CN110140575A - A kind of pomegranate downgrades clump and plants or pomegranate minimum facility cultural method - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention discloses a kind of pomegranates to downgrade clump cultivation or pomegranate minimum facility cultural method.It is by 2~5 plants of every cave or a small number of single plants, using dwarfted varieties or dwarfing, happy type trim mode that pomegranate in the present invention, which downgrades clump and plants, it is fast at garden speed, time saving and energy saving, cost-saving synergistic, especially provided convenience in the dense planting of pomegranate, bagging, bag taking, trimming, management, picking, greatly save labour, cost-saving synergistic；The good effect of pomegranate minimum facility cultivation is: extending the defoliation of fruit trees time, conserves tree body after pomegranate picking；Winter prevents low temperature freezing-disaster, and spring promotees leaf and early sends out, and the Spring Equinox to grain rains prevents cold spell in later spring, and summer and autumn prevents high temperature and humidity from inhibiting disease；Light filling concurrent heating is easy fruit commodity rate of achieving higher output, improve, and increases mu benefit, and this mode is particularly important in North Plain Region and Xinjiang region popularization pomegranate plantation.

Description

A kind of pomegranate dwarf cluster planting or simple facilities cultivation method of pomegranate

technical field

The invention belongs to the field of fruit tree cultivation and management, and in particular relates to a pomegranate dwarf cluster cultivation method or a pomegranate simple facility cultivation method.

Background technique

At present, the cultivation of most fruit trees is single plant cultivation in each hole, and high yield is achieved by pruning the single plant. At present, no facility cultivation has been found for pomegranates.

The pomegranate dwarf cluster planting in the present invention achieves high yield by adopting dwarf varieties and dwarf pruning methods with 2 to 5 plants per hole or a small number of individual plants; it is the first time that simple facilities are used for pomegranate cultivation.

Contents of the invention

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a pomegranate dwarf bush planting or pomegranate simple facility cultivation method.

To achieve the above object, the technical solution adopted in the present invention is:

A pomegranate dwarf cluster planting method or a pomegranate simple facility cultivation method,

1. Soil selection

1.1 Suitable planting area

Plains are suitable for simple facilities cultivation, demonstration and promotion; pomegranates are cultivated in simple facilities to ensure overwintering, resist late spring cold, and reduce the occurrence of diseases under high temperature and high humidity in the rainy season; ridge cultivation in plains, ridge height 10-20cm, ridge width 50-70cm;

It is suitable for dwarf cluster planting of pomegranate on the hillside or around the mountain or in the area with a slope below 90°. It is advisable to change the slope to terrace when building a garden on a steep slope to maintain water and soil;

It can grow in sporadic, gaps, beaches, and hills, and it is suitable for pomegranate dwarf clusters in the courtyard and its surroundings.

1.2 Suitable soil type

Pomegranate is suitable for a wide range of soils, such as loamy soil, fluvo-aquic soil, sandy ginger black soil, and paddy field soil. The clay soil can be improved by adding 1/3 to 1/2 of the amount of sand. The thickness of the improved soil is more than 0.5 meters to increase air permeability;

2. Variety selection

2.1 Selection of pomegranate varieties

One is to choose varieties with strong cold resistance: easy to overwinter, and resistant to spring cold.

The second is to choose varieties with high resistance to cracking: reduce the cracking rate and increase the commodity rate.

The third is to choose high-yield and high-quality varieties: good taste, suitable for fresh food or dark fruit color, high juice yield, suitable for processing varieties;

The fourth is to choose suitable dwarf and dense planting varieties: dwarf, short-branched varieties or dwarf, short-branched pruning management, which is convenient for dense planting, bagging, picking, management, and high yield, especially saving labor and reducing labor intensity.

Fifth, examples of suitable varieties: local high-quality varieties suitable for fresh eating and processing include 'Qiuyan' pomegranate: a high-yielding, high-quality, mid-to-late-maturing variety. In the full fruit stage, the yield of fruit trees per mu is more than 4,000 catties, with thin skin, large grains (up to 86 grams per 100 grains), high sugar content (up to 21%), low acid content (as low as 0.4%), high resistance to cracking, The fruit cracking rate is less than 5%, the juice yield is more than 65%, the seed kernel is semi-hard, and it can be stored for more than 3 months;

Introduced varieties: Zhongnonghong, Israel soft seed (wonderful), Tunisian soft seed and other soft-seeded pomegranates are highly disease-resistant and perishable in temperate regions with higher latitudes; they are popularized after demonstration cultivation or demonstration cultivation and promotion through simple facilities;

