CN105340671A - Rapid shaping high-yield cultivation method in early stage for fruit trees by adopting technology of three buds, two degrees and one signal axis - Google Patents
Rapid shaping high-yield cultivation method in early stage for fruit trees by adopting technology of three buds, two degrees and one signal axis Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G7/00—Botany in general
- A01G7/06—Treatment of growing trees or plants, e.g. for preventing decay of wood, for tingeing flowers or wood, for prolonging the life of plants
Abstract
The invention discloses a rapid shaping high-yield cultivation method in the early stage for fruit trees by adopting technology of three buds, two degrees and one signal axis. The invention provides a cultivation method for fruit trees which comprises the steps of adopting technology of three buds, two degrees and one signal axis to prune fruit trees during cultivation of fruit trees. 'Three buds' refers to steps of fixing buds, smearing buds and engraving buds. 'Two degrees' refers to the step of controlling thicknesses of main branches by adjusting angles of main branches in order to achieve reasonable ratio of branches to stems. One single shaft refers to the step of timely cleaning/or cutting separate branches of main branches in order to ensure that all main braches keep fruiting short branches and signal axes extend. The rapid shaping high-yield cultivation method in the early stage for fruit trees by adopting technology of three buds, two degrees and one signal axis has following beneficial effects: the method is applied to apple trees, sweet cherry trees and other fruit trees so that fruiting results for 3-year field planting and 4-year high-yield beneficial effects are obtained; the problem that cherries are difficult to cultivate is effectively solved; by adoption of a conventional method, fruits are harvested for at least four to five years and high-yield effectiveness for 6 to 7 years is achieved; and therefore, the method is very effective and of great importance for transformation and upgrading and highly-effective development in the industry of fruit trees.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to a planting fruit-trees " three bud two degree single shafts " rapid shaping early secreted antigenic target method.
Background technology
Investigated discovery in recent years; the industrialized thinkings of world's fruit powerful industry nation such as the U.S., France, New Zealand and Japan, theory, measure are managed, manage modern fruit industry; round Realization improved variety, variation, compartmentalization, intensive, scale, standardization, mechanization, facility, technology simplification, swardization, water-fertilizer integral, informationization, safe, systematism, integration, achieve significant economy, society and ecological benefits.Compared with Production of fruit advanced country of the world, still there is larger gap in China's fruits industry, needs the problem researched and solved still a lot, and wherein Apple Industry is mainly manifested in that " kind is single, nursery stock is chaotic, quality is difficult to ensure; Tall anvil dense planting, trunk are too short, difficult long, the sick worm of orchard closing, little grass is increased the weight of; Three old structures (age of tree personnel's age that is old, management orchard is old, idea is old), continuous cropping obstacle; Farming Culture, traditional concept, strive fertilizer and strive water, clear weeding, get half the result with twice the effort; Spring drought water-logging from autumnal rains, have a large population and a few land, benefit is maximum, closing aggravation; Immediate interest, chemical fertilizer are main, really individual increase, quality decline, poor efficiency utilization, pollution of area source, soil acidification, organic deficiency, fertility decline; Scale is less, decentralized management, technology difficulty system; Commodity process, relatively backward, in urgent need to be improved ".The result that these problems are economic, societies, naturally many subjective and objective factors affect for a long time, relate in antenatal, product and postpartum links.Therefore, the transition and upgrade of China's fruits industry is a very complicated system engineering, relates to 7 aspects such as breeding, good anvil, good seedling, good method, good farmland, good citizen and good plan.Wherein technical elements in product, the task of top priority is suited measures to local conditions, the intensive Efficient Cultivation pattern of modern times wide row high level cadre and soil management system that are applicable to China's actual conditions are set up in research, to meet the needs that do mechanization operation, labor productivity raising, production cost decline and soil quality promote.
Early fruiting character or Newly built orchard early yield determine that an orchard produces or life cycle benefit key just.One of key technology of the fruit tree early high-yield Efficient Cultivation that pruning is apple, pears and sweet cherry etc. become flower to bear fruit more difficult.The development course of fruit tree pruning technique is roughly divided into three phases or three kinds of modes.First method is the first shaping in twentieth century 50-60 age, rear result, mainly adopt in the winter time cutting back, sparse branching and retraction etc. prune gimmick cultivate that trunk dredges layer shape, coronule dredges layer shape and happy shape etc. tree-like.Its major advantage is that fruit bearing shoot or fruit-bearing shoot cluster raw on major branch or side shoot with the angle of 60-70 °, branch group and the orchard economic life all longer, major defect enters fruiting period evening, cuts off a large amount of branch and cause the wasting of resources during winter pruning.The second way is limit shaping, the limit result of 70 years, in the process adopting the cultivation of above-mentioned pruning gimmick tree-like, effectively utilize the interim branch such as auxiliary support branch, interlayer branch and skirt branch, employing is got rid of and is put, widens angle and band girdle etc. and prune gimmick and inspire brachyplast and result, its advantage to obtain certain early yield, but interim branch have impact on growing and shaping effect of skeleton branch (permanent branch) to a certain extent.The third mode is spindle tree-like " wide row high level cadre the is intensive efficient " cultivation mode such as fast shaping, precocity fruiting and slender spindle like, high level cadre's spindle and improved-spindle generally adopted in the world at present, and its main feature is that direct raw 20-30 fruit bearing shoot or fruit-bearing shoot cluster are done in center;
