CN105941066B - A kind of pear tree cultural method preventing pear tree trunk disease - Google Patents
A kind of pear tree cultural method preventing pear tree trunk disease Download PDFInfo
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- CN105941066B CN105941066B CN201610424696.XA CN201610424696A CN105941066B CN 105941066 B CN105941066 B CN 105941066B CN 201610424696 A CN201610424696 A CN 201610424696A CN 105941066 B CN105941066 B CN 105941066B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
Abstract
The invention discloses a kind of pear tree cultural methods for preventing pear tree trunk disease, include the following steps：It selects to include that the strong river pears of ring spot, stem blight, branch-rot disease resistance are cultivated as rootstock seedling to pear tree trunk disease first；Then 1.5 meters of height of seedling or more are selected, thick 1.5 centimetres of neck or more of river pears rootstock seedling uses the annual pear cultivation kind of cut-grafting method high position grafting in early and middle ten days in late Febuary to March；Using reasonable final-period management and pruning, complete pear-tree grafting, and it is all minimum using the limb disease incidence and disease index of method pear tree of the invention, single plant yield, single fruit weight highest, fruit integrated quality is good, and trunk disease prevention and treatment recruitment and Pesticide use is also greatly saved, improves the safety of fruit.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to technical field of agricultural cultivation, and in particular to a kind of pear tree cultivation side for preventing pear tree trunk disease
Method.
Background technique
Pears are one of China's main fruit trees, and pear tree cultivated area, yield rank first in the world.In each planting fruit-trees in China
In, pear tree area, yield are only second to apple, citrus, occupy third position.It is the torrid zone, subtropical zone pears area, Main Cultivation sand on the south the Changjiang river
Pear varieties.
South Chinese pear is mainly using the shaping of " a " font, the slender spindle-shaped shaping of trunk formula and horizontal rack formula shaping at present
Equal planting types.But no matter which kind of form culture mode is all direct after stock base portion leaves and cuts stock at the 3-5cm of ground
Grafting cultivation kind does trunk using the annual young sprout that the bud of cultivar is sprouted, trunk height it is different with Training system and
Difference.Since southern area of Jiangsu Province rainwater is more, humidity is big, the trunk disease resistance of cultivar is not again strong, and is directly adjacent to humidity
Ground, so be easy to cause the diseases such as ring spot on trunk, stem blight, branch-rot break out.
Not under serious situation, scab, in irregular fragmentary distribution, causes around scab the morbidity of trunk disease on trunk
Bast local necrosis, the transmission of local influence nutrient keeps pear tree growing way weak.Under serious situation of falling ill, scab is in master
It is linked to be a circle on dry, keeps the bast of trunk a roll all downright bad, blocked the transmission up and down of nutrient completely, cause whole strain pear tree withered
Extremely.
Annual spring and autumn at the initial stage of a disease in production, the method for taking chemical prevention are sprayed pesticide for several times and are prevented
It controls, but preventive effect is always not fully up to expectations, also the scab on trunk carefully to be eliminated with sharp sword and is done in conjunction with the method for artificial control
Only, it and is coated with Wound protective agent and is protected.Although artificial control can be effectively controlled the generation of trunk disease, but time-consuming and laborious,
And the riddled with gaping wounds wound formed on trunk has also seriously slackened tree vigo(u)r, hence it is evident that influences the normal growth of pear tree.Increaseization
The usage amount of medicine of learning to farm and the chemical prevention of access times cannot not only reach thorough prevention and treatment, but also increase the same of drug cost
When, the food safety for returning the operatic circle brings hidden danger.
Also, there is presently no the suitable stock for reducing Pear Diseases is found, therefore, even if by way of grafting still
The generation of the trunk pest and disease damage of pear tree can not be so overcome completely.
Summary of the invention
For status, the present invention provides a kind of pear tree cultural method for preventing pear tree trunk disease, suitable by selecting
Stock, the reduction even generation of prevention pear tree trunk disease that can be effective, the cultural method be simple and easy, reduces pesticide
It uses, improves the operatic circle foodsafety.
To achieve the goals above, the present invention provides the following technical solutions：
A kind of pear tree cultural method preventing pear tree trunk disease, includes the following steps：
(1) selection of stock：It selects to include the strong river of ring spot, stem blight, branch-rot disease resistance to pear tree trunk disease
Pears are as stock；
The different plantation densities according to required by different shaping methods, in field planting point position in last year after fine site preparation
Winter directly sows river pears seed.When using " a " font Training system, sowing seeding row spacing is 5 meters × 5 meters；Using trunk formula
When slender spindle-shaped Training system, sowing seeding row spacing is 1.5 meters × 4 meters；When using horizontal netted Training system, seeding row spacing is sowed
It is 4 meters × 3.6 meters.Each field planting bunch plating amount is 3~5 seeds, and depth of planting is 3~5 centimetres, is after planting sprinkled profoundly water and with thoroughly
Bright covering with ground sheeting.Spring throws off rapidly mulch after seed germination is unearthed, and the rootstock seedling for retaining one plant of growing way stalwartness is tied up with bamboo pole
Growing straight is long, remaining rootstock seedling is all wiped out.4~June with nutrient content be 45% compound potassium sulfate fertilizer be diluted to 0.3~
0.5% liquid fertilizer imposed once every 10~15 days, promoted rootstock seedling fast-growth.Rootstock seedling passes through annual growth, and height of seedling reaches
To 1.5 meters or more, neck is slightly at 1.5 centimetres or more.
