CN111837786B - Cultivation method of multi-variety camellia oleifera - Google Patents
Cultivation method of multi-variety camellia oleifera Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01C—PLANTING; SOWING; FERTILISING
- A01C21/00—Methods of fertilising, sowing or planting
- A01C21/005—Following a specific plan, e.g. pattern
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/10—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing inorganic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/22—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing plant material
- A01G24/27—Pulp, e.g. bagasse
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G24/00—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor
- A01G24/20—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material
- A01G24/28—Growth substrates; Culture media; Apparatus or methods therefor based on or containing natural organic material containing peat, moss or sphagnum
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
- A01H1/00—Processes for modifying genotypes ; Plants characterised by associated natural traits
- A01H1/02—Methods or apparatus for hybridisation; Artificial pollination ; Fertility
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- C05F17/00—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation
- C05F17/20—Preparation of fertilisers characterised by biological or biochemical treatment steps, e.g. composting or fermentation using specific microorganisms or substances, e.g. enzymes, for activating or stimulating the treatment
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- C05G3/00—Mixtures of one or more fertilisers with additives not having a specially fertilising activity
- C05G3/80—Soil conditioners
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05G—MIXTURES OF FERTILISERS COVERED INDIVIDUALLY BY DIFFERENT SUBCLASSES OF CLASS C05; MIXTURES OF ONE OR MORE FERTILISERS WITH MATERIALS NOT HAVING A SPECIFIC FERTILISING ACTIVITY, e.g. PESTICIDES, SOIL-CONDITIONERS, WETTING AGENTS; FERTILISERS CHARACTERISED BY THEIR FORM
- C05G5/00—Fertilisers characterised by their form
- C05G5/40—Fertilisers incorporated into a matrix
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- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
- Y02A40/10—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in agriculture
- Y02A40/22—Improving land use; Improving water use or availability; Controlling erosion
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
- Y02W30/40—Bio-organic fraction processing; Production of fertilisers from the organic fraction of waste or refuse
Abstract
The invention discloses a method for cultivating various camellia oleifera, which comprises the following steps: (1) selecting mature oil tea fruits with good quality, and screening out proper seeds; (2) building a seedling bed on a seedling field, wherein the seedling bed is underlaid by stones or coarse sand; pretreating a seedling culture substrate, then placing the seedling culture substrate into a non-woven fabric seedling culture device, and placing the non-woven fabric seedling culture device into a seedling culture bed; sterilizing the seedling substrate one day before seedling culture; punching and seeding on a non-woven seedling raising device, and watering thoroughly after seeding; managing according to a conventional method in the seedling raising process; (3) selecting a suitable planting afforestation site, removing weeds, digging planting holes, and arranging a windproof forest belt, an operation way and a water and soil conservation project; (4) selecting normal and healthy nursery stocks for transplanting and field planting, and watering each nursery stock thoroughly after field planting; (5) carrying out management in aspects of shaping, trimming, weeding, fertilizing, pest control and the like; (6) the method comprises the steps of collecting different varieties of camellia oleifera pollen, mixing, and spraying by using a sprayer or an unmanned aerial vehicle in the full-bloom stage.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of planting of economic forests, and particularly relates to a method for cultivating a plurality of varieties of oil tea.
Background
The camellia oleifera is a general name of a tree species which has high oil content in seeds and a certain cultivation and management area in camellia plants, and is one of four woody oil plants in the world. The main product of the tea oil is tea oil, the content of unsaturated fatty acid in the tea oil exceeds 80 percent, and the tea oil has the reputation of 'east olive oil'. The currently discovered camellia plants have 238 kinds, and the oil content of seeds is higher and is more than 50. Different oil tea has different growth habits, and in the existing oil tea planting method, due to the self limitation, the seedling survival rate, the transplanting survival rate, the fruit bearing rate, the oil yield and the like of some oil tea varieties are not ideal, so that the popularization and the application of the oil tea are greatly influenced.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a systematic cultivation method of various camellia oleifera aiming at the defects of the prior art, and the method can improve the survival rate of the cultivation of different varieties of camellia oleifera and simultaneously improve the planting quality of the camellia oleifera aiming at the nutritional requirements of the camellia oleifera at different times.
The scheme of the invention is realized by the following steps:
a cultivation method of a plurality of varieties of oil tea trees comprises the following steps:
step one, seed selection: selecting mature oil tea fruits with the fresh fruit seed yield of more than 50% and the single fruit weight of more than 15g, removing oil tea fruit shells, collecting oil tea seeds, screening the collected oil tea seeds, and screening full seeds as oil tea sowing seeds;
step two, seedling raising: selecting a seedling raising field, and building an open-air seedling raising bed on the seedling raising field, wherein the length and the width of the seedling raising bed are 10-20 m multiplied by 1-1.2 m, and the seedling raising bed is underlaid by stones or coarse sand; pretreating a seedling culture substrate, then placing the seedling culture substrate into a non-woven fabric seedling culture device, and tightly placing the seedling culture substrate into a seedling culture bed; sterilizing a seedling substrate by using potassium permanganate with the volume concentration of 0.3 percent one day before seedling culture; punching holes on a non-woven fabric seedling raising device, directly sowing the camellia oleifera sowing seeds with the hilum facing downwards in the holes, covering a seedling raising substrate to enable the seeds to be tightly combined with the seedling raising substrate, and watering the seedling raising substrate thoroughly after sowing is finished to enable the water content of the seedling raising substrate to reach 100%; managing moisture, illumination, root systems, weeds and plant diseases and insect pests according to a conventional method in the seedling raising process;
step three, selecting and processing a forestation land: selecting acid to slightly acid soil with the elevation of below 600m, the gradient of below 35 degrees, the relative height of below 200m, the deep soil and the pH value of 4.5-6.5, removing weeds, digging planting holes, and setting a windbreak forest belt, an operation way and a water and soil conservation project;
transplanting: transplanting in winter and spring or in rainy season, selecting nursery stocks with the height of 25-30 cm, normal growth, no plant diseases and insect pests, consistent tree shape and consistent flowering phase for transplanting, trimming 60% leaves of the planted nursery stocks before planting, soaking the roots of the nursery stocks by using a rooting agent, sequentially placing the roots of the corresponding nursery stocks into corresponding planting holes to be planted according to the arrangement mode of 1 main planted nursery stock variety and 5 pollinated nursery stock varieties for interplanting, planting according to the mode of 1 nursery stock/hole, backfilling soil planed out from the planting holes to the original holes after the nursery stocks are straightened, wherein the backfilled soil is required to be finely crushed, treading the soil after backfilling to enable upper-layer soil carried during seedling culture to be flush with the ground, and watering each planted plant thoroughly;