American-European wait Apple Industry power of the world generally for many years to carry out shaping at nursery lot, adopt 3 years raw seedlings of band branch build garden and " wide row high level cadre, liquid manure one, inter-row green covering, intensive efficiently " cultivation mode, achieve field planting Second Year and see that fruit takes effect, the good result of 3-4 Highly effective, achieve significant economy and ecological benefits.China's twentieth century 50-70 age has also carried out short anvil and spindle shaping test, but does not match due to technology, overall success less, failure is many, production still dredges layer shape based on tall anvil and trunk, coronule dredges layer shape and happy shape etc. is tree-like.Therefore, China is in old orchard at present and renovates and critical period of transition and upgrade, and one is that to breed system unsound due to China's fruit nursery stock, and the quality and quantity of 3 years raw seedlings is difficult to ensure, two is the climatic characteristics due to spring drought water-logging from autumnal rains, and 3 years raw seedlings planting survival rates are difficult to ensure; Mainly utilized demonstration and popularization that within 2 years, the only dry seedling of life carries out " wide row high level cadre " cultivation mode in recent years, because seedling quality is widely different, the pruning gimmick adopted is various, wherein mainly field planting is fixed dry at 80-100cm place then for apple, bud lets alone growth after sprouting, all branches that center is done by Second Year adopt the way extremely weighing cutting back, and (base portion does not stay normal bud, only stay kryptoblast) all wipe out, the proper orientation that 3rd Nian center is done is selected and remain the branch of some angular divergence, within 4th year, see fruit, the 6th, seven year high yield; This shaping and trimming method mainly contains three shortcomings or problem, one is bearing age evening, two be that all branches that center is done by Second Year all wipe out is a kind of wasting of resources, it is oversize that special pruning gimmick is improper, base portion stays, an eye sprouts 2-3 young sprout, all must cut off, cause larger waste; Three is that the select and remain rugosity of branch is not easy to control, and the regularity of each branch is poor, thus affects output and the benefit in whole tree body and orchard; Than being easier on colored pears, branch technology is urged to adopting center to do multidigit bud at quarter then in field planting 2 years raw strong sprouts, achieve and carve the good result of bud when year's harvest flower, Second Year result, but this technology is difficult to gather effect to fruit tree such as one-tenth flower more difficult sweet cherry and apple etc.
Sweet cherry is the spring really first, for the year-round supply and diversified demand meeting fruit market has played important function.But " cherry is fond of eating, and tree is difficult plants ", namely survives difficulty, the first transaction of a day's business difficulty and difficulty of bearing fruit.Therefore, sweet cherry Fruiting And High Yield Cultivation Techniques system is set up in research, and develop actively " wide row, high level cadre, high-quality, efficient " cultivation mode, develops in a healthy way significant to promotion cherry industry.
Summary of the invention
The object of this invention is to provide a planting fruit-trees " three bud two degree single shafts " rapid shaping early secreted antigenic target method.
The invention provides a kind of fruit growing method, comprise the steps: in the process of fruit growing, adopt the strategy of three buds, two degree of one single shaft to prune fruit tree; Described " three buds " specify bud, bud picking and quarter bud; Described " two degree " refer to that the angle by adjusting major branch controls the rugosity of major branch, to reach rational limb ratio; Described " single shaft " refers to clear up and/or wipe out the branch on each major branch in time, guarantees that each major branch only retains result brachyplast, uniaxial extension.
Described rational limb is than being 1:3.
Described fruit tree is apple tree or cherry tree.Described fruit tree specifically can be grafting fruit tree.
The invention provides a kind of sweet cherry cultivation method, in turn include the following steps:
(1) the only dry seedling of sweet cherry grafting is had to carry out field planting;
(2) field planting is pruned then successively as follows:
1., before rudiment in spring, surely do successively, normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud;
2. make base angle be 90-110 ° when a major branch germination and growth is long to 15-20cm, make base angle be 90-110 ° when a major branch germination and growth is long to 40-50cm;
3. the base angle of more than 100cm major branch is pulled to 100-110 °, the base angle of all the other major branches is pulled to 90-95 °;
(3) field planting Second Year is pruned successively as follows:
1., before rudiment in spring: for the dry elongated shoot in the center of not sprouting secondary major branch, carry out normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud; Center is done to the bud not sprouting a major branch, heavily carve bud; For a major branch, carry out normal bud, bud picking and gently carve bud;
2. make base angle be 90-110 ° when three major branch germination and growths are long to 15-20cm, make base angle be 110 °-130 ° when 3-4 three major branch germination and growths on secondary major branch elongated shoot top are long to 40-50cm;
3. the base angle of the major branch of more than 100cm is pulled to 100-110 °, the base angle of all the other major branches is pulled to 90-95 °.
Described step (2) 1. in: being operating as of described " fixed dry ": wipe out plant top and make plant height be 120cm.Described step (2) 1. in: being operating as of described " normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud ": from plant top, retain the bud of the 1st, 5,9,13 joint positions, to erase the bud of the 2nd, 3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12 joint positions, the bud that the bud that saves position of often erasing from Section 14 position 3 retains 1 joint position lay equal stress on carve bud until the joint distance of positions overhead 70cm is only.
Described step (2) 1. in, after carrying out " fixed dry, normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud ", also can proceed as follows: wrap up plant with mulch film (colourless PE film) and (highly all wrap up with lower part for 70cm, highly be greater than the part except the eye of the bud that 2. 70cm portion envelops retains except step, eye is exposed); Fix bamboo pole (diameter 3cm, high 300cm) on plant side, the dry elongated shoot in Gan Ji center, center of plant is strapped on bamboo pole to make its vertical growth.
Described step (2) 2. and step 3. between, also comprise the steps: when the dry elongated shoot in center grow to 30-40cm long time, smear lateral bud every 8-10cm branching promoter for plant.
Described step (3) 1. in: being operating as of described " normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud ": from branch top, retain the bud of the 1st, 5,9,13 joint positions, erase the bud of the 2nd, 3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12 joint positions, the bud then retained below Section 14 position also heavily carves bud every 8-10cm to a bud.Described step (3) 1. in: being operating as of described " normal bud, bud picking and gently carve bud ": the bud retaining Section 1 position, the bud of the 2nd, 3,4 joint positions of erasing, then retains the bud of below Section 5 position and all gently carves bud.
