CN103947501B

CN103947501B - A kind of implantation methods of high-quality milk jujube high yield afforestation

Info

Publication number: CN103947501B
Application number: CN201410209005.5A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 徐华龙; 岑永红
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: Individual
Priority date: 2014-05-19
Filing date: 2014-05-19
Publication date: 2016-04-13
Anticipated expiration: 2034-05-19
Also published as: CN103947501A

Abstract

The invention discloses the implantation methods of a kind of high-quality milk jujube high yield afforestation, belong to field of plant growing technology, comprise the following steps: (1) nursery stock obtains; (2) hardening; (3) planting site is selected; (4) the whole work of planting site; (5) transplant; (6) young growth intercropping; (7) clay fertilizer water management; (8) pruning; (9) flower and fruit protecting; (10) integrated pest prevention and control; Advantage of the present invention is: cost of forestation reduces, survival rate significantly improves, standing forest is neat, be convenient to scientific management, the fructescence shortens, and not only milk jujube mass rate of production is improved, and greatly inhibit the generation of various damage by disease and insect, especially obtain effective control to jujube witches broom prevailing, standing forest jujube witches broom incidence reduces greatly, has saved the day by day conventional industries of atrophy.

Description

A kind of implantation methods of high-quality milk jujube high yield afforestation

Technical field

The invention belongs to field of plant growing technology, particularly relate to the implantation methods of a kind of high-quality milk jujube high yield afforestation.

Background technology

Milk jujube plantation from ancient times and candied date processing with a long history, milk jujube is produced candied date in conjunction with traditional handicraft and is have the laudatory title of " golden amber ".Candied date pure taste, helvolus transparent, see core, color and luster is mellow and full soft, and core is little and without benevolence in core, and meat is many and quality is loosened, and sugariness is moderate, oiliness not rough, and mouthfeel is excellent, has effect of preventing phlegm from forming and stopping coughing, and containing abundant trace element, supply falls short of demand in market.

But in recent years, because plantation family or peasant family are to the cultivation shortage scientific management technology of milk jujube tree wood, add the infringement being subject to various damage by disease and insect, comparatively prevailing with jujube witches broom, jujube woods stand quality and fresh jujube quality is caused to decline gradually, development scale is obstructed, atrophy, and milk jujube and candied date face destruction.

Summary of the invention

For above-mentioned Problems existing, for this reason, by testing for many years, introduce wild jujube cultivating seeds anvil seedling grafting or the grafting of this anvil, system Cold region apple high-yield cultivating is carried out to the nursery stock of milk jujube and trees, not only makes fresh milk jujube output greatly improve, and greatly inhibit the generation of various damage by disease and insect, especially effective control is obtained to jujube witches broom prevailing, saved the day by day conventional industries of atrophy.

In order to achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is as follows:

An implantation methods for high-quality milk jujube high yield afforestation, it is characterized in that, the method comprises the following steps:

(1) nursery stock obtains: adopt kind nursery stock needed for the grafting of wild jujube cultivating seeds anvil seedling, nursery stock is cultivated in seedbed, for subsequent use;

(2) hardening: before plantation nursery stock, waits that the nursery stock height of seedling cultivated in seedbed reaches 4 ~ 6cm, when having at least three roots, is placed in open-air atmosphere hardening 3 ~ 4 days;

(3) planting site is selected: choose loosing soil, layer depth is thick, rich water is sufficient, landform is open, the nonirrigated farmland, slope of tailo or farmland;

(4) the whole work of planting site: after choosing planting site, removes its earth's surface foreign material, builds irrigation canal and adopts excavator to dig the degree of depth 35 ~ 50cm, executing appropriate farmyard manure and composite fertilizer, and with dig soil and mix, ground grading; Planting point digs the dark 35cm planting furrow of wide 1m × 1m;

(5) transplant: select spring and autumn to transplant, plant row to being North and South direction, seeding row spacing 3 ~ 4m × 4 ~ 5m, every mu of 45 ~ 55 strains, before planting nursery stock root ABT3 root-inducing powder 50ppm with become mud and dip in root, before planting, backfill table soil is rebasing, in planting furrow, the base fertilizer farmyard manure 25 ~ 50kg become thoroughly decomposed is executed in every strain, broadcast even, banket layer by layer, having peace of mind also waters normal root water;