Cultivate local varieties suitable for planting, and breed through discovery, sexual cross breeding, genetically modified technology breeding, and aerospace breeding;

In terms of transgenic breeding of pomegranates, genes from different pomegranate varieties are used for transgenic breeding, and no foreign virus genes are used for transgenic breeding to improve the safety of agricultural products;

2.2 Rapid propagation of varieties

The first is to prepare the land and form a border, the width of the border is 0.8-1.5 meters, water, cover the hole film, the density is 10×5-8cm, and the pomegranate branches with a cutting length of 6-8cm are densely planted, more than 10,000 cuttings per mu, and the strong seedling rate is about 8,000 The annual seedlings are transplanted to the field after falling leaves. In the northern region, they are mostly transplanted in spring to budding. The survival rate is high or the annual seedlings are transplanted into biodegradable bags with a height of 20-25cm and a diameter of 10-20cm after falling leaves, and then concentrate and plant them. , in any period or season of transplanting or selling in the field to achieve rapid gardening; the survival rate of one-year-old and biennial branch cuttings in spring or green branch cuttings in autumn is above 85%;

The second is to use pomegranate stem tips, leaves, stem segments, root tips, and anther parts for detoxification tissue culture, high-power and rapid propagation of pomegranate seedlings, and three-dimensional breeding of more than 50,000 plants per mu in greenhouses;

3. Rapid gardening cultivation mode

3.1 Field cultivation mode

One or both or a combination of the following methods;

3.1.1 Single plant cultivation method

Density (plant spacing×row spacing) 1.5～3×3～4m, planting 55～150 trees per mu;

Dense planting (spacing × row spacing) 1.5 × 4m, planting 110 trees per mu, and transplanting to other fields during the full fruit period, which is convenient for rapid gardening; or used for potted plants or bonsai production;

3.1.2 Multiple cluster planting methods

This is a quick way to grow gardens and achieve high yields, saving time and effort.

(1) 33×4 mode

Interpretation: 33: hole spacing 3m, 2-5 plants per hole, 3-plant clusters are appropriate; 4: row spacing 4m; density (hole spacing×row spacing) 3×4m, 55 holes per mu; 2-5 plants per hole ; Generally, 3 plants are used for cultivation with a distance of 10-20 cm between each pair;

(2) 33-1×4 mode

Interpretation: 33: The distance between the holes is 3m, 2-5 plants per hole; the best choice for planting in clusters of 3 plants with a distance of 10-20cm between each pair; cultivation;

Form a mode of "'2~5 cluster planting'-'1 single plant cultivation'-'2~5 cluster planting'"; 4: Row spacing 4m;

Density (hole spacing × row spacing) 3 × 4m, 55 holes per mu; 2 to 5 plants per hole; under normal circumstances, 3 plants, 10 to 20cm apart from each other;

Dense planting (spacing × row spacing) 1.5 × 4m, 110 holes per mu, can be transplanted in separate holes during the full fruit period, which is convenient for rapid gardening or potted plants or bonsai production;

Among them, "-1" single plant can be transplanted to other fields or potted plants or bonsai for rapid production during the full fruit period;

Or 3.1.3 Greenhouse cultivation mode with simple facilities

There are various methods, which are suitable for the local climate conditions and the full use of light and heat resources as the standard; the height of the lowest part of the simple facility greenhouse is more than 3m, the span can accommodate 2 to 10 rows of fruit trees, and the slope is more than 15°, which is convenient for automatic snow removal in winter;

Or 3.1.4 Other cultivation modes

Pomegranate-leek intercropping or planting leeks around the pomegranate rhizosphere: root-knot nematodes in the soil are preferentially infested in leeks to reduce pomegranate root-knot nematode diseases; pomegranate field root-knot nematode diseases are taken away by leek transplanting;

Pomegranate-shallow pond lotus intercropping: density (spacing × row spacing) 3×4m, 55 trees planted per mu; shallow pond lotus root specification: width×depth×length=2m×0.3～0.5m×arbitrary length, pomegranate-shallow pond lotus intercropping, Fish farming in lotus ponds has high benefits, pomegranate yields are high, and the fruit cracking rate is very low;

Intercropping of different pomegranate varieties or individual mixed planting (mixed planting rate 1-5%) is conducive to the discovery of hybrid fruit or branches; mixed planting between different fruit tree varieties can improve the affinity and disease resistance of fruit trees;

