CN102577900A - Breeding method of apple dwarf self-rooting multi-branch nursery stock - Google Patents
Breeding method of apple dwarf self-rooting multi-branch nursery stock Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
The invention discloses a breeding method of an apple dwarf self-rooting multi-branch nursery stock. The breeding method comprises the following steps: firstly selecting apple dwarf rootstock varieties G41, M9, Pajam1 and T337 as maternal stocks, establishing an apple dwarf rootstock breeding seedbed, and using saw dust to cover newly grown branches of the apple dwarf rootstocks on the seedbed from the beginning of June to the beginning of July, so as to breed the apple dwarf rootstocks with good root systems; planting the apple dwarf rootstocks in a density of 5000-6000 plants per mu in a nursery garden in spring, establishing the nursery garden for producing finished nursery stocks; and grafting apple variety in autumn in the same year to obtain the apple dwarf self-rooting multi-branch nursery stocks in the next year. With the adoption of the cultivation method provided by the invention, the disadvantages of poor quality of nursery stocks produced by the existing stock breeding method, thin and weak nursery stocks, and low survival rate of the nursery stocks in the established nursery garden are overcome.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to apple tree seedling-cultivating method field, relate to a kind of apple and downgrade breeding method from root multi-branched nursery stock.
Background technology
Seedling raising manners influences the apple seedling quality.At present China's apple seedling-wood breeding mainly comprises 2 kinds of methods, and Qiaoization seedling-wood breeding and dwarfing interstock seedling-wood breeding all are the sowings of growing directly from seeds of collection Malus seed, grafting then, and seeding quantity is big, and seedling growth is uneven, and quality is generally not high.Xibei Univ. of Agricultural & Forest Science & Technology's Gaochao LI (Xibei Univ. of Agricultural & Forest Science & Technology's journal: natural science edition; 2011 the 8th phases) the nursery investigation of Yang Ling periphery shows in Shaanxi: for conventional nursery; Under mean level and the more excellent level 2 years give birth to and downgrade nursery stocks and almost completely do not reach the orchard requirement of planting, the nursery stock ratio that reaches China's 3 grade standard requirements has only this ratio of 1.1% and 2.8%, 2 year living Qiaoization seedling and 3 years living dwarfing interstock nursery stocks to be respectively 28.8%; 42.0% and 25.8%, 73.1%; 2 years living Qiaoization under the more excellent level meet the nursery stock ratio that 1 grade standard requires and are merely 7.0% and 1.9% with giving birth in 3 years to downgrade in the seedling.
The apple seedling quality directly influences the benefit in orchard, adopts the orchard establishing of paniculate dwarfing seedlings, can high density plant in the orchard; Photosynthetic efficiency is high; Be convenient to the mechanization management, obtain high-quality early yield easily, remarkable in economical benefits; Can obtain output and benefit in the 2nd year that builds the garden, and shorten the blank phase of orchard delayed credits.Adopt the orchard establishing of present conventional apple nursery stock, survival rate is low, and the garden looks are irregular, orchard 3～4 years beginning result, in the orchard 30～40% fruit tree proterties is bad as a result, influence orchard overall yield and benefit.
Every year newly planted 3,000,000 mu of areas by China's apple at present, and every mu of orchard needs 100 strain apple seedlings, 300,000,000 strains of annual apple nursery stock demand.The seedling quality that traditional apple seedling raising manners is produced is poor, thin and delicate, the no branch of nursery stock, and the orchard establishing survival rate is low, and income is late, can not satisfy the primary demand of high standard orchard establishing and development of modern fruit industry.Therefore, to apple seedling quality problem, select new seedling raising manners to cultivate the high-quality method particular importance in strong sprout.
Summary of the invention
The problem that the present invention solves is to provide a kind of apple to downgrade the breeding method from root multi-branched nursery stock; The apple seedling growth of being produced is sturdy; Neat and consistent; 10～15 favorably situated side shoots are arranged, and it is poor to have overcome the seedling quality that existing seedling raising manners produces, and nursery stock is thin and delicate, build the low defective of garden survival rate.
