CN109526432B - Sweet cherry seedling raising and garden building method in high-altitude cold areas - Google Patents
Sweet cherry seedling raising and garden building method in high-altitude cold areas Download PDFInfo
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- CN109526432B CN109526432B CN201811617747.6A CN201811617747A CN109526432B CN 109526432 B CN109526432 B CN 109526432B CN 201811617747 A CN201811617747 A CN 201811617747A CN 109526432 B CN109526432 B CN 109526432B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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Abstract
The invention provides a sweet cherry seedling and garden building method in a high-altitude cold area, which comprises the following five steps: selecting a grafted variety and a stock, breeding the stock, collecting and storing scions, grafting operation and management, and transplanting and later-stage management of seedlings. The technical scheme adopted by the invention has the beneficial effects that: the survival rate of the single-plant nursery stock is improved by more than 95 percent when the sweet cherries in the high-altitude cold and cool areas with the altitude of 2200-; the juvenile period of the fruit trees is shortened, and the single-plant yield in the third year after cultivation can reach more than 1.50 kg; the traditional cultivation mode of the matched planting of main cultivated varieties and pollinated varieties is changed, the management cost is reduced while the early fruit and high yield of the orchard is realized, and the economic benefit of the orchard can be improved by more than 30%.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for cultivating fruit tree seedlings, belongs to the field of plant cultivation, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating sweet cherries in a high-altitude cold area and building a garden.
Background
At present, in a high-altitude cold area with the altitude of 2200-: selecting rootstocks of Gisela series or folium isatidis, malus prunus and the like, grafting sweet cherries of one variety on each rootstock, transplanting the grafted sweet cherry seedlings into bare-rooted seedlings in autumn and winter or before the germination of the first spring plants, and planting the main cultivated variety and the pollinated variety in a matched manner according to a certain proportion.
The main disadvantages of this process are: 1. due to the fact that the altitude is 2200-2600m and the average annual temperature is 9-13 ℃ in a high-altitude cold area, the temperature is low in the period from winter to early spring, the temperature change range is large, freezing damage is easily caused, and the survival rate of the transplanted sweet cherry seedlings is low; 2. due to the fact that the altitude is 2200, 2600m and the average annual temperature is 9-13 ℃ in a high-altitude cold area, the effective accumulated temperature of the sweet cherry seedlings in the growing period is low, the growing period of the plants is short, and the seedlings are weak in growth vigor, long in childhood period and late in bearing fruit; 3. the requirements of main cultivated varieties and pollinated varieties on cultivation conditions such as soil, water, fertilizer and the like are different, and differentiated fine management is needed, so that the orchard management difficulty is increased, the production cost is increased, and the orchard income is reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to overcome the defects of the prior art and provides a method which is simple and easy to implement, convenient to operate and suitable for seedling raising and garden building of sweet cherries in high-altitude cold areas. Through the literature search, the same public reports as the invention are not found.
Through multiple tests, the cherry with high survival rate is selected as the stock variety, the grafted variety has high affinity with the cherry with high survival rate, and the grafted cherry has high survival rate of Samie and Rabinse combination or Sanzana and Brukes combination.
According to the method, grafting is carried out in the last 2 th ten days after the stock seedlings are sown and cultivated, the grafted seedlings grow in the greenhouse to the current 7 months, and the seedlings grow in the greenhouse due to controllable temperature and humidity, so that the defects that the seedlings are easily frozen and the survival rate of the transplanted sweet cherry seedlings is low due to large temperature and low temperature difference in high-altitude cold areas are overcome.
After grafting, the seedlings are moved out of the greenhouse for seedling hardening at the beginning of 7 months in the year, and the seedlings are transplanted in the middle of 7 months. The grafted sweet cherry seedlings grow in the greenhouse for 4 months, and because the temperature and the humidity in the greenhouse are controllable, the seedlings grow well in a short period and have early bearing compared with the seedlings planted in a conventional mode.
According to the method, two sweet cherry varieties are grafted on the same stock plant, so that the defects that the requirements of main cultivated varieties and pollinated varieties on cultivation conditions such as soil, water, fertilizer and the like are different, and the orchard management difficulty is increased and the production cost is increased due to the need of differentiated fine management are overcome.
