fourthly, keeping soil moist in the seedling emergence period, and controlling the shading rate to be 70-80%; transplanting: transplanting the seedlings into a planting field according to the density of 25-35 cm of plant spacing and 30-45 cm of row spacing, and watering the seedlings for 1 time every 3-5 days after transplanting; sixthly, management in the growing period comprises water management, weeding, topdressing, control of shading rate and capping and moss removal; and seventh, harvesting. The invention realizes the fine and standardized seedling raising of polygonatum kingianum, shortens the seedling raising time, improves the survival rate and the quality of the seedling raising, and has high emergence rate, low pest and disease incidence rate, high growth speed, thick and strong rhizome of the harvested polygonatum kingianum, good quality and high yield.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of Chinese herbal medicine planting, and particularly relates to a polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding.
Background
Rhizoma polygonati, also called rhizoma polygonati, yellow chicken dish and rhizoma podophylli, is a polygonatum plant, has the effects of tonifying spleen, moistening lung, promoting the production of body fluid, tonifying qi and yin, resisting bacteria, resisting aging, beautifying and strengthening energy, is mainly used for treating symptoms such as weakness of spleen and stomach, tiredness and hypodynamia, dry mouth and poor appetite, insufficiency of essence and blood, hypertension and the like, and can be used for treating tinea pedis by externally using rhizoma polygonati extract. The sealwort is mainly distributed and cultivated in north China, east China, south China, China and other provinces, and is called sweet sealwort by Yunnan sealwort, which has good taste quality and good curative effect. Polygonatum sibiricum grows under the forest, in shrubs or on hilly lands, is fond of yin and dampness and cold resistance, and seedlings can live through winter in open fields. Modern pharmacological research shows that the sealwort has various pharmacological effects of enhancing immunity, regulating blood fat, reducing blood sugar, delaying senility and the like. The research on the chemical components of the sealwort shows that the sealwort contains many components such as sealwort saponin, nicotinic acid, sugar, amino acid, trace and the like. Therefore, the market application prospect of polygonatum is wide, but with the increasing market demand and the decreasing wild resources, the artificial cultivation of polygonatum becomes the main body of market supply and demand. At present, in the technology of artificially cultivating polygonatum kingianum, the seedling raising technology is the key of current research, in the prior art, the seedling raising technology of polygonatum kingianum mainly has two modes of seed propagation and rhizome propagation, the seed propagation is adopted, the dormancy period of the seeds of polygonatum kingianum is longer, the seedling raising is adopted, the defects of low germination rate and long seed propagation time exist, the planting cost is invisibly and greatly increased, the artificial large-area planting of polygonatum kingianum is not facilitated, so in the current artificial cultivation of polygonatum kingianum, the seedling propagation mainly depends on the rhizome propagation, the method has short propagation period, but the propagation coefficient is low, the consumption of the rhizome is large, the planting cost is also higher, the disease resistance is not high, the quality and the yield of products cannot reach expectations, and the effective popularization of cultivation management is not facilitated. Therefore, the research and development of the polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding, which has the advantages of low cost, high seedling cultivation speed, high emergence rate, stable technology, high yield, good quality and capability of realizing large-scale planting, is objectively needed.
Disclosure of Invention
In order to solve the problems in the background art, the invention aims to provide the polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding, which has the advantages of high seedling cultivation speed, high seedling emergence rate, stable technology, high yield, good quality and capability of realizing large-scale planting.