(2) it grafts：1.5 meters of height of seedling of selection or more, thick 1.5 centimetres of neck or more of river pears rootstock seedling, in late Febuary to March
Early and middle ten days use the annual pear cultivation kind of cut-grafting method high position grafting；
(3) managing after grafting
1. ungirding：When discovery has the stock of binding plastic film tape and scion will when having slight Le trace in developmental process
Plastic film tape is released in time；
2. pinching：3~5 blades of reservation when young sprout out grows to 20 centimetres or so are sprouted when the bud on rootstock seedling to be plucked
The heart；
3. vertical pillar：When long to 30 centimetres or so of grafting young sprout, a bamboo pole is inserted by seedling, young sprout is strapped in pillar
On, to prevent big wind folding；
4. soil fertilizer and water management：After scion rudiment, every 667 square metres of diggings shallow ridges imposes 5-10 kilograms of urea；30 centimetres of height of seedling
When left and right, continue to impose 5-10 kilograms of urea；After late July, blade face turn to be yellow when leaf surface spraying concentration be 0.3% urea solution
Carry out foliage top dressing；The potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution that the plant spraying concentration of dark green leaf color is 0.3%, throughout the growing season, often
Tillage and weeding keeps loosing soil, grass net；
5. the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control：If pest and disease damage generation is conventionally normally carried out prevention and treatment；
(4) pruning：Using " a " font Training system, the slender spindle-shaped Training system of trunk formula or horizontal rack formula
Training system carries out shaping to grafting pear tree.
Preferably, the pear cultivation kind Sand Pear, more preferably Wellbeing index or water-rich areas.
Wherein, in the pear tree cultural method of aforementioned prevention pear tree trunk disease, the engrafting method specifically includes following step
Suddenly：
1. cutting stock：Stock is cut leaving 50~120 centimeters of ground, 0.2~0.3 centimetre under smooth side clip
Place, a knife of being splayed from bottom to top with grafting knife prune the 1/3 of clip, then indulge partial application vertically downward by xylem outer rim, deep
Degree matches with the long section of scion, it is desirable that section is smooth, straight；
2. cutting scion：The branch of annual pear cultivation kind for choosing 1~2 full leaf bud of tool makees scion, with top
The ipsilateral scion lower part of bud, a knife of from top to bottom splaying prune bast, expose forming layer, are whittled into long 3~4 centimetres of length and cut
Face, section want smooth, then 1 centimeters of opposing end in long section, splay into the chopped face at 45 degree of angles；
3. being aligned stock and the forming layer of the long section side of scion close in the notch of the scion cut insertion stock
It connects；
4. bondage：The binding site of stock and scion is obturaged with 2~3 centimetres wide of plastic film tape binding.It is connect when binding
The clip on fringe top is also closed with film, to prevent rainwater from entering, reduce moisture evaporation, improves survival rate.
Further, 1. it is different because of Training system difference to cut stock position for step, specially when using falling " a "
When font Training system, grafting height is to leave 50 centimetres of ground；When Training system slender spindle-shaped using trunk formula, grafting is high
Degree is to leave 70~80 centimetres of ground；When using horizontal rack formula Training system, grafting height is to leave ground 100~120
Centimetre.
In the pear tree cultural method of aforementioned prevention pear tree trunk disease, the specific method of described " a " font Training system
For：
Grafting current year：Spring plucks when grafting the scion seedling young sprout at 50 cm height of river pears stock and growing to 40 centimetres
The heart selects three orientation to be staggered, divide in addition to the sublateral shoot that the bud of top is sprouted continues to make trunk extension branch in 40 cm ranges
Uniform 3 sublateral shoots of cloth make preparation major branch, and extra sublateral shoot stays 1~2 leaf pinching to inhibit its growth, prevent from supporting with preparation major branch competition
Point；Winter trunk extends branch and three major branches cut the 1/3~1/4 of apex part, until enriching position；
Second year after grafting：The bud of trunk most apex continues to sprout young sprout and grow vertically upward to extend branch as trunk；Three
The young sprout that root major branch most apex bud is sprouted extends branch as major branch and continues to expand tree crown, and the young sprout that major branch back side bud is sprouted is long extremely
5 leaf pinching are stayed to inhibit its growth at 20 centimetres or so, the young sprout that major branch two sides are sprouted is next as developmental branch or fruitful branch culture
Annual bearing is prepared.
It is aforementioned prevention pear tree trunk disease pear tree cultural method in, the slender spindle-shaped Training system of trunk formula it is specific
Method is：
Grafting current year：The scion at 70~80 cm height of river pears stock is grafted, a young sprout is only retained after rudiment and is inserted
Bamboo lures to draw and grow up straight, and winter, which cannot trim, is directly used as trunk；The specific practice guided into and grown on frame is lured with bamboo pole
It is：Bamboo pole one end is fixed on the trunk below major branch respectively along field planting line direction, the other end, which is fixed on, leaves master
On the frame iron wire of dry 80~100 centimetres of horizontal distance, grow major branch on the oblique frame of bamboo pole.
