CN110896777A

CN110896777A - Method for promoting early yield increase of apple dwarf stock close planting cultivation

Info

Publication number: CN110896777A
Application number: CN201911383915.4A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 宋永果; 焦世德; 宋永科; 宋冉; 宋继峰; 宋美辰
Original assignee: Laizhou Nature Gardening Technology Co Ltd
Current assignee: Laizhou Nature Gardening Technology Co Ltd
Priority date: 2019-12-28
Filing date: 2019-12-28
Publication date: 2020-03-24

Abstract

The invention discloses a method for promoting the early yield increase of apple short stock close planting cultivation, and provides a management method combining nursery management of apple short stock nursery stock and garden building management of apple short stock close planting, wherein large seedlings in the nursery are managed, and a branch-increasing and flower-promoting solution is adopted to brush and wipe nursery stocks to increase the number of flower buds of the nursery stocks and improve the quality of the nursery stocks, so that a foundation is laid for a spindle tree form; the traditional bud carving management is replaced, the branch increasing and promoting solution is adopted to promote branches of the fixedly planted seedlings in spring, the labor amount is reduced, the production cost is reduced, the economic benefit is improved, and meanwhile, nitrogen fertilizer is supplemented for the seedlings, so that the survival and growth of the seedlings are facilitated; the newly-built gardens managed by the method can bear fruits in the second year, the fruits are full and large, the yield per mu can reach more than 1500-2500 kg, the fund of farmers returns quickly, and the method has extremely high economic value.

Description

Method for promoting early yield increase of apple dwarf stock close planting cultivation

Technical Field

The invention relates to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, in particular to a method for promoting early yield increase of apple dwarf stock close planting cultivation.

Background

The apple is a tall tree, the traditional arbor cultivation density is low, about 40 plants are planted per mu generally, the yield per unit area is low, the fruit bearing can be started in 4-5 years generally, the early bearing is low, the yield is low, the investment pressure of fruit growers is high, the enthusiasm of fruit growers is seriously contused, and the development of the apple industry is hindered, so that the problem that how to shorten the vegetative growth period of the apple and improve the yield of the apple is urgently solved by the industrial development is solved.

However, the current close planting cultivation of apple dwarf stocks still faces the following three main problems, which affect the early yield of close planting of apple dwarf stocks: firstly, the cultivation of the branch seedlings with flowers is realized, the conversion from vegetative growth to reproductive growth is completed in a nursery garden, the seedlings germinate in a positioning manner and then qualitatively flower, and branch seedlings with a certain number of flower buds are cultivated, so that the early fruiting quantity of the second year after garden construction is directly influenced; secondly, the fusiform tree-shaped cultivation problem of the compact plantation is that the mountainous apple producing area is rainy and high in temperature in summer, which is not beneficial to the difficulty in flower formation of apples, especially flourishing varieties such as Fuji, and brings difficulty to the spindle cultivation, how to promote branches and form high-quality branch buds in time in the middle trunk and the technical key point, the traditional method adopts the spring bud carving technology to solve the problem, however, the bud carving technology forms wounds on seedlings, the seedlings are easy to weaken and even die due to water dispersion and infection diseases, and the bud carving is carried out manually, so that the cultivation cost of fruit growers is increased, the branches are promoted and flower formation are promoted by using growth regulators such as cytokinin and gibberellin in most green branches in the foreign growing season, but the apple producing area is rainy and high in temperature in summer, the new growth is too fast, the bud maturity is not good, and the mature degree of the tip promoting new buds is deteriorated if the growth regulators are used for stimulation, directly affects the yield and quality of the fruit. Thirdly, the problems of no system and no standard exist in nursery stock planting and management technology after planting, the early fruiting quantity of close planting of the apple dwarfing stock is directly influenced, and modern apple dwarfing stock cultivation needs key technology to be matched and put in place.

At present, the management method of apple dwarf stock close planting is mostly reported, for example, the invention patent of China with the application number of 201410749120.1 and the name of 'an intensive and efficient cultivation method of apple short stocks' discloses and provides a garden building method comprising the aspects of seedling selection, wide-row close planting, intermediate stock soil-planting, trellis cultivation, shaping and trimming, and the like. Some traditional methods are adopted for cultivation and management, and no related technology for improving the early yield of apple dwarf rootstock close planting is disclosed, but the traditional methods lack methods for improving the fruit quality and yield of apple dwarf rootstock close planting in the early stage.