step five, daily management:
(1) shaping and trimming: carrying out proper trimming in winter or early spring every year to ensure that the crown develops uniformly to form an open heart type and a round head type; pruning dead branches, insect-plague branches, parasitic branches, cross branches, thin and weak bore branches, foot branches and overgrown branches from the beginning of spring shoots after picking fruits every year to the next year, and carrying out heavy pruning in the year and light pruning in the next year; pruning in winter every 5 years, and retracting once with high strength;
(2) engraving: after the shape of the oil tea grows well, cutting the tree trunk to promote the conversion of the oil tea from vegetative growth to reproductive growth;
(3) weeding: when seedlings are planted, pasture or green manure with the height of less than 50cm is planted in the zone, and malignant weeds are manually removed; after the forest is formed, shoveling grass once before fruit picking every year, wherein the depth is 10-15 cm; the cultivation is carried out once every 2 to 3 years in autumn and winter, and the depth is 20 to 25 cm;
(4) fertilizing: after 3 months of field planting, additionally applying 20-25 g of nitrogen fertilizer within a range of 20-30 cm away from the root of the plant, and additionally applying a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer on the dripping line of the plant in 2 and 3 months and 4-5 months, wherein the fertilizer is gradually increased by 40-60 g every time; applying a long-acting slow release fertilizer before and after picking fruits, and applying 0.5-1.0 kg of formula fertilizer to each plant each time;
(5) and (3) pest control: hanging wasp honeycombs artificially cultured in 50 mu of oil-tea camellia forest;
step six, pollination: collecting and mixing the camellia oleifera pollen of the interplanting variety, and spraying and pollinating by using a sprayer or an unmanned aerial vehicle in the full-bloom period.
As a further explanation of the invention, in the second seedling raising step, the seedling raising substrate comprises 40-60 parts of bagasse, 20-40 parts of yellow core soil, 10-30 parts of peat soil and 20-40 parts of fulvic acid, and the pretreatment method of the seedling raising substrate comprises the following steps: adding 40-60 parts of bagasse, 20-40 parts of yellow core soil, 10-30 parts of peat soil and 20-40 parts of fulvic acid into a stirrer, and uniformly stirring and mixing to obtain a mixed material; placing the viable bacteria agent into clear water for soaking and diluting to obtain diluted bacteria liquid; adding the mixed material into diluted bacteria liquid, uniformly mixing, compacting the material, finally covering the outer layer of the material with plastic cloth, sealing the material, composting, stirring and turning over the compost material once every 3-4 days, and composting for a certain number of days to obtain a compost substrate; adding the retted fertilizer substrate into a mold, and performing integral hot press molding at the temperature of 90-100 ℃ to form a semi-carbonized film wall on the outer layer of the seedling substrate to obtain the seedling substrate.
As a further illustration of the invention, in the selection and treatment of the third-step forestation land, the soil comprises yellow soil, red soil, yellow brown soil and red-red soil, and the texture is from medium soil to sticky soil.
As a further explanation of the invention, in the selection and treatment of the forestation land in the third step, planting holes are dug according to the row spacing of 2-3 m multiplied by 4-5 m, the width of the planting holes is 50-60 cm, and the depth of the planting holes is 60-80 cm.
As a further description of the invention, in the selection and treatment of the third forestation step, a base fertilizer is applied to the planting holes, and in the specific process of applying the base fertilizer, 40-60 parts of the base fertilizer and 40-60 parts of finely-crushed soil dug out of the planting holes are uniformly mixed, then the mixture is filled into the planting holes and compacted, and then a layer of soil with the thickness of 6-10 cm is covered.
As a further explanation of the invention, the seedling varieties in the fourth step comprise Yilin oil tea, Yilu oil tea and Yidan oil tea. The Yilin oil tea, the Yilu oil tea and the Yidan oil tea are clones bred from the Camellia oleifera, are new species of Guangxi oil tea discovered in recent years, and currently, new species or identified as improved species are applied to or belong to the Camellia osmantha, Camellia. The growth habits of the three kinds of oil tea are similar, and the three kinds of oil tea have the characteristics of rapid growth, high yield, stable yield, excellent oil quality, strong adaptability and the like.
As a further description of the invention, the viable bacteria agent is one or more than two of BTEM viable bacteria agent, HM bacteria, CM bacteria decay promoting agent and ferment bacteria. The composting time can be shortened by adding the microbial inoculum into the seedling culture substrate.
As a further illustration of the invention, the rooting agent is a rooting agent product sold in the market.
The invention has the following good effects:
1. according to the method, systematic management is performed in the cultivation process of multiple camellia oleifera varieties, reasonable cultivation management can be performed according to different camellia oleifera growth time, and the method has a great reference significance for large-scale planting of different camellia oleifera varieties.
2. The seedling substrate adopted in the invention is used for composting and semi-carbonization, so that the distribution conditions of ventilation, moisture and nutrient substances of the seedling substrate can be better adjusted, the nutrient requirement in the seedling process is met, the survival rate of the seedling substrate is improved, and the management work in the seedling period can be reduced.
3. The seedbed matrix adopts substances which are easily obtained in the nature, can reduce the seedling raising cost, is nontoxic and harmless, and can reduce the environmental pollution in the seedling raising process.
4. According to the method, 1 main cultivar and 5 pollinated cultivars are subjected to configuration planting in the transplanting and planting process, the growth processes of the main cultivar and the pollinated cultivars are basically consistent, the pollen density can be improved in the flowering phase, and the pollination probability can be improved and the fruit bearing rate can be improved by spraying and pollinating with a sprayer or an unmanned aerial vehicle in the full-bloom phase.
5. The shaping and pruning are carried out according to different growth periods of the oil tea, and different types of fertilizers and use amounts are applied, so that the growth and development of the oil tea in different periods are facilitated.
6. The method can promote the transformation of the camellia oleifera from vegetative growth to reproductive growth and improve the flower bud differentiation rate.
7. The artificial wasp breeding is adopted to prevent and control the plant diseases and insect pests, and the pollution to the environment caused by using chemical insecticides can be avoided.
Detailed Description
The cultivation method of a multi-variety camellia oleifera is described in the following with reference to the examples, which do not further limit the content of the invention.