The invention relates to a polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding, which comprises the following steps:
firstly, reserving seeds, namely selecting ripe and plump polygonatum kingianum berries, putting the ripe polygonatum kingianum berries in a dry and ventilated room for after-ripening for 20-25 days after picking, and rubbing off pulp parts of the berries after the berries become soft to obtain polygonatum kingianum seeds;
II, seedbed arrangement: selecting sandy loam which is loose and fertile, convenient to irrigate, good in drainage and high in humus and organic matter content, applying decomposed farmyard manure 2000-3000 kg or organic fertilizer 1000-1500 kg per mu on a land mass, turning the sandy loam into soil, spraying insecticide into the land mass per mu after leaving unused for 15-20 days, carrying out rotary tillage on the land mass for more than 30cm, leaving the land mass unused for 7-10 days, carrying out fine harrowing on the land mass, ditching and managing the soil moisture, wherein the soil moisture surface is 1.2-1.3 m wide, the soil moisture height is 20-25 cm, the soil moisture width is 30-40 cm, and finally spraying the prepared bactericide liquid on the soil moisture surface;
thirdly, sowing: before sowing, firstly putting polygonatum kingianum seeds into a mixed solution of 300-400 times of each half of carbendazim and metalaxyl-M for soaking for 30-40 min, taking out the seeds for drying in the shade, ditching and sowing on a moist surface according to a line spacing of 8-10 cm, wherein the sowing amount of each mu of strip sowing is 25-30 ten thousand, then covering 1-2 cm thick screened fine soil or humus on the moist surface, then covering a layer of pine needles with the thickness of 2-3 cm on the moist surface, and after covering the pine needles, pouring the moist surface with a mixed solution prepared by 600 times of carbendazim and 600 times of agricultural streptomycin according to the volume ratio of 1:1, wherein the mixed solution is suitable for pouring the soil with the moist surface thoroughly, and then pouring the moist surface for 1 time every 15 days;
fourthly, seedling management: keeping soil moist in the seedling emergence period, building a shading shed, controlling the shading rate to be 70-80%, and applying seedling foliar fertilizer to the seedlings for 1-2 times after the seedlings emerge;
transplanting: applying 2000-3000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 30-50 kg of plant ash to each mu of a planting field before transplanting, after deep ploughing and leveling, selecting seedlings with stems of 2-5 cm and complete root systems in 3 months from 11 months to the next year, transplanting the seedlings into the planting field according to the density of 25-35 cm of plant spacing and 30-45 cm of row spacing, covering soil of 5-6 cm thickness at the roots of the seedlings after transplanting, and watering the seedlings 1 time every 3-5 days after compacting;
management of growth period
a, moisture management: in drought seasons, the seedlings are timely supplemented with water, so that the water content of the soil is kept between 45% and 55%, and in rainy seasons, water is timely drained to avoid water accumulation on the soil moisture surface;
b, weeding: after the seedlings are transplanted and survive, the seedlings are pulled out when the grasses appear, and soil is covered on the soil moisture surface exposed on the local soil surface in time;
c, topdressing: topdressing compound fertilizer 2-3 times every year in the growth period of polygonatum kingianum plants, every 30-35 days, topdressing 10-20 kg compound fertilizer per mu, spraying growth leaf fertilizer 3-4 times every year in the vigorous growth period of polygonatum kingianum plants, and spraying 1 time every 15 days;
d, controlling shading rate: in the first year after transplanting polygonatum kingianum seedlings, the shading rate is controlled to be 40-50%, the shading rate in the second year after transplanting is controlled to be 30-40%, the shading rate in the third year after transplanting is controlled to be 20-30%, and the shading rate is not controlled in the fourth year after transplanting, so that polygonatum kingianum grows under the natural environment condition;
e, capping and removing the moss: when the plants grow to 10-13 mosses and leaves every year, the plants need to be capped in time, and 9-10 mosses and leaves are reserved for the plants, so that the consumption of nutrition is reduced, and the growth of the roots of the plants is promoted;
and (c) harvesting: harvesting after withering in late autumn and early winter or before sprouting in late winter and late spring, cleaning dead branches on the ground, digging out all roots, and scraping off soil at the roots.
On the basis of deeply researching the physiological characteristics of polygonatum kingianum seeds and summarizing the research results of predecessors, the invention has the following beneficial effects by further optimizing and arranging the polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation management technology:
1. the seeds left after planting are subjected to after-ripening treatment, the dormancy time of the seeds can be further reduced, and the seeds are subjected to soaking disinfection treatment before sowing, so that the incidence rate of plant diseases and insect pests of the seeds is reduced as much as possible, the disease resistance and stress resistance of seedlings are improved, the germination rate of the seeds is greatly improved, and the germination rate of the seeds reaches more than 99% after soaking disinfection.