Disclosure of Invention

The invention aims to provide a method for promoting the early yield increase of apple dwarf stock close planting cultivation, and aims to solve the problems that the cultivation of a spindle in apple dwarf stock cultivation is difficult, the production cost is high, the early yield is low and the like in the prior art.

A method for promoting the yield increase of apple short stock close planting in the early stage comprises the following operations:

apple dwarf stock tree nursery management

1. The seedling branch-increasing and flower-promoting liquid is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass: 3-4% of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), 4-5% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 0.5-1% of forchlorfenuron (KT-30), 0.1-0.2% of compound sodium nitrophenolate, 0.05-0.1% of organic silicon ethoxy modified polytriesiloxane and the balance of water, and the components are fully dissolved and uniformly mixed.

2. And (3) cultivation and management of enough flower bud branches and big seedlings: culturing large branch seedlings by using hard branches, namely mature buds, in spring, selecting apple short stock seedlings with the height of more than 150cm of the seedlings growing for 2 years, and painting branch-increasing and flower-promoting liquid diluted by 3-5 times on the positions of more than 60cm of the seedlings in the nursery garden in the last ten days of 4 months (when buds germinate), so as to breed large seedlings with multiple branches and flowers.

Second, apple dwarf stock close planting garden building management

1. Ditching: generally, the improved planting ditch with the depth of 40-50 cm and the width of 100-120 cm is formed in autumn and winter, because the root system of the short stock grows in the range of 50cm of root neck, if ridging is performed, the ditching depth is 40cm, and then the ridging height is about 10cm, and the depth can reach 50 cm. The method is superior to full-garden deep ploughing and hole-opening deep ploughing, soil moisture can be enabled to run along the ditches by ditching deep ploughing, soil moisture can be discharged along the ditches when waterlogging soil moisture is too much, water can be effectively retained when drought occurs, ridge forming platforms can be arranged in areas with annual rainfall of 600-700 mm above and below and in areas with concentrated summer rainfall, mellow soil can be fully utilized, and planting improvement ditches of 40-50 cm can be directly dug in areas with annual rainfall of below 600 mm.

2. Backfilling: on the premise of not disturbing a soil layer (namely, mellow soil is still placed on the top), organic fertilizer is mixed into the mellow soil according to a certain proportion for backfilling, and the specific method comprises the following steps: straw and weeds are collected as much as possible and are crushed for use, preferably, a synthetic fermented fertilizer of carbonized rice hulls, barks and organic matters is used for improving the soil structure and improving the organic matter level, and a matrix fertilizer prepared by carbonized organic matter fertilizer is a powerful technology for preventing soil degradation. If the local corn and other straw resources are abundant to be used, the straw must be crushed by a crusher and then reused, and decomposed farmyard manure such as sheep manure and the like is mixed with the straw under certain conditions or finished organic fertilizer is purchased.

3. Pouring water and settling: after ditching and backfilling, watering and compacting, and then planting, wherein ditching, backfilling and sealing are completed before freezing according to time requirements, and watering and compacting are key measures related to the planting survival rate and the planting depth of the nursery stock.

4. Ridging and ridging: in an orchard for cultivating the table ridges, planting furrows are correspondingly shallow, namely, the tree rows are taken as the centers and are ridged about 70-90 cm away from the tree rows to form the table ridges, a tree disc with the width of about 1.5-1.8 m is formed (the width is larger than that of the planting furrows, the back of the ridge is more moisture-preserving and drought-resisting, natural rainfall can be better utilized), the ground for forming the tree disc by ridging is obviously higher than the ground between the rows, and the height difference between the two is generally about 10-30 cm.

5. Selecting nursery stocks: selecting short stock seedlings with the height of more than 1.8m, the thickness diameter of 10cm above the grafting position of more than 2cm, not less than 10 branches with the growth degree of more than 20cm on the stem, good root system development, pure variety, consistent stock types, thick and full branches and plump bud eyes, timely cutting off the root system of the disease insect and the stock stem peg at the grafting interface, and smearing with a sterilizing agent such as copper sulfate.

6. Soaking in clear water: before planting, the seedlings are bundled and put into clean water of reservoirs, wells, ponds and the like, or temporary ponds can be built in fields according to local conditions, pits are dug out according to the quantity of the seedlings, plastic films are paved in the pits to prevent water seepage, after the seedlings are fully soaked in the pits for 2-3 days after being filled with water, planting is carried out, the clean water soaking is an effective measure for adjusting and restoring the physiological function of the seedlings and promoting germination, the clean water soaking can enable the seedlings to fully absorb water and ensure the vitality of the seedlings, and the clean water soaking is one of key technologies of the invention and directly influences the survival rate of the seedlings.

