CN108541469B - Winter grafting rapid seedling method for dwarf apple interstock - Google Patents
Winter grafting rapid seedling method for dwarf apple interstock Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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Abstract
The invention belongs to the technical field of grafting of forest and fruit trees, and particularly relates to a winter grafting rapid seedling method for an apple dwarfing interstock, which is realized by the following steps: (1) preparing a base stock, (2) preparing a scion, (3) grafting, (4) storing, (5) transplanting and managing, and (6) forming seedlings. According to the invention, winter grafting and spring direct planting are adopted, so that the seedling culture time is shortened, the labor and the time are saved, and the seedling culture cost is reduced; the method provided by the invention has high grafting survival rate and vigorous seedling growth vigor.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of grafting of forest and fruit trees, and particularly relates to a rapid seedling growing method for apple dwarfing interstock grafting in winter.
Background
The dwarf stock cultivation of the apple has the outstanding advantages of high quality of early fruit, stable tree body, simple and convenient management, easy mechanized operation and the like, so that the dwarf stock cultivation is the preferred mode of the current newly-built orchard in China, and the dwarf nursery stock is the basis and foundation for developing the new mode. The conventional dwarfing interstock seedling cultivation technology has the following disadvantages: firstly, the steps are complicated, time and labor are wasted, the conventional dwarfing intermediate seedling cultivation technology needs two times of grafting, two times of stock shearing and two times of seedling raising (intermediate stock and variety), and the seedlings can grow in three years; secondly, the grafting period is centralized, the traditional grafting period is in the growing season, the traditional grafting period is overlapped with the grafting periods of other fruit tree types and numerous green seedlings, and the problem of 'labor shortage' is easily caused during large-scale seedling culture; thirdly, field nursery land grafting is needed, the operation space is limited and is influenced by the grafting height, and a grafting worker needs to keep a certain posture deliberately to directly influence the grafting efficiency; fourthly, the seedling quality is not high, the survival rate of most grafting is about 80 percent, and the seedling growth vigor is general. Traditional dwarfing interstock seedling cultivation is grafting in growing seasons, an interstock section is grafted on a cultivated rootstock in autumn in the first year, a rootstock is cut at a position 0.5-1.0cm above a scion bud in spring in the second year, an interstock is cultivated, a variety bud is grafted at a position 25-30cm above the interstock in autumn, a rootstock is cut at a position 0.5-1.0cm above the scion bud in spring in the third year, a variety seedling is cultivated, and a dwarfing interstock apple seedling can be cultivated in autumn in the third year. Not only wastes time and labor, has fussy cultivation links, but also has concentrated grafting period, and is easy to cause shortage of grafting workers when large-batch nursery stocks are cultivated.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems in the prior art, the invention provides a winter grafting rapid seedling method for dwarf apple interstock, which changes the traditional grafting in growing seasons, saves labor and time and has high grafting survival rate.
The technical scheme adopted by the invention for realizing the purpose is as follows:
the invention provides a winter grafting rapid seedling raising method for dwarf apple interstock, comprising the following steps:
(1) preparing a base stock: sowing basic stock seeds in spring, deeply ploughing a nursery land before sowing, applying enough base fertilizer, leveling to form beds, ditching and irrigating in the beds, sowing after underwater infiltration, and raking; thinning the seedlings according to the plant spacing of 12-15 cm when 3 true leaves grow out, lifting the seedlings after the leaves fall in autumn, and digging ditches for temporary planting for later use;
(2) preparing scions: selecting a fully developed 1-year-old branch without diseases and insect pests, wherein the thickness of the scion of the intermediate stock is similar to that of the base stock, the collection time is 11-12 months, and the collected scion is stored in wet sand for later use;
(3) grafting: grafting time is 1-2 months, grafting the variety scions at the positions 25-30cm away from the interstock scion, aligning the connectors, and tightly wrapping and tightening all the connectors with plastic strips;
(4) and (3) storage: digging a ditch in a field, neatly stacking the doubly grafted seedlings in the ditch, wherein the height of the ditch is 25-30cm, covering the seedlings with a mixture of wet sawdust and soil with the humidity of 75-85% and the thickness of the mixture is 20cm to form a ridge which is 8-10cm higher than the ground, building a small arched shed on the ridge, and buckling a plastic film to keep the temperature above 0 ℃ and the humidity at 75-85%; in March, callus is formed in 10-15 days at 20-25 deg.C;
5) transplanting and managing: directly transplanting the completely healed grafted seedlings into a field at the bottom of 3 months and at the beginning of 4 months, wherein the soil burying depth is 5cm above a base stock interface, watering in time after planting, and covering soil and leveling after water seeps; then, covering plastic film bags with the width of 4-5cm and the height of 30cm on the variety buds and the intermediate stock section, fastening the lower ends, removing the bags in time after the variety buds germinate, erecting a bamboo pole beside the seedling for binding, removing the sprout tillers on the base stock and the intermediate stock at any time in the growing season, and spraying fertilizer on the leaf surfaces to supplement nutrition when the young shoots grow to 25 cm;
6) seedling formation: seedling emergence after leaf falling and grading storage.
