CN103081770B - Shed frame pear tree shape and reshaping method thereof - Google Patents
Shed frame pear tree shape and reshaping method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- CN103081770B CN103081770B CN201310004696.0A CN201310004696A CN103081770B CN 103081770 B CN103081770 B CN 103081770B CN 201310004696 A CN201310004696 A CN 201310004696A CN 103081770 B CN103081770 B CN 103081770B
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Abstract
The invention provides a pear tree two-arm direct-motion type shed frame tree shape which comprises a tree trunk. The tree trunk has two boughs which grow in a direct-motion mode, and base angles of the two boughs are 45 degrees. When reaching a frame-climbing point, the boughs are fixed on a horizontal shed frame in a direct-motion mode, and extended long branches of the boughs are guided onto an elevation guide line in a perpendicular mode. The boughs have long placed fruit branches which are arranged in parallel and vertically extend into intervals. Before the two boughs climb a frame, two horizontal robust side position branches which are pulled along the reverse direction to be parallel to the boughs after the horizontal robust side position branches grow upward to the frame face. The side position branches have F-shaped single-shaft long placed type fruit branches which are arranged in parallel and vertically extend to the intervals. The tree shape only has the two boughs, and therefore the problems that an inclined crown appears easily in a three-bough tree shape and the main boughs intersect are solved. The two boughs oppositely extend in a direct-motion mode and do not influence each other. The two-bough tree shape is easy to reshape, and the two boughs are easy to form after the trunk is fixed. The phenomenon of lack of branches appears in a three-bough shed frame due to the fact that sprout force of a pear tree is weak. The three shape has the advantages that cultivation density is high, early-stage output is high, light conditions are good, the branches are easy to arrange in an ordered mode, uniformity of fruit quality is high, and standardization is easy to achieve.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to pomology, fruit tree field of ecology, particularly relate to the tree-like and shaping and trimming method of a kind of pear tree frame.
Background technology
Pergola system is the major way of Japan, Korea S's pear cultivation, and China has introduced relevant culture technique the nineties in last century from Japan, at present in Jiangsu, the province such as Shandong, Zhejiang carried out the cultivation of frame pears.Facts have proved, frame shape is tree-like not only has windproof advantage, also at the regularity aspect that improves fruit quality, especially fruit, has conventionally without the tree-like unrivaled advantage of frame cultivation, is important way high-quality, standardized planting.Along with the raising of people's level of consumption, pergola system becomes high-quality pear cultivation inevitable choice.On the other hand, the Aging Problem of China's agricultural working population becomes increasingly conspicuous, agricultural workforce's cost improves just year by year, pears industry is had higher requirement to light simplification, Labor-saving technology, under this background, the development of Pear trees shape is by being inexorable trend without frame to there being frame cultivation future development.
About pergola system, have standardized production technology abroad, yet due to its technical sophistication, orchard worker is difficult to grasp, and has restricted the expansion of China's frame pear tree area under cultivation.At present tree-like substantially to continue to use Japonica type tradition three major branches tree-like for China's frame, and through China's practical application of nearly 20 years, outstanding behaviours goes out following problem: the one, and trunk is partially short, and frame face is higher.Most frame height are in 80cm left and right, and field operation is inconvenient; And flat frame face height is 1.9 ~ 2.0m, the added time of branch is long, and tree body is result under frame for a long time, and this is a major reason that causes frame pear tree " tree frame is separated "; The 2nd, adopt three major branch shapings.Three major branches are in the plane hexagonal angle degree and distribute difficultly, easily form " hat partially " or mutually crowded, and major branch is evenly distributed technical strong, and the time of shaping cost is many, and orchard worker is difficult to grasp; The 3rd, tree body structure is complicated.Branch is divided into major branch, secondary major branch (secondary scaffold branch), side shoot and fruit-bearing shoot cluster etc., and pruning technique is complicated, belongs to the Training system of the large crown form of traditional thin planting, incompatible with the modern culture technique trend of appropriate dense planting; The 4th, growth imbalance before and after tree body.Show as that major branch tip growth potential is weak, rear portion water sprout is many, winter pruning amount is large, and tree crown is difficult to extend at frame face, causes frame pear tree result evening, yields poorly; The 5th, adopt square field planting, Common Cultivation density is 5m * 5m, seeding row spacing is bigger than normal, affects early yield; Major branch and fruit-bearing shoot cluster bearing of trend are indefinite, tree-like easy disorder.Therefore, the Pear trees shape of the applicable China's national situation of exploration has become the vital task of China's pears scientific research.
Summary of the invention
The object of the invention is to create a kind of technology simple, easy and simple to handle, can improve fruit quality pear tree frame tree-like.