2. Through the reasonable construction to the seedbed of growing seedlings, ensured yunnan sealwort growing environment's excellence, fertilize, turn over the ground and can improve the phenomenon that soil hardens, the fertility is not enough, promote the quick growth of seedling, through carrying out the insecticidal sterilization to the seedbed of growing seedlings, avoided the emergence of plant diseases and insect pests, guaranteed the benign development of seed germination in-process root system in earlier stage to the effectual emergence rate that has improved can reach more than 95%.
3. In the seedling raising period, the shading rate and the water and fertilizer are controlled, so that the water and nutrients in the seedling growing process are sufficient, the growth vigor of the seedlings is strong, the growth speed is high, the seedling raising period is shortened, and the seedling raising cost is reduced.
5. After transplanting, utilize reasonable irrigation, can guarantee that the moisture in the whole planting ground is sufficient, through reasonable fertilization, can let the yunnan paris polyphylla in the whole planting ground grow the vigor evenly, good condition is provided for the output that provides yunnan paris polyphylla, through the year-by-year rate of hiding, can make the environment of seedling in the growth process carry out the alternate growth of natural environment and ideal environment in the short time, the phenomenon that traditional yunnan sealwort is high at the in-process rate of dying, through carrying out the roof sealing to the plant and removing the moss, cut out the stem stalk more than 9 ~ 11 plants, make under photosynthesis, the nutrient can supply the growth of blade surface, can also promote the growth of root.
In conclusion, the method realizes the fine and standardized seedling raising of polygonatum kingianum, shortens the seedling raising time, improves the survival rate and the quality of the seedling raising, has high emergence rate, vigorous growth vigor of plants in the whole growth period, low incidence rate of plant diseases and insect pests, high growth speed, thick and solid roots and stems of the harvested polygonatum kingianum, good quality and high yield, is novel, high in feasibility, low in cost and easy for large-scale breeding, has good practical significance for effectively solving the problems of shortage of seedlings and high investment cost of rhizome breeding of polygonatum kingianum at present, lays a good foundation for improving the industrialized planting of polygonatum kingianum and enhancing the product competitiveness, and can completely become a leading industry for dearth and enrichment of farmers.
Detailed Description
The present invention is further illustrated by the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting in any way, and any modifications or alterations based on the teachings of the present invention are intended to fall within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1:
the polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding in the embodiment 1 includes the following steps:
firstly, seed reservation, namely selecting ripe and plump polygonatum kingianum berries, putting the ripe polygonatum kingianum berries in a dry and ventilated room for after-ripening for 20 days after picking, and rubbing off pulp parts of the berries after the berries become soft to obtain polygonatum kingianum seeds;
II, seedbed arrangement: selecting sandy loam which is loose and fertile, convenient to irrigate, good in drainage and high in humus and organic matter content, applying 2000g of decomposed farmyard manure per mu on a land block, turning the land block into soil, scattering an insecticide into the land block after leaving unused for 15 days, wherein the insecticide is imidacloprid, the application method and the application amount of the imidacloprid are adopted according to a product specification when the sandy loam is used, carrying out rotary tillage on the land block for more than 30cm, carrying out leveling, raking and fine furrowing on the land block after leaving unused for 7 days, wherein the width of a furrow surface is 1.2m, the height of the furrow is 20cm, and the width of the furrow is 30cm, and finally spraying a prepared bactericide liquid on the furrow surface, wherein the bactericide liquid is prepared by blending chlorothalonil and water according to the volume ratio of 1: 500;
