CN107409798B - A simple Y-shape shaping method for peach tree height and its application - Google Patents
A simple Y-shape shaping method for peach tree height and its application Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种简易的桃树“高Y字形”整形方法，该方法简便易学，省工省力，操作简易，树形成形较快，便于管理，具体包括以下步骤：(1)对新定植后的桃树大苗进行定干，定干高度为不低于85cm；(2)选取主干顶端长势最强的2个新梢作为主枝，并分别绑缚在交叉插入地面，伸向行间的竹竿上，控制两主枝开张角度均为18‑22度；(3)在定植第1年夏季修剪时，疏除直立枝和主枝延长头附近竞争枝；在定植第1年冬季修剪时，将主干上除选留为主枝的其余枝全部疏除，并将2个主枝上的当年生枝全部留短橛进行短截处理；(4)定植第2年及之后年份修剪时，疏除主枝上的枝梢，主枝上不留侧枝，其余枝梢进行缓放处理，保持单轴延伸即可。The invention provides a simple "high Y-shape" shaping method for peach trees. The method is simple and easy to learn, saves labor and effort, is easy to operate, the tree is formed quickly, and is easy to manage. It specifically includes the following steps: (1) newly planting The final peach tree seedlings are fixed, and the height of the fixed stem is not less than 85cm; (2) select the two new shoots with the strongest growth at the top of the main trunk as the main branches, and tie them to the branches that are inserted into the ground and extend to the rows. On the bamboo pole, control the opening angle of the two main branches to be 18-22 degrees; (3) When pruning in the summer of the first year of planting, remove the upright branches and competing branches near the extension head of the main branch; when pruning in the winter of the first year of planting, Thin out all the remaining branches on the main trunk except the ones selected as the main branches, and leave all the branches of the year on the two main branches with short prongs for short-cutting treatment; (4) When pruning in the second year of planting and subsequent years, thin out For the branch tips on the main branch, no side branches are left on the main branch, and the rest of the branch tips are treated with slow release to keep the uniaxial extension.
Description
技术领域technical field
本发明涉及果树栽培技术领域，具体为一种简易的桃树“高Y字形”整形方法及其应用。The invention relates to the technical field of fruit tree cultivation, in particular to a simple "high Y-shape" shaping method for peach trees and its application.
背景技术Background technique
桃生产中，宽行密植成为桃集约化栽培的首选模式。宽行密植栽培模式多采用整株只有 2个主枝的“Y字形”或“二主枝形”树形。这两种树形适合于密植桃园，可用于规模化生产，帮助果农取得了较好的经济收益。In peach production, wide row dense planting has become the preferred mode of peach intensive cultivation. The wide-row dense planting cultivation mode mostly adopts the "Y-shaped" or "two-main branch" tree shape with only two main branches in the whole plant. These two tree shapes are suitable for densely planted peach orchards, can be used for large-scale production, and help fruit farmers obtain better economic returns.
但是，已报道的桃树“Y字形”或“二主枝形”，整形时，一般在主干距地面40-60cm处定干，此法造成主干过低，树体底部通风透光条件较差，病虫害严重；并且主枝上结果枝离地面距离太小，不利于田间操作和机械化作业。目前，生产或文献报道中，有关桃树二主枝树形两主枝开张角度一般为30-50度，即两主枝间角度为60-100度，两主枝夹角过大，树势过于开张，虽树势较缓和，但树干容易发生日烧，同时主枝背侧透光性较差，光能利用率低；而且进入结果期后，开张角度过大，枝干易下垂，负载量小；此时如遇降雨大风天气，主枝基部非常容易折断。另外，传统的桃树Y字形整形修剪过程中，多通过扭梢、摘心、短截、拉枝等措施促发副梢，培养结果枝组；并且主枝上多留有侧枝，侧枝上配置结果枝组。但是由于枝类组成较为复杂，而整形过程繁琐复杂，对于普通果农来说不易掌握。同时由于 Y字形多为密植桃园，留侧枝影响树体通风透光状况。However, the "Y-shape" or "two main branch shapes" of the peach trees that have been reported are usually fixed at the main trunk 40-60cm away from the ground when shaping. This method causes the trunk to be too low and the ventilation and light transmission conditions at the bottom of the tree are poor. , serious pests and diseases; and the distance between the fruiting branches on the main branches and the ground is too small, which is not conducive to field operations and mechanized operations. At present, in production or literature reports, the opening angle of the two main branches of the two main branches of the peach tree is generally 30-50 degrees, that is, the angle between the two main branches is 60-100 degrees. If the angle between the two main branches is too large, the tree vigor Too open, although the tree vigor is relatively moderate, but the trunk is prone to sunburn, and the back side of the main branch has poor light transmission, and the light energy utilization rate is low; and after entering the fruiting period, the opening angle is too large, the branches are easy to droop, and the load The amount is small; in case of rainy and windy weather at this time, the base of the main branch is very easy to break. In addition, in the process of traditional Y-shaped pruning of peach trees, measures such as twisting shoots, topping, short cutting, and pulling branches are often used to promote secondary shoots and cultivate fruiting branch groups; Group. However, due to the complex composition of branches and the cumbersome and complicated shaping process, it is difficult for ordinary fruit farmers to master. At the same time, because the Y shape is mostly densely planted peach orchards, leaving side branches affects the ventilation and light transmission of the trees.
