CN107494116B - Apple nutrition pot seedling breeding and orchard building technology - Google Patents
Apple nutrition pot seedling breeding and orchard building technology Download PDFInfo
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- CN107494116B CN107494116B CN201710729385.9A CN201710729385A CN107494116B CN 107494116 B CN107494116 B CN 107494116B CN 201710729385 A CN201710729385 A CN 201710729385A CN 107494116 B CN107494116 B CN 107494116B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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Abstract
Aiming at the problem of long effective period of continuous cropping orchard establishment after elimination of an old apple orchard, the invention researches and integrates key technologies such as large apple nutrition pot seedling breeding, large seedling continuous cropping orchard establishment, early fruit high yield management and the like, cultivates large apple nutrition pot seedlings to reach the height of 3.5-4.0m, the thickness of 3cm and 15-18 branches, establishes a large apple nutrition pot seedling continuous cropping orchard establishment demonstration orchard, and realizes the aims of flowering and fruiting in the current year of transplanting orchard establishment, 1000 jin of output per mu in the 2 nd year and 5000 jin of output per mu in the 5 th year.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the field of plant breeding, and particularly relates to a technique for breeding large apple seedlings in nutrition bowls and building gardens.
Background
In 2016, Shaanxi apples with the area of 1100 ten thousand mu are planted before and after 90 years in the last century, the current tree age is over 20 years, and 400 thousand mu old orchards need to be dug out in Shaanxi province in 10 years in the future. For the basic county of apple production, 70% -80% of cultivated lands are built into apple orchard at present, and the income of farmers mainly depends on apples. Because the old orchard has the problem of continuous cropping after being dug, the stubble is turned in 3 years, and the new orchard can bear fruits after 5 years, many fruit growers face the serious problems that the apples are not available in 5-8 years and the income is greatly reduced.
Disclosure of Invention
In view of the above, the invention aims to provide a large apple nutrition pot seedling breeding and orchard establishment technology, which can realize the high yield targets of tree planting in the current year, flowering and fruiting in the current year, 1000 jin per mu yield in the 2 nd year and 5000 jin per mu yield in the 5 th year by breeding large apple nutrition pot seedlings, matching with a continuous cropping orchard establishment technology and adopting large seedling orchard establishment after digging out an old orchard.
Namely, the first purpose of the invention is to provide a method for breeding and garden building of big apple seedlings by using nutrition pots, which comprises the following steps:
1) preparing nutrient soil for cultivating the large seedlings in the nutrient bowls;
2) breeding the big apple seedlings in the nutrition pot;
3) pruning large seedlings of the apple nutrition bowls;
4) soil improvement of the continuous cropping orchard;
5) building a garden for the big seedlings of the apple nutrition bowls;
6) and comprehensively managing early fruits with high yield.
Preferably, in the method for breeding and building the garden with the big apple seedlings in the nutrition pot, the nutrient soil in the step 1) is composed of surface soil: substrate (apple conventional seedling substrate): farmyard manure is 2: 0.5: 0.5 volume ratio. In the present invention, the substrate is not particularly limited, and a conventional seedling substrate may be used.
Preferably, in the method for breeding and garden building of the big apple seedlings in the nutrition pot, the breeding of the big apple seedlings in the step 2) comprises placing the nutrient soil prepared in the step 1) into the nutrition pot, and selecting apple seedlings with the height of more than 1.8 m to transplant into the nutrition pot; more preferably, the nutrition pot is 30cm to 40cm (diameter height, based on the root size and cultivation period of the nursery stock)
Preferably, in the method for breeding and gardening the large apple nutrition pot seedlings, the step 3) of pruning the large apple nutrition pot seedlings comprises the steps of placing the nutrition pot in a ditch with the depth of 30-40cm according to the plant-row spacing of 0.30-0.40m 2m, setting a support, keeping the middle stem of the large apple nutrition pot seedlings growing vertically, pulling the branches of the large apple nutrition pot seedlings horizontally, and removing the competitive branches of the large apple nutrition pot seedlings.