Technical scheme of the present invention is:
A kind of novel frame Pear trees shape, it is characterized in that: the major branch that extend the direct motion left and right that comprising has two base angles to be 45 ° on trunk, when major branch reaches at added, direct motion is fixed on horizontal rack and major branch elongated shoot is vertically lured to cause to raise and luring lead-in wire upper, has the single shaft length that is arranged in parallel, vertically stretches in the ranks to put type fruit-bearing shoot cluster on major branch; Before two major branches are added, respectively also has " F " shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster.
" F " shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster is one parallel with major branch " oppositely branch ", on " oppositely branch ", have two be arranged in parallel, vertically stretch in the ranks, single shaft length that 45 ° upwards grow to frame face and extend at frame face puts type fruit-bearing shoot cluster.
High 1.7～the 1.8m of flat frame face of the tree-like employing of frame, the high 1.2～1.3m of trunk.
Single shaft length is put fruit-bearing shoot cluster main axis length 1.3m, single space spacing 35～40cm between described fruit-bearing shoot cluster, and " the oppositely branch " of " F " shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster on described two major branches is 20cm and 40cm apart from the vertical range of major branch branching-point.
A shaping methods for novel frame Pear trees shape, is characterized in that following steps:
1) First Year pruning: select full bud place surely dry after seedling planting on trunk, heading height 130～140cm, while calmly doing the young sprout 20cm that terminal bud grows afterwards, removes two, top young sprout; Select 2 young sprouts under it to do major branch cultivation, when branch grows to 60cm, branch base angle is pulled open, major branch base angle is 45 °, raises to lure and draws bondage to major branch position line, and two major branches follow to extending to both sides; When branch growing height grows to 100cm, young sprout is vertically lured and draws bondage to flat frame upper thread; When branch grows to 150cm, young sprout is lured and draws bondage and lure lead-in wire to raising, when young sprout is long, can utilize bamboo pole to assist to lure and draw; Competitive branch beyond major branch, first pulls open its base angle, wait growing to 100cm when above, carries out " bending pruning ", auxiliary foster tree body; Putting down the season of growth autumn lures the upright major branch drawing, and is 45 degree and lures and draw bondage in flat frame face; During winter pruning, remove the competitive branch of major branch elongated shoot, tip elongated shoot selects side position bud to carry out light cutting back; Back bud on major branch adopts " reverse bullet fall method " erase all, to reduce taking out of Second Year back branch, sends out; On trunk, cross prosperous branch and remove from base portion, all the other branches are slow to be put;
2) Second Year pruning: similar to First Year, the season of growth uprightly lures and draws major branch elongated shoot, keeps young sprout growth potential; For the young sprout that under the frame of major branch, part is sprouted, adopt the season of growth " on dredging, to stay side method " and dredge the tip, the healthy and strong branch of side position young sprout choosing staying is cultivated for " the oppositely branch " of " F " shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster;
Young sprout on trunk carries out " bending pruning " after pulling open base angle branch, auxiliary foster tree body; The season of growth drags down major branch elongated shoot last year to frame face gradually, and adjusts young sprout angle, keeps its vertical growth gesture; Autumn major branch elongated shoot young sprout stop long after, be 45 ° and lure to cause to raise and lure lead-in wire upper, during winter pruning, the choosing of major branch elongated shoot is enriched to position cutting back;
To the prosperous branch of major branch back, adopt " method that removes without offspring " to remove, what adnation branch was overstocked removes, and notes cutting saw kerf and smears Wound protective agent protection; To Second Year, during winter, major branch has been realized added;
3) pruning in the 3rd year: after major branch is added, first pruning task is to promote major branch to extend at frame face, will adhere to raising to lure drawing to major branch elongated shoot, keeps its growth vigor; Next is that " F " shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster is cultivated single shaft length on added and frame face and put fruit-bearing shoot cluster and cultivate added;
" F " shape single shaft length is put fruit-bearing shoot cluster cultural method: the Second Year season of growth " dredges and directly stays tiltedly ", the side position branch of selecting and remain, during winter pruning, on two major branches, apart from its branching-point 28cm and 56cm place, select 2 healthy and strong side position branches respectively, oppositely be pulled to another major branch bearing of trend to reverse of level, oppositely branch is respectively 20cm and 40cm apart from a vertical range for major branch branching-point; During winter pruning " oppositely branch " stay the 60cm upper bud cutting back of selecting and remain, then apart from its branching-point 20cm side position bud of selecting and remain, with scissors, eliminate the back bud on reverse branch; After branch pumping, raise to lure and draw apart from branching-point 20cm place side position branch and clip bud to erectility, formation 1.6m is above, 2 balanced long shoots of growth potential, autumn, 60 ° of oblique pulls were stretched in the ranks, slow putting during winter pruning, after second year's harvest is spent, even up added autumn, forms " F " shape single shaft length and put fruit-bearing shoot cluster; " F " opposite direction on two major branches, left and right is stretched in the ranks;
On frame, single shaft length is put the cultural method of fruit-bearing shoot cluster and is: select behind branch or side position branch on major branch, at branch 15 ~ 20cm place, stay the heavy cutting back of 1 bud, remove clip bud other bud in addition, pumping young sprout uprightly lures to guide to raise again and lures on lead-in wire, inspiring more than 1.6m prosperous branch lures in 60 ° of autumns then and draws short its and form axillary bud, the branch that forms axillary bud is evened up then and allow result in its in next year winter, cultivates single shaft length and puts fruit-bearing shoot cluster; Become flower, during winter pruning, keep 60 ° of angles to lure and draw, even up again after forming fruit spur next year; The one-sided spacing 35 ~ 40cm of all employing fruit-bearing shoot clusters, vertical with major branch bearing of trend, stretch in the ranks.
