CN111201934B - Intermediate stock rooting cultivation method for avocados - Google Patents
Intermediate stock rooting cultivation method for avocados Download PDFInfo
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- CN111201934B CN111201934B CN201811400094.6A CN201811400094A CN111201934B CN 111201934 B CN111201934 B CN 111201934B CN 201811400094 A CN201811400094 A CN 201811400094A CN 111201934 B CN111201934 B CN 111201934B
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G2/00—Vegetative propagation
- A01G2/30—Grafting
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Abstract
The invention is suitable for the technical field of agricultural planting, and provides a method for rooting and cultivating an intermediate stock of avocados, which comprises the following steps: the method comprises the following steps of (1) planting avocado seeds into a nutrient bag filled with nutrient soil, watering, and carrying out primary grafting treatment by combining pre-selected intermediate disease-resistant stocks when the avocado seed seedlings grow to 30-40cm and the diameter of the young stems reaches 0.6-0.8 cm; when the middle disease-resistant rootstock is grafted and survived and the scion new sprout is more than 3cm, placing a metal ring or a nylon ribbon at a proper position of the stem of the middle disease-resistant rootstock; when the middle disease-resistant stock stem grows to 40-50cm, continuously assembling nutrient soil into the nutrient bag; and when the tallowfruit plant grows to 60-80cm in height and the middle disease-resistant stock grows to have a root system, carrying out secondary grafting by combining with a to-be-commercialized cultivated variety to obtain a survived new seedling. The obtained new seedling has high survival rate, uniform fruit size and strong disease resistance, and can realize the targets of early production, high yield and stable yield.
Description
Technical Field
The invention belongs to the technical field of agricultural planting, and particularly relates to a method for rooting and cultivating an intermediate stock of avocados.
Background
Avocado and butter fruit belong to the genus avocado of the family Lauraceae, tall deciduous trees, spherical fruits, crowns, many and dense branches, thick stems and branches, multiple nodules and frequent bending; the bark was thick and cracked irregularly. The avocado fruit is a fruit with high nutritive value, contains various vitamins, rich fatty acids, protein and high-content elements such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and the like, is favored by more and more people, and is a healthy and fashionable new fruit. The avocado has been planted for hundreds of years in the global scope, and is introduced into China for no more than 60 years. In recent years, with the increasingly improved living standard of people, more and more people like the avocados, but the avocado industry in China is still in the starting stage, and compared with some foreign countries for planting avocados or countries with developed technologies, the avocado planting management, seedling raising technology and other aspects in China are always lagged behind. And with the increasing consumption of the avocados, the planting area of the avocados is gradually increased, and the requirements on the quality of seedlings are continuously improved. However, a fundamental factor restricting the development of the avocado industry in China is that the avocado industry in China is relatively lagged in seedling culture compared with the foreign advanced seedling culture technology.
At present, the method for sowing and raising the seedlings of the avocados by seeds is basically adopted in the domestic avocados for raising the seedlings, and has the advantages of low cost and short seedling raising period, but the traditional seedling raising method has the problems of weak disease resistance and difficult realization of premature delivery, high yield and stable yield, particularly, the contradiction between vegetative growth and reproduction is very prominent, the avocados are small, the yield is low, the avocados are unstable, and the phenomenon of the avocados in large and small years is very prominent.
Disclosure of Invention
The embodiment of the invention provides a rooting cultivation method for intermediate stocks of avocados, and aims to solve the problems of weak disease resistance, difficulty in realizing premature delivery, high yield and stable yield, severe physiological fruit drop caused by prominent contradiction between vegetative growth and reproduction, small fruit, low yield and prominent fruit year and year phenomena in the traditional avocado seedling cultivation method.
The embodiment of the invention is realized in such a way that the method for rooting and cultivating the intermediate stock of the avocados comprises the following steps:
screening the avocado seeds, and sterilizing the screened avocado seeds for later use;
uniformly stirring and mixing the soil for seedling culture and the organic fertilizer, preparing nutrient soil, and filling the nutrient soil into a nutrient bag;
pushing the sterilized avocado seeds downwards into the nutrient bag filled with nutrient soil, implanting 2/3 with the depth being the total height of the avocado seeds, and watering after seeding is finished;
when the seedlings of the avocado seeds grow to 30-40cm and the diameters of the young stems reach 0.6-0.8cm, carrying out first grafting treatment by combining pre-selected intermediate disease-resistant stocks;
when the middle disease-resistant rootstock is grafted and survived and the scion new sprouts grow to be more than 3cm, placing a metal ring or a nylon ribbon at a proper position of the middle disease-resistant rootstock stem, and completely removing the redundant sprouts of the rest middle disease-resistant rootstock stems without the metal ring or the nylon ribbon;
when the middle disease-resistant stock stem grows to 40-50cm, all the leaves below the height of the nutrition bag are removed, and nutrient soil is continuously assembled in the nutrition bag;
and when the tallowfruit plant grows to 60-80cm in height and the middle disease-resistant stock grows to have a root system, carrying out secondary grafting by combining with a to-be-commercialized cultivated variety to obtain a survived new seedling.
