CN115486312B - Two-stage seedling raising method for apocarya grafted seedlings in nutrition pot - Google Patents
Two-stage seedling raising method for apocarya grafted seedlings in nutrition pot Download PDFInfo
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Classifications
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
- A01G24/12—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material containing soil minerals
- A01G24/15—Calcined rock, e.g. perlite, vermiculite or clay aggregates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
- A01G24/25—Dry fruit hulls or husks, e.g. chaff or coir
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
Abstract
The invention discloses a two-stage seedling raising method of a apocarya grafting nutrition pot, which belongs to the technical field of apocarya seedling raising, and relates to a method for promoting the intensive operation and early fruiting of apocarya seedling raising.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of apocarya seedling cultivation, and particularly relates to a two-stage seedling cultivation method of apocarya grafted seedlings in a nutrition pot.
Background
The American thin-shell hickory is called as American hickory, english name as Pecan, because the fruits are long, also called as Changhickory. The genus hickory (carya nutt) belongs to the family of Juglandaceae (Juglandaceae). Hereinafter, the long hickory nut is referred to as a long hickory nut. The earliest history was the indian key kabidva, who in his diary had been taking the long hickory as the main health food for more than 4 months in one year. Because the pecan nuts are relatively easier to kernel than nuts of other species, they are more nutritious. The early-stage production of the apocarya cannot be realized, the economic benefit cannot be brought ahead of time, the early-stage investment is not proportional to the economic benefit, the survival rate of the planted bare-rooted seedlings is low, and the like, so that the enthusiasm of farmers for planting is severely restricted, and the industrialized development of the apocarya is restricted. In addition, the traditional American apocarya seed seedling is characterized in that seeds are sowed in bed soil, transplanted after seedling formation, the seeds are directly excavated from bare root seedlings on the land of the seedling field and are transported, and some of the seeds are not packaged, because apocarya is a deep-rooted seed, if secondary transplanting is not carried out, and the main root is cut off and lateral root promotion treatment is carried out when the seedling is not carried out in the middle period of the seedling, the seedlings are very good in growth vigor of the seedling field, but the survival rate is very low after the transplanting. The root system is damaged mainly when the seedling is lifted, the healing of the damaged root after transplanting requires time and a large amount of watering after planting, so that the root system is rotten through the wound, and the root system is a main reason for the reduction of the survival rate of the tree. The survival rate is low under drought condition during transplanting. At present, the seedling is developed into bagged seedling, namely, soil is filled in seedling bags in advance to be sown with seeds, and the seedlings are transplanted together with the seedling bags after being grown, so that roots are not damaged, moisture is not lost, and the survival rate is high. However, this method has three disadvantages: 1, as seeds are directly sown in seedling bags, the sowing depth is not easy to grasp, and the seeds are easy to flush when being watered after sowing, so that the germination rate of the seeds is affected. 2, the requirements of watering, weeding, spraying medicine and the like in summer high-temperature seasons are fine, the management cost is high, and the seedlings can grow poorly and even die because of slight carelessness. 3, the seedlings can be grafted only by cultivating the seedlings with the stem diameter reaching the grafting thickness requirement in the seedling raising bag for two years, after the seedlings grow for two years, the soil nutrition in the seedling raising bag is exhausted, the soil is hardened, the growth vigor is not vigorous in the third year and later, the root system can encircle in the seedling raising bag, and the growth deformity is unfavorable for absorbing the nutrition. CN201610330364.5 a cultivation method of container-rich seedlings of apocarya, which mainly comprises the following steps: 1. the transplanting is to cut root of the cultivated seedling, and transplant the seedling into a container for cultivation, wherein the seedling medium in the container comprises soil, covering material and organic fertilizer, and the volume ratio of the soil to the covering material to the organic fertilizer is (5-10): (1-3): 1.2. The cultivated seedlings without transplanting are mainly made of main roots, lateral roots are few, the root breaking treatment means that the main roots of 15-20 cm are reserved, and the seedlings are transplanted into a container for cultivation, so that the aim of promoting the growth of the lateral roots in a large quantity is achieved, and the survival rate of mountain-climbing forestation is improved. In addition, the container of the invention contains a cultivation medium formed by mixing soil, covering materials and organic fertilizers in proportion, which can promote the growth of the root system of the transplanted seedling, develop the root system of the seedling and have numerous lateral roots, and can form root clusters in the container, so that the seedling can grow vigorously, and can be planted directly with the container when in mountain-climbing afforestation, thereby greatly improving the survival rate of afforestation, having no seedling recovery period, being capable of continuing to grow directly after planting and entering into a full-bearing period 1-2 years in advance. 3. In the cultivation method of the apocarya container root-rich seedlings, the volume ratio of soil to covering materials to organic fertilizer is 7:2:1.4. The covering material is one or more of wood dust, pine scales, ceramsite, pebble and coarse sand. The covering material can not only inhibit weed growth, but also is beneficial to keeping moisture of the cultivation medium, preventing soil dust and overflow in the cultivation medium, greatly improving the cultivation medium after long-term use, being beneficial to healthy growth of seedlings and improving survival rate. 5. The covering material is one or two of wood dust and pine scales. 6. In the cultivation method of the container root-rich seedling of the apocarya, wood chips are subjected to fermentation treatment. 