总之，从目前来看，有关桃树“Y字形”整形技术中，均存在主干较低，树势开张，树体下部通风透光差，不利于田间操作和机械化作业；同时整形过程较为复杂，不利于掌握，可操作性较差，在实际生产中推广和应用困难等问题。因此，急需研发一种操作简便的，适用于桃树集约化省力栽培生产的桃树整形新技术。In short, from the present point of view, in the "Y-shaped" shaping techniques of peach trees, there are low trunks, open tree vigor, and poor ventilation and light transmission in the lower part of the tree, which is not conducive to field operations and mechanized operations; at the same time, the shaping process is more complicated. It is not conducive to mastering, poor operability, and difficult to popularize and apply in actual production. Therefore, be badly in need of research and development a kind of easy and simple to handle, be applicable to the peach tree shaping new technology of peach tree intensive labor-saving cultivation production.
发明内容Contents of the invention
针对上述现有技术，为了解决当前桃树整形技术中，“Y字形”或“二主枝形”主干较低，不易于机械化作业同时两主枝开张角度过大、整形修剪技术复杂不易操作等问题，本申请提供一种简易的桃树“高Y字形”整形方法，该方法不仅简便易学，省工省力，操作简易，树形成形较快，树体结构合理，便于管理，有利于桃园机械化操作和桃优质丰产的实现。In view of the above-mentioned prior art, in order to solve the current peach tree shaping technology, the "Y-shaped" or "two main branches" trunk is low, it is not easy to mechanize the operation, and the opening angle of the two main branches is too large, the shaping and pruning technology is complicated and difficult to operate, etc. Problem, this application provides a simple "high Y-shape" shaping method for peach trees. This method is not only easy to learn, saves labor and effort, simple operation, fast tree formation, reasonable tree structure, easy management, and is conducive to the mechanization of peach orchards. Operation and realization of high-quality and high-yield peaches.
为实现上述目的，本发明采用下述技术方案：To achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solutions:
一种简易的桃树“高Y字形”整形方法，包括以下步骤：A simple "high Y-shape" shaping method for peach trees, comprising the following steps:
(1)对新定植后的桃树大苗进行定干，定干高度为不低于85cm；(1) The peach tree seedlings after the new planting are fixedly dried, and the fixedly dried height is not less than 85cm;
(2)选取主干顶端长势最强的2个新梢作为主枝，并分别绑缚在交叉插入地面，伸向行间的竹竿上，控制两主枝开张角度均为18-22度；(2) Select the two shoots with the strongest growth at the top of the main trunk as the main branches, and tie them to the bamboo poles that are inserted into the ground and extend to the rows, and the opening angles of the two main branches are controlled to be 18-22 degrees;
(3)在定植第1年夏季修剪时，疏除直立枝和主枝延长头附近竞争枝；在定植第1年冬季修剪时，将主干上除选留为主枝的其余枝全部疏除，并将2个主枝上的当年生枝全部留短橛进行短截处理；(3) When pruning in the summer of the first year of planting, thin out the upright branches and competing branches near the extension head of the main branch; when pruning in the winter of the first year of planting, remove all the remaining branches on the main trunk except the selected main branches, And all the branches of the current year on the two main branches are left with short prongs for short-cutting treatment;
(4)定植第2年及之后年份修剪时，疏除主枝上过粗的枝梢，主枝上不留侧枝，其余枝梢进行缓放处理，保持单轴延伸即可；(4) When pruning in the second year of planting and subsequent years, thin out the overly thick branch tips on the main branch, leave no side branches on the main branch, and slowly release the remaining branch tips to keep the uniaxial extension;
进一步的，所述步骤(1)中，定干高度为85cm；本发明将桃树定干高度提高，预留加大的底部空间，有利于后续机械化处理及生产；Further, in the step (1), the height of fixed stem is 85cm; the present invention improves the height of fixed stem of peach tree, reserves the enlarged bottom space, and is conducive to subsequent mechanized treatment and production;