4. Cultivation method

4.1 Deep plowing and land preparation

To establish a high-standard, high-quality, high-yield orchard, deep plowing and maturation of the soil is the foundation. The deep plowed soil created good conditions for the growth of the pomegranate root system, which is conducive to the growth of the pomegranate tree's root system to the deep layer of the soil; after deep plowing, the soil moisture content increased by an average of 7.6%, the soil porosity increased by 12.66%, and the soil microorganisms increased 1.2 times; due to the increase of soil microorganisms, the maturation of the soil is accelerated, the insoluble substances in the soil are converted into soluble substances, the soil fertility is improved, and the contents of soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are all significantly increased; The depth should reach 60-80 cm, combined with deep plowing, apply organic fertilizer, generally 2500-3000 kg per mu; before the garden is built, it is too late to plow, first dig a large hole for planting, and then deep plow and mature the whole garden year by year;

4.2 Cultivation method

Hole specification (length x width x depth): 1 x 1 x 1m. If conditions permit, place crop straw with a length of 5-10 cm and a thickness of 30-50 cm and 30-100 kg of organic fertilizer or special fertilizer. Put the topsoil on one side of the hole and the topsoil on the other side of the hole. After the hole is dug, mix the surface mellow soil and organic fertilizer evenly and fill it into the middle and lower parts of the hole, and fill the bottom core soil into the upper part of the hole. Backfill the soil to a thickness of 50-60 cm, and plant pomegranate seedlings that are 1-3 years old. Pay attention to the root system stretching and not twisting. Surround the seedlings with soil to form a hole with a depth of 5-10 cm, which is convenient for rain collection and fertilization. facility;

Ridge cultivation in plain areas: ridge height 10-20cm, ridge width 50-70cm, ridge spacing should be convenient for drainage and production operations;

4.3 Management after planting

Immediately after planting, water should be poured so that the root system is in close contact with the soil; after the water seeps in, seal the ridge and other soil around the tree to form a mound, which is not only conducive to moisture conservation, but also prevents the tree from shaking and being damaged. Freeze damage; cover black weeding cloth to increase ground temperature, green weeding;

In order to ensure that the size of the trees in the garden is consistent, some temporary plants can be planted on the ground for replanting in the next autumn;

After planting, the soil should be kept moist and the humidity should be kept at 70-75%. If the soil is dry, it should be watered in time. When the seedlings just germinate, because they are small and have few leaves, they are easy to be harmed by pests such as scarabs, aphids, and weevils. Timely prevention and control, but also timely loosening and weeding to promote the normal growth of seedlings;

5. Management measures

In the northern region, pomegranates germinate in mid-to-late March, buds appear in mid-April, bloom in early May, and basically end in flowering at the end of June and early July. Fruits mature from mid-September to early October, and leaves fall in mid-November; The phenological period will be advanced.

5.1 Key management measures

5.1.1 From December to February of the following year

Mainly cold resistance, light pruning or no pruning, fertilization and watering in holes;

5.1.2 From March to April, that is, Awakening of Insects-Spring Equinox-Qingming-Grain Rain

During the pomegranate germination and budding period, focus on defense against the cold in spring; method: early warning, aerosol and/or antifreeze liquid fog machine atomization prevention, use anti-frost aerosol to ignite the smoke, and place the smoke pile at the upper air outlet of the orchard, generally per mu 4 to 6 piles in the orchard, each pile uses about 25kg of material; frost-proof aerosol formula, according to weight percentage: 2 parts of ammonium nitrate, 7 parts of sawdust, 1 part of diesel oil are fully mixed, packed in paper tubes, and moisture-proof film is added; The size and amount depend on the frost intensity and duration; when the temperature drops to the critical temperature of the fruit tree, it starts to ignite and smoke. Stop fumigation; use the "intelligent anti-frost smoke generator" jointly developed by Shaanxi Weibei Walnut Research and Development Center and Shaanxi Zhiqi Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., the anti-frost effect is better; antifreeze liquid fog machine atomization prevention method: strong Before the cold air comes, the fog machine atomizes carboxymethyl fiber and other antifreeze agents, atomizes brassin 481, Tianda 2116 and other nutrient solutions, and atomizes "6501" and "Changfeng No. 3" anti-steam heat preservation agents, all of which can achieve Certain anti-frost effect;

Or simple facility cultivation prevention;