In the embodiment of the invention, after the avocado seeds are screened and sterilized, the avocado seeds are planted into a nutrition bag filled with nutrient soil and are watered, and when the avocado seed seedlings grow to 30-40cm and the diameter of the young stem reaches 0.6-0.8cm, the avocado seeds are grafted for one time by combining with pre-selected intermediate disease-resistant stocks; when the middle disease-resistant rootstock is grafted and survived and the scion new sprouts grow to be more than 3cm, placing a metal ring or a nylon ribbon at a proper position of the middle disease-resistant rootstock stem, and completely removing the rest sprouts of the rest middle disease-resistant rootstock stems without the metal ring or the nylon ribbon; when the middle disease-resistant stock stem grows to 40-50cm, all the leaves below the height of the nutrition bag are removed, and nutrient soil is continuously assembled in the nutrition bag; and when the tallowfruit plant grows to 60-80cm in height and the middle disease-resistant stock grows to have a root system, carrying out secondary grafting by combining with a to-be-commercialized cultivated variety to obtain a survived new seedling. The new seedlings obtained by the method are uniform in size, the varieties of the intermediate disease-resistant stocks are unified, the root systems produced by the intermediate disease-resistant stocks lack obvious main roots, the contradiction between vegetative growth and reproduction does not exist, the survival rate is high, the obtained avocado fruits are uniform in size and strong in disease resistance, and the aims of early production, high yield and stable production can be achieved.
Detailed Description
In order to make the objects, technical solutions and advantages of the present invention more apparent, the present invention is further described in detail with reference to the following embodiments. It should be understood that the specific embodiments described herein are merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit the invention.
In the embodiment of the invention, after the avocado seeds are screened and sterilized, the avocado seeds are planted into a nutrition bag filled with nutrient soil and are watered, and when the avocado seed seedlings grow to 30-40cm and the diameter of the young stem reaches 0.6-0.8cm, the avocado seeds are grafted for one time by combining with pre-selected intermediate disease-resistant stocks; when the middle disease-resistant rootstock is grafted and survived and the scion new sprouts grow to be more than 3cm, placing a metal ring or a nylon ribbon at a proper position of the middle disease-resistant rootstock stem, and completely removing the rest sprouts of the rest middle disease-resistant rootstock stems without the metal ring or the nylon ribbon; when the middle disease-resistant stock stem grows to 40-50cm, all the leaves below the height of the nutrition bag are removed, the rolled part of the nutrition bag during seedling culture is restored to the original state, and the nutrition bag is continuously filled with nutrient soil; and when the tallowfruit plant grows to 60-80cm in height and the middle disease-resistant stock grows to have a root system, carrying out secondary grafting by combining with a to-be-commercialized cultivated variety to obtain a survived new seedling. The new seedlings obtained by the method realize the unification of the stocks, and the common seeds provide nutrition cultivation stocks; after the metal ring or the nylon cable tie is placed at a proper position for treatment, nutrition generated by photosynthesis is conveyed to the base anvil, and the base anvil can slowly die after being stopped by the metal ring or the nylon cable tie; stimulating the middle disease-resistant stock above the ring to grow a root system to become an independent disease-resistant seedling; the root system of the root system is changed from a root system with strong innate strength and obvious main root into a cuttage disease-resistant root system with less main root and more fibrous root. The change of the root system solves the problems of over vigorous growth and difficult control of the fruit extraction, thereby leading to reduction of physiological fruit drop and uniform fruit size and realizing high yield and stable yield; meanwhile, the obtained seedlings have high survival rate, uniform fruit size and strong disease resistance, and can realize the aims of early production, high yield and stable yield.
In the embodiment of the invention, avocado seeds in northern sea of Guangxi are selected for seedling culture.
In the embodiment of the invention, firstly, the avocado seeds are aired in the sun until the outer skins of the seeds are dry and cracked, and then the seeds are removed; or soaking avocado seeds in water for 2h until the seed outer skin is softened, and removing the seeds. Selecting and discarding the beef tallow seeds which are seriously damaged, mildewed and rotten and dried while removing the seed coats; the rest avocado seeds are poured into a container for sterilization, the used bactericide can be potassium permanganate, carbendazim and the like, namely, the seeds are soaked in the disinfectant for 5-15min, and then are taken out and rinsed clean with clear water.
