CN102475020A - Northern blueberry-growing method - Google Patents
Northern blueberry-growing method Download PDFInfo
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- CN102475020A CN102475020A CN2010105557846A CN201010555784A CN102475020A CN 102475020 A CN102475020 A CN 102475020A CN 2010105557846 A CN2010105557846 A CN 2010105557846A CN 201010555784 A CN201010555784 A CN 201010555784A CN 102475020 A CN102475020 A CN 102475020A
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Abstract
A northern blueberry-growing method includes the following technical processes: variety selection, seedling propagation, collection and sand storage of cuttings, cuttage, field planting density, soil preparation, plantation, underground management, disease and pest control, pruning, overwinter protection and cold-proof material removal. The northern blueberry-growing method sufficiently utilizes local natural resources, can greatly reduce the production cost and increase the economic benefit, and can be easily accepted by growers.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to northern blueberry cultivation method.
Background technology
Blueberry (Blueberry) has another name called blueberry, and blue berry belongs to Ericaceae (Ericaceae) blueberry subfamily (Vaccinioideae) genus vaccinium (Vacciniodeae) plant.The blueberry fruit contains and prevents that cerebral nerve is old and feeble, strengthens cardiac function, makes eye bright and unique effects material such as anticancer that therefore classified as one of human five big healthy food by international food and agricultural organization, extremely people favor.The cultivation of blueberry has last 100 years historical approximately.The U.S. has carried out artificial cultivation at first.After the U.S., states such as Holland, Canada, Germany, Poland, Australia, New Zealand, Japan are introducing and planting competitively, has carried out blueberry research and the cultivation work with national characteristic based on the climatic characteristic and the resources advantage of own country.China starts from early 1980s to the research of blueberry, and Jilin Agriculture University has carried out the work of blueberry introducing and planting in China at first, and big quantity research has been done in blueberry cultivation technology, soil melioration work.After the agricultural university of Jilin, also begin of Chinese Academy of Sciences Nanjing plant introduced a fine variety blueberry from the U.S. and cultivates research, and filters out the improved seeds that are fit to China's southern area cultivation.
Liaoning began to study the nineties in last century, because blueberry is the shallow root system plant, root system is undeveloped, the unrooted hair, and root is very thin, is fibrous, and root system mean level distribution is in the drop shadow spread of tree crown, and vertical distribution is at 5cm～45cm.Blueberry happiness acid ground, very responsive to soil pH value, the too high growth that is unfavorable in blueberry of pH.Soil pH value is too high, often causes that blueberry growth retardation, leaf chlorosis, result are bad.Most of blueberries can be in the acid sandy soil of pH3.5～5.5 normal growth, but different blueberry kinds also is different to the soil pH claimed range.The suitable soil pH of blueberry is 4.8～5.2, and is best with 4.5～4.8; Blueberry requires well-grown in the high soil of the content of organic matter.Must reach in 3% the soil in the content of organic matter could healthy growth, and U.S.'s blueberry is grown in the content of organic matter and reaches in 8%～12% the soil.Therefore soil melioration is crucial link in blueberry cultivation work.Based on the requirement of blueberry to soil, both at home and abroad in the blueberry cultivation soil improvement work mainly both ways, the one, to the adjusting of soil acidity or alkalinity, the 2nd, improve soil organic matter content.
Summary of the invention
The purpose of this technological invention is to provide the blueberry cultivation supporting technology of economical and convenient, so that accelerate the development that blueberry is produced, thus create huge economic benefit and social benefit
.
The technical scheme that adopts is:
Blueberry cultivation method of the present invention is divided into outdoor cropping, plastic tunnel cultivation, greenhouse by solar heat cultivation, it is characterized in that comprising following process:
One, outdoor cropping
A, kind are selected
The kind of present northern suitable cultivation mainly is: land (Northland), half high clump kind north, north blue (Northblue), holy cloud (St.Cloud), Bei Cun (Northcountry); (Blomidon), Si Weike (Brunswick) step in short clump of kind U.S.A.
, seedling-wood breeding
The collection of (1), transplanting a cutting is hidden with husky
Cutting will be gathered before the winter protection of surviving the winter, generally 10 the end of month to November 15.Requirement must be gathered cutting on the maternal plant of robust growth, the anosis worm harm of cutting, stalwartness are adopted by institute, bud is full and maturity is high.The cutting of gathering by 50/bundles～100/bundle, be placed in the shade calm place, then Lower Half is embedded in the clean river sand, the humidity of river sand is general to be required in that hold with hand can be agglomerating, stretch out one's hand promptly diffusing just.After the cutting blade falls light basically, uprightly put transplanting a cutting to move in the cellar again, bury with clean wet river sand.Require one deck river sand one deck to transplant a cutting, the little dew in tip that keeps transplanting a cutting gets final product.
(2)
Cuttage
Generally in late January in next year, direct nutritive cube with diameter 12cm, high 15cm carries out cuttage in greenhouse by solar heat.
Removing the river sand that is bonded in the cutting after the cutting taking-up of sand Tibetan; And cut off the top than thin or the lower part of maturity; Be cut into 8cm/ section～10 cm/ sections to cutting then; Last clip is apart from every section cutting topmost bud top 0.5cm～1.0cm, and following clip is disregarded, and each is transplanted a cutting and must guarantee that the topmost bud is full.In root-growing agent, be stained with the cutting lower end that shears and directly insert in the nutritive cube after 20 seconds to 30 seconds.Root-growing agent selects Sichuan to produce state's light board, and every gram is converted water 500g～750g.