Second year after grafting：Quarter bud is carried out to all buds of position below 2/3 height of grafting trunk, to promote it to sprout
Hair；The method for carving bud is laterally to cut off the bast of bark with sharp sword in 0.5~1 centimeters of the surface of bud, and swath length reaches
The 1/3 of stock circumference, depth do not hurt xylem to cut off bast as degree；
Grafting makees trunk except the young sprout that the bud of trunk most apex is sprouted and extends in addition to branch grow straight, the sprouting of remaining bud it is new
The tip will increase the spreading angle with trunk, to mitigate branch growing way, it be promoted to develop towards fruitful branch direction；
Third year after grafting, have on trunk the young sprout of axillary bud as a result branch as a result, the young sprout of bud is not as pre-
Standby branch continues to cultivate.
In the pear tree cultural method of aforementioned prevention pear tree trunk disease, the specific method of the horizontal rack formula Training system
For：
Grafting current year：Spring grows to 30 centimetres when grafting young sprout of the grafting at 100~120 cm height of river pears stock
When pinching, select the sublateral shoot of 2 direct motion back growths to make preparation major branch in 30 cm ranges, extra sublateral shoot stays 1~2 leaf pinching
Inhibit its growth, prevents and preparation major branch competition for nutrients；The young tender part of major branch apex is wiped out when winter pruning, until the portion of enriching
Position；It cuts the major branch stayed and is lured to guide on frame with bamboo pole and grow；
Second year after grafting：The young sprout that the most apex bud of two major branches is sprouted extends branch as major branch and continues to expand tree crown；It is main
The young sprout that bud is sprouted on the back bud of branch and side completely stays 3~5 leaf pinching in May, controls its growth；The horizontal side of major branch two sides
The young sprout that bud is sprouted under bud and side it is long to late June when, lured using the iron wire on frame face perpendicular to major branch and guided to and horizontal sextant angle
In 30 degree, bud differentiation is promoted to be trained long fruit branch；
Kind based on long fruit branch result, 30~40 centimetres of one root knot fruit branches of outfit in the ipsilateral interval of major branch, fruitful branch mistake
It is pruned off when close, pays attention to that a bit of stake or basal bud to be stayed to send out again with benefit when pruning off；When fruitful branch density deficiency, master is utilized
The fruit spur of branch two sides is sprouted into branch；After long fruit branch result, the side shoot for giving birth to a large amount of fruit spurs can be formed for the year, second year with
Afterwards just with long fruit branch, fruit spur common results；
Kind based on fruit spur result, ipsilateral major branch is also an interval piece young sprout of 30~40 centimetres of outfits, winter current year
Cut off young sprout apex 1/3~1/4 season, second year, on the branch of biennial part will raw fruit spur, can tie in third year
Fruit.
The beneficial effects of the invention are as follows：
The most important inventive point of the present invention is to have obtained stock variety-river pears of anti-trunk disease, the product by screening
It includes the performance of ring spot, stem blight, branch-rot that kind, which has stronger anti-pear tree trunk disease, effectively reduces pear tree trunk disease
Generation.
In addition, the present invention also by way of in the above high position grafting of target heading height come the method for reducing disease, this
Kind method and technology is of less demanding, and peasant is easily mastered, and does not influence pear tree growing way and fruit quality, and trunk disease is greatly saved
Recruitment and Pesticide use are prevented and treated, the safety of fruit is improved.
And the present invention selects different grafting heights by different form culture modes, adapt to it is different tree-like, more
The yield and quality of the good final the operatic circle of raising.
Specific embodiment
Experimental method used in following embodiments is conventional method unless otherwise specified.
The materials, reagents and the like used in the following examples is commercially available unless otherwise specified.
The present invention will be described in detail by specific embodiment below.These embodiments are provided to be to be able to more
Thoroughly understand the present invention, and the scope of the present invention can be fully disclosed to those skilled in the art.
"comprising" or " comprising " as mentioned throughout the specification and claims are an open language, therefore are answered
It is construed to " including but not limited to ".Specification subsequent descriptions are to implement better embodiment of the invention, and so description is
For the purpose of the rule of specification, the range that is not intended to limit the invention.Protection scope of the present invention is when the appended power of view
Benefit requires subject to institute's defender.
Embodiment 1
A kind of pear tree cultural method preventing pear tree trunk disease, it is specific as follows：
1) horizontal rack is built
Make corner post with 3.3m × 0.14m × 0.14m concrete column, makees side with 2.7m × 0.10m × 0.10m concrete column
Column, 3 meters of side column interval make top pillar with 2.0m × 0.06m × 0.06m concrete column, build an area 3335m2Horizontal canopy
Frame, frame face height are 1.8 meters.