In the embodiment of the invention, the seeding period of the avocado seed seedling is generally between 2 months and 10 months, but if a heat-preservation greenhouse is used, the avocado seed can be sown and grown all the year round.
In the embodiment of the invention, a nutrition bag with the height of 30-40cm and the diameter of 10-20cm after soil filling is selected, 20% of organic fertilizer is uniformly stirred in the preselected soil for seedling culture, and the nutrition soil is prepared and filled into the nutrition bag. Before bagging, the nutrition bag with the height of 30-40cm is turned outwards to be 10-20cm, and then the nutrition soil is filled into the nutrition bag until the bag is full. After the nutrient soil is filled, the nutrient bags filled with the nutrient soil are placed according to the width of 6 in each row.
In the embodiment of the invention, the seedling production place should be selected to be a place with good drainage, ventilation and light transmission, and meanwhile, a greenhouse is built to ensure enough temperature, the temperature is controlled to be 10-28 ℃, and the greenhouse cannot rain.
In the embodiment of the invention, after the sowing is finished, the seeds are watered once to permeate water in time so as to ensure the emergence rate of the seeds. The moisture content of the nutrient soil after sowing is that the nutrient soil cannot stick to hands when being pinched by hands and is not too dry, and the nutrient soil should be naturally scattered when the hands are loosened. Sprouts grow out about one month after sowing, and the seedlings with the same size are picked out and stored respectively. The seedlings are selected for several times in the whole seedling raising process. When 4 leaves exist, the plant needs to be inspected to have harmless insect feeding leaves, pests in the seedling stage mainly take aphids as main pests, and generally, an insecticide and a bactericide are sprayed once every 20 days to prevent and control plant diseases and insect pests.
In the embodiment of the invention, the optimum grafting time of the avocado is before and after spring. Grafting is carried out when the seedling grows to 30-40cm high and the diameter of the young stem reaches 0.6-0.8 cm. Before grafting, attention is paid to the moisture of the nutrient soil, and the moisture cannot be too heavy, otherwise, the survival rate is influenced.
In the embodiment of the invention, the first generation propagated from seeds of the disease-resistant rootstocks is selected as the intermediate disease-resistant rootstocks, and the intermediate disease-resistant rootstocks are special varieties and have the disease resistance, particularly the root rot resistance, stable growth and capability of growing developed fibrous roots at the stem parts.
In the embodiment of the invention, a short-stem grafting method is adopted, namely when the sprouts of the seed base stocks grow to 30-40cm in height, the stems of the base stocks are cut off at the height of 5-6cm, then a knife is longitudinally split from the middle of the stems of the stock by using a grafting knife, and the depth of the knife edge is controlled within 3 cm; after the stem of the base stock is split, the selected intermediate stock is cut into scions which are 5-7cm long and have 2 buds; the base of the scion is cut into a wedge shape by a knife, then the scion is inserted into the middle of the base stock, and then the scion and the grafting opening are wound by the grafting film. The cambium of the base stock and the cambium of the scion are aligned and completely covered in the process of inserting the scion into the grafting opening, so that the grafting survival rate is guaranteed.
In the embodiment of the invention, survival rate check is carried out within 9-11 days after one-time grafting treatment; the bud on the survival scion is fresh and full and even begins to sprout and generates callus on the grafting opening; the scions which do not survive start to dry or turn black and mildew, and the scions which do not survive can be grafted again in autumn after the middle disease-resistant rootstock germinates new. The plastic film should be untied at the right time for the survived plants to grow normally; the survived plants should be covered with soil on the base part in time to prevent sunlight from being exposed or stem at the grafting position from being blown by strong wind; the survived plants should be kept with proper moisture of soil, during which weeding, insecticide spraying and bactericide preventing and controlling plant diseases and insect pests are needed.
In the embodiment of the invention, the metal ring (or the nylon cable tie) is placed at a proper position of the middle anti-disease rootstock stem, the stem at the part above the metal ring (or the nylon cable tie) can be made to root, and the part below the metal ring gradually withers and dies; the action mechanism of the method is similar to that of a girdling technical measure adopted during high-altitude layering propagation, the phloem and cambium inside the stem are prevented from growing under the action of external force after the metal ring (or a nylon tie) is placed, the downward transportation of nutrient substances generated by photosynthesis is prevented, but the middle disease-resistant stock can also absorb moisture and inorganic salt and continue to be transported upwards, the part above the metal ring (or the nylon tie) can also absorb moisture and inorganic salt, and the part below the metal ring (or the nylon tie) absorbs fewer and fewer photosynthesis products; nutrient substances cannot be transported downwards and only can be accumulated near the metal ring (or the nylon cable tie), and as time is increased, callus is gradually generated on the part above the metal ring (or the nylon cable tie) and roots; and the anvil at the lower part of the metal ring (or nylon cable tie) will gradually die.