In described step (3), before step 1., also comprise the steps: the branch of the branch or generation damage by disease and insect plant with not full bud to prune, wipe out the section with not full bud or the section that damage by disease and insect occurs.
In described step (3), before step 2., also comprise the steps: repeatedly to remove new grown on top point slightly to impel a major branch uniaxial extension when major branch front portion (from branch top first three/part of a length) back young sprout grows to 5 leaves; When secondary major branch elongated shoot grow to 30-40cm long time, smear lateral bud every 8-10cm branching promoter for plant.
On described only dry seedling, the sweet cherry of grafting is ' Brooks ' sweet cherry, ' early large fruit ' sweet cherry or ' early beautiful ' sweet cherry.
The stock of described only dry seedling is No. 5, ' Gisela '.The cuttage seeding of the stock of described only dry seedling specifically can be Gisela ' No. 5.
Described sweet cherry passes through the mode grafting of autumnbudding or scion grafting in spring on stock.Bud grafting: each cuttage seeding grafting sweet cherry variety bud, graft position is cuttage seeding distance ground 25-30 centimeters.Scion grafting: each cuttage seeding grafting sweet cherry variety branch section (ripe for sweet cherry branch is cut into branch section, each section has 2-3 bud), graft position is cuttage seeding distance ground 25-30 centimeters.Grafting Second Year proceeds as follows plant: bud and the part sweet cherry variety bud of removing all stocks self sprouting, every strain plant only retains a sweet cherry variety bud.
Described only dry seedling is 2 years only dry seedlings of life.Within described 2 years, the only dry seedling of life meets following standard: stock length 25-30 centimetre, stock mid diameter more than 2.0 centimetres; Robust plant is upright, and be highly more than 120 centimetres, root system is complete, has the key root more than 10 of length 20 cm.
Before carrying out field planting, every mu can be spread fertilizer over the fields 6000 kilograms of farmyard manures (farmyard manure is the fertilizer such as pig manure, cow dung), and carries out full garden and plough and rake, and follows to ridging, row spacing 100 centimetres, high 20 centimetres.
Only for life in 2 years dry seedling first can be soaked root 24-48 hour in clear water before carrying out field planting, then adopt carbendazim disinfection.
During field planting, plant line-spacing can be 4.0 meters, and in row, space between plants can be 2.5 meters.
Present invention also offers a kind of Apple Culture method, in turn include the following steps:
(1) the only dry seedling of apple grafting is had to carry out field planting;
(2) field planting is pruned then successively as follows:
1., before rudiment in spring, surely do successively, normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud;
2. make base angle be 90-110 ° when a major branch germination and growth is long to 15-20cm, make base angle be 90-110 ° when a major branch germination and growth is long to 40-50cm;
3. the base angle of more than 100cm major branch is pulled to 100-110 °, the base angle of all the other major branches is pulled to 90-95 °;
(3) field planting Second Year is pruned successively as follows:
1., before rudiment in spring: for the dry elongated shoot in center, carry out normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud; Center is done to the bud not sprouting a major branch, heavily carve bud; For a major branch, carry out normal bud, bud picking and gently carve bud;
2. make base angle be 90-110 ° when secondary major branch germination and growth is long to 15-20cm, make base angle be 110 °-130 ° when 3-4 the secondary major branch germination and growth on dry elongated shoot top, center is long to 40-50cm;
3. the base angle of the major branch of more than 100cm is pulled to 100-110 °, the base angle of all the other major branches is pulled to 90-95 °.
Described step (2) 1. in: being operating as of described " fixed dry ": wipe out plant top and make plant height be 200cm.Described step (2) 1. in: being operating as of described " normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud ": from plant top, retain the bud of the 1st, 4,8,12 joint positions, to erase the bud of the 2nd, 3,5,6,7,9,10,11 joint positions, the bud that the bud that saves position of often erasing from Section 13 position 3 retains 1 joint position lay equal stress on carve bud until the joint distance of positions overhead 80cm is only.
Described step (2) 1. in, after carrying out " fixed dry, normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud ", also can proceed as follows: wrap up plant with mulch film (colourless PE film) and (highly all wrap up with lower part for 70cm, highly be greater than the part except the eye of the bud that 2. 70cm portion envelops retains except step, eye is exposed); Fix bamboo pole (diameter 3cm, high 300cm) on plant side, the dry elongated shoot in Gan Ji center, center of plant is strapped on bamboo pole to make its vertical growth.
Described step (3) 1. in: being operating as of described " normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud ": from branch top, retain the bud of the 1st, 4,8,12 joint positions, erase the bud of the 2nd, 3,5,6,7,9,10,11 joint positions, the bud that the bud that saves position of often erasing from Section 13 position 3 retains 1 joint position is laid equal stress on bud at quarter.Described step (3) 1. in: being operating as of described " normal bud, bud picking and gently carve bud ": the bud retaining Section 1 position, the bud of the 2nd, 3 joint positions of erasing, then retains the bud of below Section 4 position and all gently carves bud.
In described step (3), before step 1., also comprise the steps: the branch of the branch or generation damage by disease and insect plant with not full bud to prune, wipe out the section with not full bud or the section that damage by disease and insect occurs.
On described only dry seedling, the apple of grafting is ' mountain agriculture is red ' apple, ' cigarette richness 3 ' apple or ' imperial loud, high-pitched sound ' apple.
The stock of described only dry seedling is ' M9T337 ' cuttage seeding or interstock to be ' M26 ' base anvil be ' Mains micromalus ' grafting.
Described apple passes through the mode grafting of autumnbudding or scion grafting in spring on stock.Bud grafting: each cuttage seeding grafting apple variety bud, graft position is cuttage seeding distance ground 25-30 centimeters.Scion grafting: each cuttage seeding grafting apple variety branch section (ripe apples branch is cut into branch section, each section has 2-3 bud), graft position is cuttage seeding distance ground 25-30 centimeters.Grafting Second Year proceeds as follows plant: bud and the part apple variety bud of removing all stocks self sprouting, every strain plant only retains an apple variety bud.