进一步的，所述步骤(2)中具体操作步骤为：待新梢长至15cm以上时，及时选取主干顶端20cm内，长势最强的2个新梢作为主枝，并分别绑缚在交叉插入地面，伸向行间的竹竿上，并控制两主枝开张角度均为20度；此时由于新梢未完全木质化，易于调控主枝生长方向，两大主枝选留不受其原来生长方向的限制，并可简便有效的控制主枝间角度，操作简便，省时省工；Further, the specific operation steps in the step (2) are: when the new shoot grows to more than 15cm, select in time the two new shoots with the strongest growth within 20cm from the top of the main trunk as the main branches, and tie them to the cross-inserted branches respectively. On the ground, extend to the bamboo poles between the rows, and control the opening angle of the two main branches to be 20 degrees; at this time, because the new shoots are not completely lignified, it is easy to control the growth direction of the main branches, and the two main branches are selected to stay without their original growth. The direction is limited, and the angle between the main branches can be easily and effectively controlled, which is easy to operate and saves time and labor;
更进一步的，所述步骤(2)中还包括除选作主枝的新梢外，其余新梢均进行保留；Further, the step (2) also includes except for the new shoot selected as the main branch, all the other new shoots are retained;
发明人在试验研究中发现，将两主枝开张角度缩小至20度，结合步骤(1)中的高定干技术，使得桃树树势更加直立，同时叶幕生长由传统的水平叶幕转变为垂直叶幕；树体结构合理；同时整形时，除选作主枝的新梢外，暂时保留其余新梢，不仅节省了修剪量，而且还可利用已有新梢辅养树体，养根壮树，迅速扩大树冠；而后续在夏季修剪过程中，去除直立枝和主枝延长头附近竞争枝，从而增大主枝的顶端优势，使得桃树高Y字形更易形成；而后冬季修剪时将2个主枝上的一次枝全部留短橛进行短截处理，翌年在短截基部萌发新梢作为结果枝，这样操作有利于扩大主枝和结果枝间的轴差，有效保持主枝的生长优势，提高树体负载量，为丰产丰收做准备；In the experimental research, the inventor found that reducing the opening angle of the two main branches to 20 degrees, combined with the high-set stem technology in step (1), made the peach tree more upright, and at the same time, the growth of the leaf curtain changed from the traditional horizontal leaf curtain to the vertical one. Leaf curtain; the tree structure is reasonable; at the same time, when shaping, except for the new shoots selected as the main branches, the rest of the new shoots are temporarily reserved, which not only saves the amount of pruning, but also can use the existing new shoots to assist the tree body and grow roots. tree, rapidly expanding the canopy; and in the subsequent pruning process in summer, remove the upright branches and competing branches near the extension head of the main branch, thereby increasing the top dominance of the main branch, making it easier to form a high Y-shaped peach tree; and then pruning in winter. All primary branches on each main branch are shortened with short prongs, and new shoots will germinate at the base of the short cut as fruiting branches in the next year. This operation is conducive to expanding the axis difference between the main branch and the fruiting branch, and effectively maintaining the growth advantage of the main branch. , increase the load capacity of the tree, and prepare for a good harvest;
进一步的，所述步骤(4)中，所述疏除主枝上过粗的枝梢为超过主枝1/3粗度的枝梢；疏除较为粗壮的枝梢既能有效避免枝梢过分铺散，减少物资营养损耗；同时减少后续理枝过程，降低人力物力成本；Further, in the step (4), the thinning of the overly thick branch tips on the main branch is a branch tip exceeding 1/3 of the thickness of the main branch; thinning out relatively thick branch tips can effectively avoid excessive branch tips. Spreading, reducing the loss of material nutrition; at the same time reducing the subsequent process of pruning branches, reducing the cost of manpower and material resources;
进一步的，上述整形方法还包括在桃树生长过程中，树冠高度控制在行距的2/3-3/4之间，桃树冠幅长度控制在行距的2/5-1/2之间；Further, the above-mentioned shaping method also includes that during the growth of peach trees, the crown height is controlled between 2/3-3/4 of the row spacing, and the peach tree crown length is controlled between 2/5-1/2 of the row spacing;
更进一步的，所述树冠高度控制为行距的3/4，桃树冠幅长度控制在行距的1/2；发明人在研究中发现，现有整形方法中基本未考虑相邻行之间树体的相互影响来控制树体高度和冠幅，采用上述控制措施，能够实现合理密植的条件下，各树体之间影响最小，从而最大化利用光能，提高产量和品质。Furthermore, the crown height is controlled to be 3/4 of the row spacing, and the crown length of peach trees is controlled to be 1/2 of the row spacing; the inventor found in the research that the existing shaping methods basically do not consider the tree body between adjacent rows. The mutual influence of each tree is used to control the height and crown width of the tree. Using the above control measures, under the condition of reasonable dense planting, the influence between the trees is minimal, so as to maximize the use of light energy and improve the yield and quality.