The invention relates to a method comprising the following steps: (1) selecting a grafted variety and a stock; (2) breeding the rootstock; (3) collecting and storing scions; (4) performing grafting operation and management; (5) and (5) transplanting the nursery stock and performing later-stage management.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention has the beneficial effects that: the survival rate of single-plant seedlings is improved to more than 95% when sweet cherries in high-altitude cold and cool areas with the altitude of 2200-; the juvenile period of the fruit trees is shortened, and the single-plant yield in the third year after cultivation can reach more than 1.50 kg; the traditional cultivation mode of planting in a way of matching main cultivated varieties and pollinated varieties is changed, the management cost is reduced while the early fruit and high yield of the orchard is realized, and the economic benefit of the orchard can be improved by more than 30%. The method is simple to operate and easy to popularize.
The specific implementation mode is as follows:
the sweet cherry seedling and garden building method suitable for the high-altitude cold areas comprises the following steps:
(1) selection of grafted varieties and rootstocks
Through multiple tests, the cherry with high survival rate is selected as the stock variety, the grafted variety has high affinity with the cherry with high survival rate, and the grafted cherry has high survival rate of Samie and Rabinse combination or Sanzana and Brukes combination.
Two sweet cherry varieties of Samie and Labinsi or Sanzana and Bruksi are grafted on the same cherry rootstock plant in a branch grafting mode, the grafting affinity with the cherry rootstock is strong, and the grafting survival rate is more than 95%; the grafted and survived sweet cherry plants grow strongly in cold and cool areas with altitude of 2200-2600m and annual average temperature of 9-13 ℃, the growth amount is more than 30 percent of that of sweet cherry seedlings grafted by Gisela series stocks or stocks such as folium isatidis, prunus tomentosa and the like, and the growth vigor is consistent; after the fruit bearing period, the two pairs of grafted variety combinations show excellent properties of meeting in flowering periods and being capable of pollinating mutually, the fruit setting rate is more than 60% under the condition of natural pollination, and the single plant yield of the sweet cherry plants in the third year after cultivation is more than 1.50 kg.
In addition, due to the developed root system of the cherry rootstock, the drought resistance of the grafted sweet cherry plant is improved by 20 percent compared with the plant grafted by the common rootstock.
Therefore, Samie and Rabinsi or Sanxina and Brukas are two pairs of sweet cherry grafting variety combinations which are relatively suitable for being applied to cold areas with high altitude, and the cherry with slender teeth is a sweet cherry stock variety which is relatively suitable for being applied to cold areas with high altitude.
(2) Propagation of rootstocks
Firstly, collecting and processing seeds, selecting a strong disease-free cherry fruiting mother plant, and collecting the cherry fruiting mother plant when the fruits are fully ripe in the last 6 months. After the fruits are harvested, the flesh is washed clean by clear water, placed in a ventilated place to be dried in the shade, and then stored in a cold storage at the temperature of 3 ℃ in a sand mode until the next 1 month.
② accelerating germination and sowing, taking out the seeds at the beginning of 2 months, soaking in 0.02% gibberellin solution for 48 hours, then mixing sand and moisturizing, and accelerating germination. When the seeds are exposed to white, the seeds are directly sown in a nutrition pot of 30cm multiplied by 30 cm. Placing in a plastic greenhouse nursery for careful management.
Pinching: in late 7 months of the year, when the stock seedlings grow to 40-60cm high, pinching treatment is carried out, and meanwhile, fertilizer and water management is enhanced, and branching is promoted.
(3) Collection and preservation of scions
Collecting and storing scions: collecting scions in 1 last ten days of month, selecting plants which grow robustly, have high quality and high yield and do not have diseases and insect pests, selecting annual branches with the perimeter of 0.5-1.5cm, hanging labels for identification every 10 branches, wrapping the branches with wet newspaper, and storing the branches in a cold storage at 0-5 ℃.
(4) Grafting operation and management
Firstly, grafting time is 2 months later after the stock seedlings are sown and cultivated in the next year.
The grafting method comprises the following steps: grafting two sweet cherry varieties on the same stock plant by adopting a branch grafting method. Before grafting, the stock is trimmed, 4 branches are reserved, which are planted in the area with the trunk height of 30-50cm, the perimeter of the trunk is 1-3cm, the branches grow strongly and are uniformly distributed in different directions, and the rest branches are all cut from the base. When grafting, the main branches of the stocks are cut to 8-12cm short, and each sweet cherry variety is grafted on the two main branches of the stocks.