In the embodiment of the invention, the metal ring and the nylon binding belt are placed in different modes, the metal ring sprouts 2-4cm in the middle of the disease-resistant rootstock, and the sprouts are sleeved in time when the leaves do not develop; the nylon cable tie can be carried out when the growing height of the middle disease-resistant rootstock is 10-20cm, and the nylon cable tie is generally used in a seedbed cultivation method. The nylon cable tie is self-provided with a lock control, and the damage to the bark is prevented when the nylon cable tie is pulled to the size of the stem of the middle disease-resistant stock.
In the embodiment of the invention, the size of the metal ring is the key influencing the rooting time of the intermediate disease-resistant rootstock, a copper pipe or an aluminum pipe is selected, and the parameters of the metal ring are preferably 0.8-1.0cm in inner diameter, 0.08-0.12cm in thickness and 1.3-1.7cm in height; similarly, the parameters of the nylon cable tie are preferably 1-1.4cm in width and 25-35cm in length.
It is worth noting that the optimal parameters of the metal ring and the nylon cable tie are determined by repeated comparison experiments, and particularly when the inner diameter of the metal ring is lower than 0.8cm, the probability that the root system of the intermediate disease-resistant rootstock is not grown is higher, and the seed anvil can be separated from photosynthesis to cause premature death of the intermediate disease-resistant rootstock.
In the embodiment of the invention, the metal ring is placed in time when the scion grows to be more than 3cm after the grafting survival of the middle disease-resistant stock, the method is that the metal ring is slowly sleeved into the proper position of the stem of the middle disease-resistant stock from the top end of the bud, the metal ring (or a nylon binding tape) is sleeved to cut and record the tender tissue which can not be damaged, and the redundant new buds are completely removed after the metal ring (or the nylon binding tape) is sleeved.
In the embodiment of the invention, when the stem of the middle disease-resistant rootstock is 25-35cm high and 0.5-1cm in diameter, the position of the metal ring is adjusted to be 2-4cm above the base of the stem of the middle disease-resistant rootstock and the joint.
In the embodiment of the invention, the nylon cable tie can be placed after the middle disease-resistant rootstock is grafted and survived for one month. When the base part of the young stem on the scion grows to 0.8cm in diameter, the nylon binding tape is tied at the position 3cm above the base part of the young stem.
In the embodiment of the invention, the second assembly of the nutrient soil is carried out 2-3 months after the grafting survives. When the tender stem of the intermediate stock grows to the height of 40-60cm, the soil is filled. Before loading soil, checking whether a metal ring (or a nylon cable tie) is located at a proper position or whether the metal ring (or the nylon cable tie) slides down, and if the metal ring (or the nylon cable tie) slides down, adjusting to the proper position and loading soil; at this time, the rolled part of the nutrition bag is restored to a normal position, and then the nutrition soil is filled into the bag. Before loading soil, the leaves below the height of the nutrition bag are removed completely, and the plants are prevented from being damaged in the soil loading process. The middle stock is righted in the soil filling process, and the soil is filled until the nutrition bag is full.
In the embodiment of the invention, in order to root the intermediate disease-resistant rootstock as soon as possible, the proper rooting agent low-concentration aqueous solution is adopted for irrigating the roots, and the roots are irrigated once every 15 days, so that the rooting efficiency is improved.
In the embodiment of the invention, the second grafting is carried out when the plant height is about 50cm (not including the height of the nutrition bag), namely when the plant height is 60-80 cm. At the moment, the root system of the interstock disease-resistant wood is successfully grown, the seed stock is tied to be dead by a metal ring (or a nylon tie), and the root system grown from the interstock disease-resistant wood completely absorbs the nutrition and the water required by the normal growth of the plant. The second grafting can select commercial cultivars with high market demand, such as Haas, and the grafting method is the same as that of the common rootstock.