Every cube of soil is mixed 200g～300g Cosan, in nutrition soil whipping process, carbendazim is produced in 800 times～1000 times liquid Jiangyin and constantly is sprayed onto on the nutrition soil, and will mix thoroughly, keep nutritive soil preparation humidity in that hold with hand can be agglomerating, stretches out one's hand and promptly looses just.
Zhuan ?.Earlier river sand: the peat composed of rotten mosses is that the nutrition soil of 1:2～3 is contained in the nutritive cube bottom; Degree of depth 5cm～6cm; Stand in the nutritive cube center to cutting then; Again river sand: the peat composed of rotten mosses is that the nutrition soil of 1:1 is contained in nutritive cube top, keeps the top and the nutritive cube mouth basic of cutting flat, the heavy real little dew of topmost bud of will guaranteeing to transplant a cutting of the nutrition soil in the back nutritive cube of fetching water.
Putting of nutritive cube.Putting the thick thicker river sand (playing trickle, heat-blocking action) of the local 6cm～10cm of shop earlier of nutritive cube, 0.6m～0.8m begins to put apart from the base angle, greenhouse, and width is at 1.0m～1.2m
Management.To keep the highest natural temperature in the greenhouse in early stage, transplant a cutting and to sprout in the greenhouse on daytime, back that the 20cm temperature is no more than 30 ℃ apart from the nutritive cube top, keep 24 ℃～26 ℃ after opening up leaf.To go up sunshade network control temperature mid-June; Humidity in the nutritive cube will keep holding with hand can be agglomerating, stretch out one's hand promptly to loose and just can.600 times of liquid carbendazim of Zhan Yehou spray in per 8 days to 10 days; Every month impose composite fertilizer once to August April.Before pouring water, earlier blade is squirted, 150 times of compound solutions that will dissolve in advance then spray one time with watering can, pour water again; To hoe up weeds at any time during this period.
Greenhouse cuttage survival rate is 85%～95%, nursery stock then outplanting rate (more than the high 30cm of stem) 70%～85%.
Plantation density
The seeding row spacing of field planting: half high clump kind is 1.0m
*2.0m or 1.0m * 2.5m; Short clump kind is 0.5m
*2.0m or 0.5m * 1.2m
*(2.0m strip planting).
Whole ground
Blueberries suitable for growing in the sand reel soil, not in Xiaolaowa, clay planted blueberries.Generally ground was raked, waited to plant in the autumn last one year of cultivation.
Plant
To put in order good ground last year before and after clear and bright and get the field planting line-spacing earlier ready; Between the field planting point of every capable two ends, draw a straight line then; An online side is put the native blueberry seedling of band nutrition by the spacing in the rows requirement, and the high-quality of the stem height of seedling more than 30cm is through the seedling (it is weak that non-dormancy seedling is planted back growth potential) of the dormancy of surviving the winter.Around seedling, spread the training fertilizer again and make it to become a truncated cone-shaped.The preparation of fertilizer is: the ratio to the sand soil preparation is to admix 1.5 times～2.0 times sandy loam with the broken stalk that becomes thoroughly decomposed of hay cutter hand hay cutter, and loam ground and clayed ground are admixed 2 times to 3 times river sand with the broken stalk that becomes thoroughly decomposed of hay cutter hand hay cutter; Also available chicken manure that becomes thoroughly decomposed of ratio or oxen and horses excrement to the sand soil preparation are admixed 1.5 times～2.0 times sandy loam, and the ratio of loam ground and clayed ground preparation is that the chicken manure or the oxen and horses excrement that become thoroughly decomposed are admixed 2 times to 3 times river sand.Spread in the bottom of round platform about a circle Cosan 10g/ strain that (this consumption is fit to P in soil H value in 5.5～6.5 area, also changes in the past disposable input Cosan and is input year by year.), using excessive or spread fertilizer over the fields inequality but make sure to keep in mind Cosan, Cosan uses excessive or spreads fertilizer over the fields uneven can the generation and burn seedling.Its symptom initial stage is rubescent like the blade that arid causes, and carefully see and can find that vein is rubescent, and once shaking.Once finding that burning seedling can or water to slow down the extent of injury soil removal and replacement replanting around the killed seedling.Do furrow then, the high equal about 10cm～15cm of furrow with nutritive cube, the wide 90cm～100cm of furrow covers the unregistered land film after carrying out furrow at once, and the seedling base portion is tight with grave.
Early June will be that the center is torn the circle that a diameter is 50cm to mulch film with the seedling, and ammonium sulfate 20g～25g is spread fertilizer over the fields in every strain, cover then that to be not less than 10cm thick in the broken stalk of hay cutter hand hay cutter.
September 20 beginning ditching basal dressing in the same direction between strain, furrow width 30cm～35cm, ditch depth 25cm～30cm.The preparation of base manure is: all put covering under the projection of strain clump into ditch, if can add inadequately, and then directly apply Stanley board composite fertilizer.To sandy loam consumption 10kg～15kg/667
2, loam and clay also will apply river sand 1.0m except that using Stanley board composite fertilizer
3～2.0m
3/ 667
2
After 1 year blueberry goes out the winter protection thing to be unearthed, covering film no longer, but stalks mulching.Though be topdress, the basal dressing requirement carries out between strain, kind, the consumption of fertilizer are the same.Topdress, spread fertilizer over the fields Cosan (the same full bearing period of Cosan consumption) generally in mid-April to late April, basal dressing was since September 20.Accomplish soil melioration between strain in two years.