thirdly, sowing: before sowing, firstly putting polygonatum kingianum seeds into 300 times of mixed liquor of carbendazim and metalaxyl-M in respective half amount for soaking for 30min, taking out the seeds for drying in the shade, ditching and drilling on a soil moisture surface according to the row spacing of 8cm, wherein the seeding amount of each mu of drilling is 25 ten thousand seeds, then covering 1cm thick screened fine soil on the soil moisture surface, then covering a layer of pine needles with the thickness of 2cm on the soil moisture surface, and after the pine needles are covered, watering the soil moisture surface by using the mixed liquor prepared by 600 times of carbendazim and 600 times of agricultural streptomycin according to the volume ratio of 1:1, wherein the soil moisture surface is preferably watered thoroughly, and then watering the soil moisture surface for 1 time every 15 days;
fourthly, seedling management: keeping soil moist in the seedling emergence period, building a shade shed, controlling the shade rate to be 70%, and applying a seedling foliar fertilizer to the seedlings for 1 time after the seedlings emerge, wherein the seedling foliar fertilizer is monopotassium phosphate and is used after being blended with water during spraying;
transplanting: applying 2000kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 30kg of plant ash to each mu of a planting field before transplanting, after deep ploughing and leveling, selecting seedlings with stems of 2-5 cm and complete root systems in 3 months from 11 months to the next year, transplanting the seedlings into the planting field according to the density of 25cm of plant spacing and 30cm of row spacing, covering soil of 5cm thickness at the roots of the seedlings after transplanting, and watering the seedlings 1 time every 3 days after compacting;
management of growth period
a, moisture management: in drought seasons, the seedlings are timely supplemented with water, so that the water content of the soil is kept between 45% and 55%, a water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system is used for irrigation during water supplement, and water is timely drained in rainy seasons, so that water accumulation on the soil moisture surface is avoided;
b, weeding: after the seedlings are transplanted and survive, the seedlings are pulled out when the grasses appear, and soil is covered on the soil moisture surface exposed on the local soil surface in time;
c, topdressing: the method comprises the following steps of applying a compound fertilizer 2 times every year in the growth period of polygonatum kingianum plants, applying 10kg of the compound fertilizer 10kg per mu at intervals of 30 days every year, wherein the N, P, K ratio of the compound fertilizer is 1:0.5:1.2, spraying a growth foliar fertilizer 3 times every year in the vigorous growth period of the polygonatum kingianum plants, and spraying the growth foliar fertilizer 1 time every 15 days, wherein the growth foliar fertilizer is 0.25% of urea, and during the topdressing, the compound fertilizer and the growth foliar fertilizer are respectively blended with water and then sprayed by a water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system;
d, controlling shading rate: in the first year after transplanting of polygonatum kingianum seedlings, the shading rate is controlled at 50%, the shading rate in the second year after transplanting is controlled at 40%, the shading rate in the third year after transplanting is controlled at 30%, the shading rate in the fourth year after transplanting is not controlled, the polygonatum kingianum is grown under natural environmental conditions, and the shading rate of the polygonatum kingianum can be controlled by adopting a shading mode of building a shading shed or planting under forests;
e, when the plant grows to 10 mosses and leaves every year, the plant needs to be capped in time, so that 9 mosses and leaves are reserved for the plant, the consumption of nutrition is reduced, and the growth of the root of the plant is promoted; in order to prevent the polygonatum kingianum plants from lodging, a flower falling prevention net can be built above the planting land in the vigorous growth period of the polygonatum kingianum plants, and the height of the flower falling prevention net is 1.2-1.8 m;
and (c) harvesting: harvesting after withering in late autumn and early winter or before sprouting in late winter and late spring, cleaning dead branches on the ground, digging out all roots, and scraping off soil at the roots.
The method of the embodiment 1 is adopted to cultivate seedlings, only 6 months are needed from sowing to emergence, the emergence is neat, the emergence rate is high, the emergence rate is 93.5%, the seedlings cultivated by the method are fast in rooting, thick and strong in stem and vigorous in growth, the survival rate of the transplanted seedlings is high, and the survival rate reaches 96.8%. Meanwhile, the transplanted seedlings have the advantages of high growth speed, vigorous growth, high growth speed, strong disease resistance and stress resistance, no occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, good quality of the harvested polygonatum kingianum roots, high yield and good yield, and compared with the traditional cultivation method, the acre yield is increased by 10.2%.