7. Planting: local apple germination spring planting is taken as a main production, the temporary planting nursery stocks take the bud germination as the optimal planting period, the planting period is determined according to local conditions, and the temperature condition in the local winter is mainly considered by integrating production condition investigation of national apple cultivation areas, the temperature in the winter in most northern apple cultivation areas is below zero, and the safe overwintering of the nursery stocks is facilitated by planting for 4-5 months. The planting survival rate in autumn is the best when the temperature is above zero ℃ in winter, and the planting is preferably carried out in the middle ten days of 11 months.

The setting of the planting parameters is as follows:

a) planting density: carrying out wide-row field planting, wherein the row spacing is larger than the plant spacing, the row spacing is 3.5-4.0 m, the plant spacing is 1.2-1.5 m from a root stock long-branch type variety, the short-branch type variety is 0.6-0.9 m, and the main planting variety and the pollination variety can be 4-5: 1 proportion planting in rows.

b) Planting depth: the length (ground distance from the grafting opening) of the stocks on the ground among the plants is required to be consistent, the height is about 10-15 cm, and the condition that the scions (varieties) partially take roots due to too deep planting and the dwarfing effect is lost is avoided.

c) Planting in a grading manner: after the seedlings are classified according to the height, the seedlings with the same size are planted in a row, and the neatness of the orchard is improved.

9. Shaping and trimming:

a) dry fixing technology: cutting off buds of tender tips at the tips of the extension branches, keeping full buds as much as possible, and performing high-grade stem fixation. And 95% of the trees in each row reach the uniform fixed dry height, and after the trees are fixed dry, paint (Lake oil) or a whitening agent (lime sulphur or concentrated Bordeaux plus grease) is timely smeared at the cut, so that water dispersion and wound germ invasion are reduced.

b) Branch promoting technology: the method is characterized in that sufficient branches are directly promoted on a middle trunk, the key to successful spindle board culture is realized, and a method of smearing 1-5 times diluted branch-increasing and flower-promoting liquid downwards at a position 5-10 cm away from the tips of the branches is adopted to promote branches.

c) The early fruit technology comprises the following steps: the branches are cut off early by pruning the lateral branch tips of the middle trunk, firstly, the new tips are opened early, and after a large number of branches grow on the middle trunk, the angles can be opened by twisting the tips, so that leaves are prevented from being removed; secondly, pruning the young shoots, namely throwing and releasing to prolong the young shoots when the lateral young shoots are 20-30 cm long, and reserving 2-3 large-leaf extremely-heavy short cuts for competing young shoots; thirdly, in autumn branch drawing, one-time open-angle branch drawing is carried out in 9 and 10 months. The sprout bodies at the treetop opening angle in the period are full and full, the flower is easy to grow, the sprouting rate in the next year is high, and the treetop pulling angle is between 90 and 135 degrees.

d) Tree potential balancing technology: and (3) controlling thick branches on the middle trunk in time, removing lateral branches 1/4-1/3 thick in the middle trunk, and sealing a cut with paint in time, so that the moisture evaporation is reduced, and the survival is promoted.

10. Setting a bracket: on the basis of timely watering to ensure survival, a support is timely set up, steel pipes or cement struts are adopted, 1 strut is erected every 12-15 m along the row direction, 3 steel strands or thick iron wires are pulled for each support, two ends of each strut are reinforced and tensioned, 1 bamboo pole is erected for each seedling, the bamboo poles are fixed on the iron wires, and then the seedlings are tied on the bamboo poles to centralize the seedlings and ensure the seedlings to grow vertically.

11. And (3) water and fertilizer management:

and (4) integrating water and fertilizer. The drip irrigation is adopted to water, so that the water consumption is effectively saved, the watering depth needs to reach 50cm each time, and the water consumption per mu is generally 6m³Left and right at 5-7 m³The method is suitable for the short anvil apple orchard by drip irrigation, and the root system of the short anvil M9T337 is basically in the range of 40-50 cm by taking the root neck as the center.

The fertilizer should be applied in the area close to the root system of the stem as much as possible, the concentration of the soil fertilizer or the drip irrigation fertilizer is not more than 0.1%, and the water consumption per mu is 666.67/2 × 0.03=10m calculated by the row spacing of 4 m and the tree disc of 2m³The fertilizer consumption per mu is 10 kg; the water consumption per mu is 5M according to the upper, lower, left and right 50cm of dwarfing M9T337 drip irrigation from root stock apple orchard³The fertilizer consumption per mu is 5 kg.