" reverse bullet falls " method, while referring to winter pruning, to annual major branch elongated shoot and the annual slow all back buds on branch of putting of single shaft fruit-bearing shoot cluster, falls to branch base portion bullet from branch tip with finger (wearing gloves).
The season of growth " spreads and stays side " and smears tip method, refers to the young sprout sprouted on for clip in spring remove back portion young sprout, retains side position young sprout, as the cultivation of single shaft fruit-bearing shoot cluster.
" without offspring removing " method: refer to carry out when removing degree of depth saw and remove, thoroughly remove by the kryptoblast of saw branch base portion, make this position no longer include new branch and take out and send out.
" the auxiliary foster method of bending pruning ": refer to competitive branch the first transaction of a day's business base angle, branch length reaches 100cm when above, and crooked tip, to its base portion, removes this branch again during winter pruning.
beneficial effect
1, the present invention is an important technology innovation on the tree-like basis of conventional pear tree " three major branches " frame.The tree-like result of " both arms direct motion formula " frame is simple, is only two major branches, has overcome that three major branches are tree-like and be prone to the problem of " lacking branch ", " hat partially ", " major branch intersection "; The relative direct motion of two major branches is extended, and is independent of each other, and illumination condition is good; On major branch, no longer establish secondary major branch and side shoot, direct raw fruit-bearing shoot cluster, branch progression is few, simple in structure; On fruit-bearing shoot cluster no longer raw fruit-bearing shoot cluster, realize single shaft length and put result, easily accomplish proper alignment, fruit is large, product are of fine quality and regularity is high, easily realizes the standardization of cultivation management; Its operating technology is simple, is easily applied.
2, " both arms direct motion formula " " direct motion formula " during frame is tree-like is a crucial innovative point of patent of the present invention, this flat shed frame type of a kind of new and improved pear tree (i.e. " three line one sides " or " two line one sides " posture) tree-like and application on the same day carries out supporting, produces good effect.Because " raise and lure lead-in wire " direction on " major branch position line " and frame under the major branch bearing of trend of two major branches and the frame of " three line one sides " or " two line one sides " posture is consistent, for in major branch cultivation process draw branch to lure to draw, tip raises and brings great convenience, and accelerated the cultivation of fruit-bearing shoot cluster on the added and major branch of major branch.Major branch elongated shoot direction is with row to becoming consistent, and fruit-bearing shoot cluster becomes two rows in the even proper alignment in the major branch left and right sides, manager can direct motion to fruit-bearing shoot cluster is carried out to bookkeeping one by one, reduced repetition or the omission in field management; Major branch shaping process only needs 1 bamboo pole to stablize trunk, and major branch shaping does not generally need bamboo pole auxiliary, can solve luring in major branch cultivation and draw and added problem, than conventional three major branch frames, saves shaping costs, and it is easier to operate.
3, the present invention in the design of tree-like and posture by " promotion ", " falling frame ", the pergola system pattern of formation " low of high level cadre ", i.e. the high 1.2 ~ 1.3m of trunk, between Japan's compromise type posture (0.7-0.9m) and Northeast formula posture (1.5m); High 1.7 ~ 1.8m the ，Bi of frame China conventional frame height 1.9 ~ 2m decline 20cm left and right.Trunk and frame face height make branch more easily added, for overcoming " tree frame is separated " problem, lay a good foundation.The shed frame type of Japan adopts messenger wire formula, and after consideration result, the sagging ，Er of canopy face China frame adopts column support type horizontal rack, and the canopy face sagging problem after result is not obvious.Therefore, the high 1.7 ~ 1.8m of frame is proper.This highly also can realize the mechanized operation in field completely.In addition, frame height in the past is not considered ridging factor, and the frame height 1.7-1.8m of this patent definition is not heading height during ridging of frame theatre, level land, and under the condition of ridging, this be highly the extremely height of flat canopy face of furrow.For example, when ridging 20cm, the height of furrow and flat canopy face is 1.7 ~ 1.8m, the height of ridge upper ground surface and flat frame face is 1.5-1.6m, trunk height drops to 1.0 ~ 1.1m, in shaping process, too do not emphasize trunk height, and emphasize that major branch branching-point is apart from the vertical range (50cm left and right) of canopy face, major branch is added so can not be affected because frame frame face height is uneven.China tradition frame theatre frame height 1.9 ~ 2.0m, when ridging, in fact the distance of furrow and canopy face reaches 2.1 ~ 2.2m, has affected branch added.Under the condition that is 50cm in the vertical range of major branch branching-point and frame face, major branch is added, and easily the idle space under frame between major branch branching-point and added point is less, and the added rear extension of major branch is also fast, and added technology can realize standardization.