Further, in the step (1), the seeding mode of the base stock seeds is single-row drill seeding of 40-50 cm; the nursery land is deeply ploughed by 40-50 cm.
Further, in the step (3), the interstock scion is scion at a position 10cm away from the root neck of the basal stock by adopting a tongue grafting method.
The scions of the variety of the invention adopt grafting or bud grafting.
Further, in the step (4), the width of the groove is 60-80cm, and the depth is 40 cm.
The wet sawdust and soil mixture used in the present invention is prepared by the following method: mixing the dry sawdust with soil, spraying a pretreatment solution consisting of water, amylose, caprolactam and polyethylene glycol, stirring, spraying a borax water solution with the mass concentration of 0.8%, and uniformly stirring.
Further, the spraying amount of the pretreatment solution accounts for 10% of the weight of the mixed dry sawdust and soil; the mass ratio of the water to the amylose to the caprolactam to the polyethylene glycol is 80: 3: 0.5: 1.
the spraying amount of the 0.8 percent borax water solution accounts for 2 to 3 percent of the weight of the fished sawdust.
Further, in the step (5), the transplanting row spacing of the grafted seedlings is 50-60cm, and the plant spacing is 25-30 cm.
The sawdust used in the invention is sawdust scattered by cutting in the wood processing process.
The rapid seedling raising technology for grafting the dwarf interstock in winter and directly planting in spring provided by the invention changes the traditional grafting in growing season, simultaneously grafts the interstock and the variety bud by using the resting season of slack season, and directly plants the seedling in spring, thereby shortening the seedling raising period by one year, realizing indoor centralized grafting, saving labor and labor, improving the work efficiency by more than 5 times and reducing the cost by more than 2 times. In the method provided by the invention, the control of humidity is crucial, over-wet seedlings are easy to rot, and over-dry seedlings are easy to lose water to affect healing; meanwhile, the healing period is sufficient, the transplanting time is determined according to the early spring temperature, the early spring temperature is high, the transplanting is performed early, the early spring temperature is low, the transplanting is performed late, otherwise, the healing is insufficient, the survival rate of the nursery stock is low, and the growth vigor is weak.
The invention has the beneficial effects that:
1. according to the invention, winter grafting and spring direct planting are adopted, so that the seedling culture time is shortened, the labor and the time are saved, and the seedling culture cost is reduced;
2. the method provided by the invention has high grafting survival rate and vigorous seedling growth vigor.
Detailed Description
The technical solution of the present invention is further explained and illustrated by the following specific examples.
Example 1
The experimental site: the experiments were carried out continuously for 2 years at research institute of fruit trees left in cities of Shandong province.