2) disease-resistant rootstock seedling is cultivated
1 meter wide, 0.5 meter of depth field planting ditch is excavated along field planting row every 3.6 meters of line-spacings, the straw that 30 centimetres of bottom of trench laying,
For backfill earth to decomposed manure 20-40 load apart from 10 centimetres of surface soil, is spread fertilizer over the fields per acre, compound potassium sulfate fertilizer 40-50 is public on straw
Jin, then takes surface soil to fill and lead up ditch again, then field planting point, each field planting program request of winter in 2010 are marked every 4 meters on field planting row
Kind of 3~5 river pears seeds, depth of planting are 3~5 centimetres, are after planting sprinkled profoundly water and with transparent covering with ground sheeting.The next spring waits for
Seed germination throws off rapidly mulch after being unearthed, and retains the rootstock seedling of one plant of growing way stalwartness long, remaining stock of with bamboo pole tying up growing straight
Seedling is all wiped out.Entire growth period reinforces fertilizer and water management, and the increment of rootstock seedling current year just reaches 1.5 meters of height of seedling, thick 2.0 lis of neck
Rice.
3) high position grafting
On March 20th, 2011 stock is cut in liftoff 120 cm height, is divided immediately with grafting knife in clip cross section three
One of place rive vertically downward, choose and make fringe bar with the annual water-rich areas branch of full leaf bud, splay one below leaf bud
Knife prunes bast, exposes forming layer, and bevel is about 3~4 centimetres, and section is smooth, then splays into 45 in long section end opposite
Spend the chopped face at angle.1 centimetre or so the cutting scion above leaf bud, rapidly by the notch of the simple bud scion cut insertion stock
It is interior, so that stock and the forming layer of the long section side of scion is aligned contiguity.
It is carefully bound with 2~3 centimetres of wide plastic film tapes and obturages binding site.It should be noted that scion top when binding
Clip is also closed with film, and only scion leaf bud is exposed at outside film, with prevent rainwater enter, reduce moisture evaporation, improve at
Motility rate.
4) it is managed after connecing
Rootstock seedling and scion understand thickening quickly and grafting binding band Le are trapped into bark after grafting survival, check that discovery has
Grafting binding band will be released in time when slight Le trace.When grafting young sprout is 30 centimetres long, a bamboo pole is vertically inserted by seedling
Young sprout is strapped on pillar, to prevent big wind folding.
Bud on spring rootstock seedling can sprout many young sprouts out, and 3~5 are retained when the young sprout of sprouting grows to 20 centimetres or so
It opens blade and carries out pinching, inhibit its growth, stock top of getting along well again while increasing trunk leaf area auxiliary photosynthesis
Scion seedling fights for nutrient, and then promotes grafting fast-growth.
5) the horizontal posture shaping of two major branches
Pinching is carried out when the water-rich areas seedling young sprout of grafting grows to 30 centimetres within 2011,2 are selected in 30 cm ranges
The sublateral shoot of direct motion back growth makees preparation major branch, remaining sublateral shoot stays 1~2 leaf pinching to inhibit its growth, prevents competing with preparation major branch
Strive nutrient.The young tender part of major branch apex is cut off when winter pruning, until enriching position.Along two opposite directions of field planting row
It is fixed on the trunk below major branch with bamboo pole one end respectively, the other end, which is fixed on, leaves trunk horizontal distance 80~100
Centimetre frame on, two major branches staying will be cut respectively along luring on the oblique frame of bamboo pole and cause length.
2012, the young sprout that the most apex bud of two major branches is sprouted extended branch as major branch and continues to expand tree crown.The back of major branch
The young sprout that bud is sprouted on upper bud and side is easy excessive growth and therefore completely stays 3~5 leaf pinching in May, control its growth；Major branch two
When the young sprout that bud is sprouted under the horizontal lateral bud of side and side grows to late June, young sprout is lured perpendicular to major branch using the iron wire on frame face
It guides to and promotes bud differentiation in 30 degree of direction with horizontal canopy face angle.
2013, the kind based on long fruit branch result, major branch 30~40 centimetres of one root knot fruit branches of outfit in ipsilateral interval or
Preparation branch, can prune off when branch is overstocked, and branch base portion will stay a bit of stake or basal bud to send out shoot again with benefit when pruning off
As innovation shoot；When branch density deficiency, sprout using the fruit spur of major branch two sides into branch.It, can shape after long fruit branch result
At the side shoot of raw fruit spur, the coming year continues result.
6) solid to be safeguarded with side shoot
1~2 bud of all side shoot apexes is forbidden as a result, inspiring side shoot extends branch, on every side shoot 10 centimetres of interval with
On select fruit tongue fur coarse, sprout is full, and fruit platform fruiting towards horizontal side or slightly obliquely, each fruit platform only stays a fruit.Side
The young sprout that the middle and back of branch is sprouted, grows into and stays 3~5 leaf pinching May, can both prevent nutrient effective consumption from influencing fruit swollen
Greatly, and be conducive to fruit spur new on side shoot and formed, while having the effect of inhibiting the excessive thickening of side shoot, greatly improve side shoot
Production capacity and service life.
7) side shoot updates
After side shoot uses the several years, the blind bud of side shoot base portion starts to show, and when the fruit spur quality at middle part deteriorates, answers
Consider that side shoot updates in time.If a side shoot was calculated by service life 5 years, as long as the preparation branch of culture 20% or so every year,
All side shoots can be updated one time just in a cycle.Both being updated using the young sprout that old side shoot base portion is sprouted can also
It is updated using the young sprout that major branch two sides fruit spur or kryptoblast are sprouted.