4, planting density of the present invention adopts " wide strain narrow row ", and seeding row spacing is 4m * 3m, and the plantation density of the 6-8m * 6-8m of gap ratio Japan and China 5m * 5m is large, it is a kind of close planting type pergola system mode, tree crown is " rectangular " shape, and the fertility level in clear in structure ，Shu Tiyu China theatre adapts.It between strain, is clearly the wider space of major branch, the wider space of single major branch is 2m, within between strain 2 ~ 3 years, can realize major branch end of the branch handing-over, if soil fertility condition is good, can allow its " scaling " combination, establishing permanent tree and interim tree, forever set on frame face and further extend, set major branch progressively compressed temporarily, last intermediate cutting, strain spacing becomes 8m, and the development length of major branch becomes 4m; Be clearly in the ranks the wider space of fruit-bearing shoot cluster, main shaft 1.3m fruit-bearing shoot cluster, can complete for 2 years, and therefore, such density can realize the fast rapid-result garden in frame theatre, has improved early yield.
5, inventor takes into full account the simplification of high, the dry height of frame and operation, designs " F " fruit-bearing shoot cluster under frame, and this is one of important innovative point of this patent.The application of " F " fruit-bearing shoot cluster, has fundamentally solved major branch bifurcation to the neutral gear problem between added point." F " fruit-bearing shoot cluster adopts " oppositely delaying cultivation ", by the transitional function of " oppositely branch ", make the incubation time of fruit-bearing shoot cluster delay 1 year, avoided direct raw fruit-bearing shoot cluster on traditional tree-like lower major branch and cause and major branch elongated shoot between Competition for Nutrients." F " fruit-bearing shoot cluster by one " oppositely branch " and on it two raw single shaft length put fruit-bearing shoot cluster and form, " oppositely branch " is horizontal, the single shaft length on it is put fruit-bearing shoot cluster and is vertical configuration with reverse.And two " oppositely branches " of different major branches are in a vertical plane, vertical interval apart from branching-point is respectively 20cm and 40cm, added horizontal by 45° angle degree, 42cm and 14cm that the single shaft length on " the oppositely branch " of two major branches is put fruit-bearing shoot cluster can reach frame face.Because frame face pulls into nettedly by 50cm specification, therefore, " F " fruit-bearing shoot cluster can contact bar face at first by-pass place apart from field planting point main line both sides 50cm, and added speed is fast.
6, the present invention adopts uprightly to lure and draws method in shaping process, has promoted the rapid elongation of branch, when improving frame pears biological yield, has also improved the effective rate of utilization of branch, is conducive to overcome the problem that the tree-like major branch tip of frame growth potential is weak.
7, the present invention adopts " reverse bullet fall method ", the season of growth " stay side on dredging " method, " thinning without offspring ", effectively having controlled taking out of water sprout sends out, for the obstacle that the extension of major branch has been cleared away, be conducive to that frame is tree-like overcomes winter pruning amount is large, result is late, yield poorly problem.
8, patent of the present invention adopts " the auxiliary foster method of bending pruning ", both reduced the Competition for Nutrients of competitive branch to elongated shoot, retain again the auxiliary foster tree body of more leaf area, overcome the deficiency of the tree-like early stage leaf area of two major branches, favourable trunk increases thick, this processing method to competitive branch is better than drawing merely a method, for promoting to be shaped this tree-like morning, the important function that played of precocity fruiting.