5.1.3 Remove the first crop of flowers from May to June

At this time, the vegetative growth of the first crop of flowers and trees is insufficient, and it is not easy to achieve high yield; the second crop of flowers and fruit is left in place; after the second crop of flowers, the large pruning of fruit eggs is accompanied by fruit thinning and fruit setting, and one-time pruning in summer avoids pruning in winter Greatly save labor; avoid spraying during the flowering period, in order to increase the fruit setting rate, you can spray 0.1-0.3% borax solution or artificially release bees to assist pollination during the flowering period;

5.1.4 High temperature and high humidity from July to August, prone to pest damage

Pomegranate pest damage, fruit cracking and mechanical damage can all lead to rotten fruit. The main diseases are dry rot, brown spot and cracking fruit, etc. The main pests are peach borer, peach small borer, etc.; Phoxim plus 70% thiophanate-methyl was used to spray bactericide and insecticide once on the whole garden with a smoke machine, and carry out fruit bagging, which can effectively prevent pest damage and mechanical damage, and reduce fruit cracking; After the fruit is set, use a fog machine to atomize 40% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate-methyl or M-45 Dasheng wettable powder every 7 to 10 days to prevent and control diseases and insect pests, mainly to prevent and control diseases, for 7 to 10 times in a row; Machine pest control can control more than 200 mu per person per hour. The advantage is that the ground, trunk, fruit, and the front and back of leaves are all controlled. The control completely leaves no dead ends, saves time and labor, and has quick results;

5.1.5 Mid to late June

With rain or irrigation, topdress urea about 10kg per mu to promote growth;

5.1.6 After August, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, control nitrogen fertilizer and water, promote the maturity of branches, and enhance the ability of trees to survive the winter;

5.2 Management of pomegranate trees in different periods

5.2.1 Seedling management methods

Focus on strong seedlings; bamboo poles above 1.5m, planted in the ground 0.5m, and tie pomegranate seedlings; it is recommended to remove all pomegranate flowers from 1 to 3-year-old pomegranate trees, wipe off excess buds and sins, and cultivate tree bodies and strong seedlings;

The pomegranate seedlings, which are mainly planted in clusters to achieve high yield, are placed at a height of 20 cm, and 2 to 3 side branches are left on the left and right sides of the main trunk; in order to facilitate management and obtain early high yield;

The pomegranate seedlings, which are based on single-plant cultivation to achieve high yield, are placed at a seedling height of 10-20 cm, and 3-4 side branches are left by topping to form a dwarf, natural and happy fruiting pattern, which is easy to manage;

For high-yield single-plant cultivation and also for bonsai use, pomegranate seedlings can be covered with 0.5-1.2m high PE pipes or PVC pipes, which is convenient for cultivating upright trunks. Leave 3 to 4 side branches on the first layer, and so on, leave a layer of 3 to 4 side branches at intervals of 0.5 to 0.8m on the main trunk, and generally leave side branches below 3 layers for the convenience of management; each layer of side branches should be staggered, not on the same stem node;

5.2.2 Time of Fertilization Types

Summer application of basal fertilizer: During this period, pomegranate trees undergo flowering, fruit setting, fruit development and flower bud differentiation. The basal fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer. Such as humic acid fertilizer, compost, manure, manure and decomposed crop straw, weeds, etc.;

Apply base fertilizer in autumn: the fruit is ripe in autumn, and the tree body consumes a lot of nutrients; after the fruit is harvested, fertilization should be carried out, mainly organic fertilizer, and a small amount of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer can be mixed; in autumn, the light is sufficient and the temperature is suitable, which is conducive to nutrition The accumulation of materials promotes the fullness and robustness of the tree body and ensures safe overwintering;

Forced fertilizer: The benefits of base fertilizer application are slow and long-lasting. To meet the urgently needed nutrition of the pomegranate tree, topdressing must be used; pomegranate forced fertilizer can be topdressed according to the following three periods;

One is topdressing before flowering: pomegranates need a lot of nutrients to bloom, and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can be applied during this period to meet the needs of flowering and fruit setting, and increase the fruit setting rate of the first stubble flowers;

The second is topdressing after flowering: during this period, the young fruit begins to swell, and the growth of new shoots accelerates. The forced application of nitrogen and phosphorus quick-acting fertilizer can reduce the shedding of young fruit, promote the rapid growth of young fruit, and increase the yield;

The third is topdressing during the fruit expansion and flower bud differentiation period: during this period, the new shoots stop growing and the flower buds begin to differentiate. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers should be applied topdressing, which can improve the photosynthetic efficiency of the tree, promote nutritional fruit accumulation, and help fruit enlargement and flower bud differentiation. Improve fruit quality;