7. Wherein the container is a non-woven fabric container. The non-woven fabric container has good water permeability and air permeability, the bottom does not need to be perforated, the use effect is good, the non-woven fabric container can be recycled, resources are saved, the non-woven fabric container can be directly planted with the container, and the forestation survival rate is improved. 8. The seeds are treated with the powder before sowing. The invention treats the seeds with the medicinal powder before sowing, mainly aims to prevent the problems of mildew and insect damage of the seeds and ensures the germination rate of the seeds. The medicinal powder is carbosulfan. 9. Wherein grafting is grafting or bud grafting. The specific process of the grafting is as follows: cutting off the stock at a position 8-10 cm away from the ground, selecting one side with smoother bark, vertically cutting down slightly with xylem, and cutting 2-3 cm deep; cutting scion into 2-3 cm long bevel, chamfering the reverse side of the scion into about 1cm short bevel, reserving 1 bud, tightly binding the grafting part (including the kerf at the top end of the scion) with a film, and sleeving and fastening the grafting part with a plastic bag. The specific process of bud grafting is as follows: taking off a piece of bark with buds, which is about 2cm wide, on the scion by adopting a double-edged knife, taking off a piece of bark with the same size at the position 8-10 cm away from the ground of the stock, attaching the bark with buds to the opening of the stock, and tightly binding the grafting part by using a film. The two grafting methods do not use any reagent in the grafting process, and are only influenced by factors such as weather, scion quality and the like, and the grafting survival rate is about 90% -95%. Compared with the existing seedling raising method: the root system is quite developed, and the survival rate of forestation is close to 100%. After cultivation and forestation, the seedling stage is not needed, the growth can be directly continued, and fruits can be fruiting 1 to 2 years in advance. The disadvantages of this method are three: firstly, the seedling raising procedure is complicated and the cost is high. After transplanting, drip irrigation facilities are needed, management is needed to be refined, and management cost is high. Secondly, after transplanting for one year, the main root mostly penetrates through the bottom of the bag, and the root can be fully and deeply pricked into the soil at the bottom of the bag, so that seedling lifting is difficult. The utility model needs to be sold in time, otherwise, the utility model needs to be repaired again and moved to the bed. The continuous cultivation of the rod with insufficient diameter in the non-woven fabric container causes inconvenient management and resource waste; thirdly, the grafting is operated in a seedling raising field, the grafting is easily affected by weather, and the high-temperature and air-dried scion is easy to lose water during grafting, so that the grafting survival rate is affected. The invention provides a two-stage seedling raising method for a apocarya grafted seedling nutrition pot, which is invented by a person skilled in the art so as to meet the existing grafting seedling raising requirements.
Disclosure of Invention
Aiming at the problems, the invention aims to provide a two-stage seedling raising method for a apocarya grafting nutrition pot.
The invention aims to invent a novel seedling raising method, which solves the problems of low success rate of grafting of apocarya, low survival rate after planting, long seedling recovery period, inability of forming yield in early stage, inability of bringing economic benefit, high cost, labor and time consumption in advance and the like.
The two-stage seedling raising method for grafting apocarya in a nutrition pot includes two stages, wherein the first stage is seeding and cultivating in a furrow bed; the second stage is that the root cutting grafting is carried out in spring of the third year, then the root cutting grafting is transplanted into a non-woven bag nutrition pot, and the field planting is carried out after one year of cultivation; the method specifically comprises the following steps: the first stage: seed germination treatment, seeding earthing, moisturizing topdressing cultivation, and a second stage: grafting, transplanting and cultivating grafted seedlings.
Further, the seeding earthing is: watering a bed before sowing, wherein the water content of the soil in the bed is 45-50% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field, the land is flat, the soil is ventilated in a loose state, the pH is 6-8, the depth of a shallow tillage fine harrow is 20-30 cm, sterilization is performed before sowing or after sowing, the bed surface width of the bed is 100-120 cm, the bed height is 15-25 cm, the pavement width is 40-50 cm, the sowing row spacing is 40-50 cm, the plant spacing is 30-40 cm, the sowing adopts strip spot sowing, the sowing ditch depth is 2-3 cm, seeds are placed in the ditch flatly, the tip orientation is consistent, the soil with the thickness of 0.5-1 cm is uniformly covered after sowing, a 45-50 cm high plastic small arch shed or a mulching film is arranged on the bed surface, the mulching film is uncovered timely, and when the seedlings reach 20%, the mulching film is uncovered in a rainy day or in a sunny evening.
Further, the moisturizing topdressing cultivation is as follows: the water content of the soil in the bed is 45-50% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field by water spraying and moisture preservation, after the seedlings come out of the soil, ventilation and cooling are carried out when the temperature is higher than 25 ℃, when the Miao Musheng length reaches 15-20 cm, the arch shed is removed and a shading net is covered in cloudy days or in sunny evenings, the soil is loosened and the weeds are removed, the initial stage of the seedlings, the cultivation depth is 2-5 cm, the cultivation times are 3-4, topdressing is carried out in time, and meanwhile pest control management is paid attention to.
Furthermore, measures such as topdressing, pinching and the like are needed in time to promote the growth and development of the seedlings in the seedling stage. Urea is applied 1 time in middle ten days of 5 months, the consumption of the urea is 75-150 kg per hectare, urea is applied 1 time in middle ten days of 6 months, and the consumption of the urea is 150-225 kg/hm 2 Calcium superphosphate is applied 1 time for 7 months and zinc sulfate is applied 1 time for 9 months. When the height of the seedlings reaches 50-70 cm, taking a core picking measure, and the core picking has great promotion effect on thickening effect and root development of the seedlings, so that the seedlings are ready for grafting in the next year.