Example 2:
the polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding in the embodiment 2 includes the following steps:
firstly, seed reservation, namely selecting ripe and plump polygonatum kingianum berries, putting the ripe polygonatum kingianum berries in a dry and ventilated room for after-ripening for 22 days after picking, and rubbing off pulp parts of the berries after the berries become soft to obtain polygonatum kingianum seeds;
II, seedbed arrangement: selecting sandy loam which is loose and fertile, convenient to irrigate, good in drainage and high in humus and organic matter content, applying 1000-1500 kg of organic fertilizer to each mu of land, turning the sandy loam into soil, scattering an insecticide into each mu of land after the sandy loam is left unused for 18 days, wherein the insecticide is thiamethoxam, the using amount and the using method of the insecticide are determined according to the product specification, carrying out rotary tillage on the land for more than 30cm, after the sandy loam is left unused for 9 days, carrying out leveling, fine ditching and soil moisture management on the land, the width of a soil moisture surface is 1.25m, the height of the soil moisture is 22cm, the width of the soil moisture is 35m, and finally spraying a prepared bactericide liquid on the soil moisture surface, wherein the bactericide liquid is prepared by blending mancozeb and water according to the volume ratio of 1: 500;
thirdly, sowing: before sowing, firstly putting polygonatum kingianum seeds into a 350-time mixed solution of half of carbendazim and metalaxyl-M for soaking for 35min, taking out the seeds for drying in the shade, ditching and drilling on a moist surface according to a line spacing of 9cm, wherein the seeding amount of each mu of drilling is 28 ten thousand seeds, then covering the moist surface with 2 cm-thick screened fine soil or humus, then covering the moist surface with a layer of 3 cm-thick pine needles, and pouring the moist surface with a mixed solution prepared from 600-time solution of the carbendazim and 600-time solution of the agricultural streptomycin according to a volume ratio of 1:1 after the pine needles are covered, wherein the mixed solution is suitable for completely pouring the soil with the moist surface, and then pouring the moist surface for 1 time every 15 days;
fourthly, seedling management: keeping soil moist in the seedling emergence period, building a shading shed, controlling the shading rate to be 75%, and watering seedling leaf fertilizers for 1-2 times after seedlings emerge, wherein the seedling leaf fertilizers are fulvic acid, and when the seedling leaf fertilizers are used, the fulvic acid is blended with water and then sprayed by spraying;
transplanting: applying 2500kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 40kg of plant ash per mu of land in the planting field before transplanting, after deep ploughing and leveling, selecting seedlings with stems of 2-5 cm and complete root systems in 3 months from 11 months to the next year, transplanting the seedlings into the planting field according to the density of plant spacing of 30cm and row spacing of 40cm, covering soil at the roots of the seedlings for 6cm after transplanting, and watering the seedlings for 1 time every 4 days after compacting;
management of growth period
a, moisture management: in drought seasons, the seedlings are timely supplemented with water to keep the water content of the soil between 50%, during water supplement, a water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system is adopted for irrigation, and in rainy seasons, water is timely drained to avoid water accumulation on the soil moisture surface;
b, weeding: after the seedlings are transplanted and survive, the seedlings are pulled out when the grasses appear, and soil is covered on the soil moisture surface exposed on the local soil surface in time;
c, topdressing: the method comprises the following steps of applying a compound fertilizer 3 times every year in the growth period of polygonatum kingianum plants, applying 15kg of the compound fertilizer every mu at intervals of 33 days, simultaneously spraying a growth foliar fertilizer 3 times every year in the vigorous growth period of the polygonatum kingianum plants, and spraying 1 time every 15 days, wherein the growth foliar fertilizer is 0.25% of monopotassium phosphate, and during topdressing, after the compound fertilizer and the growth foliar fertilizer are blended with water, applying topdressing by adopting a water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system;
d, controlling shading rate: in the first year after the polygonatum kingianum seedlings are transplanted, the shading rate is controlled to be 45 percent, the shading rate in the second year after the transplantation is controlled to be 35 percent, the shading rate in the third year after the transplantation is controlled to be 25 percent, and the shading rate is not controlled in the fourth year after the transplantation, so that the polygonatum kingianum grows under the natural environment condition;
e, capping and removing the moss: when the plants grow to 12 mosses and leaves every year, the plants need to be capped in time, and 10 mosses and leaves are reserved for the plants, so that the consumption of nutrition is reduced, and the growth of the roots of the plants is promoted; in order to prevent the polygonatum kingianum plants from lodging, a flower falling prevention net can be built above the planting land in the vigorous growth period of the polygonatum kingianum plants, and the height of the flower falling prevention net is 1.2-1.8 m;
and (c) harvesting: harvesting after withering in late autumn and early winter or before sprouting in late winter and late spring, cleaning dead branches on the ground, digging out all roots, and scraping off soil at the roots.