Organic fertilizer is fully added, a tree disc is drilled, the ridge of the tree is covered, grass grows in the row, and the drop irrigation is treated as the same water-saving technical system; covering the tree bed to prevent the temperature and humidity of the root system from changing too much; grass is grown in the row of the orchard, so that a good ecological environment is created for the tree body, and the air humidity of the orchard can be improved and the evaporation capacity of the tree body can be reduced in dry weather; drip irrigation not only practices thrift the irrigation water resource that natural evaporation runs off, can also combine with the fertilizer and promote its water retaining function of storing, and the tree dish covers and reduces the evaporation of water, and row's grass reduces the trees body and transpires and scatters, forms real effectual water saving system, can also effectively utilize the rainfall moisturizing simultaneously.

The technical scheme of the invention has the following beneficial effects: managing large seedlings from a nursery, smearing or brushing the seedlings by using the branch-increasing and flower-promoting liquid, increasing the number of flower buds of the seedlings, improving the quality of the seedlings and laying a foundation for spindle tree forms. And secondly, replacing bud carving management, and adopting a branch-increasing and flower-promoting solution to promote the branches of the seedlings for planting, so that the labor amount is reduced, the production cost is reduced, and the economic benefit is improved. Thirdly, the newly built garden managed by the method can bear fruits in the second year, the fruits are full and large, the yield per mu can reach more than 1500-2500 kg, the fund returns of farmers are fast, and the method has extremely high economic value.

Drawings

FIG. 1 shows the fruiting situation in the second year of garden building in Guo's shop;

fig. 2 shows the result of the second year of orchard establishment in the breast mountain.

Examples

Example 1

The garden is located in the west of Dagoldenhama of Guojia town, is flat, is loamy soil, has good drainage and irrigation conditions, is built 5 months in 2015, has the per mu yield of 2165kg in 2016, and is shown in the garden condition shown in figure 1.

The specific management method comprises the following steps:

apple dwarf stock tree nursery management

1. Preparing 100kg of seedling branch-increasing and flower-promoting liquid: 3kg of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), 4.5kg of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 0.6kg of forchlorfenuron (KT-30), 0.1kg of compound sodium nitrophenolate, 0.08kg of organic silicon ethoxy modified polytrisiloxane and 91.72kg of tap water are fully dissolved and uniformly mixed for later use.

2. And (3) cultivation and management of enough flower bud branches and big seedlings: culturing branch large seedlings by using hard branches, namely mature buds, in spring, selecting apple M9t337 seedling with the height of more than 150cm of the seedling growing 2 years on the land from a root stock, and painting 3-5 times diluted branch-increasing and flower-promoting liquid on the part of more than 60cm of the seedling in the nursery garden in the last ten days of 4 months (when the bud sprouts), so as to breed the large seedlings with multiple branches and flowers.

Second, apple dwarf stock close planting garden building management

1. Ditching: in autumn, a large tractor is used for hanging a single-furrow plough for reclaiming wasteland, the whole garden is deeply ploughed for 40-50 cm, then planting furrows with the width of 1m and the depth of 50-60 cm are fully dug by an excavator according to the plant spacing,

2. backfilling: 4-5 m of decomposed chicken manure is applied in each mu of field³And the soil layer is not disturbed for backfilling.

3. Pouring water and settling: and watering and compacting after ditching and backfilling.

4. Ridging and ridging: the method comprises the steps of carrying out table ridge cultivation, ridging the tree row by taking the tree as the center, forming a table ridge about 70cm away from the tree row to form a tree disc about 1.5m wide, forming the tree disc by ridging, wherein the ground of the tree disc formed is obviously higher than the ground between the rows, and the height difference between the two is generally 20 cm.

5. Selecting nursery stocks: selecting an M9T337 self-rooted stock common type soil-rich seedling, wherein the height of the seedling is more than 1.8M, the thickness diameter of the part 10cm above a grafting part is more than 2cm, no less than 10 branches with the growth degree of more than 20cm are attached to a middle stem, the root system development is good, the variety is pure, the stock types are consistent, the root system is large and complete, the branches are thick and solid, and the eyes and the buds are full. And (3) timely cutting off root systems of the diseases and the pests and the dry peg of the rootstock at the grafting position, and smearing the root systems and the peg with a sterilizing agent such as copper sulfate.