Further, the grafting comprises the following steps: 1. scion collection: when the ground diameter of the seedling reaches more than 1cm, grafting the seedling as a stock, collecting the grafting scion on a high-quality parent tree, selecting 1-2 years old, thick and smooth, full buds, small core and annual branches without diseases and insect pests, cutting the grafting scion into 20-30 cm long after the grafting, cutting off the scion into a cut of wax seal, marking varieties by labels, grafting the scion in a shade place with the storage temperature of the scion at 2-5 ℃ and the relative humidity of more than 90%, cutting off the stock at 2-3 months, cutting off the stock at a position 6cm away from the ground, cutting off 3cm cuts at a position 1/3 of a transverse plane by a cutter, after the stock is cut off, selecting robust buds on the scion, pouring the scion, respectively cutting off two inclined planes with equal length below the bud eyes, cutting off the scion after the inclined planes, rapidly inserting the scion into the stock cut, cutting off the scion, cutting off the scion by the cut layer, and wrapping the scion with a film, and wrapping the whole grafting scion the film, and the grafting scion the whole layer and the seedling is tightly aligned with the cut.
Further, the transplanting is to mix garden soil, pond sludge, coco coir, pumice and turf in a volume ratio of (9-11:2-3:1:2:3-4) to obtain a matrix, and fill the matrix into a nutrition pot, wherein the water content of soil in a seedbed is 45-50% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field, so as to obtain the nutrition pot; the roots are dipped with 100ppm of naphthylacetic acid rooting liquid and transplanted into the nutrition bowls, the width of the bed is 1.3m, the interval between the bed surfaces is 0.5m, the non-woven fabrics with seedling raising soil are tightly placed on the bed surfaces one by one, and the four sides of the seedling bed are surrounded by soil to finish the transplanting.
Pumice stone, also called pumice stone, is a light-colored porous vitreous rock, is breathable and cheap, and is beneficial to root respiration without pulverization. It is formed by rapid escape and expansion of internal gas due to rapid pressure decrease when the magma erupts.
Further, the grafted seedling cultivation work: comprises the steps of removing sprouts, binding, intertillage weeding, fertilizing, draining water in rainy season, watering timely, cutting roots, grafting non-surviving plants, selecting and reserving sprouts timely, and grafting again.
Further, remove sprout: the buds on the stock germinate, the growth is fast, the nutrient consumption is high, and when the scion survives and starts to sprout, the buds should be removed in time in order to promote the normal growth of the scion. And reserving 1-2 bud strips, and when the scion grows to 15-20 cm, erasing all the stock buds.
The grafted stock seedling is easy to germinate and a large number of tillers are easy to sprout, and the seedlings should be scraped off in time so as not to influence the germination and growth of the scions, so that the scions can survive and be promoted to grow.
Further, tie up: the fixing and unbinding grafting port part is fragile before firm healing, and a support post can be erected beside the grafted seedling so as to prevent the scion from bending and being blown off by wind. After the scion buds germinate to 10cm long, the grafting openings heal, the grafting openings should be timely and loose, and the loose binding period is delayed as far as possible under the condition of not affecting the growth. The grafting seedling is easy to be blown and folded by wind or artificially damaged from the joint, but the joint is not damaged at night, and the ligature is thoroughly removed after the scion is completely and firmly healed.
Unbinding: when the young shoots grow to 15-20 cm, unbinding, and when unbinding, drawing a knife on the grafted film from bottom to top, wherein the depth is just in contact with the epidermis;
further, cultivation weeding: the cultivation depth is 2-4 cm, the cultivation times are 3-4, the topdressing is performed in time, and meanwhile pest control management is paid attention to
Further, fertilizing: the water fertilizer is used for managing the survival of grafted seedlings, then the grafted seedlings enter a fast-growing period, the growth is vigorous, a large amount of nitrogen is needed to synthesize protein, and a small amount of additional fertilizer is needed, wherein the fertilizer is firstly sprayed with 0.3% -0.5% of urea and 0.1% -0.3% of zinc sulfate every 20-25 d to serve as foliar fertilizer, then 0.3% -0.5% of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer solution is sprayed every 10-15 d, and then the water is irrigated until the water content is 60-65% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field.
Further, draining in rainy season and watering in good time: draining water in rainy season, and not watering 20d after watering grafting, otherwise, the water content of soil is too high to easily form hurt flow so as to influence grafting survival rate; and after 20d, timely watering according to the soil moisture content.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows:
the application relates to a method for promoting intensive management and early fruiting of hickory seedlings, which comprises the following steps: accelerating germination of American hickory seeds, root cutting grafting of seedlings and transplanting; transplanting in non-woven fabric seedling raising bag, planting in field after one year, and raising seedling with planting survival rate up to 95% or higher. The method comprises the following steps: 1. the seedling obtained after two years of seedling bed cultivation is subjected to root breaking treatment and transplanted into a container for cultivation, the container contains cultivation media formed by mixing soil, covering materials and organic fertilizers in proportion, the growth of the root system of the transplanted seedling can be promoted, the root system of the seedling is developed, lateral roots are numerous, root clusters can be formed in the container, the seedling grows vigorously, the container is removed during mountain-climbing afforestation and then is directly planted, the afforestation survival rate is greatly improved, no seedling recovery period exists, the seedling can continue to grow directly after planting, and the full-bearing period can be advanced by 1-2 years; 2. the method is characterized in that the method is carried out in an indoor mode during grafting, the effect of weather is avoided, the notch of a stock is tightly bound by a sticky rice grafting film belt after grafting, meanwhile, the overground part of the whole plant, especially the notch above a scion, is tightly bound by the sticky rice grafting film belt, bud eyes are leaked outside, water and moisture can be preserved, the sticky rice film belt automatically weathers and falls off after grafting survival, film removal is not needed, labor is reduced, other operation methods are outdoor field operation, high-temperature and sky scions are easy to lose water during grafting, and grafting survival rate is affected; and 3, taking a core-picking measure when the height of the seedlings reaches 50-70 cm, wherein the core-picking measure has a great promotion effect on the thickening effect and root development of the seedlings, and is ready for grafting in the next year. Compared with the current popular bagged seedling with drip irrigation facilities, the method has the advantages of greatly reduced cost, simple and feasible operation and the like, and is a key technology for cultivating the hickory grafted seedlings.