Embodiment 2
A kind of pear tree cultural method preventing pear tree trunk disease, it is specific as follows：
1) disease-resistant rootstock seedling is cultivated
1 meter wide, 0.5 meter of depth field planting ditch, the straw that 30 centimetres of bottom of trench laying, rice are excavated along field planting row every 5 meters of line-spacings
Backfill earth is carried on a shoulder pole to decomposed manure 20-40 apart from 10 centimetres of surface soil, is spread fertilizer over the fields per acre on grass, and 40-50 kilograms of compound potassium sulfate fertilizer,
Then it takes surface soil to fill and lead up ditch again, then marks field planting point, each field planting bunch plating 3 of winter in 2010 every 5 meters on field planting row
~5 river pears seeds, depth of planting are 3~5 centimetres, are after planting sprinkled profoundly water and with transparent covering with ground sheeting.The next spring waits planting
Sub- rudiment throws off rapidly mulch after being unearthed, and retains the rootstock seedling of one plant of growing way stalwartness long, remaining rootstock seedling of with bamboo pole tying up growing straight
All wipe out.Entire growth period reinforces fertilizer and water management, and the increment of rootstock seedling current year just reaches 1.5 meters of height of seedling, thick 2.0 lis of neck
Rice.
2) high position grafting
On March 20th, 2011, liftoff 50 cm height cut stock, immediately with grafting knife clip cross section three/
It rives vertically downward at one, chooses the annual Wellbeing index branch with full leaf bud and make fringe bar, a knife of splaying below leaf bud,
Bast is pruned, forming layer is exposed, bevel is about 3~4 centimetres, and section is smooth, then splays into 45 degree in long section end opposite
The chopped face at angle.The simple bud scion cut is inserted into rapidly in the notch of stock by 1 centimetre or so the cutting scion above leaf bud,
Stock and the forming layer of the long section side of scion is set to be aligned contiguity.
It is carefully bound with 2~3 centimetres of wide plastic film tapes and obturages binding site.It should be noted that scion top when binding
Clip is also closed with film, and only scion leaf bud is exposed at outside film, with prevent rainwater enter, reduce moisture evaporation, improve at
Motility rate.
3) it is managed after connecing
Rootstock seedling and scion understand thickening quickly and grafting binding band Le are trapped into bark after grafting survival, check that discovery has
Grafting binding band will be released in time when slight Le trace.When grafting young sprout is 30 centimetres long, a bamboo pole is vertically inserted by seedling
Young sprout is strapped on pillar, to prevent big wind folding.
Bud on spring rootstock seedling can sprout many young sprouts out, and 3~5 are retained when the young sprout of sprouting grows to 20 centimetres or so
It opens blade and carries out pinching, inhibit its growth, stock top of getting along well again while increasing trunk leaf area auxiliary photosynthesis
Scion seedling fights for nutrient, and then promotes grafting fast-growth.
4) the tree-like culture of " a " font
The pinching when grafting the scion seedling young sprout at 50 cm height of river pears stock and growing to 40 centimetres of spring in 2011, is removed
The sublateral shoot that the bud of top is sprouted continues to make outside trunk extension branch, selects three orientation to be staggered, be distributed in 40 cm ranges
3 even sublateral shoots make preparation major branch, and extra sublateral shoot stays 1~2 leaf pinching to inhibit its growth, prevent and preparation major branch competition for nutrients；
Winter trunk extends branch and three major branches cut the 1/3~1/4 of apex part, until enriching position；
2012, the bud of trunk most apex continued to sprout young sprout and grow vertically upward to extend branch as trunk；Three major branches
The young sprout that most apex bud is sprouted extends branch as major branch and continues to expand tree crown, and the young sprout that major branch back side bud is sprouted is long to 20 centimetres
5 leaf pinching are stayed to inhibit its growth when left and right, the young sprout that major branch two sides are sprouted does standard as developmental branch or fruitful branch culture, for result
It is standby.
2013, the kind based on medium fruit branch result, major branch 30~40 centimetres of one root knot fruit branches of outfit in ipsilateral interval or
Preparation branch, can prune off when branch is overstocked, and branch base portion will stay a bit of stake or basal bud to send out shoot again with benefit when pruning off
As innovation shoot；When branch density deficiency, sprout using the fruit spur of major branch two sides into branch.It, can shape after medium fruit branch result
At the side shoot of raw fruit spur, the coming year continues result.
5) solid to be safeguarded with side shoot
1~2 bud of all side shoot apexes is forbidden as a result, inspiring side shoot extends branch, on every side shoot 10 centimetres of interval with
On select fruit tongue fur coarse, sprout is full, and fruit platform fruiting towards horizontal side or slightly obliquely, each fruit platform only stays a fruit.Side
The young sprout that the middle and back of branch is sprouted, grows into and stays 3~5 leaf pinching May, can both prevent nutrient effective consumption from influencing fruit swollen
Greatly, and be conducive to fruit spur new on side shoot and formed, while having the effect of inhibiting the excessive thickening of side shoot, greatly improve side shoot
Production capacity and service life.