Accompanying drawing explanation
The tree-like schematic diagram of Fig. 1 pear tree frame " both arms direct motion formula "
The flat frame face of 0 trunk 1 major branch 2 major branch elongated shoot A major branch position line B C raise lure lead-in wire D capable to
Fig. 2 pear tree " both arms direct motion formula " tree-like schematic top plan view of frame
0 trunk 1 major branch 2 major branch elongated shoot 3 single shaft length are put fruit-bearing shoot cluster 4 oppositely branch 6 lower spaces of the added point of 5 major branch (in dotted line)
Fig. 3
" F " shape single shaft length is put the added figure of fruit-bearing shoot cluster
0 trunk 1 major branch 3 single shaft length are put the F shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster that 4 reverse E rack line F of fruit-bearing shoot cluster are comprised of " oppositely branch " and two " single shaft length is put fruit-bearing shoot cluster "
Fig. 4
fixed dry and First Year season of growth branch management
0 trunk 1 major branch 7 surely dry 8 remove top 2 buds 9 fixedly major branch to major branch position line
10 raise to lure and cause flat frame face 11 and raise to lure to cause and raise position line
Fig. 5
the reverse bullet method that falls
Before 11 back bud bullets fall, 12 back bud bullets fall behind
Fig. 6
stay side method on dredging summer
14 side position branch 15 back branches are pruned off for 16 summers
Fig. 7
the method (right side) that removes without offspring contrasts with conventional thinning (left side)
17 conventional thinning saw kerfs 18 are without offspring to be removed lower saw and puts the 19 method saw kerf 20 saw kerf bottoms that remove without offspring without kryptoblast
The auxiliary foster method of Fig. 8 bending pruning
The fixed dry front trunk of 21 bending pruning 22
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing, be described further:
Pear tree " both arms direct motion formula " frame is tree-like: comprise trunk, on trunk, there are two base angles to be the direct motion of 45 degree along the major branch of length, when major branch reaches at added, direct motion is fixed on horizontal rack and major branch elongated shoot is vertically lured to cause to raise and luring lead-in wire upper, has the length that is arranged in parallel, vertically stretches in the ranks to put fruit-bearing shoot cluster on major branch; Before added on two major branches, respectively also has the long type fruit-bearing shoot cluster of putting of " F " shape.The long type fruit-bearing shoot cluster of putting of " F " shape is a reverse branch parallel with major branch, and oppositely branch has two to be arranged in parallel, vertically to stretch in the ranks, 45 spend the length that upwards grows to frame face and be fixed on frame face and put type fruit-bearing shoot cluster.
Field planting shaping process then: A is surely dry; B removes top 2 buds; C fixedly major branch to major branch position line; D raises to lure and causes flat frame face and raise position line.
" reverse bullet falls " method: while referring to winter pruning, erase to branch base portion from branch tip with finger (wearing gloves) for annual major branch and the annual slow upper all back bud of putting of single shaft fruit-bearing shoot cluster.
" spread and stay side " and smear tip method: refer to, when spring, young sprout grew to 10cm, for the branch on clip, erase, retain side branch, as the cultivation of single shaft fruit-bearing shoot cluster.
" without offspring removing " method: refer to remove from base portion.While removing, carry out degree of depth saw and remove, thoroughly remove by the kryptoblast of saw branch base portion, make this position no longer include new branch and take out and send out.Remove after and Wound protective agent support the use.
Long shoot bending pruning method i.e. " auxiliary support branch length is put and is drawn a bending pruning combined techniques ": refer to that to spring all branches except back branch retain, for competitive branch, adopt the method for drawing branch softening, allow its angle open a business, branch length reaches 60cm when above, take the method for bending pruning, a plurality of auxiliary support branches are tied, during winter pruning, except a little less than forcing to stay on, retain weak branch.Can overcome major branch few, trunk increases thick slow, the problem that tree vigo(u)r is weak.
Embodiment
Experimental cultivar of the present invention is emerald green hat, chrysanthemum, carries out " both arms direct motion formula " tree-like shaping of frame, and major branch frame is tree-like compares with conventional three.
" both arms direct motion formula " frame pear tree shape shaping method is the utility model patent of applying on the same day---the flat shed frame type of a kind of new and improved pear tree (i.e. " three lines one side " or " two lines one sides " posture) supporting tree-like.High 1.7～the 1.8m of frame frame face of pear tree " both arms direct motion formula " the tree-like employing of frame, the high 1.2～1.3m of trunk, 2 major branches, the 2nd major branch is dry apart from frame face 50cm ，Wu center, and two major branch direct motions, to cultivation, are therefore referred to as " both arms direct motion formula " frame tree-like.Planting density adopts " wide strain narrow row ", and seeding row spacing is 4m * 3m.On major branch, be not equipped with side shoot, evenly fruit-bearing shoot cluster, stretches between strain.After major branch is added, the side position branch that under frame, position utilizes major branch to take out to send out is cultivated " oppositely branch ", " oppositely branch " above on raw two fruit-bearing shoot cluster form " F " shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster together with reverse branch, " F " shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster is filled up the frame space of planes on major branch bifurcation top.Added rear one-sided every 35 ~ 40cm direct the raw long 1.3m single shaft of a main shaft length put fruit-bearing shoot cluster.