Detailed Description
The invention is illustrated, but not limited, by the following specific examples.
The seedling raising land phoenix-yang big silver mountain forest farm is characterized in that the specific positions N32 degrees 6 '95', E117 degrees 5 '47', the altitudes are 80-90 m, the four seasons are clear, the frost-free period is 212 days, the annual average air temperature is 14.8 ℃, the average rainfall is 912mm, and the relative humidity is 75-80%.
Example 1
1. The first stage: seedling raising in a furrow:
1. seed treatment: firstly, the pecan seeds are soaked in flowing river water for five days, and are buried in wet sand for germination acceleration. And accelerating germination until part of seeds are exposed and cracked, sorting and sowing, wherein seeds with full seeds and no damage and no plant diseases and insect pests are selected. The humidity of the wet sand is 75%; the sand and seeds are mixed in layers, the bottom sand is 15cm, the thickness of the sand layer between the two layers of seeds is 6cm, and the thickness of the top sand is 15cm;
2. sowing and earthing: the bed is watered before sowing, the water content of the soil in the bed is 50% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, the water source of the bed is sufficient, the land form is flat, the soil layer is sunward and sunny, the soil layer thickness is 1m, the groundwater level is 10m, and the soil is loose and breathable, and is light sandy loam with pH value of 8. Deep turning from the end of autumn to the beginning of winter, shallow plowing and fine raking in early spring of the next year, and deep 25cm; hymexazol 1g/m before or after sowing 2 Adding 300 times of water and uniformly spraying on the furrowSterilizing in a bed; after the soil is slightly dry, 3000kg of cake fertilizer should be applied per hectare, and the cake fertilizer is uniformly applied into deep soil layers in combination with soil preparation. Wherein the bed surface of the bed is 120cm wide, the bed height is 25cm, and the pavement is 50cm wide. The sowing density is 50cm at the row spacing and 40cm at the plant spacing of the furrow bed. Sowing: the winter sowing adopts strip-shaped dibbling, sowing grooves are 3cm deep, seeds are horizontally placed in the grooves, the directions of seed tips are consistent, soil is covered 1cm after sowing, the seeds are gently pressed down during sowing, so that the seeds are closely connected with the soil, the soil is covered at the same time, the soil is evenly covered, the seeds are completely covered, water is thoroughly poured, and a small plastic arch shed or a mulching film with the height of 50cm is erected on a bed surface. The film is uncovered at proper time, and when the seedling comes out of the soil to 20%, the film is uncovered in the evening of rainy days or sunny days.
3. Temperature control, water spraying and moisture preservation: after successful sowing, observing the emergence condition, and then properly giving water spraying treatment to ensure that the water content of the soil in the furrow bed is 50% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, and after the seedlings emerge, raising the temperature to 25 ℃, lifting the films from the two ends or the side surfaces of the arch shed for ventilation and cooling. When the growth height of the seedlings is close to the film of the arch shed or the air temperature reaches 28 ℃, the arch shed should be removed, the plastic film on the greenhouse and the cover and shade net should be removed in the evening of rainy days or sunny days. Loosening soil and weeding after dewatering and irrigation, so as to prevent root injury and seedling pressing, and the initial stage of seedling, and the cultivation depth is 4cm; the number of times of cultivation is 3.
4. And topdressing in time. In seedling stage, the additional fertilizer is needed to promote the growth of seedling. After the seedlings come out of the soil and the leaves are spread, additional fertilizer should be applied by combining precipitation and irrigation. Urea was applied 1 time in mid-5 months, at 75kg per hectare, 1 time in mid-6 months, at 150kg/hm 2 Calcium superphosphate is applied 1 time in 7 months at a dosage of 100kg/hm 2 Zinc sulphate was applied 1 time for 9 months at a dose of 125kg/hm 2 。
5. And (5) pest control. From the beginning of the mass soil discharge of seeds, the medicines are needed to prevent diseases such as damping off and the like, the weeds are removed, the height of the seeds is about 50cm, the core picking and root promotion are carried out, and the healthy growth of the seedlings is ensured. The seeds are easy to be infected with diseases in the period from the soil emergence to the 1-2 month seedling stage, and important prevention is needed. Spraying 1% of Boerdosol to prevent pathogen infection in spring or high temperature rainy season; in the disease onset period, spraying the Boldo liquid 1 time every half month; and pruning the plant diseases and insect pests branches in winter, and burning or deeply burying the branches.