Example 1:
the cultivation method of the Yilin oil tea and the Yidan oil tea in the embodiment comprises the following steps of:
step one, seed selection: selecting mature oil tea fruits with the fresh fruit seed yield of more than 50% and the single fruit weight of more than 15g, removing oil tea fruit shells, collecting oil tea seeds, screening the collected oil tea seeds, and screening full seeds as oil tea sowing seeds;
step two, seedling raising: selecting a seedling raising field, and building an open-air seedling raising bed on the seedling raising field, wherein the length and the width of the seedling raising bed are 10m multiplied by 1m, and the seedling raising bed is underlaid by pebbles or coarse sand; pretreating a seedling culture substrate, then placing the seedling culture substrate into a non-woven fabric seedling culture device, and tightly placing the seedling culture substrate into a seedling culture bed; sterilizing a seedling substrate by using potassium permanganate with the volume concentration of 0.3 percent one day before seedling culture; punching holes in a non-woven fabric seedling raising device, directly sowing the camellia oleifera seed with the hilum facing downwards in the holes, covering a seedling raising substrate to enable the seeds to be tightly combined with the seedling raising substrate, and watering the seedling raising substrate thoroughly after sowing is finished to enable the water content of the seedling raising substrate to reach 100%; managing moisture, illumination, root systems, weeds and plant diseases and insect pests according to a conventional method in the seedling raising process;
step three, selecting and processing a forestation land: selecting yellow soil with the elevation of below 600m, the gradient of below 35 degrees, the relative height of below 200m, the deep soil and the pH value of 4.5-6.5, removing weeds, digging planting holes with the width of 50cm and the depth of 60cm according to the plant-row spacing of 2m multiplied by 4m, and setting a windproof forest belt, an operation way and a water and soil conservation project;
transplanting: transplanting in winter and spring or in rainy season, selecting nursery stocks with the height of 25cm, normal growth, no plant diseases and insect pests, consistent tree forms and consistent flowering phase for transplanting, sequentially placing the roots of the corresponding nursery stocks into corresponding planting holes to be planted for interplanting according to the arrangement mode of 1 camellia nursery stock and 5 camellia stocks for pollination of Yidan camellia in main planting, planting according to the mode of 1 camellia/hole, backfilling soil planed from the planting holes to the original holes after the nursery stocks are righted, wherein the backfilled soil is required to be finely crushed, treading the soil after backfilling to enable upper-layer soil carried during seedling cultivation to be flush with the ground, and watering each nursery stock after planting to be permeable;
step five, daily management:
(1) shaping and trimming: carrying out proper trimming in winter or early spring every year to ensure that the crown develops uniformly to form an open heart type and a round head type; pruning dead branches, insect-pest branches, parasitic branches, cross branches, thin and weak bore branches, foot branches and overgrown branches after picking fruits every year and before sap flows in the next year, and carrying out heavy pruning in the year and light pruning in the next year; pruning in winter every 5 years, and retracting once with high strength;
(2) engraving: after the shape of the oil tea grows well, cutting the tree trunk to promote the conversion of the oil tea from vegetative growth to reproductive growth;
(3) weeding: when seedlings are planted, pasture or green manure with the height of less than 50cm is planted in the zone, and malignant weeds are manually removed; after the forest is formed, spading grass once before fruit picking every year, wherein the depth is 10 cm; the cultivation is carried out once every 2 years in autumn and winter, and the depth is 20 cm;
(4) fertilizing: after 3 months of field planting, additionally applying 20g of nitrogen fertilizer within a range of 20cm away from the root of the plant, and additionally applying a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer on the dripping line of the plant in 2 and 3 months and 4-5 months, wherein the fertilizer application amount is increased by 40g each time; applying long-acting slow release fertilizer before and after picking fruits, and applying 0.5kg of formula fertilizer to each plant each time;
(5) and (3) pest control: hanging wasp honeycombs artificially cultured in 50 mu of oil-tea camellia forest;
step six, pollination: collecting and mixing the camellia oleifera and the camellia oleifera pollen, and spraying and pollinating by using a sprayer in the full-bloom stage;
the seedling substrate comprises 40 parts of bagasse, 20 parts of yellow core soil, 10 parts of peat soil and 20 parts of fulvic acid, and the pretreatment method of the seedling substrate comprises the following steps: adding 40 parts of bagasse, 20 parts of yellow core soil, 10 parts of peat soil and 20 parts of fulvic acid into a stirrer, and uniformly stirring and mixing to obtain a mixed material; placing the viable bacteria agent into clear water for soaking and diluting to obtain diluted bacteria liquid; adding the mixed material into diluted bacterial liquid, uniformly mixing, compacting the material, finally covering a plastic cloth on the outer layer of the material, sealing the material, composting, stirring and turning over the compost material once every 3 days, and composting for a certain number of days to obtain a compost matrix; adding the retted fertilizer matrix into a mould, and performing integral hot press molding at the temperature of 90 ℃ to form a semi-carbonized film wall on the outer layer of the seedling matrix to obtain the seedling matrix.