Managed the same full bearing period in the 3rd year.Blueberry cultivation has few results then, and the second annual bearing strain rate is 20%～50%, and the 3rd annual production is at 180kg～240kg/667
2, the 4th annual production is at 500kg～600kg/667
2, get into the full bearing period.
Underground management
After blueberry goes the winter protection thing to be unearthed, generally dig ditch and impose ammonium sulfate, require strain in full bearing period clump 20kg～30kg/667 in mid-April to late April
2Around the strain clump, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields Cosan, consumption 10kg～15kg/667
2, this consumption be fit to P in soil H value 5.5～6.5, annual rainfall is in the area of 1000mm～1200mm, annual rainfall is lower than cutting down according to the circumstance of this.Carry out at the beginning of late April to 5 month that stalk covers under the strain clump, its cladding thickness is not less than 10cm.Before fallen flowers phase to fruit expands, i.e. June first arrival imposes Stanley board composite fertilizer, consumption 10kg～15kg/667 mid-June under covering
2Behind the fruit harvesting, projection place of strain clump prolong row to, all put covering into ditch in the both sides ditching of strain clump, furrow width 30cm～35cm, ditch depth 25cm～30cm, and then directly apply Stanley board composite fertilizer.To sandy loam consumption 15kg～20kg/667
2, loam and clay also will apply river sand 2.0m except that using Stanley board composite fertilizer
3～4.0m
3/ 667
2, up to improveing till the sandy loam.Strive for the capable soil melioration of the 3rd, the 4th year completion strain Cong Yan to both sides.Beginning in the 5th year, except that topdressing by output, the strain clump will keep being not less than the thick stalk covering of 10cm following every year.The management of moisture is with conventional.
The cultivation uproot of blueberry is taked two kinds of patterns: a kind of is to hoe up weeds in the row, and in the ranks sward cradled 3 times～4 times with brush saw before August 20; Keep natural plant height to be no more than 20cm; Use weed killer herbicide 8 the end of month one time, weed killer herbicide must use farming to reach, restrain no track, and dosage is pressed product description; A kind of is to hoe up weeds in the row, and in the ranks 3 years strawberries of planting were harrowed strawberry on the 4th year, by last a kind of mode treatment.
The extermination of disease and insect pest
The disease of harm blueberry has gray mold, blossom rot, leaf spot, spot disease in the north; Insect pest has chafer (harm of apple hair rutelian is main), fall webworm, aphid, two spotted spider mite.
Nuisanceless integrated control: spray 500 times～600 times liquid of a carbendazim squaring period in blueberry and mix 500 times～800 times liquid matrines, after 7 days～10 days, spray 500 times～600 times liquid of a carbendazim again and mix 5000 times of liquid AVMs; 8000 times～10000 times liquid lucky stars of spray when fruit begins to expand; Spray 600 times～800 times big living secondaries of liquid behind the fruit harvesting continuously, each 7 days～10 days at interval.Also can be for fall webworm with seeing with grabbing.Also can slaughter with DT-15P projection-type desinsection lamp (this lamp power supply is from internal battery) for chafer in the first Sheng phase of generation; Installation method is pressed product description, for increasing insecticidal effect, under lamp, dig the hole of a diameter 1.5m～2.0m, dark 15cm～20cm again; The end, hole, will put down, outer rim will be vertically; Will spread plastic greenhouse film in the hole, the water 5cm～6cm in will keeping every day cheating will in time remove the residual body of worm in the hole.But to be strict controlled in (this time period is the movable frequent phase of chafer) in use at 19 o'clock～21 o'clock.For the larva grub of chafer, can before mid or late July to the beginning of autumn, white muscardine fungi be pressed the product description using dosage, behind overcast and rainy, rain, spread fertilizer over the fields at covering during high humidity sooner or later, accomplish with joining with usefulness.
Prune
Cultivated in north blueberry, 3 years main tasks after planting are the buds of branch 30cm apart from ground of erasing, and do not allow to form branch, will be behind the result apart from ground the branch of 50cm～70cm remove gradually so that survive the winter winter protection; Get into the full bearing period, behind the fruit harvesting can with branch age more than 5 years, diameter answers posting in time ground to cut greater than the branch of 2.5cm.Remove sick branch before the winter protection, hinder branch.The every strain clump in back that survives the winter keeps 6～8 fruit bearing shoot.Every strain clump will be trimmed to hemispherical.
General branch formed bud in 2 years, and every strain clump will consider to stay 2～5 annual branches when therefore pruning.
The winter protection of surviving the winter
Most areas plant the blueberry winter protection of all need surviving the winter in the north, the time of general winter protection October 25 to the early and middle ten days in November.Specific practice is:
October 25, front and back were (because this moment, temperature was higher; The blueberry branch is softer) begin the blueberry plant is overwhelmed (remember every year all will towards same direction); On one side a people covers forward to two layback plastic woven cloths on one side, the back on one side people by irregular steps to plastic woven cloth both sides firming (so the time blade do not fall, press Yan Houyi to make the bud mouldy); It is in the opposite direction that plastic woven cloth coverage direction and blueberry plant overwhelm, otherwise do not cover.
Early November, can disposable pressure when soil freezes daytime at night tight, the top of thickness of earth covering be not less than 1.5cm, and plastic woven cloth will all be imbedded in the soil, avoids accelerated ageing.