The method of the embodiment 2 is adopted to cultivate seedlings, only 5 and a half months are needed from sowing to seedling emergence, the seedling emergence is neat, the rate of emergence is high, the rate of emergence is 95.3%, the seedlings cultivated by the method are fast in rooting, thick and strong in stem and vigorous in growth, the survival rate of the transplanted seedlings is high, and the survival rate of the seedlings reaches 98.5%. Meanwhile, the transplanted seedlings have the advantages of high growth speed, vigorous growth, high growth speed, strong disease resistance and stress resistance, no occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, good quality of the harvested polygonatum kingianum roots, high yield and good yield, and compared with the traditional cultivation method, the yield per mu is increased by 12.5%.
Example 3:
the polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding in the embodiment 3 includes the following steps:
firstly, seed reservation, namely selecting ripe and plump polygonatum kingianum berries, putting the ripe polygonatum kingianum berries in a dry and ventilated room for after-ripening for 25 days after picking, and rubbing off pulp parts of the berries after the berries become soft to obtain polygonatum kingianum seeds;
II, seedbed arrangement: selecting sandy loam which is loose and fertile, convenient to irrigate, good in drainage and high in humus and organic matter content, applying decomposed farmyard manure 2000-3000 kg per mu on a land mass, turning the land mass into soil, scattering an insecticide into the land mass after leaving unused for 20 days, wherein the insecticide is octyl sulfuric acid which can be replaced by fosthiazate, the using amount and the using method can be determined according to the instruction when the sandy loam is used, carrying out rotary tillage on the land mass for more than 30cm, carrying out leveling, fine furrowing and soil moisture management on the land mass after leaving unused for 10 days, wherein the width of a soil moisture surface is 1.3m, the height of the soil moisture is 25cm, the width of the furrows is 40cm, and finally spraying a prepared bactericide liquid on the soil moisture surface, wherein the bactericide solution is prepared by blending pythium procymidone and water according to the volume ratio of 1: 500;
thirdly, sowing: before sowing, firstly putting polygonatum kingianum seeds into a mixed solution of 400 times of each half of carbendazim and metalaxyl-M for soaking for 30-40 min, taking out the seeds for drying in the shade, ditching and drilling on a soil moisture surface according to a row spacing of 10cm, wherein the seeding amount of drilling per mu is 30 ten thousand seeds, then covering the soil moisture surface with fine screened soil or humus with the thickness of 2cm, then covering the soil moisture surface with a layer of pine needles with the thickness of 3cm, and after the pine needles are covered, pouring the soil moisture surface with a mixed solution prepared by 600 times of carbendazim solution and 600 times of agricultural streptomycin solution according to the volume ratio of 1:1, wherein the mixed solution is suitable for pouring the soil moisture surface thoroughly, and then pouring the soil moisture surface for 1 time every 15 days;
fourthly, seedling management: keeping soil moist in the seedling emergence period, building a shade shed, controlling the shade rate to be 80%, and applying seedling foliar fertilizer to the seedlings for 2 times after seedling emergence, wherein the seedling foliar fertilizer is humic acid;
transplanting: applying 3000kg of thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure and 50kg of plant ash to each mu of a planting field before transplanting, after deep ploughing and leveling, selecting seedlings with stems of 2-5 cm and complete root systems in 3 months from 11 months to the next year, transplanting the seedlings into the planting field according to the density of 35cm of plant spacing and 45cm of row spacing, covering soil 6cm thick at the roots of the seedlings after transplanting, and watering the seedlings for 1 time every 5 days after compacting;