By the following technical solutions:
1) First Year pruning: select full bud place surely dry after seedling planting on trunk, the full bud place cutting back at middle part of the general inadequate heading height of heading height 130～140cm(, after selecting a prosperous branch uprightly to lure after young sprout pumping to draw, Second Year again row is fixed dry), when this patent reality is surely dry, the second major branch branching-point is defined as to 50cm apart from the height of canopy face.While calmly doing the young sprout 20cm that terminal bud grows afterwards, remove two, top young sprout; In base portion direct motion, select to the left and right 2 young sprouts and do major branch cultivation, when branch grows to 60cm, branch base angle is pulled open, major branch base angle is 45 °, raises to lure and draws bondage (Fig. 4-A) to major branch position line, and two major branches follow to extending to both sides; When branch growing height grows to 100cm, young sprout is vertically lured and draws bondage to flat frame upper thread; When branch grows to 150cm, young sprout is lured and draws bondage and luring lead-in wire upper to raising, when young sprout is long, can utilize bamboo pole to assist to lure and draw; Competitive branch beyond major branch, first pulls open its base angle, wait growing to 100cm when above, carries out " bending pruning " (Fig. 8), auxiliary foster tree body.Putting down the season of growth autumn lures the upright major branch drawing, and is 45 degree and lures and draw bondage in flat frame face.During winter pruning, remove the competitive branch of major branch elongated shoot, tip elongated shoot selects side position bud to carry out light cutting back; Back bud on major branch adopts " reverse bullet fall method " erase all, to reduce taking out of Second Year back branch, sends out.On trunk, cross prosperous branch and remove from base portion, all the other branches are slow to be put.
2) Second Year pruning: similar to First Year, the season of growth uprightly lures and draws major branch elongated shoot, keeps young sprout growth potential; For the young sprout that under the frame of major branch, part is sprouted, adopt the season of growth " on dredging, to stay side method ", dredge the tip, the healthy and strong branch of side position young sprout choosing staying is cultivated for " the oppositely branch " of " F " shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster.Young sprout on trunk carries out " bending pruning " after pulling open base angle branch, auxiliary foster tree body; The season of growth drags down major branch elongated shoot last year to frame face gradually, and adjusts young sprout angle, keeps its vertical growth gesture; Autumn major branch elongated shoot young sprout stop long after, be 45 degree and lure to cause to raise and lure lead-in wire upper, during winter pruning, the choosing of major branch elongated shoot is enriched to position cutting back.To the prosperous branch of major branch back, adopt " method that removes without offspring " to remove, what adnation branch was overstocked removes, and notes cutting saw kerf and smears Wound protective agent protection.To Second Year, during winter, major branch has been realized added.About the tree-like added technology of major branch of " both arms direct motion formula " frame, applicant is in applying on the same day patent of invention---the quick added method of a kind of frame pear tree major branch.
3) pruning in the 3rd year: " both arms direct motion formula " after major branch is added, first pruning task is to promote major branch to extend at frame face, will adhere to raising to lure drawing to major branch elongated shoot, keeps its growth vigor; Next is that " F " shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster is cultivated single shaft length on added and frame face and put fruit-bearing shoot cluster and cultivate added.
" F " shape single shaft length is put fruit-bearing shoot cluster cultural method: the fixed dry rear Second Year season of growth " dredges and directly stays tiltedly ", the side position branch of selecting and remain, during winter pruning, on two major branches, apart from its branching-point 28cm and 56cm place, select 2 healthy and strong side position branches respectively, oppositely be pulled to another major branch bearing of trend to level (this branch is called " oppositely branch "), oppositely branch is respectively 20cm and 40cm apart from the vertical range of major branch branching-point.During winter pruning " oppositely branch " stay the 60cm upper bud cutting back of selecting and remain, then apart from its branching-point 20cm side position bud of selecting and remain, with scissors, eliminate the back bud on " oppositely branch "; After branch pumping, raise to lure and draw apart from branching-point 20cm place side position branch and clip bud to erectility (Tipping of all the other sproutings is controlled), formation 1.6m is above, 2 balanced long shoots of growth potential, autumn, oblique pull 60 degree stretched in the ranks, slow putting during winter pruning, after second year's harvest is spent, even up added autumn, forms " F " shape single shaft length and put fruit-bearing shoot cluster, fills up the frame space of planes on major branch bifurcation top." F " opposite direction on two major branches, in the ranks (Fig. 2, Fig. 3) stretched in left and right.This lower fruit-bearing shoot cluster cultural method is called " oppositely delaying cultivation ",, by the transitional function of " oppositely branch ", makes the incubation time of fruit-bearing shoot cluster delay 1 year, avoided direct raw fruit-bearing shoot cluster on major branch and produces Competition for Nutrients with major branch elongated shoot.