Remove the winter protection thing
The morning and evening that the winter protection thing goes directly influence work as annual production, go early to be prone to stripping, bud freeze injury, go lately to be prone to bump bud and consumption nutrition finally causes the underproduction.Generally remove earlier anti-dry frozen ground, take off plastic woven cloth after Clear and Bright, after taking off the soil on the plastic woven cloth is shaked off, folded, be placed on the lucifuge place and preserve at late March.
After blueberry was unearthed, in time loosens branch opened and cuts the branch that damages by pressure because of winter protection, avoided crowded in heaps, the influence growth of branch.
Two, plastic tunnel cultivation
The plastic tunnel cultivar has northern land (Northland), Berkeley (Berkeley), and its whole ground, field planting cultivation, underground management, the extermination of disease and insect pest, pruning etc. are with reference to outdoor cropping, and what differ greatly is overwinter management.Can the big cold canopy of plastics safe overwintering, and canopy is to being crucial, and it is mouthful also very important secondly to be that canopy leaks informaton, and is the control of different times temperature of shed once more.
Canopy preferably selects East and West direction to (refer to the big cold canopy length of plastics to), makes sure to keep in mind not select north-south (freeze injury takes place frequent).
Canopy leaks informaton and mouthful will select and remain at 1.2m～1.4m place apart from the face of land, and easy like this maintenance temperature of shed is relatively stable.
Button will irritate once permeable behind the canopy, and to early December, all open the air port daytime, night Close All, along with the reduction gradually of outside air temperature, the time of leaking informaton also shortens gradually; Sprout to blueberry plant bud after mid-December, the air port will be closed round the clock, will cover the wide unregistered land film of 1.0m～1.2m when closing the air port in the ranks, will irritate primary water (help to thaw and increase humidity in the canopy, prevent stripping) at the beginning of 1 the end of month to 2 month.The plastic tunnel stalk cultivation covers and will carry out at Zhan Yehou, and other presses the booth Routine Management.
Three, greenhouse by solar heat cultivation
The greenhouse by solar heat cultivar has Lan Feng (Bluecrop), Berkeley (Berkeley), and its whole ground, underground management, the extermination of disease and insect pest, pruning etc. are with reference to greenhouse cultivation, and what differ greatly is the field planting cultivation.High furrow (or raised fields) cultivation is taked in field planting, and concrete grammar is: press seeding row spacing 1.0m
*1.8m or 1.0m * 2.0m does the high furrow that section is an isosceles trapezoid, the high 50cm of furrow, furrow upper base face width 100cm, the furrow face width 150cm that goes to the bottom.After the greenhouse heats up, except that the furrow face of high furrow, all cover unregistered land film (play and heat, fall wet effect).Other presses the greenhouse Routine Management.
The inventive method is simple, make full use of local natural resources, has an economic benefit.
Embodiment
The blueberry cultivation method is divided into outdoor cropping, plastic tunnel cultivation, greenhouse by solar heat cultivation, it is characterized in that comprising following process:
Outdoor cropping
A, selection kind
The kind of present northern suitable cultivation mainly is: land (Northland), half high clump kind north, north blue (Northblue), holy cloud (St.Cloud), Bei Cun (Northcountry); (Blomidon), Si Weike (Brunswick) step in short clump of kind U.S.A.
, whole ground
Blueberries suitable for growing in pH3.5 ~ 5.5, organic matter content of up to 3% of the sand reel soil to healthy growth.Not in the waterlogged lowland, clayed ground plants blueberry.Generally ground was raked, waited to plant in the autumn last one year of cultivation.
, plantation density
The seeding row spacing of field planting: half high clump kind is 1.0m
*2.0m; Short clump kind is 0.5m
*2.0m.
, plant
To put in order good ground last year before and after clear and bright and get the field planting line-spacing earlier ready; Between the field planting point of every capable two ends, draw a straight line then; An online side is put the native blueberry seedling of band nutrition by the spacing in the rows requirement, and the high-quality of the stem height of seedling more than 30cm is through the seedling (it is weak that non-dormancy seedling is planted back growth potential) of the dormancy of surviving the winter.Around seedling, spread the training fertilizer again and make it to become a truncated cone-shaped.The preparation of fertilizer is: the ratio to the sand soil preparation is to admix 1.5 times sandy loam with the broken stalk that becomes thoroughly decomposed of hay cutter hand hay cutter, and loam ground and clayed ground are admixed 2.5 times river sand with the broken stalk that becomes thoroughly decomposed of hay cutter hand hay cutter; Also available chicken manure that becomes thoroughly decomposed of ratio or oxen and horses excrement to the sand soil preparation are admixed 1.5 times sandy loam, and the ratio of loam ground and clayed ground preparation is that the chicken manure or the oxen and horses excrement that become thoroughly decomposed are admixed 3 times river sand.Spread in the bottom of round platform about a circle Cosan 10g/ strain that (this consumption is fit to P in soil H value in 5.5～6.5 area, also changes in the past disposable input Cosan and is input year by year.), using excessive or spread fertilizer over the fields inequality but make sure to keep in mind Cosan, Cosan uses excessive or spreads fertilizer over the fields uneven can the generation and burn seedling.Its symptom initial stage is rubescent like the blade that arid causes, and carefully see and can find that vein is rubescent, and once shaking.Once finding that burning seedling can or water to slow down the extent of injury soil removal and replacement replanting around the killed seedling.Do furrow then, the high equal about 10cm of furrow with nutritive cube, the wide 100cm of furrow covers the unregistered land film after carrying out furrow at once, and the seedling base portion is tight with grave.