进一步的，所述简易的桃树“高Y字形”整形方法，包括以下步骤：Further, the simple and easy peach tree "high Y-shaped" shaping method comprises the following steps:
(1)对新定植后的桃树大苗进行定干，定干高度为85cm；(1) carry out fixed dry to the peach tree big seedling after the new field planting, fixed dry height is 85cm;
(2)待新梢长至15cm以上时，及时选取主干顶端20cm内，长势最强的2个新梢作为主枝，并分别绑缚在交叉插入地面，伸向行间的竹竿上，并控制两主枝开张角度均为20度；同时除选作主枝的2个新梢外，其它新梢暂时保留；(2) When the new shoots grow to more than 15cm, select the two shoots with the strongest growth within 20cm from the top of the main trunk as the main branches in time, and tie them to the bamboo poles that are inserted into the ground and extend to the rows respectively, and controlled The opening angles of the two main branches are both 20 degrees; at the same time, except for the two new shoots selected as the main branches, the other new shoots are temporarily reserved;
(3)在定植第1年夏季修剪时，疏除直立枝和主枝延长头附近竞争枝；在定植第1年冬季修剪时，将主干上除选留为主枝的其余枝全部疏除，并将2个主枝上的当年生枝全部留短橛进行短截处理；(3) When pruning in the summer of the first year of planting, thin out the upright branches and competing branches near the extension head of the main branch; when pruning in the winter of the first year of planting, remove all the remaining branches on the main trunk except the selected main branches, And all the branches of the current year on the two main branches are left with short prongs for short-cutting treatment;
(4)定植第2年及之后年份修剪时，疏除主枝上过粗的枝梢，主枝上不留侧枝，其余枝梢进行缓放处理，保持单轴延伸即可；(4) When pruning in the second year of planting and subsequent years, thin out the overly thick branch tips on the main branch, leave no side branches on the main branch, and slowly release the remaining branch tips to keep the uniaxial extension;
(5)在桃树生长过程中，所述树冠高度控制为行距的3/4，桃树冠幅长度控制在行距的 1/2。(5) During the peach tree growth process, the crown height is controlled as 3/4 of the row spacing, and the peach tree crown width is controlled at 1/2 of the row spacing.
本发明还公开了上述整形方法在促进桃树生产提质增效中的应用。The invention also discloses the application of the above plastic shaping method in improving the quality and efficiency of peach tree production.
本发明还公开了上述整形方法得到的桃树。The invention also discloses the peach tree obtained by the shaping method.
有益效果：Beneficial effect:
1.本发明可快速完成桃树“高Y字形”树形塑造，方便田间机械化作业；两主枝间夹角小，冠幅较小，树体直立，上下部枝叶通风透光好，枝干健壮，进入结果期后树体负载量大，有利于高端优质果品的生产和提质增效。1. The invention can quickly complete the "high Y-shaped" tree shape of peach trees, which is convenient for field mechanized operations; the angle between the two main branches is small, the crown width is small, the tree is upright, the upper and lower branches and leaves are well ventilated and light-transmitting, and the branches Robust, the tree has a large load after entering the fruiting period, which is conducive to the production of high-end and high-quality fruits and the improvement of quality and efficiency.
2.本发明提供的一种简易的桃树“高Y字形”整形方法，简便有效，容易掌握，既适合种植农户和种植大户生产所用，有适合于专业合作社和大型企业生产所用。2. A kind of simple peach tree " high Y shape " shaping method provided by the present invention is simple and effective, easy to master, and is suitable for the production of farmers and large planters, as well as the production of professional cooperatives and large enterprises.