6. Soaking in clear water: 1-2 days before planting, soaking all the seedlings in clear water to ensure that the seedlings fully absorb water.

7. Planting: the setting of the planting parameters is as follows:

a) planting density: the row spacing is 4.0m, and the plant spacing is 1.2 m.

b) Planting depth: the length (ground distance from the grafting opening) of the stocks on the ground among the plants is required to be consistent, the height is about 10cm, and the condition that the part of the scions (varieties) roots due to too deep planting and the dwarfing effect is lost is avoided.

9. Shaping and trimming:

a) dry fixing technology: cutting off buds at the tip of the extension branch, keeping full buds as much as possible, performing high-level drying to ensure that 95% of tree bodies in each row reach the uniform fixed-level height, and after drying, timely smearing paint (lark oil) or a whitening agent (lime sulfur mixture or concentrated Bordeaux mixture plus grease) at the cut to reduce water dispersion and wound germ invasion.

b) Branch promoting technology: the method is characterized in that sufficient branches are directly promoted on a middle trunk, the key is whether spindle board cultivation can be successful, and when branches of a tree body sprout, branches are promoted by a method of smearing 5-time diluted branch-increasing and flower-promoting liquid below 10cm away from the tips of the branches and above 60cm away from the ground.

c) The early fruit technology comprises the following steps: the branches are cut off early by pruning the lateral branch tips of the middle trunk, firstly, the new tips are opened early, and after a large number of branches grow on the middle trunk, the angles can be opened by twisting the tips, so that leaves are prevented from being removed; second, young shoots are trimmed. When the lateral young shoots grow to be 20cm in length, throwing and extending the young shoots, and reserving 2-3 large leaves for heavy truncation of competitive young shoots; thirdly, branch drawing in autumn. The opening angle branch drawing is carried out once in 9 and 10 months. The sprout bodies at the treetop opening angle in the period are full and full, the flower is easy to grow, the sprouting rate in the next year is high, and the treetop pulling angle is between 90 and 135 degrees.

d) Tree potential balancing technology: and (3) controlling thick branches on the middle trunk in time, removing lateral branches 1/3-1/4 thick in the middle trunk, and sealing a cut with paint in time, so that the moisture evaporation is reduced, and the survival is promoted.

10. Setting a bracket: on the basis of timely watering to ensure survival, a support is timely set up, steel pipe supports are adopted, 1 support is erected every 12m along the row direction, 3 steel strands or thick iron wires are pulled for each support, two ends of each support are reinforced and tensioned, 1 bamboo pole is erected for each seedling, the bamboo poles are fixed on the drawn wires, and then the seedlings are tied on the bamboo poles to centralize the seedlings and ensure the seedlings to grow vertically.

11. And (3) water and fertilizer management:

and (4) integrating water and fertilizer. The drip tube is adopted to water, the water is effectively saved, the watering depth needs to reach 50cm each time, the fertilizer is applied intensively and uniformly in the range close to the root system of the stem as much as possible, and the soil fertilization or drip irrigation fertilization concentration does not exceed 0.1%. Organic fertilizer is fully added, a tree disc is drilled, the ridge of the tree is covered, grass grows in the row, and the drop irrigation is treated as the same water-saving technical system; covering the tree bed to prevent the temperature and humidity of the root system from changing too much; the grass generation in the orchard among rows is to create a good ecological environment for the tree bodies, and the air humidity of the orchard can be improved and the evaporation capacity of the tree bodies can be reduced in dry weather; drip irrigation not only practices thrift the irrigation water resource that natural evaporation runs off, can also combine with the fertilizer and promote its water retaining function of storing, and the tree dish covers and reduces the evaporation of water, and row's grass reduces the trees body and transpires and scatters, forms real effectual water saving system, can also effectively utilize the rainfall moisturizing simultaneously.

Example 2

The garden is located in the Wehai-wen-Jingxiang fruit and vegetable professional cooperative society in Shandong, the garden is built in 5 months in 2018, the per mu yield of the garden is 2500kg in 2019, and the orchard condition is shown in figure 2.

The specific management method comprises the following steps:

apple dwarf stock tree nursery management

1. Preparing 100kg of seedling branch-increasing and flower-promoting liquid: 3.5kg of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), 4kg of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 0.8kg of forchlorfenuron (KT-30), 0.2kg of compound sodium nitrophenolate, 0.06kg of organosilicon ethoxy modified polytrisiloxane and 91.44kg of tap water are fully dissolved and uniformly mixed for later use.