On frame, single shaft length is put the cultural method of fruit-bearing shoot cluster and is: select behind branch or side position branch on major branch, at branch 15 ~ 20cm place, stay the heavy cutting back of 1 bud, remove clip bud other bud in addition, pumping young sprout uprightly lures to guide to raise again and lures lead-in wire upper, inspires prosperous branch more than 1.6m.Because rich water reason does not become the above long shoot of 1.6m then, winter is at substantial bud place cutting back, and after selecting next year a clip branch uprightly to lure to draw, row is cultivated again again.Lure in 60 ° of autumns then and draw short its and form axillary bud, the branch that forms axillary bud is evened up then and allow result in its in next year winter, cultivates single shaft length and puts fruit-bearing shoot cluster (Fig. 2-3); Become flower, during winter pruning, keep 60 ° of angles to lure and draw, even up again after forming fruit spur next year; All employing fruit-bearing shoot cluster spacing 35 ~ 40cm, vertical with major branch bearing of trend, stretch in the ranks.About the cultural method of fruit-bearing shoot cluster on the tree-like frame of " both arms direct motion formula " frame, applicant is in applying on the same day patent of invention---and a kind of novel frame pear tree is cultivated branch group cultural method.
Described " three line one sides " posture is the flat shed frame type of the new and improved pear tree of a kind of pear tree.Adopt the pear tree of this pergola system to adopt " wide strain narrow row " field planting, seeding row spacing is 4m * 3m.The direct motion on the basis of the flat frame of routine of this frame, to setting up from bottom to up three iron wires, forms " three lines one side " posture together with flat frame face, and under frame, 30cm draws one and rolls off the production line by (" major branch position line "), for major branch location, after major branch is added, removes; On frame, on direct motion concrete column, 50cm draws one and reaches the standard grade (" raising position line "), for raising of major branch and fruit-bearing shoot cluster, lures and draws; On frame, 1.6m sets up bird prevention net line.The advantage of this posture is longitudinally to have increased " major branch position line " and " raising position line " two shaping boost lines, be convenient to the maintenance of the tip extending head growth potential of branch after added and added, be conducive to overcome the problem that the tree-like major branch tip growth of traditional frame is weak, water sprout is many, yield poorly, for the tree-like simplification of frame and Labor-saving have been created condition.
Described " two line one sides " posture is the reduced form of " three line one sides " posture, and trammel net post in the air and bird prevention net line, retain by " major branch position line " and " raise and lure lead-in wire ".
" reverse bullet falls " method, while referring to winter pruning, to annual major branch elongated shoot and the annual slow all back buds on branch of putting of single shaft fruit-bearing shoot cluster, falls to branch base portion bullet from branch tip with finger (wearing gloves).
The season of growth " spreads and stays side " and smears tip method, refers to the young sprout sprouted on for clip in spring remove back portion young sprout, retains side position young sprout, as the cultivation of single shaft fruit-bearing shoot cluster.
" without offspring removing " method: refer to carry out when removing degree of depth saw and remove, thoroughly remove by the kryptoblast of saw branch base portion, make this position no longer include new branch and take out and send out.Remove after and Wound protective agent support the use.
" the auxiliary foster method of bending pruning ": refer to competitive branch the first transaction of a day's business base angle, branch length reaches 100cm when above, and crooked tip, to its base portion, removes this branch again during winter pruning.
Result of the test shows, " both arms direct motion formula " frame tree-like with conventional " three major branch frames " tree-like the comparing of pear tree, every 667m
2fruit per unit area yield improves 42.1～58.0%, and content of fruit soluble solids improves 0.2～0.3%, and the treelet shaping amount of labour used reduces 4.1～4.4, and shaping drops into and reduces 56.7%, and shaping childhood completes ahead of time for 2 years.
Pear tree canopy structure, pruning number, Fruit yield and quality index, the amount of labour used and the shaping in required year of two kinds of shaping methods plantation drops in Table 1, table 2.