2. And a second stage: grafting and transplanting
The grafting stock adopts a apocarya stock, and the ground diameter of the stock used for grafting is 1cm. Grafting: before transplanting, selecting a diameter stem to reach the standard, performing root pruning and grafting, and continuing field centralized planting management after the diameter stem does not reach the standard, and collecting scions: all scions used for grafting are collected from high-quality mother trees, scion strips are collected on the high-quality mother trees 10d before and after spring festival, annual branches which grow robustly and smoothly for 1 year, have full buds, small medulla and no plant diseases and insect pests are selected, and the thickness is 2.0cm. Cutting into 30cm length, grading according to thickness, marking each bundle of 50 pieces with label, and taking along with. Scion storage temperature is 2 ℃, relative humidity is 90%, scion is refrigerated and preserved at low temperature, scions are cut into small sections with the length of 5cm before grafting for 15d, 1 full bud is arranged in each section, and the cutting distance is 1cm from the 1 st bud above. And then wax sealing the scion sections, heating paraffin in a kettle during wax sealing to melt the paraffin and keep the temperature at 90 ℃, coating a thin wax film on the surfaces of the cuts at the two ends of the scion, and continuing to refrigerate at low temperature for standby. Grafting at a shade place in a room in a dark place for 2 months, wherein the method comprises the following steps: cutting off the stock at a position 6cm away from the ground, longitudinally cutting a notch of about 3cm at 1/3 of the cross section by a knife, selecting robust buds on scion branches after the stock is cut, taking the scion upside down, and respectively cutting two sides below bud eyes into two inclined planes with equal length, wherein the length of the inclined planes is approximately the same as the depth of the notch of the stock. Cutting off the scion after cutting, reserving two bud eyes, rapidly inserting the scion into the notch of the stock, closely combining the scion with the cambium of the stock during the cutting, aligning the cambium, tightly binding the notch of the stock by using a wafer grafting film belt, tightly binding the overground part of the whole plant, especially the cut above the scion, and leaking the bud eyes outside by using the wafer grafting film belt. The rootstock for broken-head grafting is required to be relatively thick, the diameter of a grafting opening is generally 2cm, and the grafting survival rate is low if the rootstock is too small. If the grafting is successful, the transplanting is not carried out in time, the transplanting is carried out in a shade place, and the root is sprayed with the carbendazim solution diluted according to the proportion of 1:1000 for sterilization and moisture preservation.
The transplanting is to mix garden soil, pond sludge, coconut coir, pumice and turf in a volume ratio of 11:2:1:2:3 with a 14X 16cm non-woven fabric seedling bag of Tungcheng Tai plastic industry to obtain a matrix, and fill the matrix into a nutrition pot, wherein the water content of soil in a seedbed is 50% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field to obtain the nutrition pot; dipping 150ppm of naphthylacetic acid rooting liquid at the root, transplanting into a nutrition pot, making the width of bed be 1.3m and the interval between bed surfaces be 0.5m, placing the non-woven fabrics seedling-raising soil-filled non-woven fabrics seedling-raising on the bed surfaces one by one, and enclosing the seedling bed with soil on four sides to complete transplanting.
The grafting seedling cultivation work comprises the following steps: comprises the steps of removing sprouts, binding, intertillage weeding, fertilizing, draining water in rainy season, watering timely, cutting roots, grafting non-surviving plants, selecting and reserving sprouts timely, and grafting again.
Removing sprouts: the buds on the stock germinate, the growth is fast, the nutrient consumption is high, and when the scion survives and starts to sprout, the buds should be removed in time in order to promote the normal growth of the scion. And 2 bud strips are reserved, and when the scion grows to 20cm, all the buds of the stock are erased.
The grafted stock seedling is easy to germinate and a large number of tillers are easy to sprout, and the seedlings are scraped in time so as not to influence the germination and growth of the grafting buds, thereby ensuring survival and promoting the growth of the scions.
Binding: the fixing and unbinding grafting port part is fragile before firm healing, and a support post can be erected beside the grafted seedling so as to prevent the scion from bending and being blown off by wind. After the scion buds germinate to 10cm long, the grafting openings heal, the grafting openings should be timely and loose, and the loose binding period is delayed as far as possible under the condition of not affecting the growth. The grafting seedling is easy to be blown and folded by wind or artificially damaged from the joint, but the joint is not damaged at night, and the ligature is thoroughly removed after the scion is completely and firmly healed.
Unbinding: when the young shoots are 20cm long, unbinding, and when unbinding, drawing a knife on the grafted film from bottom to top, wherein the depth is just in contact with the epidermis;
and (3) cultivating and weeding: the cultivation depth is 4cm, the cultivation times are 4 times, the topdressing is performed in time, and meanwhile, the pest control management is paid attention to;
and (3) fertilization: the water fertilizer management grafted seedlings enter a fast-growing period after surviving, grow vigorously, 30g of 0.2% zinc sulfate is sprayed as foliar fertilizer for every 20d, 50g of 0.3% urea solution is sprayed every 20d, 10kg of 0.5% nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer solution is sprayed every 15d, and then irrigation is carried out until the water content is 65% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field, and meanwhile, the soil loosening and weeding work is enhanced. Wherein, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer is 45 percent (15-15-15 percent) of red square Meifu compound fertilizer and red square energy-gathering nitrogen value-added urea.
Draining water in rainy season and watering at proper time: draining water in rainy season, and not watering 20d after watering grafting, otherwise, the water content of soil is too high to easily form hurt flow so as to influence grafting survival rate; and after 20d, timely watering according to the soil moisture content.