2. And (3) cultivation and management of enough flower bud branches and big seedlings: culturing large branch seedlings by using hard branches, namely mature buds, in spring, selecting apple short stock seedlings with the height of more than 160cm of the seedlings growing for 2 years, using a branch-increasing and flower-promoting solution diluted by 3-5 times in the last ten days of 4 months (when buds germinate), and coating the parts of more than 60cm on seedlings in a nursery garden to breed large branches and flowers.

Second, apple dwarf stock close planting garden building management

1. Ditching: harrowing the farmland in 12 months, and digging all planting furrows with the width of 1m and the depth of 50cm by an excavator according to the planting distance.

2. Backfilling: rice husks are spread for 3t per mu, organic fertilizer made of mushroom stick leftover materials is 2.5t per mu, and soil layers are not disturbed to backfill.

4. Ridging and ridging: the method comprises the steps of carrying out table ridge cultivation, ridging the tree row by taking the tree as the center, forming a table ridge by about 70cm away from the tree row to form a tree disc with the width of about 1.5m, wherein the ground of the tree disc formed by ridging is obviously higher than the ground between the rows, and the height difference between the two is generally 25 cm.

5. Selecting nursery stocks: selecting M9T337 short and rich seedlings from root stocks of Kawasaki, wherein the height of the seedlings is more than 1.8M, the thickness diameter of the position 10cm above a grafting position is more than 2cm, no less than 10 branches with the growth degree of more than 20cm are attached to the midstem, the root system development is good, the variety is pure, the types of the stocks are consistent, the branches are thick and solid, and the bud eyes are plump, cutting off the roots of pests and the pegs of the stocks at the grafting position in time, and coating the pegs with a sterilizing agent such as copper sulfate.

6. Soaking in clear water: 1 to 2 days before planting, all the seedlings are soaked in clear water to ensure that the seedlings fully absorb water.

7. Planting: the setting of the planting parameters is as follows:

a) planting density: the row spacing is 3.8m, and the plant spacing is 0.66 m.

c) Planting in a grading manner: after grading according to the sizes of the seedlings, the seedlings with the same size are planted in a row, and the neatness of the orchard is improved.

9. Shaping and trimming:

a) dry fixing technology: cutting off buds of tender tips at the tips of the extension branches, keeping full buds as much as possible, and performing high-grade stem fixation. And each row of 95 percent of tree bodies reaches the uniform fixed dry height.

a) Branch promoting technology: the method is characterized in that sufficient branches are directly promoted on a middle trunk, the key to successful spindle board culture is provided, and when buds sprout in spring, a method of smearing branch-increasing and flower-promoting liquid diluted by 1-3 times at a position 10cm away from the tips of the branches is adopted to promote branches.

c) The early fruit technology comprises the following steps: the branches are cut off early by pruning the lateral branch tips of the middle trunk, firstly, the new tips are opened early, and after a large number of branches grow on the middle trunk, the angles can be opened by twisting the tips, so that leaves are prevented from being removed; secondly, pruning the young shoots, throwing and extending the young shoots when the lateral young shoots are 20cm long, and reserving 2-3 large leaves for heavy truncation of competitive young shoots; thirdly, branch drawing in autumn. The opening angle branch drawing is carried out once in 9 and 10 months. The sprout bodies at the treetop opening angle in the period are full and full, the flower is easy to grow, the sprouting rate in the next year is high, and the treetop pulling angle is between 90 and 135 degrees.

d) And (3) tree vigor balancing technology, namely controlling thick branches on the middle trunk in time, removing lateral branches 1/3-1/4 thick on the middle trunk, and sealing a cut with paint in time, so that water evaporation is reduced, and survival is promoted.

10. Setting a bracket: on the basis of timely watering to ensure survival, a support is timely set up, steel pipe supports are adopted, 1 support is erected every 12m along the row direction, 3 steel strands or thick iron wires are pulled for each support, two ends of each support are reinforced and tensioned, 1 bamboo pole is erected in each seedling tree, the bamboo poles are fixed on the drawn wires, and then the seedlings are tied on the bamboo poles to centralize the seedlings and ensure the seedlings to grow vertically.