Example 1
Screening the avocado seeds, and sterilizing the screened avocado seeds for later use; uniformly stirring and mixing the soil for seedling culture and the organic fertilizer, preparing nutrient soil, and filling the nutrient soil into a nutrient bag with the height of 30cm and the diameter of 10 cm; pushing the sterilized avocado seeds downwards into the nutrient bag filled with nutrient soil, implanting 2/3 with the depth being the total height of the avocado seeds, and watering after seeding is finished; when the seedlings of the avocado seeds grow to 30cm and the diameters of the young stems reach 0.6cm, carrying out first grafting treatment by combining pre-selected intermediate disease-resistant stocks; cutting off the stem of the stock at the position of 5cm when the bud of the stock grows to the height of 10 cm; longitudinally splitting a knife edge from the middle of the stem of the base stock by using a grafting knife, wherein the depth of the knife edge is controlled within 3 cm; pruning the selected intermediate disease-resistant rootstocks into scions which are 5cm long and have 2 buds; cutting the base part of the scion into a wedge shape by a knife, inserting the base part into the middle of the stem of the base stock, and ensuring the alignment of the cambium of the base stock and the cambium of the scion; winding the scion and the grafting opening by using a grafting film; when the middle disease-resistant rootstock is grafted and survived and the scion new sprouts grow to be more than 3cm, placing metal rings with the inner diameter of 0.8cm, the thickness of 0.08cm and the height of 1.3cm at proper positions of the middle disease-resistant rootstock stems, and completely removing the redundant sprouts of the rest middle disease-resistant rootstock stems without the metal rings; when the middle disease-resistant stock stem grows to 40cm, all the leaves below the height of the nutrition bag are removed, and nutrient soil is continuously assembled in the nutrition bag; and when the tallowfruit plant grows to 60cm in height and the middle disease-resistant stock grows to have a root system, carrying out secondary grafting by combining with a to-be-commercialized cultivated variety to obtain a survived new seedling.
Example 2
Screening the avocado seeds, and sterilizing the screened avocado seeds for later use; uniformly stirring and mixing the soil for seedling culture and the organic fertilizer, preparing nutrient soil, and filling the nutrient soil into a nutrient bag with the height of 40cm and the diameter of 20 cm; pushing the sterilized avocado seeds downwards into the nutrient bag filled with nutrient soil, implanting 2/3 with the depth being the total height of the avocado seeds, and watering after seeding is finished; when the seedlings of the avocado seeds grow to 40cm and the diameters of the young stems reach 0.8cm, carrying out first grafting treatment by combining pre-selected intermediate disease-resistant stocks; cutting off the stem of the stock at the position of 6cm when the bud of the stock grows to 12cm height; longitudinally splitting a knife edge from the middle of the stem of the base stock by using a grafting knife, wherein the depth of the knife edge is controlled within 3 cm; pruning the selected intermediate disease-resistant rootstocks into scions which are 7cm long and have 2 buds; cutting the base part of the scion into a wedge shape by a knife, inserting the base part into the middle of the stem of the base stock, and ensuring the alignment of the cambium of the base stock and the cambium of the scion; winding the scion and the grafting opening by using a grafting film; when the middle disease-resistant rootstock is grafted and survived and the scion new sprouts to be more than 3cm, placing a nylon binding tape with the width of 1.2cm and the length of 30cm at the proper position of the middle disease-resistant rootstock stem, and completely removing the redundant sprouts of the rest middle disease-resistant rootstock stems without the nylon binding tape; when the middle disease-resistant stock stem grows to 50cm, all the leaves below the height of the nutrition bag are removed, and nutrient soil is continuously assembled in the nutrition bag; and when the tallowfruit plant grows to 80cm in height and the middle disease-resistant stock grows to have a root system, carrying out secondary grafting by combining with a to-be-commercialized cultivated variety to obtain a survived new seedling.
Example 3
Screening the avocado seeds, and sterilizing the screened avocado seeds for later use; uniformly stirring and mixing the soil for seedling culture and the organic fertilizer, preparing nutrient soil, and filling the nutrient soil into a nutrient bag with the height of 40cm and the diameter of 20 cm; pushing the sterilized avocado seeds downwards into the nutrient bag filled with nutrient soil, implanting 2/3 with the depth being the total height of the avocado seeds, and watering after seeding is finished; when the seedlings of the avocado seeds grow to 35cm and the diameters of the young stems reach 0.8cm, carrying out first grafting treatment by combining pre-selected intermediate disease-resistant stocks; cutting off the stem of the stock at the position of 5cm when the bud of the stock grows to the height of 11 cm; longitudinally splitting a knife edge from the middle of the stem of the base stock by using a grafting knife, wherein the depth of the knife edge is controlled within 3 cm; pruning the selected intermediate disease-resistant rootstocks into scions which are 6cm long and have 2 buds; cutting the base part of the scion into a wedge shape by a knife, inserting the base part into the middle of the stem of the base stock, and ensuring the alignment of the cambium of the base stock and the cambium of the scion; winding the scion and the grafting opening by using a grafting film; when the middle disease-resistant rootstock is grafted and survived and the scion new sprouts grow to be more than 3cm, placing metal rings with the inner diameter of 0.9cm, the thickness of 0.12cm and the height of 1.7cm at proper positions of the middle disease-resistant rootstock stems, and completely removing the redundant sprouts of the rest middle disease-resistant rootstock stems without the metal rings; when the middle disease-resistant stock stem grows to 45cm, all the leaves below the height of the nutrition bag are removed, and nutrient soil is continuously assembled in the nutrition bag; and when the tallowfruit plant grows to 80cm in height and the middle disease-resistant stock grows to have a root system, carrying out secondary grafting by combining with a to-be-commercialized cultivated variety to obtain a survived new seedling.