Managing after grafting: timely erasing the sprouts on the stock, enhancing fertilizer and water management after grafting survival, and when the young shoots grow to 60cm, leaving the sprouts to cut off the front ends 1/3 to promote branching.
(5) Seedling transplanting and later-period management
Arranging planting plots: deep ploughing is carried out before planting, soil blocks are smashed, 3000-plus 5000 kg of high-quality thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure and 150kg of ordinary calcium are applied to each mu, and the fertilizers are uniformly mixed into the soil during harrowing. And (5) ridging cultivation, wherein the height of each ridge is 30cm, the width of each ridge is 150cm, and the best planting is carried out in the north-south direction.
② transplanting the nursery stock: moving the seedlings out of the greenhouse for hardening seedlings at the beginning of 7 months, transplanting the seedlings in rainy days in the middle ten days of 7 months, cutting the nutrition pots into two halves by using a sharp knife before transplanting, and transplanting the seedlings with complete soil lumps, wherein the planting density is 3-4m of row spacing and 2-3 m of plant spacing. And digging small holes during planting, covering the planting depth with 3cm of original soil lumps, and inserting small wooden sticks to bind and fix.
And watering and weeding in time after transplanting, and doing pest control work.
Example 1
(1) Selection of grafted varieties and rootstocks
Selecting the cherry with thin teeth as a stock variety, selecting a grafting variety with high affinity with the cherry with thin teeth, and combining Samie and Labinsi with high survival rate after grafting
Or a combination of sandringiana and brux.
(2) Propagation of rootstocks
Collecting and processing seeds: selecting a robust disease-free cherry fruiting mother plant, and harvesting when the fruits are fully mature in the last 6 th month. After the fruits are harvested, the flesh is washed clean by clear water, placed in a ventilated place to be dried in the shade, and then stored in a cold storage at the temperature of 3 ℃ in a sand mode until the next 1 month.
Accelerating germination and sowing: taking out the seeds at the beginning of 2 months, soaking the seeds in a 0.02% gibberellin solution for 48 hours, then mixing the seeds with sand, preserving moisture and carrying out germination accelerating treatment. When the seeds are exposed to white, the seeds are directly sown in a nutrition pot of 30cm multiplied by 30 cm. Placing in a plastic greenhouse nursery for careful management.
Pinching: in late 7 months of the year, when the stock seedlings grow to 40cm high, pinching treatment is carried out, and meanwhile, fertilizer and water management is enhanced, and branching is promoted.
(3) Collection and preservation of scions
Collecting and storing scions: the method comprises the steps of collecting scions in 1 ten days of the month, selecting plants which grow robustly, are high in quality and yield and do not have diseases and insect pests, selecting annual branches with the circumference of 1cm, hanging labels for identification every 10 branches, wrapping the annual branches with wet newspaper, and storing the annual branches in a cold storage at 5 ℃.
(4) Grafting operation and management
In the second 2 th ten days after the stock seedlings are sown and cultivated, two sweet cherry varieties of Samie and Labinsi are grafted on the same stock plant by adopting a branch grafting method. Before grafting, the stock is trimmed, 4 branches are reserved in an area with the trunk height of 35cm and the circumference of 1cm, the branches grow strongly and are uniformly distributed in different directions, and the rest branches are all cut from the base. When grafting, the main branches of the stocks are cut to 10cm short, and each sweet cherry variety is grafted on the two main branches of the stocks.
And thirdly, timely erasing the sprouts on the stocks after grafting, enhancing fertilizer and water management after grafting survival, and when the young shoots grow to 60cm, reserving the external sprouts to cut off the front ends 1/3 and promoting the growth of branches.
(5) Seedling transplanting and later-period management
Arranging planting plots: before planting, deep ploughing is carried out, soil blocks are smashed, 3000 kg of high-quality thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure and 150kg of ordinary calcium are applied to each mu, and the fertilizers are uniformly mixed into the soil during harrowing. And (5) ridging and cultivating, wherein the height of each ridge is 30cm, the width of each ridge is 150cm, and the planting is carried out in the north-south direction.
② transplanting the nursery stock: moving the seedlings out of the greenhouse for hardening seedlings at the beginning of 7 months, transplanting the seedlings in the middle ten days of 7 months, cutting the nutrition pots into two halves by using a sharp knife before transplanting, and transplanting the seedlings with complete soil lumps, wherein the planting density is 4m of row spacing and 3m of plant spacing. And digging small holes during planting, covering the planting depth with 3cm of original soil lumps, and inserting small wooden sticks to bind and fix.