Early June will be that the center is torn the circle that a diameter is 50cm to mulch film with the seedling, and ammonium sulfate 20g is spread fertilizer over the fields in every strain, and it is thick in the broken stalk of hay cutter hand hay cutter to cover 10cm then.
September 20 beginning ditching basal dressing in the same direction between strain, furrow width 30cm, ditch depth 25cm.The preparation of base manure is: all put covering under the projection of strain clump into ditch, if can add inadequately, and then directly apply Stanley board composite fertilizer.To sandy loam consumption 10kg/667
2, loam and clay also will apply river sand 1.5m except that using Stanley board composite fertilizer
3/ 667
2
After 1 year blueberry goes out the winter protection thing to be unearthed, covering film no longer, but stalks mulching.Though be topdress, the basal dressing requirement carries out between strain, kind, the consumption of fertilizer are the same.Topdress, spread fertilizer over the fields Cosan (the same full bearing period of Cosan consumption) generally in mid-April to late April, basal dressing was since September 20.Accomplish soil melioration between strain in two years.
Managed the same full bearing period in the 3rd year.Blueberry cultivation has few results then, and the second annual bearing strain rate is 20%～50%, and the 3rd annual production is at 180kg～240kg/667
2, the 4th annual production is at 500kg～600kg/667
2, get into the full bearing period.
, underground management
After blueberry goes the winter protection thing to be unearthed, generally dig ditch and impose ammonium sulfate, require 30kg/667 in the full bearing period in mid-April to late April
2Around the strain clump, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields Cosan, consumption 15kg/667
2, this consumption be fit to P in soil H value 5.5～6.5, annual rainfall is in the area of 1000mm～1200mm, annual rainfall is lower than cutting down according to the circumstance of this.Carry out at the beginning of late April to 5 month that stalk covers its cladding thickness 10cm under the strain clump.Before fallen flowers phase to fruit expands, i.e. June first arrival imposes Stanley board composite fertilizer, consumption 10kg/667 mid-June under covering
2Behind the fruit harvesting, projection place of strain clump prolong row to, all put covering into ditch in the both sides ditching of strain clump, furrow width 35cm, ditch depth 25cm, and then directly apply Stanley board composite fertilizer.To sandy loam consumption 20kg/667
2, loam and clay also will apply river sand 3.0m except that using Stanley board composite fertilizer
3/ 667
2, up to improveing till the sandy loam.Strive for the capable soil melioration of the 3rd, the 4th year completion strain Cong Yan to both sides.Beginning in the 5th year, except that topdressing by output, the strain clump will keep the thick stalk covering of 10cm following every year.The management of moisture is with conventional.
The cultivation uproot of blueberry is taked two kinds of patterns: a kind of is to hoe up weeds in the row, and in the ranks sward cradled 4 times with brush saw before August 20; Keep natural plant height to be no more than 20cm; Use weed killer herbicide 8 the end of month one time, weed killer herbicide must use farming to reach, restrain no track, and dosage is pressed product description; A kind of is to hoe up weeds in the row, and in the ranks 3 years strawberries of planting were harrowed strawberry on the 4th year, by last a kind of mode treatment.
, the extermination of disease and insect pest
The disease of harm blueberry has gray mold, blossom rot, leaf spot, spot disease in the north; Insect pest has chafer (harm of apple hair rutelian is main), fall webworm, aphid, two spotted spider mite.
Nuisanceless integrated control: spray 500 times of times of liquid of a carbendazim squaring period in blueberry and mix 600 times of liquid matrines, after 7 days～10 days, spray 500 times of times of liquid of a carbendazim again and mix 5000 times of liquid AVMs; 10000 times of liquid lucky stars of spray when fruit begins to expand; Spray 600 times of big living secondaries of liquid behind the fruit harvesting continuously, each 7 days～10 days at interval.Also can be for fall webworm with seeing with grabbing.Also can slaughter with DT-15P projection-type desinsection lamp (this lamp power supply is from internal battery) for chafer in the first Sheng phase of generation; Installation method is pressed product description, for increasing insecticidal effect, under lamp, dig the hole of a diameter 1.5m, dark 15cm again; The end, hole, will put down, outer rim will be vertically; Will spread plastic greenhouse film in the hole, the water 5cm in will keeping every day cheating will in time remove the residual body of worm in the hole.But to be strict controlled in (this time period is the movable frequent phase of chafer) in use at 19 o'clock～21 o'clock.For the larva grub of chafer, can before mid or late July to the beginning of autumn, white muscardine fungi be pressed the product description using dosage, behind overcast and rainy, rain, spread fertilizer over the fields at covering during high humidity sooner or later, accomplish with joining with usefulness.
, prune
Cultivated in north blueberry, 3 years main tasks after planting are the buds of branch 30cm apart from ground of erasing, and do not allow to form branch, will be behind the result apart from ground the branch of 60cm remove gradually so that survive the winter winter protection; Get into the full bearing period, behind the fruit harvesting can with branch age more than 5 years, diameter answers posting in time ground to cut greater than the branch of 2.5cm.Remove sick branch before the winter protection, hinder branch.The every strain clump in back that survives the winter keeps 7 fruit bearing shoot.Every strain clump will be trimmed to hemispherical.
General branch formed bud in 2 years, and every strain clump will consider to stay 3 annual branches when therefore pruning.