The present invention realizes through following technical scheme:
A kind of apple is downgraded the breeding method from root multi-branched nursery stock, may further comprise the steps:
1) the seedbed land used is ploughed deeply whole ground after, divide furrow, plant the stock nursery stock at a distance from ridge cultivation, the handing-over before and after between 25～35cm, strain of rootstock seedling lumber yard is 30～miter angle with ground and plants, the back of waiting to germinate flattens the stock nursery stock and fixes;
Irrigation in time, weeding, deinsectization behind the stock transplanted seedling tree;
Plant then, treat that the newborn branch of stock grows into 50cm when above, heap buries thickness and reaches the sawdust more than the 20cm around rootstock seedling, and the humidity of maintenance sawdust;
The stock of waiting for the coming year is cut off the results stock to stock from Horizon before germinateing, and wipes out whole branches and root system and surpasses the above part of 30cm, in time plants behind the results stock or of short duration husky Tibetan the in shady and cool place;
2) whole ground is ploughed deeply in the nursery after, in the nursery according to line-spacing 50cm, the density of the spacing in the rows 22～27cm stock of planting;
Irrigation in time, weeding, deinsectization after stock is planted;
In 8～September then that stock is planted, pour water before the grafting, the healthy and strong apple branch that has full bud of clip is as scion, with the method for wooden bud grafting with the scion grafting to stock, reveal the bud colligation;
3) after the scion grafting, before germinateing 1 year spring, the rudiment 2～3 times on the stock is erased in the stump bud picking, erase for 5～June stock overhead 80cm with interior rudiment, and irrigation in time, weeding, deinsectization;
Then November, gather in the crops the apple nursery stock, what divide grade packaged to press side shoot behind the lifting.
The kind of described stock nursery stock is G41, M9, Pajam1 or T337; The kind of described scion for long rich No. 2, imperial loud, high-pitched sound is drawn, gold century, pink Ms or Qin Guan.
Furrow are into strips divided by the width of 80～100cm in described seedbed, plant at a distance from ridge cultivation, the healthy and strong stock nursery stock of 3 row well developed root systems of planting in the furrow of planting.
Drip irrigation is laid in described seedbed or nursery behind the stock of planting, adopt drip irrigation to irrigate.
The humidity of described sawdust remains water content more than 40%.
Turn over 1 time annual spring in described stock seedbed, its weeding, deinsectization are the stock artificial weeding in the furrow of planting; Begin from rootstock seedling exhibition leaf, control early defoliation disease, leaf roller, leaf miner and two spotted spider mite, every month in season is sprayed medicine once in growth.
Described scion is abundant lignified branch, has the full bud more than 8.
Compared with prior art, the present invention has following beneficial technical effects:
Apple provided by the invention is downgraded the breeding method from root multi-branched nursery stock; Pay attention to the promotion of apple dwarfing rootstock seedbed rooting rate and finished nursery nursery branch amount; Select the apple dwarfing rootstock kind that suits, the heap of breeding the seedbed to bury sawdust; Bury 1 year living dwarfing rootstock shoot with fresh sawdust at seedbed heap, the sawdust water conservation of breathing freely helps dwarfing rootstock and in sawdust, takes root; Dwarfing rootstock seedbed rooting rate reaches more than 90%, has overcome to have now with mound to bury the defective that the apple dwarfing rootstock causes apple dwarfing rootstock rooting rate and yields poorly.
The suitable planting density of control nursery dwarfing rootstock; Select the suitable grafting time of kind; Cultivating high-quality apple downgrades from root multi-branched nursery stock: seedling growth is sturdy, and neat and consistent has 10～15 favorably situated side shoots; It is poor to have overcome the seedling quality that existing seedling raising manners produces, and nursery stock is thin and delicate, build the low defective of garden survival rate.
Apple provided by the invention is downgraded from root multi-branched method for cultivating seedlings; Suitable dwarfing rootstock is G41, M9, Pajam1 and T337, and the grafting kind is downgraded the cultivation of apple nursery stock for high-quality long rich No. 2, kinds such as imperial loud, high-pitched sound is drawn, gold century, pink Ms, Qin Guan.
Downgrade from root multi-branched method for cultivating seedlings according to apple provided by the invention, the apple dwarfing rootstock of foundation is bred the seedbed, can produce the apple dwarfing rootstock 8～10 years, can produce 8000～10000 strains of apple dwarfing rootstock for annual every mu; Every mu 2 year of the apple dwarfing rootstock production nursery of setting up can go out the high-quality apple in garden and downgrade from 4000～5000 strains of root multi-branched nursery stock.