(6) young growth intercropping: notched jujube of short stem can be planted jujube tree young growth, line-spacing 6 ~ 12m, spacing in the rows 3 ~ 5m;

(7) clay fertilizer water management: from next year after planting, plough deeply within the scope of 2 ~ 2.5m around jujube tree after soil thaws during annual 2 ~ March, improve soil aeration situation; Annual 3 ~ 4 times of intertill and clean tillage; Impose base manure before autumn Mo is freeze-up and before germinateing spring: nitrogenous fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potash fertilizer, florescence and growth of young phase impose urea; Irrigate in time in flowering fruit bearing stage, setting phase, the phase of bearing fruit, timely draining is wanted in rainy season, low-lying jujube garden;

(8) pruning: be divided into treelet pruning, bearing-age tree pruning, the pruning of large tree and old and feeble tree rejuvenating;

(9) flower and fruit protecting: comprise that nutritional condition controls, the environmental condition of Pollination Fertilization and setting of blooming controls;

(10) integrated pest prevention and control: integrated control is carried out to tetranychid, jujube inchworm, jujube fruit borer, peach fruit borer, jujube fly, jujube witches broom, jujube rust jujube tree main diseases and insect pests.

Further, in described step (3) " selection of planting site ", being greater than 15 ° of hillside fields in the gradient will be made into terraced fields along horizontal line, and terrace width is not less than 1.5m.

Further, in described step (4) " the whole work of planting site ", execute the mixed farmyard manure 1 ~ 1.5t of chicken manure, barnyard manure and night soil for every mu, and in conjunction with every mu of 50 ~ 60kg composite fertilizer.

Further, in described step (5) " transplanting ", the depth of planting of nursery stock is than the dark 2 ~ 3cm of nursery stock leading thread original soil print, and face, planting pit cave is a little more than ground.

Further, in described step (7) " clay fertilizer water management ", every strain nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer all execute 1.5 ~ 1.8kg, potash fertilizer 0.5 ~ 0.8kg mixing ditch spread, apply fertilizer during fertilising at the annular groove digging 40 × 40cm apart from trunk 1 ~ 1.5m place; Florescence and growth of young phase impose urea 0.5 ~ 1kg.

Further, in described step (8) " shaping and pruning " " treelet pruning " have nature spindle and evacuates layering shape, natural spindle is applicable to plant 3m × 4m and configures, and evacuation layering shape is applicable to plant 4m × 6m and configures; Described " bearing-age tree pruning " refers to for becoming annual bearing jujube tree to carry out branch pruning, concentrates nutrition, prunes tree structure, expands ventilated space; Described " setting pruning greatly " mainly refers to because of tree-pruning, does shape with tree, and dredging light path, increases result area; Described " old and feeble tree rejuvenating " refers to and carries out to aging tree section cutting back that relaxes, and promotes that jujube tree grows again.

Further, described step (9) " flower and fruit protecting " Middle nutrition condition controls to refer to spray on plants hormone: gibberellin 15ppm, naphthyl acid 20ppm, trace element the spray boron fertilizer of 1/3000 concentration, the vitamin c of 300 ~ 500 and 2,4 ~ d mixed liquor; Described " Pollination Fertilization " refers to that jujube tree woods puts honeybee, increases pollination medium; Described " environmental condition of setting of blooming controls " refers to that florescence water spray improves air humidity, and the florescence, air humidity was between 60 ~ 70%.

Further, described step (10) " integrated control of damage by disease and insect " comprise the jujube tree budding period extermination of disease and insect pest late April ~ the first tenday period of a month in May, florescence control mid-May ~ early June, the control of fruit expanding stage mid-June ~ mid-July, jujube fruit white ripe phase control late July ~ early August and winter control November ~ February next year; Insect pest is with 2.5% bromine permethrin, 1-3 ten thousand times of liquid and 2.5% bromine permethrin 10,000 times and add 40% flolimat and be made into 1500 times of mixing and spray respectively; Disease adopts 200 times amount formula bordeaux mixture and 75% tpn, 800 times of liquid to divide 2 ~ 3 injections respectively.