11. And (3) water and fertilizer management:

Claims

1. The method for promoting the yield increase of the apple in the early stage of dwarf stock close planting cultivation is characterized by comprising the following operations:

1) apple dwarf stock nursery management comprises two parts: a) the seedling branch-increasing and flower-promoting liquid is prepared from the following components in percentage by mass: 3-4% of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA), 4-5% of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 0.5-1% of forchlorfenuron (KT-30), 0.1-0.2% of compound sodium nitrophenolate, 0.05-0.1% of organic silicon ethoxy modified polytriesiloxane and the balance of water, and fully dissolving and uniformly mixing; b) and (3) cultivation and management of enough flower bud branches and big seedlings: culturing large branch seedlings by using hard branches, namely mature buds, in spring, selecting apple short stock seedlings with the height of more than 150cm of the seedlings growing for 2 years, and painting branch-increasing and flower-promoting liquid diluted by 3-5 times on the positions of more than 60cm on the seedlings in a nursery garden in the last ten days of 4 months (when buds germinate), so as to breed large seedlings with multiple branches and flowers;

2) ditching: generally, improved planting ditches with the depth of 40-50 cm and the width of 100-120 cm are formed in autumn and winter, as the root systems of short stocks grow, the root necks are mainly within the range of 50cm, if ridging is performed, the ditching depth is 40cm, and then the ridging height is about 10cm, the depth can reach 50 cm; the implementation of non-barrier ditching deep ploughing is superior to full-garden deep ploughing and hole-digging deep ploughing, soil moisture can be enabled to run along ditches by ditching deep ploughing, soil moisture can be discharged along ditches when waterlogging soil moisture is too much, water can be effectively preserved when the drought occurs, ridge forming platforms can be formed in areas with rainfall of 600-700 mm above and below the annual rainfall and areas with concentrated rainfall in summer, mellow soil can be fully utilized, and planting improvement ditches of 40-50 cm can be directly dug in areas with rainfall below 600 mm;

3) backfilling: backfilling, on the premise of not disturbing a soil layer (namely, the mellow soil is still placed on the top), backfilling by mixing an organic fertilizer into the mellow soil with a certain proportion, collecting straws and weeds as much as possible, crushing and using, preferably a synthetic fermented fertilizer of carbonized rice hulls, barks and organic matters, improving the soil structure and improving the organic matter level, preparing a matrix fertilizer by using the carbonized organic fertilizer is a powerful technology for preventing soil degradation, if straws such as corn with rich resources are utilized, crushing by using a crusher and then using, and mixing decomposed farmyard manure such as sheep manure or purchasing a finished organic fertilizer;

4) pouring water and settling: after ditching and backfilling, watering and compacting, and then planting, wherein ditching, backfilling and sealing are completed before freezing according to time requirements, and watering and compacting are key measures related to the planting survival rate and the planting depth of seedlings;

5) ridging and ridging: performing ridge forming on the tree row by taking the tree as the center, forming a ridge with the distance of about 70-90 cm from the tree row to form a ridge, forming a tree disc with the width of about 1.5-1.8 m (wider than a planting ditch, and better capable of utilizing natural rainfall because of the existence of a ridge back, and the ground of the tree disc formed by ridge forming is obviously higher than the ground between the rows, and the difference of the heights of the two is generally about 10-30 cm;

6) selecting nursery stocks: selecting dwarf stock seedlings with the height of more than 1.8m, the thickness diameter of 10cm above the grafting part of more than 2cm, not less than 10 branches with the growth degree of more than 20cm on a stem, good root system development, pure variety, consistent type of the stock, thick and full branches and plump bud eyes, timely cutting off the root system of the disease insect and the stock stem peg at the grafting interface, and smearing with a sterilizing agent such as copper sulfate;

7) soaking in clear water: before planting, putting the seedlings in bundles into clear water of reservoirs, wells, ponds and the like, or temporarily building the ponds in fields according to local conditions, digging out pits according to the quantity of the seedlings, paving a plastic film in the pits to prevent water seepage, completely soaking the seedlings in the pits for 2-3 days after filling water, and then planting, wherein the soaking in the clear water is an effective measure for adjusting and recovering the physiological function of the seedlings and promoting germination, and the soaking in the clear water can fully absorb water to ensure the vitality of the seedlings;

8) planting: local apple germination spring planting is taken as a main part in production, the temporary planting nursery stocks take the bud germination as the optimal planting period, the determination of the planting period must be made according to local conditions, and the temperature condition in local winter is mainly considered by the comprehensive survey of the production conditions of national apple cultivation areas, the temperature in winter in most northern apple cultivation areas is below zero, and the safe overwintering of the nursery stocks is facilitated by planting for 4-5 months; the planting survival rate in autumn is the best when the temperature is above zero ℃ in winter, and the planting is preferably carried out in the middle ten days of 11 months;