Embodiment
The present invention provides a kind of apple to downgrade from root multi-branched method for cultivating seedlings, pays attention to the promotion of apple dwarfing rootstock seedbed rooting rate and finished nursery nursery branch amount, can improve the quality of nursery stock and build the garden survival rate.The embodiment that grows seedlings below in conjunction with difference does further detailed description to the present invention, and said is to explanation of the present invention rather than qualification.
Apple is downgraded the breeding method from root multi-branched nursery stock, may further comprise the steps:
1) sets up the apple dwarfing rootstock and breed the seedbed
The seedbed is done the stock maternal plant with the whole furrow of 80cm width with apple dwarfing rootstock G41, M9, Pajam1 and T337, plants at a distance from ridge cultivation, and a ridge cultivation is planted stock; Another furrow are as passage, can also keep ventilating stock 3 row of in furrow, planting; The front and back handing-over, 30 degree tilt to plant, and flatten with batten and fix.
The interior drip irrigation of laying of the furrow of planting after stock is planted and finished, is laid drip irrigation system immediately, and per 1 furrow are laid 1 droping irrigating pipe, in time pour water, and guarantees that per 1 strain stock can both become to live and vigorous growth.Control seedbed weeds, turn over 1 annual in the ranks spring, and artificial weeding or uprooting weed are adopted in spraying herbicide control in summer in the stock furrow.
Control seedbed damage by disease and insect begins from rootstock seedling exhibition leaf, mainly prevents and treats early defoliation disease, leaf roller, leaf miner and two spotted spider mite, and growth is sprayed a bactericide and add pesticide every month in season, up to September weather cool off and stop to spray medicine.
In dwarfing rootstock shoot long during (at the beginning of 6 months by 7 months at the beginning of) to 50cm; Bury the dwarfing rootstock shoot with fresh sawdust heap, heap buries height 20cm, opens drip irrigation immediately after heap buries sawdust; Often keeping sawdust humidity is water content more than 40% (mass fraction), helps stock and takes root.
March next year, cut off stock manual results or cut off results to stock from Horizon from Horizon with shrub and hedge trimmer before germinateing spring with the stock harvest machinery, the stock of results is rebuild, wipe out whole branches and root system and surpass the above part of 30cm; Trimming finishes and carries out classification by trunk diameter rugosity and root system quality; Be divided into 2 ranks: the stock strain system that root system is good, hair root is abundant, trunk diameter 6mm is above is one-level; Root system is good, hair root is abundant, the stock strain of trunk diameter 4～6mm system is secondary; In time plant after the results or of short duration husky Tibetan the in shady and cool place, prepare to set up finished product seedling production nursery.
Set up good stock seedbed and can use continuously 8～10 years, the field piece of reselecting preceding crop then and be not fruit tree rebulids new stock seedbed.
2) set up finished product seedling production nursery
Whole good nursery land used; Seeding row spacing field planting apple dwarfing rootstock by 22～27cm * 50cm; Lay drip irrigation facility (per 1 row is laid 1 droping irrigating pipe) then; Strengthen rich water quality management, pay attention to preventing and treating apple early defoliation and preventing and treating damage by disease and insect such as two spotted spider mite 6～August 5～August, guarantee the healthy and strong growth of stock.
Mid-August is to mid-September; Avoid rainy weather; Choose healthy and strong also abundant lignified apple variety branch from the bearing-age tree of health and do scion; Can select long rich No. 2, apple improved seeds such as imperial loud, high-pitched sound is drawn, gold century, pink Ms, Qin Guan,, reveal the bud colligation with method grafting kind with wooden bud grafting.
3) management after the scion grafting
Before germinateing the 2nd year spring, the stump bud picking is erased the rudiment 2～3 times on the stock with hand, erase for 5～June kind overhead 80cm strengthen nursery bed management with interior rudiment, application in time is poured water, control nursery stock damage by disease and insect.
November, the results finished nursery, with manual work or excavator lifting, by grade packaged the listing of how many branches of side shoot, nursery stock needs husky Tibetan, shady and cool place for sale.