5.2.3 Fertilization method

Circular fertilization: This method is generally used for young trees, and it can be combined with deep plowing and expanding holes; dig a ring-shaped ditch 40-50 cm wide and 50-60 cm deep at 20-30 cm outside the canopy, and apply organic fertilizer. Mix it with soil at a ratio of 1:3 and fill it in. With the expansion of crown growth, the annular groove expands outward year by year. This method is easy to operate, but it will cause more damage to the horizontal roots;

Or furrow fertilization: Fertilize by furrowing and fertilizing between rows of trees or between plants or alternate rows, digging furrow width (same as ring fertilization); this method is suitable for mature trees and densely planted gardens;

Or radial furrow fertilization: take the trunk as the center, dig 4 to 6 furrows that are shallow inside and deep outside. The inner width of the ditch is 40-50 cm, and the outer width is about 60 cm. Mix the fertilizer and soil and fill it in. Change the location of the ditch every other year. This method has less root damage, but large roots should be avoided when digging trenches;

Or hole fertilization: In the case of insufficient organic fertilizer, the method of hole fertilization can be used. Around the crown of the tree, dig a small pit of 40 cm x 40 cm, then mix the soil and miscellaneous fertilizer in a ratio of 3:1 and fill it in. The position of the pit is rotated every year;

Foliar spraying: This method is simple and easy, saves labor and fertilizer, the fertilizer effect is quick, and the distribution is even, but it cannot replace soil fertilization; through leaf spraying, it can timely supplement the large amount of nutrients that the pomegranate tree needs for the tree body; to choose Spray in calm weather. The concentration cannot be increased arbitrarily, and the concentration of mineral elements should not exceed 0.3%. The time of spraying is preferably before 10 am and after 4 pm in summer to avoid fertilizer damage caused by rapid evaporation;

The growth, flowering, and fruiting of pomegranate trees are inseparable from the participation of water. Irrigation time: In order to meet the needs of tree growth and development, the annual irrigation in production is divided into the following four periods:

One is frozen water: after fruit picking and before the soil is frozen (October to December), combined with deep plowing in autumn, irrigation after basal fertilizer application, promotes the decomposition and transformation of organic matter, is beneficial to the accumulation of nutrients in the tree body, and is beneficial to the differentiation and development of flower buds in winter and spring. Conducive to the safe overwintering of pomegranate trees;

The second is germination water: Irrigation in March in spring can enhance the germination potential of branches, promote the orderly germination, and promote the growth of spring shoots and flower bud development; the spring collision time should be early rather than late;

The third is post-flowering water: After the full flowering period, the young fruit begins to develop. Due to the large amount of flowering, the tree body consumes a lot of water and nutrients. Irrigation with topdressing can improve photosynthetic efficiency, promote young fruit expansion and flower bud differentiation;

The fourth is to irrigate before and after fruit picking: it can promote the flower bud differentiation and fruit enlargement of pomegranate trees, and lay a good foundation for next year's high yield;

5.3 Dwarf pruning management

Because pomegranate is sensitive to pruning, improper pruning will cause the tree to grow too long or too weak. According to the cultivation mode, the following points should be paid attention to when pruning:

5.3.1 Height control of fruit trees in full fruit stage

Keep below 2.5m;

5.3.2 Tree dwarfing control

When the new shoots grow to 10-15cm, pick the heart, control the growth and promote flowers; the adventitious buds that germinate on the main trunk, main branches and rhizomes will affect the shape and ventilation, and should be removed in time. In order to dwarf the tree body, spray 200 times 15% paclobutrazol solution 2 to 3 times during the long-term growth of new shoots, which is beneficial to control growth and promote flowering, and can also achieve the effect of shrinking the dragon into an inch;

5.3.3 High-yield pruning mode of cluster planting

Open the clustered main branches in a natural happy shape, leave 2 to 3 side branches at a distance of 20cm from the ground for each main branch, and cut off the branches appropriately;

5.3.4 Single plant high-yield cultivation model

Cut off and leave 3 to 4 side branches at a distance of 10 to 20 cm from the ground to cultivate the main trunk and fruiting branches, forming a dwarf happy shape;

5.3.5 Cultivate a single plant to achieve high yield and also be used as a bonsai

At the seedling height of 0.5-1.2m, spread out evenly in different directions, leave the first layer of 3-4 side branches, and so on, leave a layer of 3-4 side branches every 0.5-0.8m on the trunk, in order to facilitate management Keep below 3 floors;