具体实施方式Detailed ways
应该指出，以下详细说明都是例示性的，旨在对本申请提供进一步的说明。除非另有指明，本文使用的所有技术和科学术语具有与本申请所属技术领域的普通技术人员通常理解的相同含义。It should be pointed out that the following detailed description is exemplary and intended to provide further explanation to the present application. Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs.
需要注意的是，这里所使用的术语仅是为了描述具体实施方式，而非意图限制根据本申请的示例性实施方式。如在这里所使用的，除非上下文另外明确指出，否则单数形式也意图包括复数形式，此外，还应当理解的是，当在本说明书中使用术语“包含”和/或“包括”时，其指明存在特征、步骤、操作、器件、组件和/或它们的组合。It should be noted that the terminology used here is only for describing specific implementations, and is not intended to limit the exemplary implementations according to the present application. As used herein, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, the singular is intended to include the plural, and it should also be understood that when the terms "comprising" and/or "comprising" are used in this specification, they mean There are features, steps, operations, means, components and/or combinations thereof.
正如背景技术所介绍的，现有技术中有关桃树“Y字形”整形技术中，均存在主干较低，树势开张，树体下部通风透光差，不利于田间操作和机械化作业；同时整形过程较为复杂，不利于掌握，可操作性较差；As introduced in the background technology, in the related peach tree "Y-shaped" shaping techniques in the prior art, there are low trunks, open tree vigor, poor ventilation and light transmission in the lower part of the tree body, which is not conducive to field operations and mechanized operations; The process is more complicated, not conducive to mastering, and the operability is poor;
有鉴于此，本发明的一种典型实施方式中，提供一种简易的桃树“高Y字形”整形方法，包括以下步骤：In view of this, in a typical implementation of the present invention, a kind of simple and easy peach tree " high Y shape " shaping method is provided, comprising the following steps:
(1)对新定植后的桃树大苗进行定干，定干高度为不低于85cm；(1) The peach tree seedlings after the new planting are fixedly dried, and the fixedly dried height is not less than 85cm;
(2)选取主干顶端长势最强的2个新梢作为主枝，并分别绑缚在交叉插入地面，伸向行间的竹竿上，控制两主枝开张角度均为18-22度；(2) Select the two shoots with the strongest growth at the top of the main trunk as the main branches, and tie them to the bamboo poles that are inserted into the ground and extend to the rows, and the opening angles of the two main branches are controlled to be 18-22 degrees;
(3)在定植第1年夏季修剪时，疏除直立枝和主枝延长头附近竞争枝；在定植第1年冬季修剪时，将主干上除选留为主枝的其余枝全部疏除，并将2个主枝上的当年生枝全部留短橛进行短截处理；(3) When pruning in the summer of the first year of planting, thin out the upright branches and competing branches near the extension head of the main branch; when pruning in the winter of the first year of planting, remove all the remaining branches on the main trunk except the selected main branches, And all the branches of the current year on the two main branches are left with short prongs for short-cutting treatment;
(4)定植第2年及之后年份修剪时，疏除主枝上过粗的枝梢，主枝上不留侧枝，其余枝梢进行缓放处理，保持单轴延伸即可；(4) When pruning in the second year of planting and subsequent years, thin out the overly thick branch tips on the main branch, leave no side branches on the main branch, and slowly release the remaining branch tips to keep the uniaxial extension;
本发明的又一典型实施方式中，所述步骤(1)中，定干高度为85cm；本发明将桃树定干高度提高，预留加大的底部空间，有利于后续机械化处理及生产；In yet another typical implementation of the present invention, in the described step (1), the fixed height is 85cm; the present invention improves the fixed height of the peach tree, reserves the increased bottom space, and facilitates subsequent mechanized processing and production;
本发明的又一典型实施方式中，所述步骤(2)中具体操作步骤为：待新梢长至15cm以上时，及时选取主干顶端20cm内，长势最强的2个新梢作为主枝，并分别绑缚在交叉插入地面，伸向行间的竹竿上，并控制两主枝开张角度均为20度；此时由于新梢未完全木质化，易于调控主枝生长方向，两大主枝选留不受其原来生长方向的限制，并可简便有效的控制主枝间角度，操作简便，省时省工；In another typical embodiment of the present invention, the specific operation steps in the described step (2) are: when the new shoot grows to more than 15cm, select in time the 2 new shoots with the strongest growing potential as the main branch within 20cm of the trunk top, They are respectively tied to the bamboo poles that are inserted into the ground and stretched between the rows, and the opening angle of the two main branches is controlled to be 20 degrees. At this time, since the new shoots are not completely lignified, it is easy to control the growth direction of the main branches. The selection is not limited by its original growth direction, and can easily and effectively control the angle between the main branches, which is easy to operate and saves time and labor;