The invention has the beneficial effects as follows: by testing for many years, introduce wild jujube cultivating seeds anvil seedling grafting or the grafting of this anvil, cost of forestation reduces, survival rate significantly improves, standing forest is neat, be convenient to scientific management, fructescence shortens, not only milk jujube mass rate of production is improved, 5 ~ 7 annual bearing woodss, produce fresh jujube 11250kg/hm2, within more than 8 years, produce fresh jujube 18000kg/hm2, between biennial bearing, luffing is less than 20%, and greatly inhibit the generation of various damage by disease and insect, especially effective control is obtained to jujube witches broom prevailing, standing forest jujube witches broom incidence reduces greatly, the day by day conventional industries of atrophy are saved.

Embodiment

Below in conjunction with embodiment, technical scheme of the present invention is further described.

embodiment one:

(1) nursery stock obtains: adopt kind needed for wild jujube cultivating seeds anvil seedling grafting or the grafting of this anvil to obtain nursery stock, nursery stock is cultivated in seedbed, and the nursery stock after grafting needs sleeving plastic bag to keep humidity, for subsequent use, (2) hardening: before plantation nursery stock, waits that the nursery stock height of seedling cultivated in seedbed reaches 4cm, when having at least three roots, is placed in open-air atmosphere hardening 3 days, strengthens the resistance of nursery stock, (3) planting site is selected: choose loosing soil, layer depth is thick, rich water is sufficient, landform is open, the nonirrigated farmland, slope of tailo or farmland, and being greater than 15 ° of hillside fields in the gradient will be made into terraced fields along horizontal line, and terrace width is not less than 1.5m, (4) the whole work of planting site: after choosing planting site, remove its earth's surface foreign material, main removing tree stump, stone, build irrigation canal and adopt excavator to dig degree of depth 40cm, every mu of mixed farmyard manure 1t executing chicken manure, barnyard manure and night soil, and in conjunction with Mei Mu 50kg composite fertilizer, and with dig soil and mix, ground grading, planting point (afforestation row) digs the dark 35cm planting furrow of wide 1m × 1m, (5) transplant: select spring and autumn to transplant, plant row to being North and South direction, seeding row spacing 3 × 4m, every mu of 45 strains, before planting nursery stock root ABT3 root-inducing powder 50ppm with become mud and dip in root, the depth of planting is mutually neat with collar, backfill limit, limit is steady and sure, righting nursery stock, when planting, nursery stock root dips in phosphate fertilizer mud, be conducive to surviving, before planting, backfill table soil is rebasing, in planting furrow, the base fertilizer farmyard manure 35kg become thoroughly decomposed is executed in every strain, broadcast even, banket layer by layer, having peace of mind also waters normal root water, the depth of planting of nursery stock prints dark 2cm than nursery stock leading thread original soil, face, planting pit cave is a little more than ground, (6) young growth intercropping: notched jujube of short stem can be planted jujube tree young growth, line-spacing 8m, spacing in the rows 3m, plant crops of short stem, (7) clay fertilizer water management: from next year after planting, plough deeply within the scope of 2m around jujube tree after soil thaws at the beginning of annual 2 months, improve soil aeration situation, the spring turns over easily shallow, the autumn turns over should be dark, annual 3 times of intertill and clean tillage, impose base manure before autumn Mo is freeze-up and before germinateing