6) side shoot updates
After side shoot uses the several years, the blind bud of side shoot base portion starts to show, and when the fruit spur quality at middle part deteriorates, answers
Consider that side shoot updates in time.If a side shoot was calculated by service life 5 years, as long as the preparation branch of culture 20% or so every year,
All side shoots can be updated one time just in a cycle.Both being updated using the young sprout that old side shoot base portion is sprouted can also
It is updated using the young sprout that major branch two sides fruit spur or kryptoblast are sprouted.
In order to prove effectiveness of the invention, applicant has also carried out following test：
Test one：
Test site：The Chinese pear high position grafting of the Hilly area of Jiangsu Province Zhenjiang institute of agricultural sciences overcomes trunk disease experiment and demonstration base
Ground, base were created in 2009 in Jurong City Huayang town, and totally 10 mu, one of test variety is " abundance of water ", were used uniformly two major branches
Horizontal rack shaping, design there are three kinds of bean pear, birch-leaf pear, river pears stocks to make trunk and control (grafting of traditional water-rich areas low level is in beans
Grafting on pears makees trunk), totally four processing.To trunk disease incidence, the disease index of different disposal, early yield and fruit
The indexs of correlation such as quality compare.Test data is shown in Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1：Incidence and growing way investigation (2014 year investigate) of the water-rich areas high position grafting on different stock varieties
Note：Above data is average value, and following table is same；Trunk morbidity severity (%) investigation accounts for anvil for disease area occurs
The wooden trunk total surface area percentage, the position height for investigating trunk is ground 1.2m.
Seen from table 1, the disease resistance of four kinds of trunks, with cultivar water-rich areas make trunk (control) limb disease incidence and
Morbidity severity highest, bean pear, birch-leaf pear limb disease incidence and morbidity severity are also higher, and river pears stock makees the strain morbidity of trunk
Rate and morbidity severity are zero, show that river pears are that stock high position grafting disease resisting effect on water-rich areas is high.Further than less
With stock variety tree body growing way, abundance of water kind tree growing way golden mean of the Confucian school when river pears are stock is found, be the growth potential of stock lower than birch-leaf pear,
But it is higher than bean pear, is not much different with compareing.
Table 2：Early yield and fruit quality of the water-rich areas high position grafting on different stock varieties compare (to be adjusted for 2015
It looks into)
As can be seen from Table 2, early stage single plant yield is secondly birch-leaf pear, bean pear is minimum, and single fruit weight is also using river pears as stock highest
Together.The soluble solid content of the most important index of fruit quality is evaluated also with river pears highest, up to 14.9%, the hardness of river pears
Higher, titratable acid content is also slightly higher compared with abundance of water, but is lower than bean pear, birch-leaf pear, and VC content is omited also above abundance of water, birch-leaf pear compared with bean pear
Low, Stone cell content is minimum.Overall synthetic is best in quality, and mouthfeel is best.
Test two：
Test site：The Chinese pear high position grafting of the Hilly area of Jiangsu Province Zhenjiang institute of agricultural sciences overcomes trunk disease experiment and demonstration base
Ground, base were created in 2009 in Jurong City Huayang town, and totally 10 mu, one of test variety is " good fortune water ", were used uniformly down " a "
Font Training system, design there are three kinds of bean pear, birch-leaf pear, river pears stocks to make trunk and control (traditional " good fortune water " pears low level grafting exists
Grafting in bean pear makees trunk) totally four processing.To trunk disease incidence, the disease index of different disposal, early yield and fruit
The indexs of correlation such as real quality compare.Test data is shown in Table 3 and table 4.
Table 3：Incidence and growing way investigation (2014 year investigate) of the Wellbeing index high position grafting on different stock varieties
Seen from table 3, the disease resistance of four kinds of trunks, the limb disease incidence for making trunk with cultivar Wellbeing index and morbidity are sternly
Severe highest, bean pear, birch-leaf pear limb disease incidence and morbidity severity are also higher, and river pears stock makees the strain disease incidence and hair of trunk
Sick severity is zero, shows that river pears are that stock high position grafting disease resisting effect on Wellbeing index is also high.Further more different anvils
The wooden kind tree body growing way, good fortune water kind tree growing way golden mean of the Confucian school when discovery river pears are stock, stock branch is thick, branch is long is lower than birch-leaf pear, but high
It is suitable with control in bean pear.
Table 4：Early yield and fruit quality of the Wellbeing index high position grafting on different stock varieties compare (to be adjusted for 2015
It looks into)
It is secondly good fortune water, bean pear is minimum, and single fruit weight is also by table 4 as it can be seen that early stage single plant yield is using river pears as stock highest
Together.The soluble solid content of the most important index of fruit quality is evaluated also with river pears highest, up to 15.2%, the hardness of river pears compared with
Birch-leaf pear is slightly lower, but difference is little between good fortune water, bean pear, 4 processing higher than it, and titratable acid content is minimum, and VC content is higher than
Its her 3 stock varieties, Stone cell content are minimum.Overall synthetic is best in quality, and mouthfeel is best.