The specific method comprises the following steps:
(1) preparing a base stock: sowing Malus hupehensis subspecies in spring, row sowing, row width of 40cm, thinning the seedlings according to the plant spacing of about 12cm when 2-3 true leaves grow out, and managing fertilizer and water and preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests according to the conventional method. Lifting seedlings after leaves fall in autumn, and digging ditches for temporary planting for later use;
(2) preparing scions: selecting developed and abundant disease and insect pest-free interstock and 1-year-old branches of varieties as scions, wherein the scion thickness of the interstock is similar to that of the base stock, the collection time is 11-12 months, and the collected interstock and the branches are stored in wet sand for later use;
(3) grafting: grafting time is 1-2 months, grafting the interstock scion by a tongue grafting method at a position 10cm away from the root neck of the interstock, grafting the variety scion at a position 25-30cm away from the interstock scion, wherein the grafting or bud grafting can be carried out, the joints are aligned, and the scions are all tightly wrapped by plastic strips;
(4) and (3) storage: digging a ditch with the width of 60-80cm and the depth of 40cm in the field, neatly stacking the doubly grafted seedlings in the ditch with the height of 25-30cm, covering the seedlings with a mixture of wet sawdust and soil with the humidity of 75-85% and the thickness of 20cm to form a ridge 8-10cm higher than the ground, building a small arched shed on the ridge, and covering a plastic film to keep the temperature above 0 ℃ and the humidity at 75-85%;
the wet sawdust and soil mixture is prepared by the following method: soaking dry sawdust in water, amylose, caprolactam and polyethylene glycol according to a mass ratio of 80: 3: 0.5: 1 (the pretreatment solution is not over the dried sawdust), soaking for 2h, then fishing out, spraying a borax water solution with the mass concentration of 0.8 percent and accounting for 2 percent of the weight of the fished sawdust, stirring uniformly, adding dry soil and mixing uniformly;
(5) healing: warming up in march, and well forming callus in 10-15 days at 20-25 ℃;
(6) transplanting and managing: transplanting the completely healed grafted seedlings into a field directly at the bottom of 3 months and the beginning of 4 months, wherein the row spacing is 50-60cm, the plant spacing is 25-30cm, the buried depth is preferably 5cm above the base stock interface, and the humidity can be increased; watering in time after planting, and covering soil and leveling after water seeps; then, plastic film bags with the width of 4-5cm and the height of 30cm are sleeved on the variety buds and the middle stock section, the lower ends of the plastic film bags are fastened to improve the temperature and humidity and promote survival, the bags are removed in time after the variety buds germinate, and a bamboo pole is erected beside the seedling for binding to prevent wind break. In the growing season, the sprouts on the base stock and the intermediate stock are removed at any time; when young shoots grow to 25cm, foliage fertilizer is sprayed to supplement nutrition, when scarab is serious, a net cover is covered to protect buds, and other management is carried out according to the conventional method;
(7) seedling formation: seedling emergence after leaf falling, damage to root systems is reduced as much as possible, and grading storage is carried out.
Comparative example 1
The dwarfing interstock seedling cultivation is grafting in growing seasons, grafting interstock sections on cultivated base stocks in autumn of the first year, cutting stocks at a position 0.5-1.0cm above the scion buds in spring of the second year, cultivating interstock, grafting variety buds at a position 25-30cm above the interstock in autumn, cutting stocks at a position 0.5-1.0cm above the scion buds in spring of the third year, cultivating variety seedlings, and cultivating dwarfing interstock apple seedlings in autumn of the third year.
By contrast, 8000 seedlings per mu are used as an example, double grafting is carried out once in winter, the cost is 0.15 yuan per plant, and the grafting cost is 1200 yuan; management workers such as nursery watering, fertilizing, weeding, binding and sprout removing are about 20 workers and 1200 yuan, production data such as fertilizers and pesticides are put into the management workers about 700 yuan, fuel power cost of hydropower and the like is about 500 yuan, and the total amount is about 3600 yuan. The grafting survival rate is more than 95 percent, the seedlings grow well, the proportion of 'Shuangxi' seedlings is more than 50 percent, and the proportion of 'ShuangBa' seedlings is more than 80 percent when the seedlings are out of nursery. And adopting the conventional seedling raising method of the comparative example 1, taking 8000 seedlings per mu as an example, grafting twice in autumn with the cost of 0.2 yuan/plant each time and 3200 yuan each time, wherein the labor and cost expenses for seedling cultivation and fertilization, watering, stock shearing, sprout removal, pesticide application and the like in two years are about 4800 yuan, and the total cost is about 10000 yuan. The grafting survival rate is about 85 percent, the growth vigor is general, the proportion of the 'double cross' seedlings is more than 40 percent when the seedlings are out of nursery, and the proportion of the 'double eight' seedlings is more than 70 percent. The results show that the method has short seedling period, low cost, high survival rate and strong growth vigor.
In addition, when the mixture of the wet sawdust and the soil is used, the dry sawdust and the soil are sprayed with water for wetting, and then the mixture is uniformly used, the rotting rate of the nursery stock is improved by about 15%, and the healing rate is reduced by about 12%.