, the winter protection of surviving the winter
Most areas plant the blueberry winter protection of all need surviving the winter in the north, the time of general winter protection October 25 to the early and middle ten days in November.Specific practice is:
October 25, front and back were (because this moment, temperature was higher; The blueberry branch is softer) begin the blueberry plant is overwhelmed (remember every year all will towards same direction); On one side a people covers forward to two layback plastic woven cloths on one side, the back on one side people by irregular steps to plastic woven cloth both sides firming (so the time blade do not fall, press Yan Houyi to make the bud mouldy); It is in the opposite direction that plastic woven cloth coverage direction and blueberry plant overwhelm, otherwise do not cover.
Early November, can disposable pressure when soil freezes daytime at night tight, the top of thickness of earth covering be not less than 1.5cm, and plastic woven cloth will all be imbedded in the soil, avoids accelerated ageing.
, remove the winter protection thing
The morning and evening that the winter protection thing goes directly influence work as annual production, go early to be prone to stripping, bud freeze injury, go lately to be prone to bump bud and consumption nutrition finally causes the underproduction.Generally remove earlier anti-dry frozen ground, take off plastic woven cloth after Clear and Bright, after taking off the soil on the plastic woven cloth is shaked off, folded, be placed on the lucifuge place and preserve at late March.
After blueberry is unearthed, in time to open and to cut that the branch that damages by pressure because of winter protection is loose opens and cut the branch that damages by pressure because of winter protection with branch is loose, avoid crowded in heaps, the influence growth of branch.
Claims (1)
1. blueberry cultivation method of the present invention is divided into outdoor cropping, plastic tunnel cultivation, greenhouse by solar heat cultivation, it is characterized in that comprising following technical process:
One, outdoor cropping
A, kind are selected
Kind is selected: land, half high clump kind north, northern indigo plant, holy cloud, Bei Cun; Short clump kind U.S.A steps on, Si Weike;
B, seedling-wood breeding
The collection of (1), transplanting a cutting is hidden with husky
Cutting is gathered before the winter protection of surviving the winter, and requirement must be gathered cutting on the maternal plant of robust growth, and the anosis worm harm of cutting, stalwartness are adopted by institute, bud is full and maturity is high; The cutting of gathering is placed in the shade calm place by～100 of 50/bundles/bundle, and Lower Half is embedded in the clean river sand then; The humidity requirement of river sand is stretched out one's hand and is promptly loose just in that hold with hand can be agglomerating, when transplanting a cutting after blade falls light basically; Uprightly put transplanting a cutting to move in the cellar again; Wet river sand with clean buries, and requires one deck river sand one deck to transplant a cutting, and the little dew in tip that keeps transplanting a cutting gets final product;
(2)
Cuttage
In late January in next year, direct nutritive cube with diameter 12cm, high 15cm carries out cuttage in greenhouse by solar heat;
Remove the river sand that is bonded in the cutting after the cutting of hiding sand is taken out, and cut off the thin or lower part of maturity in top, be cut into 8cm/ section～10 cm/ sections to cutting then; Last clip is apart from every section cutting topmost bud top 0.5cm～1.0cm; Following clip is disregarded, and each is transplanted a cutting and must guarantee that the topmost bud is full, in root-growing agent, is stained with the cutting lower end that shears and directly inserts in the nutritive cube after 20 seconds to 30 seconds; Root-growing agent selects Sichuan to produce state's light board, and every gram is converted water 500g～750g;
Every cube of soil is mixed 200g～300g Cosan, in nutrition soil whipping process, carbendazim is produced in 800 times～1000 times liquid Jiangyin and constantly is sprayed onto on the nutrition soil, and will mix thoroughly, keep nutritive soil preparation humidity in that hold with hand can be agglomerating, stretches out one's hand and promptly looses just;
Zhuan ?, earlier river sand: the peat composed of rotten mosses is that the nutrition soil of 1:2～3 is contained in the nutritive cube bottom, and degree of depth 5cm～6cm stands in the nutritive cube center to cutting then, and again river sand: the peat composed of rotten mosses is that the nutrition soil of 1:1 is contained in nutritive cube top, the guarantor
Top and the nutritive cube mouth basic of holding cutting are flat, the heavy real little dew of topmost bud of will guaranteeing to transplant a cutting of the nutrition soil in the back nutritive cube of fetching water;
Putting of nutritive cube: putting the thick thicker river sand of local shop 6cm～10cm earlier of nutritive cube, apart from temperature
Base angle, chamber 0.6m～0.8m begins to put, and width is at 1.0m～1.2m;
Management: will keep the highest natural temperature in the greenhouse in early stage, transplant a cutting and to sprout in the greenhouse on daytime, back that the 20cm temperature is no more than 30 ℃ apart from the nutritive cube top, keep 24 ℃～26 ℃ after opening up leaf, will go up sunshade network control temperature mid-June; Humidity in the nutritive cube will keep holding with hand can be agglomerating, stretch out one's hand just promptly loose can, sprayed 600 times of liquid carbendazim behind the exhibition leaf in per 8 days to 10 days; Every month impose composite fertilizer once to August April, before pouring water, earlier blade squirted, and 150 times of compound solutions that will dissolve in advance then spray one time with watering can, pour water again; To hoe up weeds at any time during this period;
Greenhouse cuttage survival rate is 85%～95%, nursery stock then outplanting rate 70%～85%;
Plantation density
The seeding row spacing of field planting: half high clump kind is 1.0m