Described only dry seedling is 2 years only dry seedlings of life.Within described 2 years, the only dry seedling of life meets following standard: stock length 25-30 centimetre, stock mid diameter more than 2.0 centimetres; Robust plant is upright, and be highly more than 200 centimetres, root system is complete, has the key root more than 12 of length 20 cm.
Before carrying out field planting, every mu can be spread fertilizer over the fields 6000 kilograms of farmyard manures (farmyard manure is the fertilizer such as pig manure, cow dung), and carries out full garden and plough and rake, and follows to ridging, row spacing 100 centimetres, high 20 centimetres.
Only for life in 2 years dry seedling first can be soaked root 24-48 hour in clear water before carrying out field planting, then adopt carbendazim disinfection.
During field planting, plant line-spacing can be 4.0 meters, and in row, space between plants can be 2.5 meters.
The present invention also protects the application of above arbitrary described method in fruit growing.
In method provided by the invention: the combination of the breeding selecting early fruiting character strong good anvil and 2 years raw high-qualitys that root system is complete, sufficient stored nutrient is enriched, has in growth build garden strong sprout, and provide good rich water quality management; To 2 years raw breeding good anvil high-quality strong sprouts of field planting, adopt " three bud two degree single shafts " rapid shaping technology to carry out pruning, guarantee the reasonable distribution of stored nutrient and effectively utilize at Growing season, it is tree-like to cultivate high spindle; The fruit tree such as apple and sweet cherry is implemented, achieves field planting and within 3 years, see that fruit takes effect, the effect of 4 years Highly effective, efficiently solve problems such as " the nice tree of cherry is difficult plant ".As adopted traditional way, at least need within 4 ~ 5 years, to see that fruit takes effect, 6 ~ 7 years Highly effective.Therefore, method provided by the invention is very effective, has substantial worth to fruits industry transition and upgrade and high-efficient development.
Accompanying drawing explanation
Fig. 1 is the only dry seedling (left side) of sweet cherry life in 2 years and field planting and upgrowth situation (right side) after normal bud, bud picking and quarter bud.
Fig. 2 is that the sweet cherry seedling mulch film of new field planting swathes trunk (left side) and bamboo pole (right side) is fixed on trunk side.
Fig. 3 is sweet cherry field planting struts base angle then situation with toothpick.
Fig. 4 be sweet cherry field planting then August plant the growth of major branch and draw dendritic condition.
Fig. 5 is the upgrowth situation in sweet cherry field planting Second Year August.
Fig. 6 is the upgrowth situation of once major branch uniaxial extension in sweet cherry field planting Second Year August.
Fig. 7 is brachyplast once on major branch and growth of flower bud situation thereof in sweet cherry field planting Second Year August.
Fig. 8 is the sweet cherry field planting result status of the 3rd year.
Fig. 9 is the upgrowth situation of apple 2 years only dry seedlings of life.
Figure 10 be apple field planting then toothpick strut situation (left side) and a major branch upgrowth situation (right side) of base angle.
Figure 11 is apple field planting Second Year upgrowth situation (left side) and the 3rd annual bearing situation (right side).
Figure 12 is apple field planting the 6th annual bearing situation.
Embodiment
Following embodiment is convenient to understand the present invention better, but does not limit the present invention.Experimental technique in following embodiment, if no special instructions, is conventional method.Test material used in following embodiment, if no special instructions, is and purchases available from routine biochemistry reagent shop.Quantitative test in following examples, all arranges and repeats experiment for three times, results averaged.
' Brooks ' sweet cherry, mentions its bibliography: Wang Jinmei, Liang Yanguo, Xie Hongmin, Sun Zhenhua, Brooks sweet cherry the Characters and high-yield cultivation technique, deciduous fruit tree 2014,46 (5): 61-62.
' early beautiful ' sweet cherry, mentions its bibliography: Yan Jinggang, Ma Jinzeng, Bu Xianghua, the introduction behave of beautiful early sweet cherry and Fruiting And High Yield Cultivation Techniques, deciduous fruit tree, 2008 (4): 7-8.
' early large fruit ' sweet cherry, mentions its bibliography: Yang Xiaofeng, Zhang Ping, Li Qiang, early large fruit sweet cherry high-yield cultivation technique, deciduous fruit tree, 2009 (4): 45-46.
' No. 5, ' Gisela ' is called for short in Gisela (Gisela) ' No. 5, common Cherry dwarf rootstock, mention its bibliography: Liu Qingzhong, tension force is thought, Li Bo, Zhao Hongjun, New Cherry Dwarf Rootstock Variety ' Gisela 5 ', gardening journal, 2005,32 (4): 760.
' mountain agriculture is red ' apple, mentions its bibliography: Ji Xiaohao, Mao Zhiquan, Zhang Yanmin, Wu Shujing, Chen Xiaoliu, Chen Weiyi, Chen Xuesen, winter apple new varieties ' mountain agriculture is red ', gardening journal, 2014,41 (7): 1503 – 1504.
' cigarette richness 3 ' apple, mentions its bibliography: Shao Dayuan, Wang Qingmei, Li Xiaoping, the seed selection of No. 1 ~ 6, red fuji apple major clique cigarette richness, Fruit Trees in Hebei, 2001 (4): 7-9.
' imperial loud, high-pitched sound ' apple, mentions its bibliography: Li Linguang, Wang Hongwei, Li Huifeng, Yang Jianming, Yang Wenjin, and Royal Gala' apple and rattan herd the genetic research of a filial generation fruit properties, deciduous fruit tree, 2009 (1): 4-6.