The cultivation of the embodiment 1 long rich No. 2 dwarfing apple nursery stocks of grafting on the M9 stock
Select good, the smooth soil of draining to set up apple dwarfing rootstock M9 for 3 mu and breed the seedbed in the Bu Wang village, acrobatic skill Da Zhuan town in Shaanxi, and furrow are into strips divided by the 80cm width in the seedbed; One furrow are used for the stock of planting, and the furrow of the planting 3 row stocks of can planting select the healthy and strong M9 stock of well developed root system to do maternal plant; Line-spacing 30cm; Handing-over is 30 degree angles with ground and plants before and after between strain, and the back of germinateing flattens the stock of planting fixing with batten;
When dwarfing rootstock M9 shoot length arrives 50cm, bury dwarfing rootstock M9 shoot with fresh sawdust heap, heap buries height 20cm; March next year; With shrub and hedge trimmer from Horizon cut off manual results to stock before germinateing spring, and the stock of results is rebuild, and wipes out whole branches and root system and surpass the above part of 30cm; 28600 strains of results apple dwarfing rootstock are prepared to set up apple and are downgraded from root multi-branched nursery stock production nursery.
Set up apple and downgrade, put in order good nursery land used, press the seeding row spacing field planting apple dwarfing rootstock of 27cm * 50cm from 5 mu in root multi-branched finished product seedling production nursery; Be total to field planting 25000 strain dwarfing rootstocks; Lay the drip irrigation facility, strengthen rich water quality management, prevent and treat apple early defoliation 5～August 3 times; Prevent and treat two spotted spider mite 6～August 2 times, the stock robust growth.
By the end of August, avoid rainy weather, the healthy and strong apple variety branch of clip is 3000 from rich No. 2 bearing-age trees of growths in 10 years of health; About 30000 full buds are done scion; Employ 4 skilled grafting hands with the method grafting kind with wooden bud grafting, reveal the bud colligation, 6 day time was accomplished grafting.
Before germinateing the 2nd year spring, the stump bud picking is erased the rudiment 2～3 times on the stock with hand, erase for 5～June kind overhead 80cm strengthen nursery bed management with interior rudiment, application in time is poured water, control nursery stock damage by disease and insect.
November, the results finished nursery, artificial lifting, what divide grade packaged listing by side shoot, 21200 strains of results one-level nursery stock, 2360 strains of secondary nursery stock.
Embodiment 2 imperial loud, high-pitched sounds are drawn the cultivation of the dwarfing apple nursery stock of grafting on the G41 stock
In Wu Huisi village, capital town, Mei County, Shaanxi, to select 5 mu in well-drained flood land to set up apple dwarfing rootstock G41 and breed the seedbed, furrow are into strips divided by the 80cm width in the seedbed; One furrow are used for the stock of planting, and the furrow of the planting 3 row stocks of can planting are selected the healthy and strong G41 stock of well developed root system; Line-spacing 30cm; Handing-over is 30 degree angles with ground and plants before and after between strain, and the back of germinateing flattens the stock of planting fixing with batten;
When dwarfing rootstock G41 shoot length arrives 50cm, bury dwarfing rootstock G41 shoot with fresh sawdust heap, heap buries height 20cm; March next year; With shrub and hedge trimmer from Horizon cut off manual results to stock before germinateing spring, and the stock of results is rebuild, and wipes out whole branches and root system and surpass the above part of 30cm; 49600 strains of results apple dwarfing rootstock are prepared to set up apple and are downgraded from root multi-branched nursery stock production nursery.
Set up apple and downgrade, put in order good nursery land used, press the seeding row spacing field planting apple dwarfing rootstock of 25cm * 50cm from 8 mu in root multi-branched finished product seedling production nursery; Field planting strain dwarfing rootstock 42630 strains altogether; Lay the drip irrigation facility, strengthen rich water quality management, prevent and treat apple early defoliation 5～August 4 times; Prevent and treat two spotted spider mite 6～August 3 times, the stock robust growth.
By the end of August, avoid rainy weather, the healthy and strong apple variety branch of clip is 5000 from the imperial loud, high-pitched sound drawknot fruit tree of lifes in 10 years of health; About 50000 full buds are done scion; Employ 6 skilled grafting hands with the method grafting kind with wooden bud grafting, reveal the bud colligation, 7 day time was accomplished grafting.