And watering and weeding in time after transplanting, and doing pest control work.
Example 2
(1) Selection of grafted varieties and rootstocks
The cherry with the thin teeth is selected as a stock variety, the grafted variety has high affinity with the cherry with the thin teeth, and the combination of the Sanzana and the Brukes with high survival rate is formed after grafting.
(2) Propagation of rootstocks
Collecting and processing seeds: selecting a robust disease-free cherry fruiting mother plant, and harvesting when the fruits are fully mature in the last 6 th month. After the fruits are harvested, the flesh is washed clean by clear water, placed in a ventilated place to be dried in the shade, and then stored in a cold storage at the temperature of 3 ℃ in a sand mode until the next 1 month.
Accelerating germination and sowing: taking out the seeds at the beginning of 2 months, soaking the seeds in a 0.02% gibberellin solution for 48 hours, then mixing the seeds with sand, preserving moisture and carrying out germination accelerating treatment. When the seeds are exposed to white, the seeds are directly sown in a nutrition pot of 30cm multiplied by 30 cm. Placing in a plastic greenhouse nursery for careful management.
Pinching: in late 7 months of the year, when the stock seedlings grow to 60cm high, pinching treatment is carried out, and meanwhile, fertilizer and water management is enhanced, and branching is promoted.
(3) Collection and preservation of scions
Collecting and storing scions: the collecting time of the scions is 1 ten days, plants which grow robustly, are high in quality and yield and do not have diseases and insect pests are selected, annual branches with the circumference of 1.2cm are selected, each 10 branches are in a small bundle, the small bundle is hung with a label for identification, the small bundle is wrapped with wet newspaper, and the small bundle is stored in a refrigerator at the temperature of 4 ℃.
(4) Grafting operation and management
In the second 2 th ten days after the stock seedlings are sown and cultivated, two sweet cherry varieties of Samie and Labinsi are grafted on the same stock plant by adopting a branch grafting method. Before grafting, the stock is trimmed, 4 branches are reserved in an area with the trunk height of 35cm, the perimeter of the 4 branches is 1.2cm, the 4 branches grow strongly and are uniformly distributed in different directions, and the rest branches are all cut from the base. During grafting, the main branches of the stocks are cut to 12cm short, and each sweet cherry variety is grafted on the two main branches of the stocks.
And thirdly, timely erasing buds on the stock after grafting, enhancing fertilizer and water management after grafting survival, and when young shoots grow to 50cm, reserving external buds to cut off the front ends 1/3 and promoting branching.
(5) Seedling transplanting and later-period management
Arranging planting plots: deep ploughing is carried out before planting, soil blocks are smashed, 5000 kg of high-quality thoroughly decomposed farmyard manure and 150kg of ordinary superphosphate are applied to each mu, and the fertilizers are uniformly mixed into the soil during harrowing. And (5) ridging and cultivating, wherein the height of each ridge is 30cm, the width of each ridge is 150cm, and the planting is carried out in the north-south direction.
② transplanting the nursery stock: moving the seedlings out of the greenhouse for hardening seedlings at the beginning of 7 months, transplanting the seedlings in the middle ten days of 7 months, cutting the nutrition pots into two halves by using a sharp knife before transplanting, and transplanting the seedlings with complete soil lumps, wherein the planting density is 3m of row spacing and 2 m of plant spacing. And digging small holes during planting, covering the planting depth with 3cm of original soil lumps, and inserting small wooden sticks to bind and fix.
And watering and weeding in time after transplanting, and doing pest control work.
The foregoing shows and describes the general principles, essential features, and advantages of the invention. It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, which are described in the specification and illustrated only to illustrate the principle of the present invention, but that various changes and modifications may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention, which fall within the scope of the invention as claimed. The scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and equivalents thereof.