5.3.6 Combination of winter and summer shearing

Winter pruning often causes the tree vigor to be too vigorous, which is not conducive to the formation of flower buds. Therefore, during the growth period, measures such as wiping buds, twisting branches, topping, and thinning shoots should be combined to adjust the tree vigor;

5.3.7 The short cut should be moderate, grasp it in practice

Pomegranate pruning is mainly based on thinning and slow release, thinning old and dead branches, excessively dense branches, upright and elongated branches, slowing down oblique branches and diseased and insect branches, and shortening extended branches, but too many short cuts will easily cause excessive tree vigor. Prosperity is not conducive to flower formation and affects the yield per plant;

5.3.8 Precise Management

The four-year-old pomegranate tree yields 100-150kg per mu, and the number of fruit per plant (hole) is 5-10; the five-year-old pomegranate tree yields 300-400kg per mu, and the number of fruit per plant (hole) is 15-25; the six-year-old pomegranate tree yields 800-1200kg, the number of fruit per plant (hole) is 25-35; the seven-year-old pomegranate tree has reached the full fruit stage, the yield per mu is more than 2000kg, and the number of fruit per plant (hole) is 90-150;

In the northern region, the ultra-high-yield establishment of pomegranates with an output of more than 4,000kg per mu needs to be realized in a simple greenhouse, which needs to be supplemented with light and heat. During the annual growth period, the effective accumulated temperature of more than 10°C is required to be above 5,000°C; the effective sunshine hours are delayed, and the annual sunshine hours are in the More than 3,000 hours, and the sunshine hours from May to September (from flowering to fruit maturity and harvesting) are more than 1,500 hours; increase the temperature difference between day and night, and the daily difference is more than 15°C; in January, pomegranates need -2 to 5°C in winter. Dormancy at low temperature for 15-28 days; meeting the above basic conditions can create super high yields in the north;

5.4 Bagging and management

Pomegranate dwarf cultivation is the basis of bagging, otherwise it will increase the amount of labor;

Unbagged pomegranate peels will have pitting, water stains, black mold, and insect damage, etc., which will affect the appearance, commodity rate and economic value of the fruit surface;

The disadvantage of pomegranate bagging is that the fruit is easy to rot and crack during the rainy season.

Solution:

In the young fruit stage and the fruit expansion stage, spray Zhuanguodi Ling to thicken the fruit pedicle and increase the nutrient delivery. Prevent flower drop, fruit drop, cracked fruit, stiff fruit, and deformed fruit, making the fruit beautiful in color, beautiful in shape, and good in taste; about 10 days after flowering, which is the young fruit stage, the whole garden uses a fog machine to atomize "free film bag + strong" Fruity spirit + fungicide + insecticide" to prevent and control pests and diseases. The use of insecticides can control fruit-boring pests such as small peach borer, and at the same time prevent stinkbugs, scale insects, etc.; use thiophanate-methyl or other broad-spectrum fungicides as fungicides to prevent fruit dry rot and other diseases; The film protects the fruit and leaves and prevents the fruit from sunburn. The second dose is given at an interval of about 20 days after the first dose. Prevent fruit rust, prevent fruit cracking, improve coloring and brightness of fruit surface, reduce residual poison and improve quality;

Paper bag: bagging is required to have good permeability; the time is about 35 days after flowering, wax paper bag can be bagged on June 15-25, PE film bag can be bagged on August 5-10; If it is too early, the high temperature will affect the normal growth of the fruit, and it is easy to cause high temperature damage. If it is too late, it will not achieve the purpose of controlling diseases and insect pests; it is necessary to use bagging with good permeability;

Management after bagging: First, clean up the dead branches and stem thorns around the fruit bag in time to ensure the integrity of the fruit and the bag. The second is to pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases; bagging can effectively control the harm of fruit borers, but the harm of scale insects (pomegranate velvet scale) and aphids will be aggravated by the protection of fruit bags. Sulfur compound, phoxim, pest control;

6. Harvesting, storage and processing

6.1 Harvesting

Pomegranate harvesting should be carried out in stages according to maturity and variety characteristics; signs of pomegranate fruit ripeness are: ① For pomegranate varieties with red and yellow pericarp, the pericarp turns from green to yellow, colored varieties are fully colored, and the fruit surface appears shiny; ② Fruit ribs Appearance; ③The red or silver-white needle awns in the flesh cells are fully displayed, and the color of the red grain variety reaches the inherent level; in the northern production areas, the harvesting period is from the autumnal equinox to the cold dew. Picking too early, the flavor is poor, and it is resistant to storage The nature is also poor; the pomegranate in the south should be picked first, and the big fruit, and then the mature ones;