Example 4
Screening the avocado seeds, and sterilizing the screened avocado seeds for later use; uniformly stirring and mixing the soil for seedling culture and the organic fertilizer, preparing nutrient soil, and filling the nutrient soil into a nutrient bag with the height of 35cm and the diameter of 15 cm; pushing the sterilized avocado seeds downwards into the nutrient bag filled with nutrient soil, implanting 2/3 with the depth being the total height of the avocado seeds, and watering after seeding is finished; when the seedlings of the avocado seeds grow to 35cm and the diameters of the young stems reach 0.7cm, carrying out primary grafting treatment by combining pre-selected intermediate disease-resistant stocks; cutting off the stem of the stock at the position of 6cm when the bud of the stock grows to the height of 11 cm; longitudinally splitting a knife edge from the middle of the stem of the base stock by using a grafting knife, wherein the depth of the knife edge is controlled within 3 cm; pruning the selected intermediate disease-resistant rootstocks into scions which are 6cm long and have 2 buds; cutting the base part of the scion into a wedge shape by a knife, inserting the base part into the middle of the stem of the base stock, and ensuring the alignment of the cambium of the base stock and the cambium of the scion; winding the scion and the grafting opening by using a grafting film; when the middle disease-resistant rootstock is grafted and survived and the scion new sprouts grow to be more than 3cm, placing metal rings with the inner diameter of 1.0cm, the thickness of 0.1cm and the height of 1.5cm at proper positions of the middle disease-resistant rootstock stems, and completely removing the rest sprouts of the middle disease-resistant rootstock stems without the metal rings; when the middle disease-resistant stock stem grows to 50cm, all the leaves below the height of the nutrition bag are removed, and nutrient soil is continuously assembled in the nutrition bag; and when the tallowfruit plant grows to 70cm in height and the middle disease-resistant stock grows to have a root system, carrying out secondary grafting by combining with a to-be-commercialized cultivated variety to obtain a survived new seedling.
Comparative examples 1 to 7
The inner diameters of the metal rings were set to 0.5cm, 0.6cm, 0.7cm, 0.8cm, 0.9cm, 1.1cm and 1.2cm, respectively, in this order, and the remaining process conditions were the same as in example 4.
Comparative example 8
The process conditions were the same as in example 4 except that the intermediate disease-resistant rootstock was replaced with a normal intermediate rootstock.
Comparative example 9
The process of metal rings or nylon bands is not involved between the primary grafting and the secondary grafting, and the rest process conditions are consistent with those of the example 4.
Test example 1
Test site: 8 groups of Lujiang Zhennanbuan in Longyang region of Baoshan city of Yunnan province
The test mode is as follows: the biggest difference between the example 4 and the comparative examples 1 to 7 is only that the inner diameter of the metal ring is different, the avocado is cultured according to the process requirements of the example 4 and the comparative examples 1 to 7 respectively in 2013, 8 groups are provided, 100 avocados are planted in each group, the seeding time is 8 months and 1 day in 2013, the growth condition of fruit seedlings and the culturing time are recorded according to the time sequence, and the results are shown in the table 1:
TABLE 1 recording table of growth condition and cultivation time of fruit seedlings
The difference between the comparative examples 1-5, the example 4 and the comparative examples 6-7 is that the inner diameters of the metal rings are different, and as can be seen from table 1, when the inner diameters of the metal rings are too large and too small, the plant growth is influenced to a certain extent, and when the inner diameters of the metal rings are less than 0.8cm, the plant death rate is high, the plant seedling diameter is small, and the later-stage growth is not facilitated; when the inner diameter of the metal ring is higher than 1.0cm, the rooting time of the middle disease-resistant rootstock is later, and the seedling raising time is prolonged, namely the size of the metal ring directly influences the seedling raising period and the survival rate in the seedling stage; meanwhile, the cultivation method of the metal ring and the intermediate disease-resistant rootstock is adopted, and compared with the wound treatment of the common intermediate rootstock adopted in the past, the situation of fungal infection of the grafting opening is completely avoided.