本发明的又一典型实施方式中，所述步骤(2)中还包括除选作主枝的新梢外，其余新梢均进行保留；In another typical implementation of the present invention, the step (2) also includes retaining all the new shoots except the one selected as the main branch;
本发明的又一典型实施方式中，所述步骤(4)中，所述疏除主枝上过粗的枝梢为超过主枝1/3粗度的枝梢；梳理较为粗壮的枝梢既能有效避免枝梢过分铺散，减少物资营养损耗；同时减少后续理枝过程，降低人力物力成本；In another typical implementation of the present invention, in the step (4), the thick branch tips on the main branches are described as thinning branches that exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the main branches; It can effectively avoid excessive spreading of branches and reduce the loss of material nutrition; at the same time, it can reduce the subsequent process of pruning branches and reduce the cost of manpower and material resources;
本发明的又一典型实施方式中，上述整形方法还包括在桃树生长过程中，树冠高度控制在行距的2/3-3/4之间，桃树冠幅长度控制在行距的2/5-1/2之间；In another typical implementation of the present invention, the above-mentioned shaping method also includes that during the peach tree growth process, the crown height is controlled between 2/3-3/4 of the row spacing, and the peach tree crown width is controlled at 2/5-3/4 of the row spacing. Between 1/2;
本发明的又一典型实施方式中，所述树冠高度控制为行距的3/4，桃树冠幅长度控制在行距的1/2；发明人在研究中发现，现有整形方法中基本未考虑相邻行之间树体的相互影响，采用上述控制措施，能够实现合理密植的条件下，各树体之间影响最小，从而最大化利用光能，提高产量和品质。In another typical implementation of the present invention, the crown height is controlled to be 3/4 of the row spacing, and the crown length of peach trees is controlled to be 1/2 of the row spacing; The mutual influence of trees in adjacent rows, using the above control measures, can achieve reasonable close planting conditions, and minimize the impact between trees, thereby maximizing the use of light energy and improving yield and quality.
本发明的又一典型实施方式中，所述简易的桃树“高Y字形”整形方法，包括以下步骤：In yet another typical implementation of the present invention, the simple and easy peach tree "high Y shape" shaping method includes the following steps:
(1)对新定植后的桃树大苗进行定干，定干高度为85cm；(1) carry out fixed dry to the peach tree big seedling after the new field planting, fixed dry height is 85cm;
(2)待新梢长至15cm以上时，及时选取主干顶端20cm内，长势最强的2个新梢作为主枝，并分别绑缚在交叉插入地面，伸向行间的竹竿上，并控制两主枝开张角度均为20度；同时除选作主枝的2个新梢外，其它新梢暂时保留；(2) When the new shoots grow to more than 15cm, select the two shoots with the strongest growth within 20cm from the top of the main trunk as the main branches in time, and tie them to the bamboo poles that are inserted into the ground and extend to the rows respectively, and controlled The opening angles of the two main branches are both 20 degrees; at the same time, except for the two new shoots selected as the main branches, the other new shoots are temporarily reserved;
(3)在定植第1年夏季修剪时，疏除直立枝和主枝延长头附近竞争枝；在定植第1年冬季修剪时，将主干上除选留为主枝的其余枝全部疏除，并将2个主枝上的当年生枝全部留短橛进行短截处理；(3) When pruning in the summer of the first year of planting, thin out the upright branches and competing branches near the extension head of the main branch; when pruning in the winter of the first year of planting, remove all the remaining branches on the main trunk except the selected main branches, And all the branches of the current year on the two main branches are left with short prongs for short-cutting treatment;
(4)定植第2年及之后年份修剪时，疏除主枝上超过主枝1/3粗度的枝梢，主枝上不留侧枝，其余枝梢进行缓放处理，保持单轴延伸即可；(4) When pruning in the second year of planting and subsequent years, remove the tips of the main branches that exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the main branches, leave no side branches on the main branches, and slowly release the remaining branches to maintain uniaxial extension. Can;
(5)在桃树生长过程中，所述树冠高度控制为行距的3/4，桃树冠幅长度控制在行距的 1/2。(5) During the peach tree growth process, the crown height is controlled as 3/4 of the row spacing, and the peach tree crown width is controlled at 1/2 of the row spacing.