Preferably, in the method for breeding and building the orchard for the large seedlings of the apple feeding block, the soil improvement of the continuous cropping orchard in the step 4) comprises the steps of ditching, soil curing, and mixed application of an organic fertilizer, a compound fertilizer and a biological bacterial fertilizer when soil is backfilled. The organic fertilizer, the compound fertilizer and the biological bacterial fertilizer are not particularly limited, and for example, decomposed farmyard manure, commercial organic fertilizer, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium three-element compound fertilizer, biological bacterial fertilizer and the like can be used.
Preferably, in the method for breeding and building the garden of the big apple seedlings by using the nutrition pots, the ditching is ditching before winter, and the depth of the ditching is 80cm, and the width of the ditching is about 80-100 cm; the soil curing is natural curing after excavation through the sun and rain of the soil in winter and summer; the backfilled soil is backfilled for 2 times in autumn. When the soil is excavated, surface soil and bottom soil are respectively placed, straws and weeds with the thickness of 20cm are filled into the bottom of the ditch when backfilling is carried out, the surface soil, decomposed organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are mixed uniformly and then filled into the pits, and 3000kg of organic fertilizer and 100kg of granular phosphate fertilizer are applied per mu.
Preferably, in the method for breeding and building the garden with the large apple nutrition pots, transplanting and managing the large apple nutrition pots in the step 5) are autumn or spring transplanting and building the garden. The spring planting is carried out before the seedlings germinate from late 3 months to early 4 months. Planting in autumn, namely planting in the middle ten days of 9 months to 10 months, wherein the height of the buried soil of the trunk is 40-50 cm in the winter period. The big seedlings are dug into the nutrition pot, the roots growing outside the nutrition pot are carried as far as possible, and the length of the roots is ensured to be more than 50 cm. Before planting, trimming the main root, the lateral roots and the broken roots. After planting, the upright post is inserted beside the nursery stock, and the nursery stock is bound on the upright post to prevent lodging and enable the nursery stock to grow vertically.
Preferably, in the method for breeding and garden-building the big apple nutrition pot seedlings, the early fruit high yield comprehensive treatment in the step 6) is to perform pruning, bud carving, branch pulling and girdling on the transplanted big apple nutrition pot seedlings. When pruning, branches with thickness more than one half of the trunk are thinned, excessively dense branches are thinned, and 1 branch is generally left about 10 cm. The remaining branches are pulled to a downward slope of 120 degrees. And circularly cutting or girdling the base part of the main branch from 5 months to 6 months to promote the formation of flower buds. The invention also provides the apple nutrition pot seedling and the continuous cropping garden which are prepared by the method.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:
the large seedling orchard establishment is an innovative technology for shortening the young period of an orchard and advancing the fruiting, is an effective way for updating and transforming old and disabled orchards, improving the land utilization rate and accelerating the transformation and upgrading of the apple industry, realizes specialized and intensive management of seedling production, and has important significance for promoting the healthy and sustainable development of the apple industry.
Aiming at the problem of long effect period faced by continuous cropping orchard establishment after elimination of old orchards, 2-3 key technologies such as large apple nutrition pot seedling breeding, large seedling continuous cropping orchard establishment, early fruit high yield management and the like are researched and integrated, and the large apple nutrition pot seedlings are cultivated to reach the height of 3.5-4.0m, the thickness of 8cm and 15-18 branches. And (3) establishing an apple nutrition pot large seedling continuous cropping orchard establishment demonstration orchard, and achieving the aims of flowering and fruiting in the current year, 1000 jin of output per mu in the 2 nd year and 5000 jin of output per mu in the 5 th year of transplanting orchard establishment.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, and not restrictive of the full scope of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without making any creative effort, shall fall within the protection scope of the present invention.
Example 1 establishment of seedling raising and orchard establishment demonstration
Big seedling and conventional seedling planting and garden building (apple test station of northwest agriculture and forestry science and technology university in Luochuan county, Shanxi province) are respectively adopted in spring of 2012, and the concrete method and steps of big seedling planting and garden building are as follows:
1) preparing nutrient soil for cultivating the big seedlings in the nutrient bowls:
according to the surface soil: matrix: farmyard manure is 2: 0.5: 0.5 volume ratio to prepare the nutrient soil for the large seedlings in the nutrition pot.
2) And breeding the big apple seedlings in the nutrition pot:
placing the nutrient soil prepared in the step 1) into a nutrition pot, and selecting 1000 red Fuji apple seedlings with the height of more than 1.8 m to transplant into the nutrition pot; the nutrition pot is 30 x 30 cm.