spring: every strain nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer all execute 1.5kg, potash fertilizer 0.5kg mixing ditch spread, apply fertilizer at the annular groove digging 40 × 40cm apart from trunk 1m place during fertilising, florescence and growth of young phase impose urea 0.5kg, irrigate in time in flowering fruit bearing stage, setting phase, the phase of bearing fruit, timely draining is wanted in rainy season, low-lying jujube garden, (8) pruning: nature spindle is chosen in treelet pruning, and be divided into triennial treelet pruning, natural spindle is applicable to plant 3m × 4m and configures, height of tree 3m, dry high 40cm, crown diameter is no more than 3m, and 8 ~ 10, major branch is evenly arranged on trunk, not overlapping, not stratified, the long 1m of major branch, planting site soil fertility can be done well surely, and general heading height is 60cm, is then cut off by dry all Secondary Branchs, it is carry out in winter or early spring that Second Year is pruned, and cultivates for selected three in 120 ° of directions as major branch, if three major branch growths are unbalanced, then carry out cutting back to eugonic, controls its amount of growth, within 3rd year, pruning is cultivate second layer growth major branch after adjusting ground floor growth major branch, adjusts each layer major branch position and spacing, bud picking in vegetative period, pinching, main raising nutrient fruit offerings growth, short spending urgees fruit, the less inclined hat of major branch growth angle manually draws time overlapping, smears branch, bearing-age tree pruning, the pruning of large tree and old and feeble tree rejuvenating, described " bearing-age tree pruning " refers to for becoming annual bearing jujube tree to carry out branch pruning, concentrates nutrition, prunes tree structure, expands ventilated space, described " setting pruning greatly " mainly refers to because of tree-pruning, does shape with tree, and dredging light path, increases result area, described " old and feeble tree rejuvenating " refers to and carries out to aging tree section cutting back that relaxes, and promotes that jujube tree grows again, (9) flower and fruit protecting: comprise that nutritional condition controls, the environmental condition of Pollination Fertilization and setting of blooming controls, nutritional condition controls to refer to spray on plants hormone: gibberellin 15ppm, naphthyl acid 20ppm, trace element the spray boron fertilizer of 1/3000 concentration, the vitamin c of 300 ~ 500 and 2,4 ~ d mixed liquor, described " Pollination Fertilization " refers to that jujube tree woods puts honeybee, increases pollination medium, described " environmental condition of setting of blooming controls " refers to that florescence water spray improves air humidity, and the florescence, air humidity was between 60 ~ 70%, (10) integrated pest prevention and control: integrated control is carried out to tetranychid, jujube inchworm, jujube fruit borer, peach fruit borer, jujube fly, jujube witches broom, jujube rust jujube tree main diseases and insect pests, comprise the jujube tree budding period extermination of disease and insect pest late April ~ the first tenday period of a month in May, florescence control mid-May ~ early June, the control of fruit expanding stage mid-June ~ mid-July, jujube fruit white ripe phase control late July ~ early August and winter control November ~ February next year, insect pest is with 2.5% bromine permethrin, 1-3 ten thousand times of liquid and 2.5% bromine permethrin 10,000 times and add 40% flolimat and be made into 1500 times of mixing and spray respectively, disease adopts 200 times amount formula bordeaux mixture and 75% tpn, 800 times of liquid to divide 2 ~ 3 injections respectively.