management of growth period
a, moisture management: in drought seasons, the seedlings are timely supplemented with water, so that the water content of the soil is kept between 45 and 55 ℃, a water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system is adopted for irrigation during water supplementation, time and labor are saved, the irrigation is uniform, water is timely drained in rainy seasons, and water accumulation on the soil moisture surface is avoided;
b, weeding: after the seedlings are transplanted and survive, the seedlings are pulled out when the grasses appear, and soil is covered on the soil moisture surface exposed on the local soil surface in time;
c, topdressing: the method comprises the following steps of applying a compound fertilizer 3 times every year in the growth period of polygonatum kingianum plants, applying 20kg of the compound fertilizer every mu at intervals of 35 days every year, simultaneously spraying a growth foliar fertilizer 4 times every year in the vigorous growth period of the polygonatum kingianum plants, and spraying 1 time every 15 days, wherein the growth foliar fertilizer is 0.2% boric acid, the 0.2% boric acid can be replaced by fulvic acid and amino acid, and during topdressing, the compound fertilizer and the growth foliar fertilizer are blended with water and then applied by a water-fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system;
d, controlling shading rate: in the first year after transplanting of polygonatum kingianum seedlings, the shading rate is controlled at 50%, the shading rate in the second year after transplanting is controlled at 40%, the shading rate in the third year after transplanting is controlled at 30%, the shading rate in the fourth year after transplanting is not controlled, the polygonatum kingianum is grown under natural environmental conditions, and the shading rate of the polygonatum kingianum can be controlled by adopting a shading mode of building a shading shed or planting under forests;
e, capping and removing the moss: when the plants grow to 13 mosses every year, the plants need to be capped in time, 10 mosses of the plants are reserved, buds on stems of polygonatum kingianum plants which do not reserve seeds are cut off simultaneously, so that the nutrient consumption is reduced, the growth of the roots of the plants is promoted, in order to prevent the lodging phenomenon caused by overhigh polygonatum kingianum plants, a flower falling prevention net can be built above a planting land block in the vigorous growth period of the polygonatum kingianum plants, and the height of the flower falling prevention net is 1.2-1.8 m;
and (c) harvesting: harvesting after withering in late autumn and early winter or before sprouting in late winter and late spring, cleaning dead branches on the ground, digging out all roots, and scraping off soil at the roots.
By adopting the method of the embodiment 3 to cultivate the seedlings, only 3-4 months are needed from sowing to emergence of seedlings, the emergence of the seedlings is neat, the emergence rate is high, the emergence rate is 92.8%, the seedlings cultivated by the method are quick in rooting, thick and strong in stem and vigorous in growth, the survival rate of the transplanted seedlings is high, and the survival rate reaches 96.4%. Meanwhile, the transplanted seedlings have the advantages of high growth speed, vigorous growth, high growth speed, strong disease resistance and stress resistance, no occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests, good quality of the harvested polygonatum kingianum roots, high yield and good yield, and the yield per mu is increased by 11.4 percent compared with the traditional cultivation method.