Example 2:
the cultivation method of Yilin oil tea and Yilu oil tea in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
step one, seed selection: selecting mature oil tea fruits with the fresh fruit seed yield of more than 50% and the single fruit weight of more than 15g, removing oil tea fruit shells, collecting oil tea seeds, screening the collected oil tea seeds, and screening full seeds as oil tea sowing seeds;
step two, seedling raising: selecting a seedling raising field, and building an open-air seedling raising bed on the seedling raising field, wherein the length and the width of the seedling raising bed are 20m multiplied by 1.2m, and the seedling raising bed is underlaid by pebbles or coarse sand; pretreating a seedling culture substrate, then placing the seedling culture substrate into a non-woven fabric seedling culture device, and tightly placing the seedling culture substrate into a seedling culture bed; sterilizing a seedling substrate by using potassium permanganate with the volume concentration of 0.3 percent one day before seedling culture; punching holes on a non-woven fabric seedling raising device, directly sowing the camellia oleifera sowing seeds with the hilum facing downwards in the holes, covering a seedling raising substrate to enable the seeds to be tightly combined with the seedling raising substrate, and watering the seedling raising substrate thoroughly after sowing is finished to enable the water content of the seedling raising substrate to reach 100%; managing moisture, illumination, root systems, weeds and plant diseases and insect pests according to a conventional method in the seedling raising process;
step three, selecting and processing a forestation land: selecting red soil with the altitude of below 600m, the gradient of below 35 degrees, the relative height of below 200m, the deep soil and the pH value of 5.0-5.5, removing weeds, digging planting holes according to the plant row spacing of 3m multiplied by 5m, wherein the width of the planting holes is 60cm, the depth of the planting holes is 80cm, and arranging a windproof forest belt, an operation way and a water and soil conservation project;
transplanting: transplanting in winter and spring or in rainy season, selecting nursery stocks with the height of 30cm, normal growth, no plant diseases and insect pests, consistent tree forms and consistent flowering season, sequentially placing the roots of the corresponding nursery stocks into corresponding planting holes to be planted for interplanting according to the arrangement mode of 1 camellia oleifera nursery stock planted in the Yi-forest and 5 camellia oleifera stock planted in Yi-forest pollination, planting in a mode of 1 camellia oleifera stock/hole, backfilling soil planed out of the planting holes to the original holes after the nursery stocks are righted, wherein the backfilled soil is required to be finely crushed, treading the soil after backfilling to enable upper-layer soil carried during seedling culture to be flush with the ground, and watering each nursery stock after planting to be permeable;
step five, daily management:
(1) shaping and trimming: carrying out proper trimming in winter or early spring every year to ensure that the crown develops uniformly to form an open heart type and a round head type; pruning dead branches, insect-pest branches, parasitic branches, cross branches, thin and weak bore branches, foot branches and overgrown branches after picking fruits every year and before sap flows in the next year, and carrying out heavy pruning in the year and light pruning in the next year; pruning in winter every 5 years, and retracting once with high strength;
(2) engraving: after the shape of the oil tea grows well, cutting the tree trunk to promote the conversion of the oil tea from vegetative growth to reproductive growth;
(3) weeding: when seedlings are planted, pasture or green manure with the height of less than 50cm is planted in the zone, and malignant weeds are manually removed; after the forest is formed, shoveling grass once before fruit picking every year, wherein the depth is 15 cm; cultivating and recovering once every 3 years in autumn and winter, wherein the depth is 25 cm;
(4) fertilizing: after 3 months of field planting, additionally applying 25g of nitrogen fertilizer within a range of 30cm away from the root of the plant, and additionally applying a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer on the dripping line of the plant in 2 and 3 months and 4-5 months, wherein the amount of the fertilizer applied is increased by 60g each time; applying long-acting slow release fertilizer before and after picking fruits, and applying 1.0kg of formula fertilizer to each plant each time;
(5) and (3) pest control: hanging wasp honeycombs artificially cultured in 50 mu of oil-tea camellia forest;
step six, pollination: collecting and mixing Yilin camellia oleifera and Yilu camellia oleifera pollen, and spraying and pollinating by using an unmanned aerial vehicle in the full-bloom period;
the seedling substrate comprises 60 parts of bagasse, 40 parts of yellow core soil, 30 parts of peat soil and 40 parts of fulvic acid, and the pretreatment method of the seedling substrate comprises the following steps: adding 60 parts of bagasse, 40 parts of yellow core soil, 30 parts of peat soil and 40 parts of fulvic acid into a stirrer, and uniformly stirring and mixing to obtain a mixed material; placing the viable bacteria agent into clear water for soaking and diluting to obtain diluted bacteria liquid; adding the mixed material into diluted bacteria liquid, uniformly mixing, compacting the material, finally covering a plastic cloth on the outer layer of the material to seal the material for composting, stirring and turning the compost material once every 4 days, and obtaining a compost matrix after composting for a certain number of days; adding the retted fertilizer matrix into a mould, and then carrying out integral hot-press forming at the temperature of 100 ℃ to form a semi-carbonized film wall on the outer layer of the seedling matrix to obtain the seedling matrix.
Example 3:
the cultivation method of Yilu tea-oil trees and Yilin tea-oil trees in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
step one, seed selection: selecting mature oil tea fruits with the fresh fruit seed yield of more than 50% and the single fruit weight of more than 15g, removing oil tea fruit shells, collecting oil tea seeds, screening the collected oil tea seeds, and screening full seeds as oil tea sowing seeds;
step two, seedling raising: selecting a seedling raising field, and building an open-air seedling raising bed on the seedling raising field, wherein the length and the width of the seedling raising bed are 15m multiplied by 1.1m, and the seedling raising bed is underlaid by pebbles or coarse sand; pretreating a seedling culture substrate, then placing the seedling culture substrate into a non-woven fabric seedling culture device, and tightly placing the seedling culture substrate into a seedling culture bed; sterilizing a seedling substrate by using potassium permanganate with the volume concentration of 0.3 percent one day before seedling culture; punching holes on a non-woven fabric seedling raising device, directly sowing the camellia oleifera sowing seeds with the hilum facing downwards in the holes, covering a seedling raising substrate to enable the seeds to be tightly combined with the seedling raising substrate, and after sowing, watering the seedling raising substrate thoroughly to enable the water content of the seedling raising substrate to reach 100%; managing moisture, illumination, root systems, weeds and plant diseases and insect pests according to a conventional method in the seedling raising process;
step three, selecting and processing a forestation land: selecting yellow brown soil with the elevation of below 600m, the gradient of below 35 degrees, the relative height of below 200m, the deep soil and the pH value of 5.5-6.5, removing weeds, digging planting holes according to the plant row spacing of 2.5m multiplied by 4.5m, wherein the width of the planting holes is 55cm, the depth of the planting holes is 70cm, and arranging a windbreak forest belt, an operation way and a water and soil conservation project;
transplanting: transplanting in winter and spring or in rainy season, selecting nursery stocks with the height of 28cm, normal growth, no plant diseases and insect pests, consistent tree forms and consistent flowering season, sequentially placing the roots of the corresponding nursery stocks into corresponding planting holes to be planted for interplanting according to the arrangement mode of mainly planting 1 Yilu camellia oleifera nursery stocks and 5 Yilu pollinating camellia oleifera stocks, planting according to the mode of 1 nursery stock/hole, backfilling soil planed out from the planting holes to the original holes after the nursery stocks are righted, wherein the backfilled soil is required to be finely crushed, treading the soil after backfilling to enable upper-layer soil carried during seedling culture to be flush with the ground, and watering each nursery stock after planting to be permeable;
step five, daily management:
(1) shaping and trimming: carrying out proper trimming in winter or early spring every year to ensure that the crown develops uniformly to form an open heart type and a round head type; pruning dead branches, insect-pest branches, parasitic branches, cross branches, thin and weak bore branches, foot branches and overgrown branches after picking fruits every year and before sap flows in the next year, and carrying out heavy pruning in the year and light pruning in the next year; pruning in winter every 5 years, and retracting once with high strength;
(2) engraving: after the shape of the oil tea grows well, cutting the tree trunk to promote the conversion of the oil tea from vegetative growth to reproductive growth;
(3) weeding: when seedlings are planted, pasture or green manure with the height of less than 50cm is planted in the zone, and malignant weeds are manually removed; after the forest is formed, shoveling grass once before fruit picking every year, wherein the depth is 12 cm; cultivating and recovering once every 2.5 years in autumn and winter, wherein the depth is 23 cm;
(4) fertilizing: after 3 months of field planting, additionally applying 22g of nitrogen fertilizer within a range of 25cm away from the root of the plant, and additionally applying a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer on the dripping line of the plant in 2 and 3 months and 4-5 months, wherein the fertilizer application amount is increased by 50g each time; applying long-acting slow release fertilizer before and after picking fruits, and applying 0.6kg of formula fertilizer to each plant each time;
(5) and (3) pest control: hanging wasp honeycombs artificially cultured in 50 mu of oil-tea camellia forest;
step six, pollination: collecting and mixing Yilu camellia oleifera and Yilin camellia oleifera pollen, and spraying and pollinating by using a sprayer in the full-bloom stage;
the seedling raising substrate comprises 50 parts of bagasse, 30 parts of yellow core soil, 20 parts of peat soil and 30 parts of fulvic acid, and the pretreatment method of the seedling raising substrate comprises the following steps: adding 50 parts of bagasse, 30 parts of yellow core soil, 20 parts of peat soil and 30 parts of fulvic acid into a stirrer, and uniformly stirring and mixing to obtain a mixed material; placing the viable bacteria agent into clear water for soaking and diluting to obtain diluted bacteria liquid; adding the mixed material into diluted bacteria liquid, uniformly mixing, compacting the material, finally covering a plastic cloth on the outer layer of the material to seal the material for composting, stirring and turning the compost material once every 3.5 days, and obtaining a compost substrate after composting for a certain number of days; adding the retted fertilizer matrix into a mould, and performing integral hot press molding at the temperature of 95 ℃ to form a semi-carbonized film wall on the outer layer of the seedling matrix to obtain the seedling matrix.
Example 4:
the cultivation method of Yilu oil tea and Yidan oil tea in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
the method comprises the following steps: selecting mature oil tea fruits with the fresh fruit seed yield of more than 50% and the single fruit weight of more than 15g, removing oil tea fruit shells, collecting oil tea seeds, screening the collected oil tea seeds, and screening full seeds as oil tea sowing seeds;
step two, seedling raising: selecting a seedling raising field, and building an open-air seedling raising bed on the seedling raising field, wherein the length and the width of the seedling raising bed are 18m multiplied by 1m, and the seedling raising bed is underlaid by pebbles or coarse sand; pretreating a seedling culture substrate, then placing the seedling culture substrate into a non-woven fabric seedling culture device, and tightly placing the seedling culture substrate into a seedling culture bed; sterilizing a seedling substrate by using potassium permanganate with the volume concentration of 0.3 percent one day before seedling culture; punching holes on a non-woven fabric seedling raising device, directly sowing the camellia oleifera sowing seeds with the hilum facing downwards in the holes, covering a seedling raising substrate to enable the seeds to be tightly combined with the seedling raising substrate, and after sowing, watering the seedling raising substrate thoroughly to enable the water content of the seedling raising substrate to reach 100%; managing moisture, illumination, root systems, weeds and plant diseases and insect pests according to a conventional method in the seedling raising process;
step three, selecting and processing a forestation land: selecting red and red soil with the altitude of below 600m, the gradient of below 35 degrees, the relative height of below 200m and the deep soil and the pH value of 5.0-5.5, removing weeds, digging planting holes according to the plant row spacing of 3m multiplied by 4m, wherein the width of the planting holes is 60cm, the depth of the planting holes is 70cm, applying a base fertilizer into the planting holes, uniformly mixing 50 parts of the base fertilizer and 50 parts of finely crushed soil dug out of the planting holes in the specific process of applying the base fertilizer, filling the mixture into the planting holes for compaction, covering a layer of soil with the thickness of 10cm, and setting a windproof forest belt, a working channel and a water and soil conservation project;
transplanting: transplanting in winter and spring or in rainy season, selecting nursery stocks with the height of 28cm, normal growth, no plant diseases and insect pests, consistent tree forms and consistent flowering season, sequentially placing the roots of the corresponding nursery stocks into corresponding planting holes to be planted for interplanting according to the arrangement mode of 1 Yilu camellia nursery stocks and 5 Yidan pollinated camellia nursery stocks, planting according to the mode of 1 camellia/hole, backfilling soil planed out from the planting holes to the original holes after the nursery stocks are righted, and backfilling the soil to ensure that the upper soil carried during seedling culture is flush with the ground, and watering each planted seedling thoroughly;
step five, daily management:
(1) shaping and trimming: carrying out proper trimming in winter or early spring every year to ensure that the crown develops uniformly to form an open heart type and a round head type; pruning dead branches, insect-pest branches, parasitic branches, cross branches, thin and weak bore branches, foot branches and overgrown branches after picking fruits every year and before sap flows in the next year, and carrying out heavy pruning in the year and light pruning in the next year; pruning in winter every 5 years, and retracting once with high strength;
(2) engraving: after the shape of the oil tea grows well, cutting the tree trunk to promote the conversion of the oil tea from vegetative growth to reproductive growth;
(3) weeding: when seedlings are planted, pasture or green manure with the height of less than 50cm is planted in the strip, and malignant weeds are removed manually; after the forest is formed, shoveling grass once before fruit picking every year, wherein the depth is 11 cm; the cultivation is carried out once every 2 years in autumn and winter, and the depth is 23 cm;
(4) fertilizing: topdressing 22g of nitrogen fertilizer within 28cm of the root of the plant after 3 months of field planting, topdressing a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer on a water dripping line of the plant in 2 and 3 months and 4-5 months, and gradually increasing the fertilizer by 45g every time; applying long-acting slow release fertilizer before and after picking fruits, and applying 0.8kg of formula fertilizer to each plant each time;
(5) and (3) pest control: hanging wasp honeycombs artificially cultured in 50 mu of oil-tea camellia forest;
step six, pollination: collecting and mixing Yilusasanqua and Yidan sasanqua pollen, and spraying and pollinating by using an unmanned aerial vehicle in the full-bloom period;
the seedling substrate comprises 56 parts of bagasse, 35 parts of yellow core soil, 28 parts of peat soil and 20 parts of fulvic acid, and the pretreatment method of the seedling substrate comprises the following steps: adding 56 parts of bagasse, 35 parts of yellow core soil, 28 parts of peat soil and 20 parts of fulvic acid into a stirrer, and uniformly stirring and mixing to obtain a mixed material; placing the viable bacteria agent into clear water for soaking and diluting to obtain diluted bacteria liquid; adding the mixed material into diluted bacteria liquid, uniformly mixing, compacting the material, finally covering a plastic cloth on the outer layer of the material to seal the material for composting, stirring and turning the compost material once every 4 days, and obtaining a compost matrix after composting for a certain number of days; adding the retted fertilizer matrix into a mould, and performing integral hot press molding at the temperature of 90 ℃ to form a semi-carbonized film wall on the outer layer of the seedling matrix to obtain the seedling matrix.