The canopy structure of tree-like and conventional " three major branches " the frame shape of table 1 pear tree " both arms direct motion formula " frame and shaping number comparison in required year
The yield and quality of tree-like and conventional " three major branches " the frame shape of table 2 pear tree " both arms direct motion formula " frame and shaping input ratio are
Claims (4)
1. a shaping methods for frame Pear trees shape, is characterized in that following steps:
1) First Year pruning: select full bud place surely dry after seedling planting on trunk, heading height 130～140cm, while calmly doing the young sprout 20cm that terminal bud grows afterwards, removes two, top young sprout; Select 2 young sprouts under it to do major branch cultivation, when branch grows to 60cm, branch base angle is pulled open, major branch base angle is 45 °, raises to lure and draws bondage to major branch position line, and two major branches follow to extending to both sides; When branch growing height grows to 100cm, young sprout is vertically lured and draws bondage to flat frame upper thread; When branch grows to 150cm, young sprout is lured and draws bondage and lure lead-in wire to raising, when young sprout is long, utilize bamboo pole to assist and lure and draw; Competitive branch beyond major branch, first pulls open its base angle, wait growing to 100cm when above, carries out " bending pruning ", auxiliary foster tree body; Putting down the season of growth autumn lures the upright major branch drawing, and is 45 degree and lures and draw bondage in flat frame face; During winter pruning, remove the competitive branch of major branch elongated shoot, tip elongated shoot selects side position bud to carry out light cutting back; Back bud on major branch adopts " reverse bullet fall method " erase all, to reduce taking out of Second Year back branch, sends out; On trunk, cross prosperous branch and remove from base portion, all the other branches are slow to be put;
2) Second Year pruning: similar to First Year, the season of growth uprightly lures and draws major branch elongated shoot, keeps young sprout growth potential; For the young sprout that under the frame of major branch, part is sprouted, adopt the season of growth " on dredging, to stay side method " and dredge the tip, the healthy and strong branch of side position young sprout choosing staying is cultivated for " the oppositely branch " of " F " shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster;
Young sprout on trunk carries out " bending pruning " after pulling open base angle branch, auxiliary foster tree body; The season of growth drags down major branch elongated shoot last year to frame face gradually, and adjusts young sprout angle, keeps its vertical growth gesture; Autumn major branch elongated shoot young sprout stop long after, be 45 ° and lure to cause to raise and lure lead-in wire upper, during winter pruning, the choosing of major branch elongated shoot is enriched to position cutting back;
To the prosperous branch of major branch back, adopt " method that removes without offspring " to remove, what adnation branch was overstocked removes, and notes cutting saw kerf and smears Wound protective agent protection; To Second Year, during winter, major branch has been realized added;
3) pruning in the 3rd year: after major branch is added, first pruning task is to promote major branch to extend at frame face, will adhere to raising to lure drawing to major branch elongated shoot, keeps its growth vigor; Next is that " F " shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster is cultivated single shaft length on added and frame face and put fruit-bearing shoot cluster and cultivate added;
Described " F " shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster cultural method: the Second Year season of growth " is stayed side on dredging ", the side position branch of selecting and remain, during winter pruning, on two major branches, apart from its branching-point 28cm and 56cm place, select 2 healthy and strong side position branches respectively, oppositely being pulled to another major branch bearing of trend to level is " oppositely branch ", and " oppositely branch " is respectively 20cm and 40cm apart from the vertical range of major branch branching-point; During winter pruning " oppositely branch " stay the 60cm upper bud cutting back of selecting and remain, then apart from its branching-point 20cm side position bud of selecting and remain, with scissors, eliminate the back bud on reverse branch; After branch pumping, raise to lure and draw apart from branching-point 20cm place side position branch and clip bud to erectility, form that 1.6m is above, 2 balanced long shoots of growth potential, autumn, 60 ° of oblique pulls were stretched in the ranks, slow putting during winter pruning, next year Cheng Huahou, even up added autumn, forms " F " shape fruit-bearing shoot cluster; " F " opposite direction on two major branches, left and right is stretched in the ranks;
On described frame face, single shaft length is put the cultural method of fruit-bearing shoot cluster and is: select behind branch or side position branch on major branch, at branch 15 ~ 20cm place, stay the heavy cutting back of 1 bud, remove clip bud other bud in addition, pumping young sprout uprightly lures to guide to raise again and lures lead-in wire upper, inspires prosperous branch more than 1.6m; Lure in 60 ° of autumns then and draw short its and form axillary bud, the branch that forms axillary bud is evened up then and allow result in its in next year winter, cultivates single shaft length and puts fruit-bearing shoot cluster; Become flower, during winter pruning, keep 60 ° of angles to lure and draw, even up again after forming fruit spur next year; The one-sided spacing 35 ~ 40cm of all employing fruit-bearing shoot clusters, vertical with major branch bearing of trend, stretch in the ranks.
2. shaping methods as claimed in claim 1, is characterized in that: described " staying side on dredging ", refer to the young sprout sprouted on for clip in spring remove back portion young sprout, and retain side position young sprout.
3. shaping methods as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that: described " method that removes without offspring ": refer to that carrying out degree of depth saw when removing removes, thoroughly remove by the kryptoblast of saw branch base portion, make this position no longer include new branch and take out and send out.
4. shaping methods as claimed in claim 1 or 2, is characterized in that: described " bending pruning ": refer to competitive branch the first transaction of a day's business base angle, branch length reaches 100cm when above, and crooked tip, to its base portion, removes this branch again during winter pruning.
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Application publication date: 20130508 Assignee: Jingshan Nianhe Ecological Agriculture Co.,Ltd. Assignor: INSTITUTE OF FRUIT AND TEA, HUBEI ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES Contract record no.: X2022420000088 Denomination of invention: A new type of trellis pear tree shape and its shaping method Granted publication date: 20140312 License type: Common License Record date: 20220913 |