Claims (4)
1. A polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding is characterized by comprising the following steps:
firstly, reserving seeds, namely selecting ripe and plump polygonatum kingianum berries, putting the ripe polygonatum kingianum berries in a dry and ventilated room for after-ripening for 20-25 days after picking, and rubbing off pulp parts of the berries after the berries become soft to obtain polygonatum kingianum seeds;
II, seedbed arrangement: selecting sandy loam which is loose and fertile, convenient to irrigate, good in drainage and high in humus and organic matter content, applying 1000-1500 kg of decomposed organic fertilizer to each mu of land, turning the sandy loam into soil, scattering a pesticide to each mu of land after leaving unused for 15-20 days, then carrying out rotary tillage on the land for more than 30cm, after leaving unused for 7-10 days, leveling the land, finely furrowing and conditioning the soil, wherein the width of a soil moisture surface is 1.3m, the height of the soil moisture is 25cm, and the width of a furrow is 40cm, and finally spraying the prepared bactericide liquid on the soil moisture surface; the pesticide is one of imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, octyl sulfuric acid and fosthiazate, and the bactericide solution is prepared by blending one of chlorothalonil, mancozeb and procymidone with water according to the volume ratio of 1: 500;
thirdly, sowing: before sowing, firstly putting polygonatum kingianum seeds into a mixed solution of 300-400 times of each half of carbendazim and metalaxyl-M for soaking for 30-40 min, taking out the seeds for drying in the shade, ditching and sowing on a moist surface according to a line spacing of 8-10 cm, wherein the sowing amount of each mu of strip sowing is 25-30 ten thousand, then covering 1-2 cm thick screened fine soil or humus on the moist surface, then covering a layer of pine needles with the thickness of 2-3 cm on the moist surface, and after covering the pine needles, pouring the moist surface with a mixed solution prepared by 600 times of carbendazim and 600 times of agricultural streptomycin according to the volume ratio of 1:1, wherein the mixed solution is suitable for pouring the soil with the moist surface thoroughly, and then pouring the moist surface for 1 time every 15 days;
fourthly, seedling management: keeping soil moist in the seedling emergence period, building a shading shed, controlling the shading rate to be 70-80%, and applying seedling foliar fertilizer to the seedlings for 1-2 times after the seedlings emerge; the seedling foliar fertilizer is one of monopotassium phosphate, fulvic acid and humic acid;
transplanting: applying 3000kg of thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure and 50kg of plant ash to each mu of a planting field before transplanting, after deep ploughing and leveling, selecting seedlings with stems of 2-5 cm and complete root systems in 3 months from 11 months to the next year, transplanting the seedlings into the planting field according to the density of 35cm of plant spacing and 45cm of row spacing, covering soil 6cm thick at the roots of the seedlings after transplanting, and watering the seedlings for 1 time every 5 days after compacting;
management of growth period
a, moisture management: in drought seasons, the seedlings are timely supplemented with water, so that the water content of the soil is kept between 45% and 55%, and in rainy seasons, water is timely drained to avoid water accumulation on the soil moisture surface;
b, weeding: after the seedlings are transplanted and survive, the seedlings are pulled out when the grasses appear, and soil is covered on the soil moisture surface exposed on the local soil surface in time;
c, topdressing: topdressing compound fertilizer 2-3 times every year in the growth period of polygonatum kingianum plants, every 30-35 days, topdressing 10-20 kg compound fertilizer per mu, spraying growth leaf fertilizer 3-4 times every year in the vigorous growth period of polygonatum kingianum plants, and spraying 1 time every 15 days; n, P, K of the compound fertilizer is in a ratio of 1:0.5:1.2, and the growth foliar fertilizer is one of 0.25% of urea, 0.25% of monopotassium phosphate, 0.2% of boric acid, fulvic acid and amino acid;
d, controlling shading rate: in the first year after transplanting polygonatum kingianum seedlings, the shading rate is controlled to be 40-50%, the shading rate in the second year after transplanting is controlled to be 30-40%, the shading rate in the third year after transplanting is controlled to be 20-30%, and the shading rate is not controlled in the fourth year after transplanting, so that polygonatum kingianum grows under the natural environment condition;
e, capping and removing the moss: when the plants grow to 10-13 mosses and leaves every year, the plants need to be capped in time, and 9-10 mosses and leaves are reserved for the plants, so that the consumption of nutrition is reduced, and the growth of the roots of the plants is promoted;
and (c) harvesting: harvesting after withering in late autumn and early winter or before sprouting in late winter and late spring, cleaning dead branches on the ground, digging out all roots, and scraping off soil at the roots.
2. The polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step e of the step e, for polygonatum kingianum plants which are not reserved, buds on the stems are cut off at the same time.
3. The polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step sixthly, a flower falling prevention net can be built above the planting land in the polygonatum kingianum plant growth vigorous stage, and the height of the flower falling prevention net is 1.2-1.8 m.
4. The polygonatum kingianum seedling cultivation method based on seed breeding according to claim 1, characterized in that: in the step a and the step c, a water and fertilizer integrated drip irrigation system is adopted for watering and fertilizing.
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