Before germinateing the 2nd year spring, the stump bud picking is erased the rudiment 2～3 times on the stock with hand, erase for 5～June kind overhead 80cm strengthen nursery bed management with interior rudiment, application in time is poured water, control nursery stock damage by disease and insect.
November, the results finished nursery, artificial lifting, what divide grade packaged listing by side shoot, 38600 strains of results one-level nursery stock, 3440 strains of secondary nursery stock.
Claims (7)
1. an apple is downgraded the breeding method from root multi-branched nursery stock, it is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
1) the seedbed land used is ploughed deeply whole ground after, divide furrow, plant the stock nursery stock at a distance from ridge cultivation, the handing-over before and after between 25～35cm, strain of rootstock seedling lumber yard is 30～miter angle with ground and plants, the back of waiting to germinate flattens the stock nursery stock and fixes;
Irrigation in time, weeding, deinsectization behind the stock transplanted seedling tree;
Plant then, treat that the newborn branch of stock grows into 50cm when above, heap buries thickness and reaches the sawdust more than the 20cm around rootstock seedling, and the humidity of maintenance sawdust;
The stock of waiting for the coming year is cut off the results stock to stock from Horizon before germinateing, and wipes out whole branches and root system and surpasses the above part of 30cm, in time plants behind the results stock or of short duration husky Tibetan the in shady and cool place;
2) whole ground is ploughed deeply in the nursery after, in the nursery according to line-spacing 50cm, the density of the spacing in the rows 22～27cm stock of planting;
Irrigation in time, weeding, deinsectization after stock is planted;
In 8～September then that stock is planted, pour water before the grafting, the healthy and strong apple branch that has full bud of clip is as scion, with the method for wooden bud grafting with the scion grafting to stock, reveal the bud colligation;
3) after the scion grafting, before germinateing 1 year spring, the rudiment 2～3 times on the stock is erased in the stump bud picking, erase for 5～June stock overhead 80cm with interior rudiment, and irrigation in time, weeding, deinsectization;
Then November, gather in the crops the apple nursery stock, what divide grade packaged to press side shoot behind the lifting.
2. apple as claimed in claim 1 is downgraded the breeding method from root multi-branched nursery stock, it is characterized in that the kind of described stock nursery stock is G41, M9, Pajam1 or T337; The kind of described scion for long rich No. 2, imperial loud, high-pitched sound is drawn, gold century, pink Ms or Qin Guan.
3. apple as claimed in claim 1 is downgraded the breeding method from root multi-branched nursery stock, it is characterized in that furrow are into strips divided by the width of 80～100cm in described seedbed, plants at a distance from ridge cultivation, the healthy and strong stock nursery stock of 3 row well developed root systems of planting in the furrow of planting.
4. apple as claimed in claim 1 is downgraded the breeding method from root multi-branched nursery stock, it is characterized in that drip irrigation is laid in described seedbed or nursery behind the stock of planting, and adopts drip irrigation to irrigate.
5. apple as claimed in claim 1 is downgraded the breeding method from root multi-branched nursery stock, it is characterized in that the humidity of described sawdust remains water content more than 40%.
6. apple as claimed in claim 1 is downgraded the breeding method from root multi-branched nursery stock, it is characterized in that, turns over 1 time annual spring in described stock seedbed, and its weeding, deinsectization are the stock artificial weeding in the furrow of planting; Begin from rootstock seedling exhibition leaf, control early defoliation disease, leaf roller, leaf miner and two spotted spider mite, every month in season is sprayed medicine once in growth.
7. apple as claimed in claim 1 is downgraded the breeding method from root multi-branched nursery stock, it is characterized in that described scion is abundant lignified branch, has the full bud more than 8.