Example 5:
the cultivation method of the Yidan tea-oil tree and the Yilin tea-oil tree in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
step one, seed selection: selecting mature oil tea fruits with the fresh fruit seed yield of more than 50% and the single fruit weight of more than 15g, removing oil tea fruit shells, collecting oil tea seeds, screening the collected oil tea seeds, and screening full seeds as oil tea sowing seeds;
step two, seedling raising: selecting a seedling raising field, and building an open-air seedling raising bed on the seedling raising field, wherein the length and the width of the seedling raising bed are 16m multiplied by 1.2m, and the seedling raising bed is underlaid by pebbles or coarse sand; pretreating a seedling culture substrate, then placing the seedling culture substrate into a non-woven fabric seedling culture device, and tightly placing the seedling culture substrate into a seedling culture bed; sterilizing a seedling substrate by using potassium permanganate with the volume concentration of 0.3 percent one day before seedling culture; punching holes on a non-woven fabric seedling raising device, directly sowing the camellia oleifera sowing seeds with the hilum facing downwards in the holes, covering a seedling raising substrate to enable the seeds to be tightly combined with the seedling raising substrate, and watering the seedling raising substrate thoroughly after sowing is finished to enable the water content of the seedling raising substrate to reach 100%; managing moisture, illumination, root systems, weeds and plant diseases and insect pests according to a conventional method in the seedling raising process;
step three, selecting and processing a forestation land: selecting yellow soil with the elevation of below 600m, the gradient of below 35 degrees, the relative height of below 200m, the deep soil and the pH value of 4.5-6.5, removing weeds, digging planting holes according to the plant row spacing of 2m multiplied by 5m, uniformly mixing 40 parts of base fertilizer with 60 parts of finely crushed soil dug from the planting holes, filling the mixture into the planting holes for compaction, covering a layer of soil with the thickness of 6cm, and setting a windproof forest belt, a working channel and a water and soil conservation project, wherein the width of the planting holes is 58cm and the depth of the planting holes is 60 cm;
transplanting: transplanting in winter and spring or in rainy season, selecting nursery stocks with the height of 30cm, normal growth, no plant diseases and insect pests, consistent tree forms and consistent flowering phase for transplanting, sequentially placing the roots of the corresponding nursery stocks into corresponding planting holes to be planted for interplanting according to the arrangement mode of mainly planting 1 camellia oleifera nursery stocks and 5 camellia oleifera stocks pollinated by Yilin, planting in a mode of 1 camellia hole/hole, backfilling soil planed out from the planting holes to the original holes after the nursery stocks are righted, wherein the backfilled soil is required to be finely crushed, treading the soil after backfilling to enable upper-layer soil carried during seedling cultivation to be flush with the ground, and watering each nursery stock after planting to be permeable;
step five, daily management:
(1) shaping and trimming: carrying out proper trimming in winter or early spring every year to ensure that the crown develops uniformly to form an open heart type and a round head type; pruning dead branches, insect-pest branches, parasitic branches, cross branches, thin and weak bore branches, foot branches and overgrown branches after picking fruits every year and before sap flows in the next year, and carrying out heavy pruning in the year and light pruning in the next year; pruning in winter every 5 years, and retracting once with high strength;
(2) engraving: after the shape of the oil tea grows well, cutting the tree trunk to promote the conversion of the oil tea from vegetative growth to reproductive growth;
(3) weeding: when seedlings are planted, pasture or green manure with the height of less than 50cm is planted in the zone, and malignant weeds are manually removed; after the forest is formed, shoveling grass once before fruit picking every year, wherein the depth is 14 cm; the cultivation is carried out once every 2 years in autumn and winter, and the depth is 23 cm;
(4) fertilizing: after 3 months of field planting, additionally applying 25g of nitrogen fertilizer within a range of 21cm away from the root of the plant, and additionally applying high-nitrogen compound fertilizer on the dripping line of the plant in 2 and 3 months and 4-5 months, wherein the fertilizer application amount is increased by 56g each time; applying long-acting slow release fertilizer before and after picking fruits, and applying 0.9kg of formula fertilizer to each plant each time;
(5) and (3) pest control: hanging wasp honeycombs artificially cultured in 50 mu of oil-tea camellia forest;
step six, pollination: collecting and mixing Yidan camellia oleifera and Yilin camellia oleifera pollen, and spraying and pollinating by using an unmanned aerial vehicle in the full-bloom stage;
the seedling substrate comprises 60 parts of bagasse, 20 parts of yellow core soil, 30 parts of peat soil and 20 parts of fulvic acid, and the pretreatment method of the seedling substrate comprises the following steps: adding 60 parts of bagasse, 20 parts of yellow core soil, 30 parts of peat soil and 20 parts of fulvic acid into a stirrer, and uniformly stirring and mixing to obtain a mixed material; placing the viable bacteria agent into clear water for soaking and diluting to obtain diluted bacteria liquid; adding the mixed material into diluted bacteria liquid, uniformly mixing, compacting the material, finally covering a plastic cloth on the outer layer of the material to seal the material for composting, stirring and turning the compost material once every 3 days, and obtaining a compost matrix after composting for a certain number of days; adding the retted fertilizer matrix into a mould, and performing integral hot press molding at the temperature of 96 ℃ to form a semi-carbonized film wall on the outer layer of the seedling matrix to obtain the seedling matrix.