3) And pruning the big apple seedlings in the nutrition bowls:
placing the nutrition pot in a ditch with the depth of 30cm according to the plant-line spacing of 0.35m by 2m, setting a support, keeping the stem of the large apple nutrition pot seedling to grow vertically, leveling the branches of the large apple nutrition pot seedling, and removing the competitive branches of the large apple nutrition pot seedling.
4) And soil improvement of the continuous cropping orchard:
a. ditching: digging a through ditch, wherein the depth of the ditch is 80cm, and the width of the ditch is about 80-100 cm.
b. Soil curing: the soil curing is natural curing such as sun-rain of the soil in winter and summer after excavation.
c. Backfilling cured soil: backfilling the cured soil is backfilling in autumn for 2 times.
d. Mixed application of organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer and biological bacterial fertilizer: when in excavation, surface soil and bottom soil are respectively placed, straws are filled into the bottom of the ditch, the surface soil, decomposed organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are uniformly mixed and then filled into the pits, and 3000kg of organic fertilizer and 100kg of granulated phosphate fertilizer are applied per mu. Preferably, the soil is excavated before winter, and is aged in winter and summer, and is backfilled in autumn when the soil is wet so as to deposit the soil.
5) Transplanting and managing the big seedlings of the apple nutrition pot: transplanting the big seedlings of the nutrition pots in spring to build a garden, and carrying out the transplanting before the seedlings germinate from late 3 months to early 4 months. The big seedlings are dug into the nutrition pot, the roots growing outside the nutrition pot are carried as far as possible, and the length of the roots is ensured to be more than 50 cm. Before planting, trimming the main root, the lateral roots and the broken roots. After planting, the upright post is inserted beside the nursery stock, and the nursery stock is bound on the upright post to prevent lodging and enable the nursery stock to grow vertically.
6) And comprehensively managing early fruits with high yield:
and carrying out bud carving, branch pulling and girdling cutting treatment on the transplanted big apple nutrition pot seedlings, pruning the transplanted big apple nutrition pot seedlings, thinning out branches with the thickness exceeding one half of the trunk, thinning out over-dense branches, and generally leaving 1 branch about 10 cm. The remaining branches are pulled to a downward slope of 120 degrees. And circularly cutting or girdling the base part of the main branch from 5 months to 6 months to promote the formation of flower buds.
The experimental results are as follows:
indexes such as average height, stem thickness, branch quantity, fruit bearing number, flower number and the like of the big seedling in garden building are obvious (see results in tables 1 and 2). The effects of big seedling garden building and flower forming and fruiting are remarkable, the management cost of the garden can be reduced, the juvenile period of the garden is shortened, and the fruit tree shaping and fruiting are advanced. Compared with the conventional 2-year seedling building garden, the garden can bear fruits 3-5 years earlier, the yield is high, and the early-stage yield is improved by times.
The method comprises the steps of establishing large seedlings in Luochuan, Huang Ling and Fuxian county to breed 50 mu, cultivating 6 ten thousand seedlings, and establishing a large seedling garden-establishing demonstration garden with 500 mu. The single plant results of the big seedling orchard construction in the 2 nd year are more than 20, and the yield per mu is more than 1000 jin; the yield per mu in the 5 th year is 5200 jin. The big seedling orchard establishment is an innovative technology for shortening the young period of an orchard and advancing the fruiting, is an effective way for updating and transforming old and disabled orchards, improving the land utilization rate and accelerating the transformation of the apple industry, realizes specialized and intensive management of seedling production, and has important significance for promoting the healthy and sustainable development of the apple industry in Shaanxi province.