When picking, diseased and cracked fruits should be picked by specially-assigned personnel and handled intensively to prevent the spread of disease infection; when picking in rainy days, water is easy to accumulate in the calyx tube of the fruit, which is easy to cause the invasion of pathogenic bacteria and cause rot, so it should be picked on sunny days; Hold the branch, pick the fruit with one hand, with a stalk of about 1 cm, and try to pick it gently to prevent mechanical damage to the pomegranate fruit, especially to prevent internal damage; the fruit is squeezed and internal damage occurs, and the seeds in the peel are broken, but it cannot be seen from the outside. Afterwards, in the process of storage and transportation, the juice that breaks out will affect the remaining unbroken seeds, causing them to collapse and deteriorate, and lose their edible value;

After the fruit is harvested, diseased, injured and cracked fruits should be eliminated, and fruits with suspected internal injuries should also be picked out early and sold immediately;

6.2 Storage

Healthy and uninjured fruits should be sterilized in time: Zao Nong Pomegranate Preservative No. 2 has a better bactericidal effect, and the use concentration is 1000 times; liquid, soak the fruit for 3-5 minutes, store after drying, and spray the above-mentioned medicine on the fruit surface by spraying when the storage volume is large, and store after drying; the storage temperature is 5-8°C, and it can be stored for about 3 months , -20 ~ -40 ℃ quick-frozen storage can be stored for 1 year.

The pomegranate dwarf cluster planting in the present invention adopts dwarf varieties or dwarf and happy pruning methods through 2 to 5 plants per hole or a small number of individual plants. It provides convenience for dense planting, bagging, bagging, pruning, management, and picking of pomegranates, which greatly saves labor, saves costs and increases efficiency;

The positive effects of pomegranate simple facility cultivation are: prolonging the time for fruit tree to shed leaves, conserving the tree body after picking pomegranates; preventing low temperature and freezing damage in winter, promoting early leaf growth in spring, preventing late spring cold from spring equinox to grain rain, preventing high temperature and high humidity in summer and autumn to suppress the occurrence of diseases; supplementing light Supplementing heat can easily create high yields, increase the commercial rate of fruits, and increase the benefit per mu. This model is particularly important to promote pomegranate planting in the northern plains and Xinjiang.

The pomegranate simple facility cultivation is a simple facility cold shed or a light and simplified photovoltaic facility greenhouse, which can effectively provide effective accumulated temperature, increase the temperature difference, extend the light time, and achieve high yield and super high profit. One investment, benefiting for 30 years, is the future Leading industry in pomegranate cultivation.

Detailed ways

The present invention will be further described below in conjunction with specific examples.

The specific technical scheme of the pomegranate dwarf cluster planting or pomegranate simple facility cultivation method of the present invention is:

1. Soil selection

1.1 Suitable planting area

Plains are suitable for simple facilities cultivation, demonstration and promotion; pomegranates are cultivated in simple facilities to ensure overwintering, resist late spring cold, and reduce the occurrence of diseases under high temperature and high humidity in the rainy season; ridge cultivation in plains, ridge height 10-20cm, ridge width 50-70cm;

It is suitable for dwarf cluster planting of pomegranate on the hillside or around the mountain or in the area with a slope below 90°. It is advisable to change the slope to terrace when building a garden on a steep slope to maintain water and soil;

It can grow in sporadic, gaps, beaches, and hills, and it is suitable for pomegranate dwarf clusters in the courtyard and its surroundings.

1.2 Suitable soil type

Pomegranate is suitable for a wide range of soils, such as loamy soil, fluvo-aquic soil, sandy ginger black soil, and paddy field soil. The clay soil can be improved by adding 1/3 to 1/2 of the amount of sand. The thickness of the improved soil is more than 0.5 meters to increase air permeability;

2. Variety selection

2.1 Selection of pomegranate varieties

One is to choose varieties with strong cold resistance: easy to overwinter, and resistant to spring cold.

The second is to choose varieties with high resistance to cracking: reduce the cracking rate and increase the commodity rate.

The third is to choose high-yield and high-quality varieties: good taste, suitable for fresh food or dark fruit color, high juice yield, suitable for processing varieties;

The fourth is to choose suitable dwarf and dense planting varieties: dwarf, short-branched varieties or dwarf, short-branched pruning management, which is convenient for dense planting, bagging, picking, management, and high yield, especially saving labor and reducing labor intensity.