Test example 2
Test site: 8 groups of Lujiang Zhennanbuan in Longyang region of Baoshan city of Yunnan province
The test mode is as follows: in the above examples 1-4 and comparative examples 8-9, the cultivation time of the avocado is 2014 years, the transplanting time is 2014 years, the first fruiting in 2017 is carried out, and the large-scale fruit production is started in 2018. The planting area is 27.5 mu, 1.3 mu of each group is selected as a test base, the test base corresponds to examples 1-4 and comparative examples 8-9 and a traditional seedling raising mode respectively, the survival rate, the yield, the disease resistance, the fruit weight and the total cultivation time are recorded, and the obtained results are as follows:
TABLE 1 results of investigation of each item of avocado
| The survival rate is high | The disease resistance rate% | Fruit weight (gram) | Yield in 2017 years (gram) | Yield in 2018 years (gram) | |
| Example 1 | 91.0 | 91.5 | 207 | 4250 | 32585 |
| Example 2 | 91.2 | 91.4 | 209 | 3876 | 33256 |
| Example 3 | 91.3 | 91.5 | 215 | 4327 | 33124 |
| Example 4 | 91.1 | 91.2 | 217 | 4055 | 35857 |
| Comparative example 8 | 89.0 | 88.7 | 209 | 3565 | 25871 |
| Comparative example 9 | 89.7 | 86.7 | 195 | 3086 | 25475 |
| Traditional seedling raising method | 90.1 | 85.7 | 158 | 3158 | 18567 |
In conclusion, the intermediate rootstock rooting cultivation method for the avocados provided by the embodiment of the invention unifies varieties of intermediate disease-resistant rootstocks, combines specific process limitations, obtains the avocado fruit trees with high survival rate and high disease resistance, obtains the avocado fruits with excellent weight and yield compared with the traditional seedling cultivation mode, and can realize the aims of ahead production, high yield and stable yield.
It is worth noting that the fruit can be grown in 2 years after the traditional common grafted butyrospermum parkii is transplanted, dozens or even hundreds of fruits can be grown in 3 years, but the fruit drop is very serious because the root system is too strong and the vegetative growth is vigorous; transplanting common grafted seedlings for about 4 years mainly takes vegetative growth as a main step, and the trees grow at the stage; the full period of fruit can be reached after 4 years. The grafting cultivation method of the avocado used by the invention comprises the following steps: and (3) cultivating seedlings by using seeds at the beginning of 2014, then carrying out first grafting, carrying out second grafting after the middle disease-resistant rootstocks survive and take roots, transplanting at the end of 2014, and carrying out large-scale fruit production at the end of 2018.
In addition, according to the intermediate stock rooting cultivation method for the avocados, provided by the embodiment of the invention, grafted avocado seedlings can bear fruits after being transplanted for 2 years, the fruits can be stably produced after being transplanted for 3 years (high yield of grafted seedlings of common stocks is difficult to achieve), the yield after being transplanted for 3 years is several times higher than that after being transplanted for 2 years, the yield after being transplanted for 4 years is several times higher than that after being transplanted for 3 years, and high yield can be achieved.
It is worth noting that the invention can also adopt a seedbed cultivation method, namely, seeds are firstly germinated in a sand bed, when the seedlings grow to 5cm high, the entire seedlings with the root systems of the seedlings are transplanted to a land prepared in advance, and the transplanting specification is generally according to the plant row spacing of 20cm x 20 cm. And (3) watering in time after transplanting, and watering, weeding and spraying insecticide and bactericide in time according to the dryness and wetness degree of the soil in later period. The pests in the seedling stage mainly control aphids, and the pesticide is sprayed once every 20 days. After 2 months of transplantation, seedlings with the diameter of 0.6cm-0.8cm can be selected for short-stalk grafting, after grafting is completed, the bottom of a nutrition bag with the diameter of 18cm x 25cm (a small hole with the diameter of about 1cm is formed at the bottom) is removed to be aligned with the scion, the nutrition bag is downwards sleeved with the seed base stock stem, and then a small amount of soil is filled into the nutrition bag to press the nutrition bag. When the scion survives and grows to about 4cm, a metal ring (or a nylon cable tie) is placed, and the placing method of the metal ring (or the nylon cable tie) is the same as that of the metal ring (or the nylon cable tie). When the plant grows to about 40cm, the pressed nutrition bag is restored to the normal shape, then the plant is filled with soil, and the second grafting treatment is carried out, which is consistent with the method; in addition, the seedling taking time is generally carried out 3 months after the second grafting survival, at the moment, the intermediate disease-resistant rootstock is completely grown, and the rootstock is dead.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents and improvements made within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included within the scope of the present invention.