embodiment two:(1) nursery stock obtains: adopt kind needed for wild jujube cultivating seeds anvil seedling grafting or the grafting of this anvil to obtain nursery stock, nursery stock is cultivated in seedbed, and the nursery stock after grafting needs sleeving plastic bag to keep humidity, for subsequent use, (2) hardening: before plantation nursery stock, waits that the nursery stock height of seedling cultivated in seedbed reaches 6cm, when having at least three roots, is placed in open-air atmosphere hardening 4 days, strengthens the resistance of nursery stock, (3) planting site is selected: choose loosing soil, layer depth is thick, rich water is sufficient, landform is open, the nonirrigated farmland, slope of tailo or farmland, and being greater than 15 ° of hillside fields in the gradient will be made into terraced fields along horizontal line, and terrace width is not less than 1.5m, (4) the whole work of planting site: after choosing planting site, remove its earth's surface foreign material, main removing tree stump, stone, build irrigation canal and adopt excavator to dig degree of depth 50cm, every mu of mixed farmyard manure 1.5t executing chicken manure, barnyard manure and night soil, and in conjunction with Mei Mu 60kg composite fertilizer, and with dig soil and mix, ground grading, planting point (afforestation row) digs the dark 35cm planting furrow of wide 1m × 1m, (5) transplant: select spring and autumn to transplant, plant row to being North and South direction, seeding row spacing 4m × 5m, every mu of 50 strains, before planting nursery stock root ABT3 root-inducing powder 50ppm with become mud and dip in root, the depth of planting is mutually neat with collar, backfill limit, limit is steady and sure, righting nursery stock, when planting, nursery stock root dips in phosphate fertilizer mud, be conducive to surviving, before planting, backfill table soil is rebasing, in planting furrow, the base fertilizer farmyard manure 45kg become thoroughly decomposed is executed in every strain, broadcast even, banket layer by layer, having peace of mind also waters normal root water, the depth of planting of nursery stock prints dark 3cm than nursery stock leading thread original soil, face, planting pit cave is a little more than ground, (6) young growth intercropping: notched jujube of short stem can be planted jujube tree young growth, line-spacing 10m, spacing in the rows 4m, (7) clay fertilizer water management: from next year after planting, annual 2 the end of month plough deeply within the scope of 2.5m after soil thaws around jujube tree, improve soil aeration situation, and the spring turns over easily shallow, the autumn turns over should be dark, annual 4 times of intertill and clean tillage, impose base manure before autumn Mo is freeze-up and before germinateing spring: every strain nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer all execute 1.8kg, potash fertilizer 0.8kg mixing ditch spread, apply fertilizer at the annular groove digging 40 × 40cm apart from trunk 1.5m place during fertilising, florescence and growth of young phase impose urea 1kg, irrigate in time in flowering fruit bearing stage, setting phase, the phase of bearing fruit, timely draining is wanted in rainy season, low-lying jujube garden, (8) pruning: treelet pruning is chosen and evacuated layering shape, and is divided into triennial treelet pruning, evacuation layering shape is applicable to plant 4m × 6m and configures, height of tree 4m, dry high 45cm, crown diameter is no more than 4m, full tree 7 ~ 9 major branches, points three layers raw in central backbone, ground floor 3 major branches, each 2 ~ 3 major branches of the second layer, third layer, with the first transaction of a day's business angle of 50 ~ 60 °, stretch to surrounding, 1 ~ 2 interlamellar spacing 1 ~ 1.2m, 2 ~ 3 interlamellar spacing 0.8 ~ 1m well-balancedly, planting site soil fertility can be done well surely, and general heading height is 80cm, is then cut off by dry all Secondary Branchs, it is carry out in winter or early spring that Second Year is pruned, and cultivates for selected three in 120 ° of directions as major branch, if three major branch growths are unbalanced, then carry out cutting back to eugonic, controls its amount of growth, within 3rd year, prune is cultivate second layer growth major branch after adjusting ground floor growth major branch, bud picking in vegetative period, pinching, main raising nutrient fruit offerings growth, short spending urgees fruit, the less inclined hat of major branch growth angle manually draws time overlapping, smears branch, bearing-age tree pruning, the pruning of large tree and old and feeble tree rejuvenating, described " bearing-age tree pruning " refers to for becoming annual bearing jujube tree to carry out branch pruning, concentrates nutrition, prunes tree structure, expands ventilated space, described " setting pruning greatly " mainly refers to because of tree-pruning, does shape with tree, and dredging light path, increases result area, described " old and feeble tree rejuvenating " refers to and carries out to aging tree section cutting back that relaxes, and promotes that jujube tree grows again, (9) flower and fruit protecting: comprise that nutritional condition controls, the environmental condition of Pollination Fertilization and setting of blooming controls, nutritional condition controls to refer to spray on plants hormone: gibberellin 15ppm, naphthyl acid 20ppm, trace element the spray boron fertilizer of 1/3000 concentration, the vitamin c of 300 ~ 500 and 2,4 ~ d mixed liquor, described " Pollination Fertilization " refers to that jujube tree woods puts honeybee, increases pollination medium, described " environmental condition of setting of blooming controls " refers to that florescence water spray improves air humidity, and the florescence, air humidity was between 60 ~ 70%, (10) integrated pest prevention and control: integrated control is carried out to tetranychid, jujube inchworm, jujube fruit borer, peach fruit borer, jujube fly, jujube witches broom, jujube rust jujube tree main diseases and insect pests, comprise the jujube tree budding period extermination of disease and insect pest late April ~ the first tenday period of a month in May, florescence control mid-May ~ early June, the control of fruit expanding stage mid-June ~ mid-July, jujube fruit white ripe phase control late July ~ early August and winter control November ~ February next year, insect pest is with 2.5% bromine permethrin, 1-3 ten thousand times of liquid and 2.5% bromine permethrin 10,000 times and add 40% flolimat and be made into 1500 times of mixing and spray respectively, disease adopts 200 times amount formula bordeaux mixture and 75% tpn, 800 times of liquid to divide 2 ~ 3 injections respectively.