本发明的又一典型实施方式中，还公开了上述整形方法在促进桃树生产提质增效中的应用。In yet another typical implementation of the present invention, the application of the above-mentioned shaping method in promoting the quality and efficiency of peach tree production is also disclosed.
本发明的又一典型实施方式中，还公开了上述整形方法得到的桃树。In yet another typical implementation of the present invention, the peach tree obtained by the above shaping method is also disclosed.
下面结合具体实施例对本发明进行描述，不仅限于此例。The present invention is described below in conjunction with specific embodiments, and is not limited to this example.
实施例Example
于2011-2016年在山东省泰安市泰山区省庄镇红庙村桃园进行桃树“高Y字形”整形技术示范。以“瑞蟠21/毛桃”为例，选购大苗壮苗于2011年春季定植，株行距为2m×5m。建园时，对新定植桃树大苗，在距地面85cm处进行高定干。待新梢长至15cm时，及时选取主干顶端20cm内，长势最强的2个新梢作为主枝，并分别绑缚在交叉插入地面，伸向行间的竹竿上，并控制两主枝开张角度均为20度，除选作主枝的2个新梢外，其它新梢暂时保留。定植第1年夏季修剪时，疏除直立枝和主枝延长头附近竞争枝，冬季修剪时，将主干上除选留为主枝的其余枝条全部疏除，并将2个主枝上的当年生枝全部留短橛进行短截处理；定植第2年及之后修剪时，及时疏除主枝上枝茎超过主枝1/3粗度的枝梢及过密、过旺的枝梢，主枝上不留侧枝，其余枝梢进行缓放处理，保持单轴延伸即可，注意及时更新结果枝。树冠高度控制在3.75米，冠幅控制在2.5米。From 2011 to 2016, the peach tree "high Y shape" plastic surgery demonstration was carried out in Taoyuan, Hongmiao Village, Shengzhuang Town, Taishan District, Tai'an City, Shandong Province. Taking "Ruipan 21/Maotao" as an example, large and strong seedlings were purchased and planted in the spring of 2011, with a row spacing of 2m×5m. When the garden was built, the newly planted peach tree seedlings were set at a height of 85 cm from the ground. When the shoots grow to 15cm, select the two shoots with the strongest growth within 20cm from the top of the main trunk as the main branches, and tie them to the bamboo poles that are inserted into the ground and extend to the rows, and control the opening of the two main branches The angles are all 20 degrees, except for the two new shoots selected as the main branch, the other new shoots are temporarily reserved. When pruning in the summer of the first year of planting, remove the upright branches and competing branches near the extension head of the main branch. Leave short prongs for all the growing branches and cut them short; when pruning in the second year of planting and afterward, timely remove the branches on the main branches whose stems exceed 1/3 of the thickness of the main branches and the branches that are too dense and prosperous. No side branches are left, and the rest of the branches are treated with slow release, and the uniaxial extension can be maintained, and the fruiting branches should be updated in time. The crown height is controlled at 3.75 meters, and the crown width is controlled at 2.5 meters.
对比例comparative example
采用常规Y字形桃树整形技术，其中桃树定干高度40cm，两主枝开张角度为40度，余按常规生产栽培方式进行。The conventional Y-shaped peach tree shaping technology is adopted, wherein the fixed height of the peach tree is 40cm, and the opening angle of the two main branches is 40 degrees, and the rest is carried out according to the conventional production and cultivation method.