' M9T337 ' is conventional Apples Dwarf Stocks, mentions its bibliography: Apples Dwarf Stocks M9T337, northwest gardening, 2014,10:53.
' Mains micromalus ' apple rootstock, mentions its bibliography: Bai Tuanhui, Ma Fengwang, Li Cuiying, Shu Huairui, Han Mingyu, salicylic acid is on the impact of rhizosphere pH value Mains micromalus seedling vigor oxygen metabolism, gardening journal, 2008,35 (2): 163-168.
' M26 ' is conventional Apples Dwarf Stocks, mentions its bibliography: Wang Guiping, Wang Jinzheng, Xue Xiaomin, Zhang Mingyong, Lu Chao, Nie Peixian, and apple M9 produces appraisal report, Shandong agricultural science 2011,11:41 ~ 43 from root anvil, M26 interstock.
" branching promoter for plant ": Luoyang, henan woods section developed, is purchased from Tai'an Shi Da agricultural science and technology Co., Ltd.
" three buds ": specify bud, bud picking and quarter bud; Be not only one of the key technology of fast shaping, precocity fruiting, be also a kind of theory of resources conservation, high-efficient development simultaneously.
" two degree ": the rugosity being controlled major branch by the angle adjusting major branch, to reach rational limb ratio (1:3); It is one of the key technology of fast shaping, precocity fruiting.
" single shaft ": clear up in time or wipe out the branch on each major branch, guarantees that each major branch only retains result brachyplast, uniaxial extension; It is one of the key technology of fast shaping, precocity fruiting.
" elongated shoot ": the bud of the 1st bud position is sprouted the branch formed and is called elongated shoot, comprises the dry elongated shoot in center and secondary major branch elongated shoot.The dry elongated shoot in center refers to the branch of the only dry seedling field planting of life in the 2 years bud sprouting of the 1st bud position then.Secondary major branch elongated shoot refers to the branch that the bud of the dry elongated shoot in center the 1st bud position is sprouted.
" major branch ": Zhe Sheng center dry or " elongated shoot " on branch be called major branch, comprise major branch, secondary major branch and three major branches.A major branch refers to the branch that the bud of only other the bud position of dry seedling field planting then except the 1st bud position of life in 2 years is sprouted.Secondary major branch refers to the branch that the bud of other the bud position of the dry elongated shoot in center except the 1st bud position is sprouted.Three major branches are branches of the bud sprouting of other the bud position of secondary major branch elongated shoot except the 1st bud position.
Carve bud: dividing attaches most importance to carves bud and gently carves bud.Chong Keya center is done or " elongated shoot " is carried out, and object is short long shoot (cultivation major branch).Light quarter, bud carried out on major branch, and object is short brachyplast (forming the brachyplast being used for result).Heavily carve the method for bud: on raw branch at bud, above bud, two cuttves are cut at distance bud 0.3-0.5cm place, the distance of 1/3, two scores that score reaches xylem deeply, length is a perimeter of section is 0.2cm (removing the bark that 0.2cm is wide).Light quarter bud method: on raw branch at bud, above bud, a cutter is cut at distance bud 0.3-0.5cm place, score reaches xylem deeply, length is 1/3 of a perimeter of section.
Embodiment 1, sweet cherry " three bud two degree single shafts " rapid shaping early secreted antigenic target method
Place is Guan County, Shandong.
One, 2 years only dry seedlings of life are prepared
1, in March, 2010, ' Gisela ' No. 5 cuttage seeding (stock) are planted in Seedlings nursery, normal management.
2, by sweet cherry variety (' Brooks ' sweet cherry, ' early large fruit ' sweet cherry or ' early beautiful ' sweet cherry) grafting in the cuttage seeding of step 1.
The method of grafting is the bud grafting in autumn or the scion grafting in spring.
Bud grafting was carried out in September, 2010, each cuttage seeding grafting sweet cherry variety bud, and graft position is cuttage seeding distance ground 25-30 centimeters.
Scion grafting was carried out in March, 2011, each cuttage seeding grafting sweet cherry variety branch section (ripe for sweet cherry branch is cut into branch section, each section has 2-3 bud), and graft position is cuttage seeding distance ground 25-30 centimeters.
3, in April, 2011, the plant of step 2 is proceeded as follows: bud and the part sweet cherry variety bud of removing all stocks self sprouting, every strain plant only retains a sweet cherry variety bud.
4, in March, 2012,800 strain 2 years only dry seedlings of life (stock length 25-30 centimetre, stock mid diameter more than 2.0 centimetres is obtained; Robust plant is upright, and be highly more than 120 centimetres, root system is complete, has the key root more than 10 of length 20 cm).In 800 strain, 2 years only dry seedlings of life, the only dry seedling of grafting ' Brooks ' sweet cherry, grafting ' early large fruit ' sweet cherry and grafting ' early beautiful ' sweet cherry is more than 200 strains.The left figure of Fig. 1 is shown in by plant photo.
Two, " three bud two degree single shafts " pruning is carried out
1, field planting
In March, 2012, life only dry seedling field planting in 2 years of step one being obtained is to test garden.
Test garden area is 10 mu, and soil is sandy loam, and before carrying out field planting, every mu is spread fertilizer over the fields 6000 kilograms of farmyard manures (farmyard manure is the fertilizer such as pig manure, cow dung), and carries out full garden and plough and rake, and follows to ridging, row spacing 100 centimetres, high 20 centimetres.
Before field planting, only for life in 2 years dry seedling is first soaked root 24-48 hour in clear water, then adopt carbendazim disinfection.
During field planting, plant line-spacing is 4.0 meters, and in row, space between plants is 2.5 meters.
Water in time after field planting, and rewater 2 times according to soil moisture content, guarantee that planting stock survives.
2, the pruning of field planting (2012) then
In March, (1) 2012, after field planting about two weeks, prune as follows successively:
1. surely do, concrete steps are: wipe out plant top and make plant height be about 120cm.