The effect is as follows: the survival rate of the seedlings is 97%;
by designing orthogonal test L 9 （3 4 ) The difference of growth effects under the condition of the influence of different factors is shown in Table 1, 9 plants in each cell are searched for, the better parameter setting is achieved, the rooting liquid has great influence on the growth effects, so that the factor A is the concentration of the rooting liquid, and the corresponding levels are 100ppm, 150ppm and 200ppm in sequence; doctor blade lamination directly acts on a substrate, and the factor B is the dosage of the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer, and the corresponding levels are 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% in sequence; the factor C is the urea consumption, and the corresponding levels are 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% in sequence; the factor D is zinc sulfate foliar fertilizer, and the corresponding proportion is 0.3%, 0.4% and 0.5% respectively; the procedure of example 2 was followed;
table 1 example 1 results of orthogonal test performance test of technological parameters of post-grafting transplanting cultivation
As can be seen, B > C > D > A, preferably with A 2 B 3 C 1 D 2 The preferred embodiment is that the rooting liquid is 150ppm, urea is 0.3%, the nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium compound fertilizer is 0.5%, the zinc sulfate foliar fertilizer is 0.2%, the pecan is small in leaf blade and light yellow green due to lack of nitrogen, light red brown spots appear on the leaf blade, growth of young shoots is inhibited, and the nitrogenous fertilizer needs to be timely supplemented. The compound fertilizer and the medium-micro nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer are applied to supplement soil nutrients, and enough zinc nutrition ensures that walnut trees have enough leaf area to promote high yield and improve survival rate.
Example 2
The first stage: seedling raising in a furrow:
1. seed treatment: accelerating germination in an electric heating accelerating germination bed comprising an accelerating germination bed body, an electric heating layer, a seed layer and a greenhouse body heat preservation layer of the accelerating germination bed. The electric heating germination accelerating bed body is constructed by brick, cement, sand, grass curtain, moisturizing cloth and the like, and is used for disinfecting a bed with the height of 20cm, the bed width of 100cm and the length of 10mm, the bottom of the bed body is subjected to 1% gradient draining treatment, drain holes are reserved, a leveling layer is paved, middle sand conforming to the specification of GB/T14684 is used, the bottommost part of the germination accelerating bed is paved with 8cm thick and leveled, the temperature and humidity of the electric heating layer are controlled by an agricultural automatic temperature controller, a temperature sensor and an air hygrometer, the ground heat is the ground heat with the rated power of 1000w, and the germination accelerating time is 2 months later. Soaking the seeds in clear water for 24 hours before the seeds enter the bed, taking out and airing; soaking the seeds with bactericide for 24 hours, taking out, and airing on a clean field for 1 day; finally, soaking seeds for 24 hours by using plant growth regulators such as 0.02% gibberellin and the like, and then putting the seeds into a bed. Firstly, respectively covering a layer of straw curtains and a layer of fiber cloth above the electric heating layer in sequence; secondly, uniformly mixing the treated seeds with fine sand, and then laying the mixture on a fiber cloth, wherein the thickness of the seeds and the sand is 10cm. Then the seed layer is covered with fine sand; finally, a layer of fiber cloth is covered for moisture preservation. The 8mm steel wire and transparent agricultural plastic film are used for building the arch shed for sealing and moisturizing, and the arch shed with the height of 60cm and the length and width which are consistent with the length and width of the bed body is built. Firstly, constructing the steel wire into an arch shape, and then covering and compacting the steel wire by using a plastic film. And (3) managing temperature control in the electric heating germination accelerating process: setting the automatic temperature controller to 28 ℃ in the first day, and setting the automatic temperature controller to 30 ℃ from the second day until the bud seedling sorting is finished. Humidity control: the humidity in the small arch shed is controlled at 75% in the whole process, 50% wettable powder is used for 500 times liquid spraying sterilization in the water supplementing process, after 710 days of electric heating germination accelerating, seeds are sorted and stopped to be heated after being exposed to white, the arch shed is lifted, fiber cloth is lifted, the temperature is slowly ventilated to normal temperature, and the sorted sprouts are transplanted to a bed in a facility greenhouse in time.
2. Sowing and earthing: watering the furrow bed before sowing,the water content of the soil in the bed is 50% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, and the light sand loam with sufficient water source, flat topography, leeward and sunny, 1m soil layer thickness, 1m groundwater level, loose and breathable soil and pH6 is used for the soil in the bed. Deep turning from the end of autumn to the beginning of winter, shallow plowing and fine raking in early spring of the next year, and deep 20cm; hymexazol 1g/m before or after sowing 2 Uniformly spraying 300 times of water into the furrow bed for sterilization; after the soil is slightly dry, 2250kg of cake fertilizer should be applied per hectare, and the cake fertilizer is uniformly applied into deep soil layers in combination with soil preparation. Wherein the bed surface of the bed is 100cm wide, the bed height is 15cm, and the pavement width is 40cm. The sowing density is 40cm in row spacing and 30cm in plant spacing in the furrow bed. Sowing: the winter sowing adopts strip-shaped dibbling, sowing grooves are 2cm deep, seeds are horizontally placed in the grooves, the directions of seed tips are consistent, soil is covered by 0.5cm after sowing, the seeds are gently pressed down during sowing, so that the seeds are closely connected with soil, soil is covered while the seeds are in a spot, the soil is evenly covered, the seeds are completely covered, and a small plastic arch shed or a mulching film with the height of 45cm is erected on a bed surface after water is poured. The film is uncovered at proper time, and when the seedling comes out of the soil to 20%, the film is uncovered in the evening of rainy days or sunny days.