Example 6:
the cultivation method of the Yidan tea-oil tree and the Yilu tea-oil tree in the embodiment comprises the following steps:
step one, seed selection: selecting mature oil tea fruits with the fresh fruit seed yield of more than 50% and the single fruit weight of more than 15g, removing oil tea fruit shells, collecting oil tea seeds, screening the collected oil tea seeds, and screening full seeds as oil tea sowing seeds;
step two, seedling raising: selecting a seedling raising field, and building an open-air seedling raising bed on the seedling raising field, wherein the length and the width of the seedling raising bed are 15m multiplied by 1.2m, and the seedling raising bed is underlaid by pebbles or coarse sand; pretreating a seedling culture substrate, then placing the seedling culture substrate into a non-woven fabric seedling culture device, and tightly placing the seedling culture substrate into a seedling culture bed; sterilizing a seedling substrate by using potassium permanganate with the volume concentration of 0.3 percent one day before seedling culture; punching holes on a non-woven fabric seedling raising device, directly sowing the camellia oleifera sowing seeds with the hilum facing downwards in the holes, covering a seedling raising substrate to enable the seeds to be tightly combined with the seedling raising substrate, and watering the seedling raising substrate thoroughly after sowing is finished to enable the water content of the seedling raising substrate to reach 100%; managing moisture, illumination, root systems, weeds and plant diseases and insect pests according to a conventional method in the seedling raising process;
step three, selecting and processing a forestation land: selecting red and red soil with the altitude of below 600m, the gradient of below 35 degrees, the relative height of below 200m and the deep soil and the pH value of 5.0-5.5, removing weeds, digging planting holes according to the plant-row spacing of 2.5m multiplied by 4.5m, wherein the width of the planting holes is 52cm and the depth of the planting holes is 65cm, applying a base fertilizer into the planting holes, uniformly mixing 42 parts of the base fertilizer with 50 parts of finely crushed soil dug out of the planting holes in the concrete base fertilizer applying process, filling the mixture into the planting holes for compaction, covering the soil with the thickness of 8cm, and setting a windbreak forest belt, an operation way and a water and soil conservation project;
transplanting: transplanting in winter and spring or in rainy season, selecting nursery stocks with the height of 30cm, normal growth, no plant diseases and insect pests, consistent tree forms and consistent flowering phase for transplanting, sequentially putting the roots of the corresponding nursery stocks into corresponding planting holes to be planted for interplanting according to the arrangement mode of mainly planting 1 seedling of camellia oleifera and 5 seedlings of camellia oleifera with Yilu pollination, planting according to the mode of 1 seedling/hole, backfilling soil dug out from the planting holes to the original hole after the nursery stocks are righted, requiring the backfilling of the soil to be finely crushed, treading tightly after backfilling to enable upper-layer soil carried during seedling culture to be flush with the ground, and thoroughly watering each seedling after planting;
step five, daily management:
(1) shaping and trimming: carrying out proper trimming in winter or early spring every year to ensure that the crown develops uniformly to form an open heart type and a round head type; pruning dead branches, insect-pest branches, parasitic branches, cross branches, thin and weak bore branches, foot branches and overgrown branches after picking fruits every year and before sap flows in the next year, and carrying out heavy pruning in the year and light pruning in the next year; pruning in winter every 5 years, and retracting once with high strength;
(2) engraving: after the shape of the oil tea grows well, cutting the tree trunk to promote the conversion of the oil tea from vegetative growth to reproductive growth;
(3) weeding: when seedlings are planted, pasture or green manure with the height of less than 50cm is planted in the zone, and malignant weeds are manually removed; after the forest is formed, shoveling grass once before fruit picking every year, wherein the depth is 12 cm; cultivating and recovering once every 2.5 years in autumn and winter, wherein the depth is 22 cm;
(4) fertilizing: after 3 months of field planting, additionally applying 25g of nitrogen fertilizer within a range of 25cm away from the root of the plant, and additionally applying a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer on the dripping line of the plant in 2 and 3 months and 4-5 months, wherein the fertilizer application amount is increased by 50g each time; applying long-acting slow release fertilizer before and after picking fruits, and applying 0.6kg of formula fertilizer to each plant each time;
(5) and (3) pest control: hanging wasp honeycombs artificially cultured in 50 mu of oil-tea camellia forest;
step six, pollination: collecting and mixing Yidan oil tea and Yilu oil tea pollen, and spraying and pollinating by using an unmanned aerial vehicle in the full-bloom stage;
the seedling substrate comprises 45 parts of bagasse, 30 parts of yellow core soil, 25 parts of peat soil and 32 parts of fulvic acid, and the pretreatment method of the seedling substrate comprises the following steps: adding 45 parts of bagasse, 30 parts of yellow core soil, 25 parts of peat soil and 32 parts of fulvic acid into a stirrer, and uniformly stirring and mixing to obtain a mixed material; placing the viable bacteria agent into clear water for soaking and diluting to obtain diluted bacteria liquid; adding the mixed material into diluted bacteria liquid, uniformly mixing, compacting the material, finally covering a plastic cloth on the outer layer of the material to seal the material for composting, stirring and turning the compost material once every 3 days, and obtaining a compost matrix after composting for a certain number of days; adding the retted fertilizer matrix into a mould, and performing integral hot press molding at the temperature of 93 ℃ to form a semi-carbonized film wall on the outer layer of the seedling matrix to obtain the seedling matrix.
The method is characterized in that different camellia oleifera varieties are respectively cultivated according to the methods of the embodiments 1-6, 200 seeds of the main camellia oleifera variety and 600 seeds of the pollinated camellia oleifera variety are selected for seedling cultivation in each embodiment, one seed is sown in each non-woven fabric seedling growing device, the seedling emergence condition is observed after 30 days of sowing, the survival condition of seedlings is observed after 6 months of transplanting, and the time for the seedlings to grow into young trees, the time for the camellia oleifera to bear fruits and the oil yield after the camellia oleifera fruits are picked are recorded from the beginning after the transplanting.
Wherein the content of the first and second substances,
the recording conditions and the results thereof are shown in tables 1, 2 and 3 below.
TABLE 1 conditions of the corresponding indexes of the growth of Yilin oil tea
TABLE 2 conditions of corresponding indexes of Yilu oil tea growth conditions
TABLE 3 conditions of the corresponding indexes of the growth of Yidan tea
The method is scientific and reasonable in cultivation, can promote the emergence rate of sown seeds in a seedling raising stage, is high in survival rate of transplanted seedlings, enables the oil tea to grow fast, can shorten the fruit bearing period of the oil tea, and can provide reference for large-scale planting of the Yilin oil tea, the Yilu oil tea and the Yidan oil tea.
The specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the spirit of the invention. Various modifications or additions may be made to the described embodiments or alternatives may be employed by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit or ambit of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
Claims (4)
1. A cultivation method of various oil tea trees is characterized by comprising the following steps:
step one, seed selection: selecting mature oil tea fruits with the fresh fruit seed yield of more than 50% and the single fruit weight of more than 15g, removing oil tea fruit shells, collecting oil tea seeds, screening the collected oil tea seeds, and screening full seeds as oil tea sowing seeds;
step two, seedling raising: selecting a seedling raising field, and building an open-air seedling raising bed on the seedling raising field, wherein the length and the width of the seedling raising bed are 10-20 m multiplied by 1-1.2 m, and the seedling raising bed is underlaid by stones or coarse sand; pretreating a seedling culture substrate, then placing the seedling culture substrate into a non-woven fabric seedling culture device, and tightly placing the seedling culture substrate into a seedling culture bed; sterilizing a seedling substrate by using potassium permanganate with the volume concentration of 0.3 percent one day before seedling culture; punching holes on a non-woven fabric seedling raising device, directly sowing the camellia oleifera sowing seeds with the hilum facing downwards in the holes, covering a seedling raising substrate to enable the seeds to be tightly combined with the seedling raising substrate, and watering the seedling raising substrate thoroughly after sowing is finished to enable the water content of the seedling raising substrate to reach 100%; managing moisture, illumination, root systems, weeds and plant diseases and insect pests according to a conventional method in the seedling raising process;
step three, selecting and processing a forestation land: selecting acid to slightly acid soil with the elevation of below 600m, the gradient of below 35 degrees, the relative height of below 200m, the deep soil and the pH value of 4.5-6.5, removing weeds, digging planting holes, and setting a windbreak forest belt, an operation way and a water and soil conservation project;
transplanting: transplanting in winter and spring or in rainy season, selecting nursery stocks with the height of 25-30 cm, normal growth, no plant diseases and insect pests, consistent tree shape and consistent flowering phase for transplanting, sequentially putting the roots of the corresponding nursery stocks into corresponding planting holes to be planted for interplanting according to the arrangement mode of 1 seedling variety and 5 pollinated seedling varieties, planting in a mode of 1 seedling/hole, backfilling soil planed out from the planting holes to the original holes after the nursery stocks are righted, wherein the backfilled soil is required to be finely crushed, treading the soil after backfilling to enable upper-layer soil carried during seedling cultivation to be flush with the ground, and watering each planted seedling thoroughly;
step five, daily management:
(1) shaping and trimming: carrying out proper trimming in winter or early spring every year to ensure that the crown develops uniformly to form an open heart type and a round head type; pruning after picking fruits every year to before spring shoots sprout next year, pruning dead branches, insect-pest branches, parasitic branches, cross branches, thin and weak bore branches, foot branches and bare-grown branches, and carrying out heavy pruning in the big year and light pruning in the small year; pruning in winter every 5 years, and retracting once with high strength;
(2) engraving: after the shape of the oil tea grows well, cutting the tree trunk to promote the conversion of the oil tea from vegetative growth to reproductive growth;
(3) weeding: when seedlings are planted, pasture or green manure with the height of less than 50cm is planted in the zone, and malignant weeds are manually removed; after the forest is formed, shoveling grass once before fruit picking every year, wherein the depth is 10-15 cm; the cultivation is carried out once every 2 to 3 years in autumn and winter, and the depth is 20 to 25 cm;
(4) fertilizing: after 3 months of field planting, additionally applying 20-25 g of nitrogen fertilizer within a range of 20-30 cm away from the root of the plant, and additionally applying a high-nitrogen compound fertilizer on the dripping line of the plant in 2 and 3 months and 4-5 months, wherein the fertilizer is gradually increased by 40-60 g every time; applying a long-acting slow release fertilizer before and after picking fruits, and applying 0.5-1.0 kg of formula fertilizer to each plant each time;
(5) and (3) pest control: hanging wasp honeycombs artificially cultured in 50 mu of oil-tea camellia forest;
step six, pollination: collecting and mixing camellia oleifera pollen of the interplanting variety, and spraying and pollinating by using a sprayer or an unmanned aerial vehicle in the full-bloom period;
in the second seedling raising step, the seedling raising substrate comprises 40-60 parts of bagasse, 20-40 parts of yellow core soil, 10-30 parts of peat soil and 20-40 parts of fulvic acid, and the pretreatment method of the seedling raising substrate comprises the following steps: adding 40-60 parts of bagasse, 20-40 parts of yellow core soil, 10-30 parts of peat soil and 20-40 parts of fulvic acid into a stirrer, and uniformly stirring and mixing to obtain a mixed material; placing the viable bacteria agent into clear water for soaking and diluting to obtain diluted bacteria liquid; adding diluted bacteria liquid into the mixed material, uniformly mixing, compacting the material, finally covering a plastic cloth on the outer layer of the material, sealing the material, composting, stirring and turning over the compost material once every 3-4 days, and composting for a certain number of days to obtain a compost matrix; adding the compost substrate into a mold, and performing integral hot press molding at the temperature of 90-100 ℃ to form a semi-carbonized film wall on the outer layer of the seedling substrate to obtain the seedling substrate;
the seedling varieties in the fourth step comprise Yilin oil tea, Yilu oil tea and Yidan oil tea.
2. The method for cultivating a wide variety of camellia oleifera according to claim 1, wherein in the selection and treatment of the third forestation step, the texture is from medium soil to viscous soil.
3. The method for cultivating a variety of camellia oleifera according to claim 1, wherein in the selection and treatment of the third forestation land, planting holes are dug according to the plant-row spacing of 2-3 m x 4-5 m, the planting holes are 50-60 cm wide and 60-80 cm deep.
4. The method for cultivating various camellia oleifera according to claim 1, wherein the selection and treatment of the third foresting step further comprises applying a base fertilizer to the planting holes, wherein the base fertilizer is applied by uniformly mixing 40-60 parts of the base fertilizer with 40-60 parts of finely-divided soil dug out of the planting holes, filling the mixture into the planting holes, compacting the mixture, and covering a layer of soil with a thickness of 6-10 cm.
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