Consolidated statement 1~4 is it is found that when river pears are as stock, the limb disease incidence of high position grafting abundance of water or Wellbeing index and morbidity
Index is all minimum, is 0, and single plant yield, single fruit weight highest, fruit integrated quality is best, thus use in production river pears as
Stock high position grafting pear cultivation kind (such as abundance of water or Wellbeing index), is best to overcome trunk disease.
And the above pear cultivation kind is not limited in abundance of water or Wellbeing index, and applicant also tries on other Pear varieties
Research is tested, as long as the study found that can substantially reduce branch using the method grafting pear of high position grafting as stock using river pears
Xerasia rate and disease index, and single fruit weight is high, and fruit integrated quality is preferable, therefore different Pear varieties are equal as grafting
It can play and the consistent invention effect of the embodiment of the present invention.
Claims (8)
1. a kind of pear tree cultural method for preventing pear tree trunk disease, which is characterized in that the cultural method includes the following steps：
(1) selection of stock：Select the river pears strong to pear tree trunk disease ring spot, stem blight, branch-rot disease resistance as anvil
Wooden seedling is cultivated；
(2) it grafts：Selection 1.5 meters of height of seedling or more, 1.5 centimetres of stem thickness or more of river pears rootstock seedling, on late Febuary to March in
Ten days uses the annual pear cultivation kind of cut-grafting method high position grafting；
(3) managing after grafting
1. ungirding：When discovery has the stock of binding plastic film tape and scion will be timely when having slight Le trace in developmental process
Release plastic film tape；
2. pinching：It is sprouted when the bud on rootstock seedling and retains 3~5 blades progress pinching when young sprout out grows to 20 centimetres；
3. vertical pillar：When long to 30 centimetres of grafting young sprout, a bamboo pole is inserted by seedling, young sprout is strapped on pillar, to prevent big
Wind folding；
4. soil fertilizer and water management：After scion rudiment, every 667 square metres of diggings shallow ridges imposes 5-10 kilograms of urea；30 centimetres of height of seedling or so
When, continue to impose 5-10 kilograms of urea；After late July, the urea solution that leaf surface spraying concentration is 0.3% when blade face is turned to be yellow is carried out
Foliage top dressing；The potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution that the plant spraying concentration of dark green leaf color is 0.3% is intertilled throughout the growing season
Weeding keeps loosing soil, grass net；
5. the prevention and control of plant diseases, pest control：If pest and disease damage generation is conventionally normally carried out prevention and treatment；
(4) pruning：Using " a " font Training system, the slender spindle-shaped Training system of trunk formula or horizontal rack formula shaping
Mode carries out shaping to grafting pear tree.
2. the pear tree cultural method of prevention pear tree trunk disease according to claim 1, which is characterized in that step (2) institute
The annual pear cultivation kind for stating grafting is Wellbeing index or water-rich areas.
3. the pear tree cultural method of prevention pear tree trunk disease according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the grafting side
Method specifically comprises the following steps：
1. cutting stock：Leave 50~120 centimeters of ground cut stock, 0.2~0.3 centimeters under smooth side clip,
It is splayed from bottom to top with grafting knife a knife, prunes the 1/3 of clip, partial application, depth are then indulged by xylem outer rim vertically downward
It matches with the long section of scion, section wants smooth, straight；
2. cutting scion：The branch for choosing the annual pear cultivation kind of 1~2 full leaf bud of tool makees scion, same with top bud
The scion lower part of side, a knife of from top to bottom splaying prune bast, expose forming layer, are whittled into long 3~4 centimetres of long section, cut
Face wants smooth, then 1 centimeters of opposing end in long section, splays into the chopped face at 45 degree of angles；
3. making stock and the forming layer of the long section side of scion be aligned contiguity in the notch of the scion cut insertion stock；
4. bondage：Obturage the binding site of stock and scion with the binding of 2~3 centimetres wide of plastic film tapes, scion top when binding
The clip at end is also closed with film, to prevent rainwater from entering, reduce moisture evaporation, improves survival rate.
4. the pear tree cultural method of prevention pear tree trunk disease according to claim 3, which is characterized in that 1. step is cut
The position of stock is different because of Training system difference, specially when using fall " a " font Training system when, grafting height be from
Open 50 centimetres of ground；When Training system slender spindle-shaped using trunk formula, grafting height is to leave 70~80 centimetres of ground；When adopting
When with horizontal rack formula Training system, grafting height is to leave 100~120 centimetres of ground.
5. it is according to claim 1 prevention pear tree trunk disease pear tree cultural method, which is characterized in that it is described fall " a "
The specific method of font Training system is：
Grafting current year：Spring pinching when grafting the scion seedling young sprout at 50 cm height of river pears stock and growing to 40 centimetres, is removed
The sublateral shoot that the bud of top is sprouted continues to make outside trunk extension branch, selects three orientation to be staggered, be distributed in 40 cm ranges
3 even sublateral shoots make preparation major branch, and extra sublateral shoot stays 1~2 leaf pinching to inhibit its growth, prevent and preparation major branch competition for nutrients；
Winter trunk extends branch and three major branches cut the 1/3~1/4 of apex part, cuts to substantial position；
Second year after grafting：The bud of trunk most apex continues to sprout young sprout and growth vertically upward extends branch as trunk；Three
The young sprout that major branch most apex bud is sprouted extends branch as major branch and continues to expand tree crown, and the young sprout that major branch back side bud is sprouted is long to 20
Centimetre or so when stay 5 leaf pinching to inhibit its growth, the young sprout that major branch two sides are sprouted is used as developmental branch or fruitful branch culture, for the coming year
As a result it prepares.