3. Temperature control, water spraying and moisture preservation: after successful sowing, observing the emergence condition, and then properly giving water spraying treatment to ensure that the water content of the soil in the furrow bed is 45% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, and after the seedlings emerge, raising the temperature to 25 ℃, lifting the films from the two ends or the side surfaces of the arch shed for ventilation and cooling. When the growth height of the seedlings is close to the film of the arch shed or the air temperature reaches 28 ℃, the arch shed should be removed, the plastic film on the greenhouse and the cover and shade net should be removed in the evening of rainy days or sunny days. Loosening soil and weeding after dewatering and irrigation, so as to prevent root injury and seedling pressing, and at the initial stage of seedling, the cultivation depth is 2cm; the number of times of cultivation is 4.
4. And topdressing in time. In seedling stage, the additional fertilizer is needed to promote the growth of seedling. After the seedlings come out of the soil and the leaves are spread, the additional fertilizer should be carried out in time by combining precipitation and irrigation. Urea was applied 1 time in mid-5 months at 150kg per hectare, 1 time in mid-6 months at 225kg/hm 2 Calcium superphosphate was applied 1 time for 7 months at a dose of 125kg/hm 2 Zinc sulphate was applied 1 time for 9 months at a dose of 125kg/hm 2 。
5. And (5) pest control. From the beginning of the mass soil discharge of seeds, the medicines are needed to prevent diseases such as damping off and the like, the weeds are removed, the height of the seeds is about 70 cm, the core picking and root promotion are carried out, and the healthy growth of the seedlings is ensured. The seeds are easy to be infected with diseases in the period from the soil emergence to the 1-2 month seedling stage, and important prevention is needed. Spraying 1% of Boerdosol to prevent pathogen infection in spring or high temperature rainy season; in the disease onset period, spraying the Boldo liquid 1 time every half month; and pruning the plant diseases and insect pests branches in winter, and burning or deeply burying the branches.
2. Second stage grafting and transplanting
The grafting stock adopts a apocarya stock, and the ground diameter of the stock used for grafting is 1cm. Grafting: before transplanting, grafting after root pruning, namely selecting the diameter stem to reach the standard, and collecting scions: all scions used for grafting are collected from high-quality mother trees, scion strips are collected on the high-quality mother trees 10d before and after spring festival, annual branches which are thick and smooth for 2 years, full in buds, small in medulla and free of diseases and insect pests are selected, and the thickness is 2.0cm. Cutting into 30cm length, grading according to thickness, marking each bundle of 50 pieces with label, and taking along with. Scion storage temperature is 5 ℃, relative humidity is 90%, scion is refrigerated and preserved at low temperature, scions are cut into small sections with the length of 8cm before grafting for 15d, 2 full buds are cut in each section, and the cutting distance is 1cm from the 1 st bud above. And then wax sealing the scion sections, heating paraffin in a kettle during wax sealing to melt the paraffin and keep the temperature at 100 ℃, coating a thin wax film on the surfaces of the cuts at the two ends of the scion, and continuing to refrigerate at low temperature for standby. Grafting at a shade place in a room in a dark place for 3 months, wherein the specific method comprises the following steps: cutting off the stock at a position 6cm away from the ground, longitudinally cutting a notch of about 3cm at 1/3 of the cross section by a knife, selecting robust buds on scion branches after the stock is cut, taking the scion upside down, and respectively cutting two sides below bud eyes into two inclined planes with equal length, wherein the length of the inclined planes is approximately the same as the depth of the notch of the stock. Cutting off the scion after cutting, reserving two bud eyes, rapidly inserting the scion into the notch of the stock, closely combining the scion with the cambium of the stock during the cutting, aligning the cambium, tightly binding the notch of the stock by using a wafer grafting film belt, tightly binding the overground part of the whole plant, especially the cut above the scion, and leaking the bud eyes outside by using the wafer grafting film belt. The rootstock for broken-head grafting is required to be relatively thick, the diameter of a grafting opening is generally 2cm, and the grafting survival rate is low if the rootstock is too small. If the grafting is successful, the transplanting is not carried out in time, the transplanting is carried out in a shade place, and the root is sprayed with the carbendazim solution diluted according to the proportion of 1:1000 for sterilization and moisture preservation.
The transplanting is to mix garden soil, pond sludge, coconut coir, pumice and turf in a volume ratio of 11:2:1:2:3 with a 14X 16cm non-woven fabric seedling bag of Tungcheng Tai plastic industry to obtain a matrix, and fill the matrix into a nutrition pot, wherein the water content of soil in a seedbed is 50% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field to obtain the nutrition pot; the roots are dipped with 100ppm of naphthylacetic acid rooting liquid and transplanted into the nutrition bowls, the width of the bed is 1.3m, the interval between the bed surfaces is 0.5m, the non-woven fabrics with seedling raising soil are tightly placed on the bed surfaces one by one, and the four sides of the seedling bed are surrounded by soil to finish the transplanting.
The grafting seedling cultivation work comprises the following steps: comprises the steps of removing sprouts, binding, intertillage weeding, fertilizing, draining water in rainy season, watering and root breaking, grafting non-surviving plants, timely selecting and reserving sprouts, and grafting again.
Removing sprouts: the buds on the stock germinate, the growth is fast, the nutrient consumption is high, and when the scion survives and starts to sprout, the buds should be removed in time in order to promote the normal growth of the scion. And 2 bud strips are reserved, and when the scion grows to 20cm, all the buds of the stock are erased.
The grafted stock seedling is easy to germinate and a large number of tillers are easy to sprout, and the seedlings should be scraped off in time so as not to influence the germination and growth of the scions, so that the scions can survive and be promoted to grow.