2. carry out normal bud, bud picking and quarter bud, concrete operations are: from plant top, retain the bud of the 1st, 5,9,13 joint positions, erase the 2nd, 3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12 joint positions bud, the bud that the bud that saves position of often erasing from Section 14 position 3 retains 1 joint position is laid equal stress on and is carved the bud (bud of the 14th, 15,16 joint positions of namely erasing, retain the bud of Section 17 position to lay equal stress on bud at quarter, afterwards) until the joint distance of positions overhead 70cm is only.The right figure of Fig. 1 is shown in by plant photo.
3. mulch film (colourless PE film) is used to wrap up plant (highly all wrap up with lower part for 70cm, be highly greater than the part except the eye of the bud that 2. 70cm portion envelops retains except step, eye is exposed).The object of this step is: moisturizing heats and promotes normal bud germination and growth, suppresses all the other buds simultaneously, reduces bud picking recruitment.The left figure of Fig. 2 is shown in by plant photo.
4. fix bamboo pole (diameter 3cm, high 300cm) on plant side, the dry elongated shoot in Gan Ji center, center of plant is strapped on bamboo pole to make its vertical growth.The right figure of Fig. 2 is shown in by plant photo.
In April, (2) 2012-July, prune as follows:
1. strut to 90-110 ° with toothpick by base angle when a major branch germination and growth is long to 15-20cm, when a major branch germination and growth is long to 40-50cm, rope pulls open and makes base angle be 90-110 °.The object of this step is: suppress a major branch overstriking to promote the dry growth in center, overstriking.Fig. 3 is shown in by plant photo.
The dry elongated shoot in ②Dang center grow to 30-40cm long time, smear lateral bud every 8-10cm branching promoter for plant.The object of this step is: impel the dry growth in center, cultivate secondary major branch.
In August, (3) 2012-September, the base angle of more than 100cm major branch is pulled to 100-110 °, and the base angle of all the other major branches is pulled to 90-95 °.Fig. 4 is shown in by plant photo.
3, the pruning of field planting Second Year (2013)
In March, (1) 2013 (before rudiment in spring), prune as follows:
1. the branch of the branch or generation damage by disease and insect plant with not full bud is pruned, wipe out the section with not full bud or the section that damage by disease and insect occurs.
2. for the dry elongated shoot in the center of not sprouting secondary major branch, carry out normal bud, bud picking and quarter bud, concrete operations are: from branch top, retain the bud of the 1st, 5,9,13 joint positions, erase the bud of the 2nd, 3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12 joint positions, the bud then retained below Section 14 position also heavily carves bud every 8-10cm to a bud.The object of this step is: impel bud to sprout, and cultivates secondary major branch.
3. center is done to the bud not sprouting a major branch, heavily carve bud.The object of this step is: promote that a major branch is sprouted.
4. for a major branch, carry out normal bud, bud picking and quarter bud, concrete operations are: retain the bud of Section 1 position, and the bud of the 2nd, 3,4 joint positions of erasing, then retains the bud of below Section 5 position and all gently carve bud.The object of this step is: promote brachyplast germination and growth.
In April, (2) 2013-July, prune as follows:
1. April, new grown on top point slightly is repeatedly removed to impel a major branch uniaxial extension when major branch front portion (from branch top first three/part of a length) back young sprout grows to 5 leaves; In May, the paclobutrazol (PP333) 1 ~ 2 time of 150 times is sprayed on plant blade face, the long short flower of control.
2. when secondary major branch elongated shoot grow to 30-40cm long time, smear lateral bud every 8-10cm branching promoter for plant.The object of this step is: impel its germination and growth, cultivates three major branches.
3. when three major branch germination and growths are long to 15-20cm, strut to 90-110 ° with toothpick by base angle, when 3-4 three major branch germination and growths on secondary major branch elongated shoot top are long to 40-50cm, rope pulls open and makes base angle be 110 °-130 °.The object of this step is: three the too fast growths of major branch suppressing secondary major branch elongated shoot top, makes three major branch growths of secondary major branch elongated shoot upper and lower balanced.
In August, (3) 2013-September, the base angle of the major branch of more than 100cm is pulled to 100-110 °, and the base angle of all the other major branches is pulled to 90-95 °.Plant photo is shown in Fig. 5, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7.
2014 annual per mu yield sweet cherries 328.9kg (result status is shown in Fig. 8), 2015 annual per mu yield sweet cherry 728.9kg, achieve 3 years and take effect, 4 years Highly effective, shift to an earlier date 2 years, effect highly significant than traditional way.
Embodiment 2, apple " three bud two degree single shafts " rapid shaping early secreted antigenic target method
Place is Guan County, Shandong.
One, 2 years only dry seedlings of life are prepared
1, in March, 2010, ' M9T337 ' cuttage seeding (stock) is planted in breeding nursery, normal management.
2, by apple variety (' mountain agriculture is red ' apple, ' cigarette richness 3 ' apple or ' imperial loud, high-pitched sound ' apple) grafting in the cuttage seeding of step 1.
The method of grafting is the bud grafting in autumn or the scion grafting in spring.
Bud grafting was carried out in September, 2010, each cuttage seeding grafting apple variety bud, and graft position is cuttage seeding distance ground 25-30 centimeters.
Scion grafting was carried out in March, 2011, each cuttage seeding grafting apple variety branch section (ripe apples branch is cut into branch section, each section has 2-3 bud), and graft position is cuttage seeding distance ground 25-30 centimeters.
3, in April, 2011, the plant of step 2 is proceeded as follows: bud and the part apple variety bud of removing all stocks self sprouting, every strain plant only retains an apple variety bud.