6. the pear tree cultural method of prevention pear tree trunk disease according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the trunk formula
The specific method of slender spindle-shaped Training system is：
Grafting current year：The scion at 70~80 cm height of river pears stock is grafted, the slotting bamboo of a young sprout is only retained after rudiment and is lured
Draw and grow up straight, winter, which cannot trim, is directly used as trunk；
Second year after grafting：Quarter bud is carried out to all buds of position below 2/3 height of grafting trunk, to promote its sprouting；It carves
The method of bud is laterally to cut off the bast of bark with sharp sword in 0.5~1 centimeters of the surface of bud, and swath length is all up to trunk
Long 1/3, depth do not hurt xylem to cut off bast as degree；
Grafting makees trunk except the young sprout that the bud of trunk most apex is sprouted and extends in addition to branch grow straight, and the young sprout of remaining bud sprouting is wanted
It increases and promotes it to develop towards fruitful branch direction to mitigate branch growing way with the spreading angle of trunk；
Third year after grafting, have on trunk the young sprout of axillary bud as a result branch as a result, the young sprout of bud is not as preparation branch
Continue to cultivate.
7. the pear tree cultural method of prevention pear tree trunk disease according to claim 1, which is characterized in that the horizontal canopy
The specific method of posture Training system is：
Grafting current year：Spring plucks when grafting the grafting young sprout at 100~120 cm height of river pears stock and growing to 30 centimetres
The heart, selects the sublateral shoot of 2 direct motion back growths to make preparation major branch in 30 cm ranges, and extra sublateral shoot stays 1~2 leaf pinching to inhibit
It grows, and prevents and preparation major branch competition for nutrients；The young tender part that major branch apex is wiped out when winter pruning is cut to substantial position；
It cuts the major branch stayed and is lured to guide on frame with bamboo pole and grow；
Second year after grafting：The young sprout that the most apex bud of two major branches is sprouted extends branch as major branch and continues to expand tree crown；Major branch
The young sprout that bud is sprouted on back bud and side completely stays 3~5 leaf pinching in May, controls its growth；The horizontal lateral bud of major branch two sides and
When young sprout length to the late June that bud is sprouted under side, is lured and guided to horizontal sextant angle in 30 perpendicular to major branch using the iron wire on frame face
Degree promotes bud differentiation to be trained long fruit branch；
Kind based on long fruit branch result, 30~40 centimetres of one root knot fruit branches of outfit in the ipsilateral interval of major branch, when fruitful branch is overstocked
It prunes off, pays attention to that a bit of stake or basal bud to be stayed to send out again with benefit when pruning off；When fruitful branch density deficiency, major branch two is utilized
The fruit spur of side is sprouted into branch；After long fruit branch result, the side shoot for giving birth to a large amount of fruit spurs can be formed for the year, after second year just
Long fruit branch, fruit spur common results；
Kind based on fruit spur result, ipsilateral major branch is also an interval piece young sprout of 30~40 centimetres of outfits, and winter current year cuts
Remove young sprout apex 1/3~1/4, second year, on the branch of biennial part will raw fruit spur, third year energy result.
8. the pear tree cultural method of prevention pear tree trunk disease according to claim 7, which is characterized in that lured and drawn with bamboo pole
The specific practice grown on frame is：Bamboo pole one end is fixed on to the trunk below major branch respectively along field planting line direction
On, the other end is fixed on the frame iron wire for leaving 80~100 centimetres of trunk horizontal distance, makes major branch along the oblique frame of bamboo pole
Upper growth.
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| CN108684355A (en) * | 2018-05-29 | 2018-10-23 | 凉山彝族自治州亚热带作物研究所 | A kind of walnut improved combination engrafting method |
| CN111201934B (en) * | 2018-11-22 | 2021-06-18 | 赵志明 | Intermediate stock rooting cultivation method for avocados |
| CN110301240B (en) * | 2019-08-06 | 2021-08-20 | 河北工程大学 | Method for improving fruit set percentage by controlling top end advantage through trunk-shaped pear tree high grafting |
| CN111557203A (en) * | 2020-05-27 | 2020-08-21 | 新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州农业科学研究院 | Method for treating and curing pear trees suffering from apple branch blight |
| CN112930984A (en) * | 2021-03-15 | 2021-06-11 | 新疆巴音郭楞蒙古自治州农业科学研究院 | Method for preventing and treating pear apple branch blight |
| CN113396764A (en) * | 2021-07-02 | 2021-09-17 | 新疆生产建设兵团第二师农业科学研究所 | Simplified planting method for Korla bergamot pears |
| CN114391416A (en) * | 2022-02-25 | 2022-04-26 | 河北省农林科学院石家庄果树研究所 | Pear tree cultivation method for preventing pear tree trunk diseases |
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