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| CN103053373A (en) * | 2013-01-16 | 2013-04-24 | 西北农林科技大学 | High-quality apple dwarf interstock seedling propagation method |
| CN103931453A (en) * | 2014-03-17 | 2014-07-23 | 西北农林科技大学 | Method for rapidly breeding dwarf apple self-rooted rootstock seedlings in single-row-planting mode |
| CN104255362A (en) * | 2014-08-27 | 2015-01-07 | 西北农林科技大学 | Method for growing annual multi-branch dwarf self-rooted rootstock apple seedlings |
| CN104488642A (en) * | 2014-12-19 | 2015-04-08 | 永泰县大洋天一现代农场 | Cultivating method of dwarf apple samplings suitable for Fujian province |
| CN104737832A (en) * | 2015-04-24 | 2015-07-01 | 辽宁省果树科学研究所 | Apple tree grafting method |
| CN104756816A (en) * | 2015-04-17 | 2015-07-08 | 陕西超越农业有限公司 | Two-year-old multi-branch dwarf self-rooted rootstock apple seedling culturing method |
| CN106069525A (en) * | 2016-06-30 | 2016-11-09 | 山东胜伟园林科技有限公司 | A kind of use high zinc fertilizer every furrow Limited Irrigation method and the application in plantation salt-soda soil Mains Zumi thereof |
| CN106718535A (en) * | 2016-12-01 | 2017-05-31 | 扬州大学（如皋）花木产业研究院 | A kind of inoculation method of the dwarfing apple sapling suitable for In Fujian Province |
| CN107318475A (en) * | 2017-07-12 | 2017-11-07 | 北京市农林科学院 | A kind of apple is from root anvil with branch big seedling cultivation method |
| CN107593133A (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2018-01-19 | 通辽市林业科学研究院 | The cultivation of cold area Fruit Tree In Sandy Land nursery stock and garden building method |
| CN110583266A (en) * | 2019-09-29 | 2019-12-20 | 青岛市农业科学研究院 | Method for promoting apple scion branching |
| CN110710388A (en) * | 2019-11-22 | 2020-01-21 | 新疆林业科学院 | Efficient and rapid breeding method of viburnum opulus |
| CN111011082A (en) * | 2019-11-29 | 2020-04-17 | 北京市林业果树科学研究院 | Cultivation method for apple dwarfing strong seedlings with branches from root stock |
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| CN103053373A (en) * | 2013-01-16 | 2013-04-24 | 西北农林科技大学 | High-quality apple dwarf interstock seedling propagation method |
| CN103931453A (en) * | 2014-03-17 | 2014-07-23 | 西北农林科技大学 | Method for rapidly breeding dwarf apple self-rooted rootstock seedlings in single-row-planting mode |
| CN104255362A (en) * | 2014-08-27 | 2015-01-07 | 西北农林科技大学 | Method for growing annual multi-branch dwarf self-rooted rootstock apple seedlings |
| CN104488642A (en) * | 2014-12-19 | 2015-04-08 | 永泰县大洋天一现代农场 | Cultivating method of dwarf apple samplings suitable for Fujian province |
| CN104756816A (en) * | 2015-04-17 | 2015-07-08 | 陕西超越农业有限公司 | Two-year-old multi-branch dwarf self-rooted rootstock apple seedling culturing method |
| CN104737832A (en) * | 2015-04-24 | 2015-07-01 | 辽宁省果树科学研究所 | Apple tree grafting method |
| CN106069525A (en) * | 2016-06-30 | 2016-11-09 | 山东胜伟园林科技有限公司 | A kind of use high zinc fertilizer every furrow Limited Irrigation method and the application in plantation salt-soda soil Mains Zumi thereof |
| CN106718535A (en) * | 2016-12-01 | 2017-05-31 | 扬州大学（如皋）花木产业研究院 | A kind of inoculation method of the dwarfing apple sapling suitable for In Fujian Province |
| CN107318475A (en) * | 2017-07-12 | 2017-11-07 | 北京市农林科学院 | A kind of apple is from root anvil with branch big seedling cultivation method |
| CN107593133A (en) * | 2017-10-20 | 2018-01-19 | 通辽市林业科学研究院 | The cultivation of cold area Fruit Tree In Sandy Land nursery stock and garden building method |
| CN110583266A (en) * | 2019-09-29 | 2019-12-20 | 青岛市农业科学研究院 | Method for promoting apple scion branching |
| CN110710388A (en) * | 2019-11-22 | 2020-01-21 | 新疆林业科学院 | Efficient and rapid breeding method of viburnum opulus |
| CN111011082A (en) * | 2019-11-29 | 2020-04-17 | 北京市林业果树科学研究院 | Cultivation method for apple dwarfing strong seedlings with branches from root stock |
| CN111011082B (en) * | 2019-11-29 | 2021-11-16 | 北京市林业果树科学研究院 | Cultivation method for apple dwarfing strong seedlings with branches from root stock |
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