4, in March, 2012,840 strain 2 years only dry seedlings of life (stock length 25-30 centimetre, stock mid diameter more than 2.0 centimetres is obtained; Robust plant is upright, and be highly more than 200 centimetres, root system is complete, has the key root more than 12 of length 20 cm).In the only dry seedling of 840 strain 2 years life, grafting ' mountain agriculture is red ' apple, grafting ' cigarette richness 3 ' apple and grafting imperial family loud, high-pitched sound ' apple be more than 200 strains.Fig. 9 is shown in by plant photo.
Two, " three bud two degree single shafts " pruning is carried out
1, field planting
In March, 2012, life only dry seedling field planting in 2 years of step one being obtained is to test garden.
Test garden area is 10 mu, and soil is sandy loam, to carry out before transplanting every mu and spreads fertilizer over the fields 6000 kilograms of farmyard manures (farmyard manure is the fertilizer such as pig manure, cow dung), and carries out full garden and plough and rake, and follows to ridging, row spacing 100 centimetres, high 20 centimetres.
Before field planting, only for life in 2 years dry seedling is first soaked root 24-48 hour in clear water, then adopt carbendazim disinfection.
During field planting, plant line-spacing is 4.0 meters, and in row, space between plants is 2 meters.
Water in time after field planting, and rewater 2 times according to soil moisture content, guarantee that planting stock survives.
2, the pruning of (2012) is then transplanted
In March, (1) 2012, after transplanting about two weeks, prune as follows successively:
1. surely do, concrete steps are: wipe out plant top and make plant height be about 200cm.
2. carry out normal bud, bud picking and quarter bud, concrete operations are: from plant top, retain the bud of the 1st, 4,8,12 joint positions, erase the 2nd, 3,5,6,7,9,10,11 joint positions bud, the bud that the bud that saves position of often erasing from Section 13 position 3 retains 1 joint position is laid equal stress on and is carved the bud (bud of the 13rd, 14,15 joint positions of namely erasing, retain the bud of Section 16 position to lay equal stress on bud at quarter, afterwards) until the joint distance of positions overhead 80cm is only.
3. mulch film (colourless PE film) is used to wrap up plant (highly all wrap up with lower part for 80cm, be highly greater than the part except the eye of the bud that 2. 80cm portion envelops retains except step, eye is exposed).The object of this step is: moisturizing heats and promotes normal bud germination and growth, suppresses all the other buds simultaneously, reduces bud picking recruitment.
4. fix bamboo pole (diameter 3cm, high 300cm) on plant side, the dry elongated shoot in Gan Ji center, center of plant is strapped on bamboo pole to make its vertical growth.
In April, (2) 2012-July, prune as follows:
Strut to 90-110 ° with toothpick by base angle when a major branch germination and growth is long to 15-20cm, when a major branch germination and growth is long to 40-50cm, rope pulls open and makes base angle be 90-110 °.The object of this step is: suppress a major branch overstriking to promote the dry growth in center, overstriking.The left figure of Figure 10 is shown in by plant photo.
In August, (3) 2012-September, the base angle of more than 100cm major branch is pulled to 100-110 °, and the base angle of all the other major branches is pulled to 90-95 °.The right figure of Figure 10 is shown in by plant photo.
3, the pruning of Second Year (2013) is transplanted
In March, (1) 2013 (before rudiment in spring), prune as follows:
1. the branch of the branch or generation damage by disease and insect plant with not full bud is pruned, wipe out the section with not full bud or the section that damage by disease and insect occurs.
2. the elongated shoot that center is dry, carry out normal bud, bud picking and quarter bud, concrete operations are: from branch top, retain the bud of the 1st, 4,8,12 joint positions, erase the 2nd, 3,5,6,7,9,10,11 joint positions bud, the bud that the bud that saves position of often erasing from Section 13 position 3 retains 1 joint position is laid equal stress on and is carved bud (bud of the 13rd, 14,15 joint positions of namely erasing, the bud retaining Section 16 position lays equal stress on bud at quarter, afterwards).The object of this step is: impel bud to sprout, and cultivates secondary major branch.
3. center is done to the bud not sprouting a major branch, heavily carve bud.The object of this step is: promote that a major branch is sprouted.
4. for a major branch, carry out normal bud, bud picking and quarter bud, concrete operations are: retain the bud of Section 1 position, and the bud of the 2nd, 3 joint positions of erasing, then retains the bud of below Section 4 position and all gently carve bud.The object of this step is: promote brachyplast germination and growth.
In April, (2) 2013-July, prune as follows:
When secondary major branch germination and growth is long to 15-20cm, strut to 90-110 ° with toothpick by base angle, when 3-4 the secondary major branch germination and growth on dry elongated shoot top, center is long to 40-50cm, rope pulls open and makes base angle be 110 °-130 °.The object of this step is: the too fast growth of secondary major branch suppressing dry elongated shoot top, center, makes the secondary major branch growth of dry elongated shoot upper and lower, center balanced.
In August, (3) 2013-September, the base angle of the major branch of more than 100cm is pulled to 100-110 °, and the base angle of all the other major branches is pulled to 90-95 °.The left figure of Figure 11 is shown in by plant photo.
2014 annual per mu yield apple 928.9kg (the right figure of Figure 11), 2015 annual per mu yield apple 2628.9kg, achieve 3 years and see that fruit takes effect, 5 years Highly effective, shift to an earlier date 2 years, effect highly significant than traditional way.
Embodiment 3, apple " three bud two degree single shafts " rapid shaping early secreted antigenic target method
Place is Guan County, Shandong.
Step is substantially with embodiment 2, and difference is only following 2 points:
The first, equal two years ahead (changing 2008 in embodiment 3 in 2010 in such as embodiment 2) if having time.
The second, changing following steps into by 1 of the step one of embodiment 2: in March, 2008, is ' M26 ' by interstock, and base anvil is that the grafting (stock) of ' Mains micromalus ' is planted in breeding nursery, normal management.
Figure 12 is shown in by the photo of 2015.