The foregoing is only two preferred versions of the present invention; those of ordinary skill in the art it is to be appreciated that; the above is not as limitation of the invention further, and every various equivalences utilizing description of the present invention to do improve all within protection scope of the present invention.

Claims

1. an implantation methods for high-quality milk jujube high yield afforestation, it is characterized in that, the method comprises the following steps:

(5) transplant: select spring and autumn to transplant, plant row to being North and South direction, seeding row spacing 3 ~ 4m × 4 ~ 5m, every mu of 45 ~ 55 strains, before planting nursery stock root ABT3 root-inducing powder 50ppm with become mud and dip in root, before planting, backfill table soil is rebasing, in planting furrow, the base fertilizer farmyard manure 25 ~ 50kg become thoroughly decomposed is executed in every strain, broadcast even, banket layer by layer, having peace of mind also waters normal root water; The depth of planting of nursery stock is than the dark 2 ~ 3cm of nursery stock leading thread original soil print, and face, planting pit cave is a little more than ground;

(6) young growth intercropping: plant notched jujube of short stem jujube tree young growth, line-spacing 6 ~ 12m, spacing in the rows 3 ~ 5m;

(9) flower and fruit protecting: comprise that nutritional condition controls, the environmental condition of Pollination Fertilization and setting of blooming controls; Nutritional condition controls to refer to spray on plants hormone: gibberellin 15ppm, naphthyl acid 20ppm, trace element the spray boron fertilizer of 1/3000 concentration, the vitamin c of 300 ~ 500 and 2,4 ~ d mixed liquor; Described " Pollination Fertilization " refers to that jujube tree woods puts honeybee, increases pollination medium; Described " environmental condition of setting of blooming controls " refers to that florescence water spray improves air humidity, and the florescence, air humidity was 60 ~ 70%;

2. the implantation methods of high-quality milk jujube high yield afforestation according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in described step (3) " planting site ", being greater than 15 ° of hillside fields in the gradient will be made into terraced fields along horizontal line, and terrace width is not less than 1.5m.

3. the implantation methods of high-quality milk jujube according to claim 1 high yield afforestation, is characterized in that: execute the mixed farmyard manure 1 ~ 1.5t of chicken manure, barnyard manure and night soil for every mu in described step (4) " the whole work of planting site ", and in conjunction with every mu of 50 ~ 60kg composite fertilizer.

4. the implantation methods of high-quality milk jujube high yield afforestation according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in described step (7) " clay fertilizer water management ", every strain nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer all execute 1.5 ~ 1.8kg, potash fertilizer 0.5 ~ 0.8kg mixing ditch spread, applies fertilizer at the annular groove digging 40 × 40cm apart from trunk 1 ~ 1.5m place during fertilising; Florescence and growth of young phase impose urea 0.5 ~ 1kg.

5. the implantation methods of high-quality milk jujube high yield afforestation according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: in described step (8) " pruning " " treelet pruning " have nature spindle and evacuate layering shape, nature spindle is applicable to plant 3m × 4m and configures, and evacuation layering shape is applicable to plant 4m × 6m and configures; Described " bearing-age tree pruning " refers to for becoming annual bearing jujube tree to carry out branch pruning, concentrates nutrition, prunes tree structure, expands ventilated space; Described " setting pruning greatly " mainly refers to because of tree-pruning, does shape with tree, and dredging light path, increases result area; Described " old and feeble tree rejuvenating " refers to and carries out to aging tree section cutting back that relaxes, and promotes that jujube tree grows again.

6. the implantation methods of high-quality milk jujube high yield afforestation according to claim 1, it is characterized in that: described step (10) " integrated control of damage by disease and insect " comprise the jujube tree budding period extermination of disease and insect pest late April ~ the first tenday period of a month in May, florescence control mid-May ~ early June, the control of fruit expanding stage mid-June ~ mid-July, jujube fruit white ripe phase control late July ~ early August and winter control November ~ February next year; Insect pest is with 2.5% bromine permethrin, 1-3 ten thousand times of liquid and 2.5% bromine permethrin 10,000 times and add 40% flolimat and be made into 1500 times of mixing and spray respectively; Disease adopts 200 times amount formula bordeaux mixture and 75% tpn, 800 times of liquid to divide 2 ~ 3 injections respectively.