Claims (6)
1. A winter grafting rapid seedling raising method for dwarf apple interstock is characterized by comprising the following steps:
(1) preparing a base stock: sowing basic stock seeds in spring, deeply ploughing a nursery land before sowing, applying enough base fertilizer, leveling to form beds, ditching and irrigating in the beds, sowing after underwater infiltration, and raking; thinning the seedlings according to the plant spacing of 12-15 cm when 3 true leaves grow out, lifting the seedlings after the leaves fall in autumn, and digging ditches for temporary planting for later use;
(2) preparing scions: selecting a fully developed 1-year-old branch without diseases and insect pests, wherein the thickness of the scion of the intermediate stock is similar to that of the base stock, the collection time is 11-12 months, and the collected scion is stored in wet sand for later use;
(3) grafting: grafting time is 1-2 months, grafting the variety scions at the positions 25-30cm away from the interstock scion, aligning the connectors, and tightly wrapping and tightening all the connectors with plastic strips;
(4) and (3) storage: digging a ditch in a field, neatly stacking the doubly grafted seedlings in the ditch, wherein the height of the ditch is 25-30cm, covering the seedlings with a mixture of wet sawdust and soil with the humidity of 75-85% and the thickness of the mixture is 20cm to form a ridge which is 8-10cm higher than the ground, building a small arched shed on the ridge, and buckling a plastic film to keep the temperature above 0 ℃ and the humidity at 75-85%; in March, callus is formed in 10-15 days at 20-25 deg.C;
the wet sawdust and soil mixture is prepared by the following method: mixing the dry sawdust with soil, spraying a pretreatment solution consisting of water, amylose, caprolactam and polyethylene glycol, stirring, spraying a borax water solution with the mass concentration of 0.8%, and uniformly stirring;
5) transplanting and managing: directly transplanting the completely healed grafted seedlings into a field at the bottom of 3 months and at the beginning of 4 months, wherein the soil burying depth is 5cm above a base stock interface, watering in time after planting, and covering soil and leveling after water seeps; then, covering plastic film bags with the width of 4-5cm and the height of 30cm on the variety buds and the intermediate stock section, fastening the lower ends, removing the bags in time after the variety buds germinate, erecting a bamboo pole beside the seedling for binding, removing the sprout tillers on the base stock and the intermediate stock at any time in the growing season, and spraying fertilizer on the leaf surfaces to supplement nutrition when the young shoots grow to 25 cm;
6) seedling formation: seedling emergence after leaf falling and grading preservation;
the spraying amount of the pretreatment solution accounts for 10% of the weight of the mixed dry sawdust and soil; the mass ratio of the water to the amylose to the caprolactam to the polyethylene glycol is 80: 3: 0.5: 1;
the spraying amount of the 0.8 percent borax water solution accounts for 2 to 3 percent of the weight of the fished sawdust.
2. The apple dwarfing interstock winter grafting rapid seedling raising method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (1), the seeding mode of the interstock seed is single row drill seeding of 40-50 cm; the nursery land is deeply ploughed by 40-50 cm.
3. The apple dwarfing interstock winter grafting rapid seedling raising method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (3), the interstock scion is scion by a tongue grafting method at a distance of 10cm from the root neck of the basic stock.
4. The apple dwarfing interstock winter grafting rapid seedling raising method as claimed in claim 1 or 3, characterized in that the variety scion adopts grafting or bud grafting.
5. The apple dwarfing interstock winter grafting rapid seedling raising method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (4), the width of the furrow is 60-80cm and the depth is 40 cm.
6. The apple dwarfing interstock winter grafting rapid seedling raising method as claimed in claim 1, wherein in the step (5), the row spacing of transplanted grafted seedlings is 50-60cm, and the plant spacing is 25-30 cm.
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| WO2020221919A1 (en) * | 2019-05-01 | 2020-11-05 | Novochem Green Additives 2 B.V. | Crop enhancement composition |
| CN110115190B (en) * | 2019-05-06 | 2021-05-04 | 山东省果树研究所 | Rapid breeding method for apple dwarf interstocks seedling in current year |
| CN111052945A (en) * | 2019-12-31 | 2020-04-24 | 吴忠市中苗果树研究所有限公司 | Rapid cultivation method for apple dwarf interstock large-stem seedlings in alpine regions |
| CN115380753B (en) * | 2022-08-12 | 2023-05-30 | 山东省烟台市农业科学研究院 | Seedling raising method for improving quality of dwarf self-rooted rootstock apple seedlings in high-altitude areas |
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| CN104255362A (en) * | 2014-08-27 | 2015-01-07 | 西北农林科技大学 | Method for growing annual multi-branch dwarf self-rooted rootstock apple seedlings |
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