The treatment comparisons are as follows:
TABLE 1 investigation of the effect of the nursery (3 rd year)
TABLE 2 investigation of the effect of the nursery (year 5)
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (3)
1. A method for breeding and building a garden of big apple seedlings in nutrition pots comprises the following steps:
1) preparing nutrient soil for cultivating the large seedlings in the nutrient bowls;
2) breeding the big apple seedlings in the nutrition pot;
3) pruning large seedlings of the apple nutrition bowls;
4) soil improvement of the continuous cropping orchard;
5) building a garden for the big seedlings of the apple nutrition bowls;
6) comprehensively managing early fruits with high yield;
the nutrient soil in the step 1) comprises the following components: matrix: farmyard manure is 2: 0.5: 0.5 volume ratio;
the breeding of the big apple seedlings in the nutrition pot in the step 2) comprises the steps of placing the nutrient soil prepared in the step 1) into the nutrition pot, and selecting seedlings with the height of more than 1.8 m to transplant into the nutrition pot;
the step 3) of pruning the big apple feeding block seedlings comprises the steps of placing the feeding blocks in a ditch with the depth of 30-40cm according to the plant-row spacing of 0.30-0.40m x 2m, setting up a support, keeping the middle stem of the big apple feeding block seedlings growing vertically, pulling the branches of the big apple feeding block seedlings horizontally, and removing the competitive branches of the big apple feeding block seedlings;
the soil improvement of the continuous cropping orchard in the step 4) comprises the steps of ditching, soil curing and mixed application of organic fertilizer, compound fertilizer and biological bacterial fertilizer when the cured soil is backfilled; the ditching is ditching before winter, and the depth of the ditching is 80cm, and the width of the ditching is 80-100 cm; the soil curing is soil curing in winter and summer; the backfilling cured soil is backfilled for 2 times in autumn; when in excavation, surface soil and bottom soil are respectively placed, straws with the thickness of 20cm are filled in the bottom of the ditch, the surface soil, decomposed organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer are uniformly mixed and then filled in the pit, and 3000kg of organic fertilizer and 100kg of granular phosphate fertilizer are applied per mu;
transplanting and managing the big apple seedlings in the nutrition bowls in the step 5) to establish a garden in autumn or spring; planting in spring before the seedling sprouts from late 3 months to early 4 months; planting in late 9-10 months in autumn, and burying soil in trunks at a height of 40-50 cm in winter; digging the nutrition pot, and leading the big seedlings to grow to the root system outside the nutrition pot as far as possible, and ensuring the length of the root system to be more than 50 cm; trimming main roots, side roots and broken roots before planting; after planting, inserting an upright column beside the nursery stock, binding the nursery stock on the upright column to prevent lodging and enable the nursery stock to grow vertically;
the early fruit high yield comprehensive management in the step 6) is to carry out pruning, bud carving, branch pulling and girdling treatment on the transplanted apple nutrition pot big seedlings; when the transplanted apple nutrition pot big seedlings are trimmed, branches with the thickness exceeding one half of the trunk are thinned, excessively dense branches are thinned, and 1 branch is left about 10 cm; the remaining branches are pulled to be inclined downwards by 120 degrees; and circularly cutting or girdling the base part of the main branch from 5 months to 6 months to promote the formation of flower buds.
2. The method for breeding and orchard constructing big seedlings of apple nutrition pot according to claim 1, wherein the diameter and height of the nutrition pot are 30cm to 40 cm.
3. An apple nursery orchard built according to the method of any one of claims 1 ~ 2.
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| CN201710729385.9A CN107494116B (en) | 2017-08-23 | 2017-08-23 | Apple nutrition pot seedling breeding and orchard building technology |
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| CN107494116B true CN107494116B (en) | 2020-01-24 |
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| CN108496501A (en) * | 2018-03-12 | 2018-09-07 | 西北农林科技大学 | A kind of short anvil apple-planting rhizosphere rich water abundance zone construction method in nonirrigated farmland |
| CN108718862B (en) * | 2018-05-10 | 2021-12-17 | 山东省果树研究所 | Apple branch and large seedling cultivation method |
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| CN101228836B (en) * | 2007-01-26 | 2010-10-13 | 河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所 | Method of curtailing fruit tree juvenile stage |
| CN104620930B (en) * | 2015-02-15 | 2017-07-18 | 山东省潍坊市农业科学院 | A kind of cultural method of high-quality fruit nursery stock |
| CN104871923A (en) * | 2015-06-29 | 2015-09-02 | 卿厚明 | Large apple seedling cultivation method implemented through feeding block |
| CN107047187B (en) * | 2017-04-01 | 2020-11-06 | 河北省农林科学院昌黎果树研究所 | Method for cultivating apple hybrid seedlings |
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