*2.0m or 1.0m * 2.5m; Short clump kind is 0.5m
*2.0m or 0.5m * 1.2m
*2.0m;
Whole ground
Blueberries suitable for growing in the sand reel soil, not in Xiaolaowa, clay planted blueberries, in the cultivation of the land last year raking autumn, to be planted;
Plant
To put in order good ground last year before and after clear and bright and get the field planting line-spacing earlier ready; Between the field planting point of every capable two ends, draw a straight line then; An online side is put the blueberry seedling of band nutrition soil by the spacing in the rows requirement; The high-quality of the stem height of seedling more than 30cm is through the seedling of the dormancy of surviving the winter; Train fertilizer spreading of seedling all around again and make it to become a truncated cone-shaped, the preparation of fertilizer is: the ratio to the sand soil preparation is to admix 1.5 times～2.0 times sandy loam with the broken stalk that becomes thoroughly decomposed of hay cutter hand hay cutter, and loam ground and clayed ground cut up with a hay cutter the broken stalk that becomes thoroughly decomposed with hay cutter and admix 2 times to 3 times river sand; Also available chicken manure that becomes thoroughly decomposed of ratio or oxen and horses excrement to the sand soil preparation are admixed 1.5 times～2.0 times sandy loam, and the ratio of loam ground and clayed ground preparation is that the chicken manure or the oxen and horses excrement that become thoroughly decomposed are admixed 2 times to 3 times river sand, spread a circle Cosan 8-12g/ strain in the bottom of round platform; Use excessive or spread fertilizer over the fields inequality but make sure to keep in mind Cosan, Cosan uses excessive or spreads fertilizer over the fields uneven can the generation and burn seedling, and its symptom initial stage is rubescent like the blade that arid causes; Carefully see and to find that vein is rubescent; And once shaking, once finding that burning seedling can or water to slow down the extent of injury soil removal and replacement replanting around the killed seedling, does furrow then; The high equal about 10cm～15cm of furrow with nutritive cube; Wide 90cm～the 100cm of furrow covers the unregistered land film after carrying out furrow at once, and the seedling base portion is tight with grave;
Early June will be that the center is torn the circle that a diameter is 50cm to mulch film with the seedling, and ammonium sulfate 20g～25g is spread fertilizer over the fields in every strain, cover then that to be not less than 10cm thick in the broken stalk of hay cutter hand hay cutter;
September 20 beginning ditching basal dressing in the same direction between strain, furrow width 30cm～35cm, ditch depth 25cm～
30cm, the preparation of base manure is: all put covering under the projection of strain clump into ditch, if can add inadequately, and then directly apply Stanley board composite fertilizer, to sandy loam consumption 10kg～15kg/667
2, loam and clay also will apply river sand 1.0m except that using Stanley board composite fertilizer
3～2.0m
3/ 667
2
After blueberry went out the winter protection thing to be unearthed in 1 year; Covering film no longer, but stalks mulching, though be topdress, the basal dressing requirement carries out between strain; Kind, the consumption of fertilizer are the same; Topdress, spread fertilizer over the fields Cosan mid-April to late April, basal dressing was accomplished soil melioration between strain in two years since September 20;
Managed the same full bearing period in the 3rd year;
Blueberry cultivation has few results then, and the second annual bearing strain rate is 20%～50%, and the 3rd annual production is at 180kg～240kg/667
2, the 4th annual production is at 500kg～600kg/667
2, get into the full bearing period;
Underground management
After blueberry goes the winter protection thing to be unearthed, dig ditch in mid-April to late April and impose ammonium sulfate, require strain in full bearing period clump 20kg～30kg/667
2Around the strain clump, evenly spread fertilizer over the fields Cosan, consumption 10kg～15kg/667
2This consumption be fit to P in soil H value 5.5～6.5, annual rainfall is in the area of 1000mm～1200mm, annual rainfall is lower than cutting down according to the circumstance of this, carries out stalk covering under the strain clump at the beginning of late April to 5 month; Its cladding thickness is not less than 10cm; Before fallen flowers phase to fruit expands, i.e. June first arrival imposes Stanley board composite fertilizer, consumption 10kg～15kg/667 mid-June under covering
2, behind the fruit harvesting, projection place of strain clump prolong row to, all put covering into ditch in the both sides ditching of strain clump, furrow width 30cm～35cm, ditch depth 25cm～30cm, and then directly apply Stanley board composite fertilizer is to sandy loam consumption 15kg～20kg/667
2, loam and clay also will apply river sand 2.0m except that using Stanley board composite fertilizer
3～4.0m
3/ 667
2, up to improveing till the sandy loam, strive for accomplishing the capable soil melioration of strain Cong Yan on the 3rd, the 4th year to both sides, beginning in the 5th year, except that topdressing by output, the strain clump will keep being not less than the thick stalk covering of 10cm following every year, and the management of moisture is with conventional;
The cultivation uproot of blueberry is taked two kinds of patterns: a kind of is to hoe up weeds in the row, and in the ranks sward cradled 3 times～4 times with brush saw before August 20; Keep natural plant height to be no more than 20cm; Use weed killer herbicide 8 the end of month one time, weed killer herbicide must use farming to reach, restrain no track, and dosage is pressed product description; A kind of is to hoe up weeds in the row, and in the ranks 3 years strawberries of planting were harrowed strawberry on the 4th year, by last a kind of mode treatment;
The extermination of disease and insect pest
The disease of harm blueberry has gray mold, blossom rot, leaf spot, spot disease in the north; Insect pest has chafer, fall webworm, aphid, two spotted spider mite;