Claims (10)
1. a sweet cherry cultivation method, in turn includes the following steps:
(1) the only dry seedling of sweet cherry grafting is had to carry out field planting;
(2) field planting is pruned then successively as follows:
1., before rudiment in spring, surely do successively, normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud;
2. make base angle be 90-110 ° when a major branch germination and growth is long to 15-20cm, make base angle be 90-110 ° when a major branch germination and growth is long to 40-50cm;
3. the base angle of more than 100cm major branch is pulled to 100-110 °, the base angle of all the other major branches is pulled to 90-95 °;
(3) field planting Second Year is pruned successively as follows:
1., before rudiment in spring: for the dry elongated shoot in the center of not sprouting secondary major branch, carry out normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud; Center is done to the bud not sprouting a major branch, heavily carve bud; For a major branch, carry out normal bud, bud picking and gently carve bud;
2. make base angle be 90-110 ° when three major branch germination and growths are long to 15-20cm, make base angle be 110 °-130 ° when 3-4 three major branch germination and growths on secondary major branch elongated shoot top are long to 40-50cm;
3. the base angle of the major branch of more than 100cm is pulled to 100-110 °, the base angle of all the other major branches is pulled to 90-95 °.
2. the method for claim 1, is characterized in that:
Described step (2) 1. in:
Being operating as of described " fixed dry ": wipe out plant top and make plant height be 120cm;
Being operating as of described " normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud ": from plant top, retain the bud of the 1st, 5,9,13 joint positions, to erase the bud of the 2nd, 3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12 joint positions, the bud that the bud that saves position of often erasing from Section 14 position 3 retains 1 joint position lay equal stress on carve bud until the joint distance of positions overhead 70cm is only.
3. method as claimed in claim 2, is characterized in that:
Described step (3) 1. in:
Being operating as of described " normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud ": from branch top, retain the bud of the 1st, 5,9,13 joint positions, erase the bud of the 2nd, 3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12 joint positions, the bud then retained below Section 14 position also heavily carves bud every 8-10cm to a bud;
Being operating as of described " normal bud, bud picking and gently carve bud ": the bud retaining Section 1 position, the bud of the 2nd, 3,4 joint positions of erasing, then retains the bud of below Section 5 position and all gently carves bud.
4., as the method as described in arbitrary in claims 1 to 3, it is characterized in that: described only dry seedling is 2 years only dry seedlings of life; The stock of described only dry seedling is No. 5, ' Gisela '; On described only dry seedling, the sweet cherry of grafting is ' Brooks ' sweet cherry, ' early large fruit ' sweet cherry or ' early beautiful ' sweet cherry.
5. an Apple Culture method, in turn includes the following steps:
(1) the only dry seedling of apple grafting is had to carry out field planting;
(2) field planting is pruned then successively as follows:
1., before rudiment in spring, surely do successively, normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud;
2. make base angle be 90-110 ° when a major branch germination and growth is long to 15-20cm, make base angle be 90-110 ° when a major branch germination and growth is long to 40-50cm;
3. the base angle of more than 100cm major branch is pulled to 100-110 °, the base angle of all the other major branches is pulled to 90-95 °;
(3) field planting Second Year is pruned successively as follows:
1., before rudiment in spring: for the dry elongated shoot in center, carry out normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud; Center is done to the bud not sprouting a major branch, heavily carve bud; For a major branch, carry out normal bud, bud picking and gently carve bud;
2. make base angle be 90-110 ° when secondary major branch germination and growth is long to 15-20cm, make base angle be 110 °-130 ° when 3-4 the secondary major branch germination and growth on dry elongated shoot top, center is long to 40-50cm;
3. the base angle of the major branch of more than 100cm is pulled to 100-110 °, the base angle of all the other major branches is pulled to 90-95 °.
6. method as claimed in claim 5, is characterized in that:
Described step (2) 1. in:
Being operating as of described " fixed dry ": wipe out plant top and make plant height be 200cm;
Being operating as of described " normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud ": from plant top, retain the bud of the 1st, 4,8,12 joint positions, to erase the bud of the 2nd, 3,5,6,7,9,10,11 joint positions, the bud that the bud that saves position of often erasing from Section 13 position 3 retains 1 joint position lay equal stress on carve bud until the joint distance of positions overhead 80cm is only.
7. method as claimed in claim 6, is characterized in that:
Described step (3) 1. in:
Being operating as of described " normal bud, bud picking and heavily carve bud ": from branch top, retain the bud of the 1st, 4,8,12 joint positions, erase the bud of the 2nd, 3,5,6,7,9,10,11 joint positions, the bud that the bud that saves position of often erasing from Section 13 position 3 retains 1 joint position is laid equal stress on bud at quarter;
Being operating as of described " normal bud, bud picking and gently carve bud ": the bud retaining Section 1 position, the bud of the 2nd, 3 joint positions of erasing, then retains the bud of below Section 4 position and all gently carves bud.
8., as the method as described in arbitrary in claim 5 to 7, it is characterized in that: described only dry seedling is 2 years only dry seedlings of life; The stock of described only dry seedling is ' M9T337 ' cuttage seeding or interstock to be ' M26 ' base anvil be ' Mains micromalus ' grafting; On described only dry seedling, the apple of grafting is ' mountain agriculture is red ' apple, ' cigarette richness 3 ' apple or ' imperial loud, high-pitched sound ' apple.
9. a fruit growing method, comprises the steps: in the process of fruit growing, adopts the strategy of three buds, two degree of one single shaft to prune fruit tree; Described " three buds " specify bud, bud picking and quarter bud; Described " two degree " refer to that the angle by adjusting major branch controls the rugosity of major branch, to reach rational limb ratio; Described " single shaft " refers to clear up and/or wipe out the branch on each major branch in time, guarantees that each major branch only retains result brachyplast, uniaxial extension.
10. the application of arbitrary described method in fruit growing in claim 1 to 9.
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