Binding: the fixing and unbinding grafting port part is fragile before firm healing, and a support post can be erected beside the grafted seedling so as to prevent the scion from bending and being blown off by wind. After the scion buds germinate to 10cm long, the grafting openings heal and are loosely bound. Unbinding: when the young shoots are 20cm long, unbinding, and when unbinding, drawing a knife on the grafted film from bottom to top, wherein the depth is just in contact with the epidermis;
and (3) cultivating and weeding: the cultivation depth is 4cm, the cultivation times are 4 times, the topdressing is performed in time, and meanwhile, the pest control management is paid attention to;
and (3) fertilization: the water fertilizer management grafted seedlings enter a fast-growing period after survival, grow vigorously, 30g of 0.3% zinc sulfate is sprayed every mu at intervals of 25d to serve as foliar fertilizer, 50g of 0.5% urea solution is sprayed every mu at intervals of 25d, then 10kg of 0.5% diluted 20-time nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer solution is sprayed every mu at intervals of 10d, and then irrigation is carried out until the water content is 65% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field, and meanwhile, the soil loosening and weeding work is enhanced. Wherein, the nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer is 45 percent (15-15-15 percent) of red square Meifu compound fertilizer and red square energy-gathering nitrogen value-added urea.
Draining and watering in rainy season: draining water in rainy season, and not watering 20d after watering grafting, otherwise, the water content of soil is too high to easily form hurt flow so as to influence grafting survival rate; and after 20d, timely watering according to the soil moisture content.
The effect is as follows: the survival rate of the seedlings is 96 percent.
Claims (1)
1. A two-stage seedling raising method for grafting apocarya on a nutrition pot is characterized in that the seedling raising is divided into two stages, and the first stage is seeding cultivation in a furrow bed; the second stage is that the root cutting grafting is carried out in spring of the third year, then the root cutting grafting is transplanted into a non-woven bag nutrition pot, and the field planting is carried out after one year of cultivation; the method specifically comprises the following steps: the first stage: seed germination treatment, seeding earthing, moisturizing topdressing cultivation, and a second stage: grafting, transplanting and cultivating grafted seedlings, wherein the sowing earthing is as follows: watering a bed before sowing, wherein the water content of soil in the bed is 45-50% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field, the land is flat, the soil is ventilated in a loose state, the pH is 6-8, the shallow tillage is performed with a harrow depth of 20-30 cm, the bed surface width of the bed is 100-120 cm, the bed height is 15-25 cm, the pavement width is 40-50 cm, the sowing row spacing is 40-50 cm, the plant spacing is 30-40 cm, the sowing adopts strip spot sowing, the sowing ditch is 2-3 cm deep, seeds are flatly placed in the ditch, the tip orientations are consistent, soil with the thickness of 0.5-1 cm is uniformly covered after sowing, a small plastic arched shed with the height of 45-50 cm is arranged on the bed surface or covered with a mulching film is arranged on the bed surface, when the seedling is 20%, the mulching film is uncovered in rainy days or in the evening, and the moisturizing fertilizer is cultivated as follows: the water content of the soil in the bed is 45-50% of the maximum water holding capacity in the field by water spraying and moisturizing, after the seedlings come out of the soil, when the temperature is higher than 25 ℃, ventilation and cooling are carried out, when the Miao Musheng length reaches 15-20 cm, the arch shed is removed and a shading net is covered in cloudy days or sunny evenings, the soil is loosened and the weeds are removed, the initial stage of the seedlings, the cultivation depth is 2-5 cm, the cultivation times are 3-4, topdressing is carried out in time, meanwhile, pest control management is paid attention to, and the grafting comprises the following steps: scion collection: when the ground diameter of the seedling is larger than 1cm, the seedling is used as a stock for grafting, the grafting scion is collected on a high-quality parent tree, 1-2 years old, thick and smooth, full buds, small medulla and no plant diseases and insect pests are selected, the annual scions are cut into 20-30 cm long after being collected, scion sections are cut and sealed by wax, the storage temperature of the scion is 2-5 ℃, the scion is grafted in a shade place in a room at a dark place for 2-3 months, the stock is cut at a place 6cm away from the ground, a 3cm incision is longitudinally cut at 1/3 of a cross section by a cutter, after the stock is cut, robust buds on scion branches are selected, the scions are inverted, two inclined planes with equal length are cut on two sides below the bud eyes respectively, the length of the inclined planes is the same as the depth of the incision of the stock, cutting off the scion after cutting, reserving two bud eyes, rapidly inserting the scion into a stock incision, closely combining the scion with a cambium of the stock during the cutting, aligning the cambium, tightly wrapping the stock incision by using a wafer grafting film belt, tightly wrapping the overground part of the whole plant by using the wafer grafting film belt, and enabling the bud eyes to leak outside, wherein the transplanting is that a non-woven fabric seedling raising bag is used as a nutrition pot, mixing garden soil, coconut chaff, pumice and turf in a volume ratio of = 9-11:2-3:1:2:3-4 to obtain a matrix, filling the matrix into the nutrition pot, and the water content of the seedling bed soil is 45-50% of the maximum water holding capacity of the field; dipping 150ppm of naphthylacetic acid rooting liquid at the root, transplanting into a nutrition pot, wherein the width of a bed is 1.3m, the interval between bed surfaces is 0.5m, tightly placing non-woven fabric seedlings filled with seedling raising soil on the bed surfaces one by one, enclosing the seedling bed by soil on four sides, and completing transplanting.
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