Nuisanceless integrated control: spray 500 times～600 times liquid of a carbendazim squaring period in blueberry and mix 500 times～800 times liquid matrines, after 7 days～10 days, spray 500 times～600 times liquid of a carbendazim again and mix 5000
Times liquid AVM; 8000 times～10000 times liquid lucky stars of spray when fruit begins to expand; Spray 600 times～800 times big living secondaries of liquid behind the fruit harvesting continuously, each 7 days～10 days at interval, also can be for fall webworm with seeing with grabbing; Also can slaughter with DT-15P projection-type desinsection lamp in the first Sheng phase of generation for chafer, installation method is pressed product description, and being increases insecticidal effect; Will under lamp, dig the hole of a diameter 1.5m～2.0m, dark 15cm～20cm again, the end, hole will put down, outer rim wants vertical, will spread plastic greenhouse film in the hole; Water 5cm～6cm in will keeping every day cheating; To in time remove the residual body of worm in the hole, but will be strict controlled in 19 o'clock～21 o'clock larva grubs in use, can before mid or late July to the beginning of autumn, white muscardine fungi be pressed the product description using dosage for chafer; Behind overcast and rainy, rain, spread fertilizer over the fields at covering during high humidity sooner or later, accomplish with joining with usefulness;
Prune
Cultivated in north blueberry, 3 years main tasks after planting are the buds of branch 30cm apart from ground of erasing, and do not allow to form branch, will be behind the result apart from ground the branch of 50cm～70cm remove gradually so that survive the winter winter protection; Get into the full bearing period, behind the fruit harvesting can with branch age more than 5 years, diameter answers posting in time ground to cut greater than the branch of 2.5cm, removes sick branch before the winter protection, hinders branch, the every strain clump in back that survives the winter keeps 6～8 fruit bearing shoot, every strain clump will be trimmed to hemispherical,
General branch formed bud in 2 years, and every strain clump will consider to stay 2～5 annual branches when therefore pruning;
The winter protection of surviving the winter
Most areas plant the blueberry winter protection of all need surviving the winter in the north, the time of winter protection October 25 to the early and middle ten days in November, specific practice is:
Begin the blueberry plant is overwhelmed before and after October 25, on one side a people cover forward to two layback plastic woven cloths on one side, the back on one side a people by irregular steps to plastic woven cloth both sides firming; It is in the opposite direction that plastic woven cloth coverage direction and blueberry plant overwhelm, otherwise do not cover, and overwhelms first strain earlier; Plastic woven cloth covers last branch; Overwhelm second strain again, plastic woven cloth covers last branch more then, by that analogy;
Early November, can disposable pressure when soil freezes daytime at night tight, the top of thickness of earth covering be not less than 1.5cm, and plastic woven cloth will all be imbedded in the soil, avoids accelerated ageing;
Remove the winter protection thing
The morning and evening that the winter protection thing goes directly influence work as annual production, go early to be prone to stripping, bud freeze injury, go lately to be prone to bump bud and consumption nutrition finally causes subtracting; Remove earlier anti-dry frozen ground at late March; Take off plastic woven cloth after Clear and Bright, after taking off the soil on the plastic woven cloth is shaked off, folded, be placed on the lucifuge place and preserve;
After blueberry was unearthed, in time loosens branch opened and cuts the branch that damages by pressure because of winter protection, avoided crowded in heaps, the influence growth of branch;
Two, plastic tunnel cultivation
The plastic tunnel cultivar has northern land, Berkeley; Its whole ground, field planting cultivation, underground management, the extermination of disease and insect pest, pruning etc. are with reference to outdoor cropping; What differ greatly is overwinter management, and can the big cold canopy of plastics safe overwintering, and canopy is to being crucial; It is mouthful also very important that next is that canopy leaks informaton, and is the control of different times temperature of shed once more;
Canopy makes sure to keep in mind not select the north-south to preferably selecting East and West direction;
Canopy leaks informaton and mouthful will select and remain at 1.2m～1.4m place apart from the face of land, and easy like this maintenance temperature of shed is relatively stable;
Button will irritate once permeable behind the canopy, and to early December, all open the air port daytime, night Close All, along with the reduction gradually of outside air temperature, the time of leaking informaton also shortens gradually; Sprout to blueberry plant bud after mid-December; The air port will be closed round the clock, will cover the wide unregistered land film of 1.0m～1.2m when closing the air port in the ranks, will irritate primary water at the beginning of 1 the end of month to 2 month; The plastic tunnel stalk cultivation covers and will carry out at Zhan Yehou, and other presses the booth Routine Management;
Three, greenhouse by solar heat cultivation
The greenhouse by solar heat cultivar has Lan Feng, Berkeley, and its whole ground, underground management, the extermination of disease and insect pest, pruning etc. are with reference to greenhouse cultivation, and what differ greatly is the field planting cultivation, and high furrow or raised fields cultivation are taked in field planting, and concrete grammar is: press seeding row spacing 1.0m
*1.8m or 1.0m * 2.0m does the high furrow that section is an isosceles trapezoid, the high 50cm of furrow, furrow upper base face width 100cm, the furrow face width 150cm that goes to the bottom, and the greenhouse except that the furrow face of high furrow, all cover the unregistered land film after heating up, and other presses the greenhouse Routine Management.
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