Claims (9)
1. The method for rooting cultivation of the intermediate stock of the avocados is characterized by comprising the following steps:
screening the avocado seeds, and sterilizing the screened avocado seeds for later use;
uniformly stirring and mixing the soil for seedling culture and the organic fertilizer, preparing nutrient soil, and filling the nutrient soil into a nutrient bag;
pushing the sterilized avocado seeds downwards into the nutrient bag filled with nutrient soil, implanting 2/3 with the depth being the total height of the avocado seeds, and watering after seeding is finished;
when the seedlings of the avocado seeds grow to 30-40cm and the diameters of the young stems reach 0.6-0.8cm, carrying out first grafting treatment by combining pre-selected intermediate disease-resistant stocks;
placing a metal ring or a nylon binding tape at a proper position of the middle disease-resistant rootstock stem, and completely removing the redundant sprouts of the rest middle disease-resistant rootstock stems without the metal ring or the nylon binding tape; the metal ring or the nylon cable tie is placed for enabling the stems of the upper part of the metal ring or the nylon cable tie to generate callus and root, and the stems of the lower part of the metal ring or the nylon cable tie wither and die; the metal ring is placed when the scions grow to more than 3cm after the grafting survival of the middle disease-resistant rootstock, and is placed at the base part of the stem of the middle disease-resistant rootstock 2-4cm above the interface when the stem of the middle disease-resistant rootstock grows to 25-35cm high and has the diameter of 0.5-1 cm; the nylon cable tie is placed after the middle disease-resistant rootstock is grafted and survived for one month, and when the base part of the young stem on the scion grows to the diameter of 0.8cm, the nylon cable tie is tied at the position of 3cm above the base part of the young stem;
when the middle disease-resistant stock stem grows to 40-50cm, all the leaves below the height of the nutrition bag are removed, and nutrient soil is continuously assembled in the nutrition bag;
and when the tallowfruit plant grows to 60-80cm in height and the middle disease-resistant stock grows to have a root system, carrying out secondary grafting by combining with a to-be-commercialized cultivated variety to obtain a survived new seedling.
2. The method for rooting and cultivating the intermediate rootstock of the avocado as claimed in claim 1, wherein the screening of the avocado seeds and the sterilization of the screened avocado seeds are carried out for later use, and specifically comprises the following steps:
sun-drying until the outer skin of the avocado seeds is dry and cracked, and then removing the outer skin of the seeds, or soaking the seeds in water until the outer skin of the seeds is softened and then removing the outer skin of the seeds;
removing the severely damaged, musty and rotten and sun-dried avocado seeds;
and soaking the rest avocado seeds in the sterilization solution for 5-15min, taking out, and rinsing with clear water for later use.
3. The rooting cultivation method for the intermediate stocks of the avocados as claimed in claim 1, wherein the short-stalk grafting method is adopted in the primary grafting treatment, and the specific steps are as follows:
cutting off the stem of the stock at the height of 5-6cm when the young bud of the stock grows to the height of 30-40 cm;
longitudinally splitting a knife edge from the middle of the stem of the base stock by using a grafting knife, wherein the depth of the knife edge is controlled within 3 cm;
pruning the selected intermediate disease-resistant rootstocks into scions which are 5-7cm long and have 2 buds;
cutting the base part of the scion into a wedge shape by a knife, inserting the base part into the middle of the stem of the base stock, and ensuring the alignment of the cambium of the base stock and the cambium of the scion;
and winding the scion and the grafting opening by using a grafting film.
4. The rooting cultivation method for the intermediate stocks of avocados as claimed in claim 1, further comprising:
the survival rate is checked within 9-11 days after the primary grafting treatment;
removing the plastic film of the grafted plant;
earthing the base of the grafted plant;
and (3) for the grafted and survived plants, keeping proper water content of soil, weeding during the period, and preventing and treating plant diseases and insect pests.
5. The method for rooting cultivation of intermediate stocks of avocado according to claim 1, wherein for the purpose of rooting the intermediate disease-resistant stocks as quickly as possible, the roots are irrigated with a low-concentration aqueous solution of a suitable rooting agent, and the roots are irrigated once every 15 days to improve the rooting efficiency.
6. The method for rooting cultivation of intermediate stocks of avocado according to claim 2, wherein the sterilization solution is a mixed solution of potassium permanganate or carbendazim and water.
7. The rooting cultivation method for the intermediate stocks of avocado according to claim 1, wherein the height of the nutrition bag is 30-40cm, and the diameter is 10-20 cm.
8. The rooting cultivation method for the intermediate stocks of shea butter according to claim 1, wherein the inner diameter of the metal ring is 0.8-1.0cm, the thickness is 0.08-0.12cm and the height is 1.3-1.7 cm.
9. The rooting cultivation method for the intermediate stocks of avocados as claimed in claim 1, wherein the nylon cable ties have a width of 1-1.4cm and a length of 25-35 cm.
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