Claims (1)
1. A sweet cherry seedling and garden building method suitable for high-altitude cold areas is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) selection of grafted varieties and rootstocks
Selecting the cherry with the thin teeth as a stock variety, selecting a grafting variety which has high affinity with the cherry with the thin teeth, and forming a Samie and Rabinsi combination or a Sangyan and Brukes combination with high survival rate after grafting;
(2) propagation of rootstocks
Collecting and processing seeds: selecting a robust disease-free cherry fruiting mother plant, and harvesting when the fruits are fully mature in the last 6 th month; after the fruits are harvested, washing the pulp clean with clear water, placing the pulp in a ventilated place for drying in the shade, and then sand-storing the pulp in a cold storage at the temperature of 3 ℃ until the next 1 month;
accelerating germination and sowing: taking out the seeds at the beginning of 2 months, soaking the seeds in a 0.02% gibberellin solution for 48 hours, then mixing sand and moisturizing, and carrying out germination accelerating treatment; when the seeds are exposed to white, directly sowing the seeds in a nutrition pot of 30cm multiplied by 30 cm; placing the seedlings in a plastic greenhouse for management;
pinching: in late 7 months of the year, when the stock seedlings grow to 40-60cm high, pinching treatment is carried out, and meanwhile, fertilizer and water management is enhanced, and branching is promoted;
(3) collection and preservation of scions
Collecting and storing scions: collecting scions in 1 last ten days of month, selecting plants which grow robustly and have no plant diseases and insect pests, selecting annual branches with the perimeter of 0.5-1.5cm, hanging a small bundle of every 10 branches, identifying by using a label, wrapping wet newspaper, and storing in a refrigerator at 0-5 ℃;
(4) grafting operation and management
In the second ten days of 2 months after the stock seedlings are sown and cultivated, grafting two sweet cherry varieties on the same stock plant by adopting a branch grafting method; before grafting, the stock is trimmed, 4 branches are reserved, which are grown in a region with the trunk height of 30-50cm, the perimeter of the 4 branches is 1-3cm, the branches are strong in growth vigor and are uniformly distributed and grown towards different directions, and the rest branches are all cut from the base; when grafting, the main branches of the stocks are cut to 8-12cm short, and each sweet cherry variety is grafted on the two main branches of the stocks;
thirdly, timely erasing buds on the stock after grafting, enhancing fertilizer and water management after grafting survival, and when young shoots grow to 40-60cm, reserving external buds and cutting off the front ends 1/3 to promote branching;
(5) seedling transplanting and later-period management
Arranging planting plots: deep ploughing is carried out before planting, soil blocks are smashed, 3000-plus 5000 kg of decomposed farmyard manure and 150kg of ordinary calcium are applied to each mu of land, and the fertilizers are uniformly mixed into the soil during harrowing; ridging and cultivating, wherein the height of each ridge is 30cm, the width of each ridge is 150cm, and the planting is carried out in the north-south direction;
② transplanting the nursery stock: moving the seedlings out of a greenhouse for hardening seedlings at the beginning of 7 months, transplanting the seedlings in the middle ten days of 7 months, cutting the nutrition pots into two halves by using a sharp knife before transplanting, and transplanting the seedlings with complete soil lumps, wherein the planting density is 3-4m of row spacing and 2-3 m of plant spacing; digging small holes during planting, covering the planting depth with 3cm over the original soil lumps, and inserting small wooden sticks to bind and fix;
and watering and weeding in time after transplanting, and doing pest control work.
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| CN112616535B (en) * | 2020-12-08 | 2022-03-25 | 台州市农业科学研究院 | Rapid germination and seedling raising method for south sweet cherry seeds |
| CN113906950B (en) * | 2021-10-18 | 2023-04-07 | 云南省农业科学院高山经济植物研究所 | Large cherry garden building method suitable for southwest cold highland |
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| CN103250573A (en) * | 2013-05-16 | 2013-08-21 | 湖北省农业科学院果树茶叶研究所 | Seedling growing method for overcoming self-incompatibility of pears |
| CN105830850A (en) * | 2016-04-18 | 2016-08-10 | 山东省果树研究所 | Quick cultivation method of grafted sweet cherry seedlings |
| CN106234128A (en) * | 2016-08-08 | 2016-12-21 | 杭州市农业科学研究院 | The cultural method of alpine region Prunus avium |
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| CN103250573A (en) * | 2013-05-16 | 2013-08-21 | 湖北省农业科学院果树茶叶研究所 | Seedling growing method for overcoming self-incompatibility of pears |
| CN105830850A (en) * | 2016-04-18 | 2016-08-10 | 山东省果树研究所 | Quick cultivation method of grafted sweet cherry seedlings |
| CN106234128A (en) * | 2016-08-08 | 2016-12-21 | 杭州市农业科学研究院 | The cultural method of alpine region Prunus avium |
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