9) shaping and trimming:

a) dry fixing technology: cutting off buds at the tip of the extension branch, keeping full buds as much as possible, performing high-grade drying, enabling 95% of tree bodies in each row to reach the uniform fixed-dry height, and after drying, timely smearing paint (lark oil) or white paint (lime sulfur mixture or concentrated boldo liquid plus grease) at the cut to reduce water dispersion and wound germ invasion;

b) branch promoting technology: the method is characterized in that sufficient branches are directly promoted on a middle trunk, the key is whether spindle cultivation can be successful, and when buds germinate in spring, a method of smearing 1-5 times diluted branch-increasing and flower-promoting liquid downwards at a position 5-10 cm away from the tips of the branches is adopted to promote branches;

c) the early fruit technology comprises the following steps: the branches are cut off early by pruning the lateral branch tips of the middle trunk, firstly, the new tips are opened early, and after a large number of branches grow on the middle trunk, the angles can be opened by twisting the tips, so that leaves are prevented from being removed; secondly, pruning the young shoots, namely throwing and releasing to prolong the young shoots when the lateral young shoots are 20-30 cm long, and reserving 2-3 large-leaf extremely-heavy short cuts for competing young shoots; thirdly, in autumn branch drawing, one-time angle opening branch drawing is carried out in 9 and 10 months, the branch drawing and angle opening bud bodies are full and full at this stage, the flower formation is easy, the germination rate in the next year is high, and the branch drawing angle is 90-135 degrees;

d) tree potential balancing technology: controlling thick branches on the middle trunk in time, removing lateral branches 1/4-1/3 thick in the middle trunk, and sealing a cut with paint in time, so that water evaporation is reduced, and survival is promoted;

10) setting a bracket: on the basis of timely watering to ensure survival, a support is timely set up, steel pipes or cement struts are adopted, 1 strut is erected every 12-15 m along the row direction, 3 steel strands or thick iron wires are pulled for each support, two ends of each support are reinforced and tensioned, 1 bamboo pole is erected for each seedling, the bamboo poles are fixed on the iron wires, and then the seedlings are bound on the bamboo poles to centralize the seedlings and ensure the seedlings to grow vertically;

11) and (3) water and fertilizer management: the water and fertilizer integration is realized, the drip tube is adopted for watering, the water is effectively saved, the watering depth needs to reach 50cm each time, and the water consumption per mu is generally 6m³Left and right at 5-7 m³Preferably, the above-mentioned ingredients are mixed; the fertilizer is applied intensively and uniformly in the range close to the root system of the stem, and the soil fertilization or drip irrigation fertilization concentration is not more than 0.1 percent; organic fertilizer is fully added, a tree disc is drilled, the ridge of the tree is covered, grass grows in the row, and the drop irrigation is treated as the same water-saving technical system; covering the tree bed to prevent the temperature and humidity of the root system from changing too much; grass is grown in the row of the orchard, so that a good ecological environment is created for the tree body, and the air humidity of the orchard can be improved and the evaporation capacity of the tree body can be reduced in dry weather; drip irrigation not only practices thrift the irrigation water resource that natural evaporation runs off, can also combine with the fertilizer and promote its water retaining function of storing, and the tree dish covers and reduces the evaporation of water, and row's grass reduces the trees body and transpires and scatters, forms real effectual water saving system, can also effectively utilize the rainfall moisturizing simultaneously.

2. The method for promoting the yield increase in the early stage of apple dwarf rootstock close planting cultivation according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises the following steps: the setting of the planting parameters is as follows: a) planting density: carrying out wide-row field planting, wherein the row spacing is larger than the plant spacing, the row spacing is 3.5-4.0 m, the plant spacing is 1.2-1.5 m from a root stock long-branch type variety, the short-branch type variety is 0.6-0.9 m, and the main planting variety and the pollination variety can be 4-5: 1, planting in rows in proportion; b) planting depth: the length (ground distance from a grafting opening) of the stocks on the ground among the plants is required to be consistent, the height is about 10-15 cm, and the condition that the scions (varieties) partially take roots due to too deep planting and the dwarfing effect is lost is avoided; c) planting in a grading manner: after the seedlings are classified according to the height, the seedlings with the same size are planted in a row, and the neatness of the orchard is improved.