通过采用本发明的桃树“高Y字形”整形方法，选取桃树大苗定植，并在距地面85cm处进行高定干，树干较高，有利于桃园机械化和田间操作。在新梢长至15cm时，选取主干顶端20cm内，长势最强的2个新梢作为主枝，两主枝开张角度均为20度。此时，新梢未完全木质化，易于调控主枝生长方向，两大主枝选留不受其原来生长方向的限制，并可简便有效的控制主枝间角度，操作简便，省时省工。除选作主枝的新梢外，暂时保留其余新梢，不仅节省了修剪量，而且还可利用已有新梢辅养树体，养根壮树，迅速扩大树冠。定植当年，树体高度可达2m以上，主干茎粗可达3.2cm以上；冬季修剪时，将主干上除选留为主枝的其余枝全部疏除，高Y字形基本形成；将2个主枝上的当年生枝全部留短橛进行短截处理，翌年在短截基部萌发新梢作为结果枝，这样操作有利于扩大主枝和结果枝间的轴差，有效保持主枝的生长优势，提高树体负载量。树冠高度控制在3.5米左右，冠幅控制在行距的2.3米左右。定植第2年，桃树“高Y字形”树形塑造基本完成，进入结果期后及时更新结果枝。该树形树体结构合理，树体直立，树体通风透光良好，枝干健壮，进入结果期后树体负载量大，上下部枝叶通风透光好，果实品质良好，平均果实可溶性固形物含量可达到13.4％以上。定植第3年，产量已达1.3吨/亩；定植第4年，产量已达2.1吨/亩；目前，产量可维持在3.5 吨/亩以上。而采用对比例技术方案，折枝率较实施例升高29.6％；优果率较实施例降低13.5％；定植3年后树形基本成形，定植第3年，产量为0.9吨/亩；定植第4年，产量为1.8吨/亩；目前，产量可维持在2.9吨/亩左右，与实施例差异悬殊。By adopting the "high Y-shaped" shaping method of peach trees of the present invention, large seedlings of peach trees are selected for planting, and the trunks are fixed at a height of 85 cm from the ground, and the trunks are relatively high, which is conducive to the mechanization and field operation of peach orchards. When the shoots grow to 15 cm, select the two shoots with the strongest growth within 20 cm from the top of the trunk as the main branches, and the opening angles of the two main branches are both 20 degrees. At this time, the new shoots are not completely lignified, and it is easy to control the growth direction of the main branches. The selection of the two main branches is not restricted by their original growth directions, and the angle between the main branches can be easily and effectively controlled. The operation is simple and saves time and labor. . Except for the new shoots selected as the main branches, the rest of the new shoots are temporarily retained, which not only saves the amount of pruning, but also can use the existing new shoots to assist the tree body, grow roots and strengthen the tree, and rapidly expand the crown of the tree. In the year of planting, the height of the tree can reach more than 2m, and the thickness of the main stem can reach more than 3.2cm. All the branches of the current year on the branches are short-cut with short prongs, and new shoots will germinate at the base of the short-cut as the fruiting branches in the next year. This operation is conducive to expanding the axial difference between the main branch and the fruiting branch, effectively maintaining the growth advantage of the main branch, and improving Tree load. The crown height is controlled at about 3.5 meters, and the crown width is controlled at about 2.3 meters apart. In the second year of planting, the "high Y-shaped" tree shape of the peach tree is basically completed, and the fruiting branches are updated in time after entering the fruiting period. The tree structure is reasonable, the tree body is upright, the tree body is well ventilated and light-transmitting, and the branches are strong. After entering the fruiting period, the tree body has a large load capacity, the upper and lower branches and leaves are well ventilated and light-transmitting, the fruit quality is good, and the average fruit soluble solid content The content can reach more than 13.4%. In the third year of planting, the output has reached 1.3 tons/mu; in the fourth year of planting, the output has reached 2.1 tons/mu; currently, the output can be maintained at more than 3.5 tons/mu. And adopt comparative example technical scheme, branch breaking rate increases 29.6% compared with embodiment; Excellent fruit rate reduces 13.5% compared with embodiment; After 3 years of field planting, the tree shape is basically formed, and in the 3rd year of field planting, the output is 0.9 tons/mu; In 4 years, the output was 1.8 tons/mu; at present, the output can be maintained at about 2.9 tons/mu, which is very different from the examples.
可见，采用本发明方法树形成形块，整形修剪简单，容易掌握；树体结构合理，上下部枝叶通风透光好，有利于优质丰产和稳产，可实现机械化省力化田间作业，进而达到提质增效的目的。It can be seen that the method of the present invention is used to form a tree into blocks, and the shaping and pruning is simple and easy to grasp; the structure of the tree body is reasonable, and the upper and lower branches and leaves are well ventilated and light-transmitting, which is conducive to high-quality, high-yield and stable yield, and can realize mechanized, labor-saving and labor-saving field operations, thereby achieving quality improvement. efficiency purpose.
以上所述仅为本申请的优选实施例而已，并不用于限制本申请，对于本领域的技术人员来说，本申请可以有各种更改和变化。凡在本申请的精神和原则之内，所作的任何修改、等同替换、改进等，均应包含在本申请的保护范围之内。The above descriptions are only preferred embodiments of the present application, and are not intended to limit the present application. For those skilled in the art, various modifications and changes may be made to the present application. Any modifications, equivalent replacements, improvements, etc. made within the spirit and principles of this application shall be included within the protection scope of this application.
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