Fifth, examples of suitable varieties: local high-quality varieties suitable for fresh eating and processing include 'Qiuyan' pomegranate: a high-yielding, high-quality, mid-to-late-maturing variety. In the full fruit stage, the yield of fruit trees per mu is more than 4,000 catties, with thin skin, large grains (up to 86 grams per 100 grains), high sugar content (up to 21%), low acid content (as low as 0.4%), high resistance to cracking, The fruit cracking rate is less than 5%, the juice yield is more than 65%, the seed kernel is semi-hard, and it can be stored for more than 3 months;

Introduced varieties: Zhongnonghong, Israel soft seed (wonderful), Tunisian soft seed and other soft-seeded pomegranates are highly disease-resistant and perishable in temperate regions with higher latitudes; they are popularized after demonstration cultivation or demonstration cultivation and promotion through simple facilities;

Cultivate local varieties suitable for planting, and breed through discovery, sexual cross breeding, genetically modified technology breeding, and aerospace breeding;

In terms of transgenic breeding of pomegranates, genes from different pomegranate varieties are used for transgenic breeding, and no foreign virus genes are used for transgenic breeding to improve the safety of agricultural products;

2.2 Rapid propagation of varieties

The first is to prepare the land and form a border, the width of the border is 0.8-1.5 meters, water, cover the hole film, the density is 10×5-8cm, and the pomegranate branches with a cutting length of 6-8cm are densely planted, more than 10,000 cuttings per mu, and the strong seedling rate is about 8,000 The annual seedlings are transplanted to the field after falling leaves. In the northern region, they are mostly transplanted in spring to budding. The survival rate is high or the annual seedlings are transplanted into biodegradable bags with a height of 20-25cm and a diameter of 10-20cm after falling leaves, and then concentrate and plant them. , in any period or season of transplanting or selling in the field to achieve rapid gardening; the survival rate of one-year-old and biennial branch cuttings in spring or green branch cuttings in autumn is above 85%;

The second is to use pomegranate stem tips, leaves, stem segments, root tips, and anther parts for detoxification tissue culture, high-power and rapid propagation of pomegranate seedlings, and three-dimensional breeding of more than 50,000 plants per mu in greenhouses;

3. Rapid gardening cultivation mode

3.1 Field cultivation mode

One or both or a combination of the following methods;

3.1.1 Single plant cultivation method

Density (plant spacing×row spacing) 1.5～3×3～4m, planting 55～150 trees per mu;

Dense planting (spacing × row spacing) 1.5 × 4m, planting 110 trees per mu, and transplanting to other fields during the full fruit period, which is convenient for rapid gardening; or used for potted plants or bonsai production;

3.1.2 Multiple cluster planting methods

This is a quick way to grow gardens and achieve high yields, saving time and effort.

(1) 33×4 mode

Interpretation: 33: hole spacing 3m, 2-5 plants per hole, 3-plant clusters are appropriate; 4: row spacing 4m; density (hole spacing×row spacing) 3×4m, 55 holes per mu; 2-5 plants per hole ; Generally, 3 plants are used for cultivation with a distance of 10-20 cm between each pair;

(2) 33-1×4 mode

Interpretation: 33: The distance between the holes is 3m, 2-5 plants per hole; the best choice for planting in clusters of 3 plants with a distance of 10-20cm between each pair; cultivation;

Form a mode of "'2~5 cluster planting'-'1 single plant cultivation'-'2~5 cluster planting'"; 4: Row spacing 4m;

Density (hole spacing × row spacing) 3 × 4m, 55 holes per mu; 2 to 5 plants per hole; under normal circumstances, 3 plants, 10 to 20cm apart from each other;

Dense planting (spacing × row spacing) 1.5 × 4m, 110 holes per mu, can be transplanted in separate holes during the full fruit period, which is convenient for rapid gardening or potted plants or bonsai production;

Among them, "-1" single plant can be transplanted to other fields or potted plants or bonsai for rapid production during the full fruit period;

Or 3.1.3 Greenhouse cultivation mode with simple facilities

There are various methods, which are suitable for the local climate conditions and the full use of light and heat resources as the standard; the height of the lowest part of the simple facility greenhouse is more than 3m, the span can accommodate 2 to 10 rows of fruit trees, and the slope is more than 15°, which is convenient for automatic snow removal in winter;

Or 3.1.4 Other cultivation modes

Pomegranate-leek intercropping or planting leeks around the pomegranate rhizosphere: root-knot nematodes in the soil are preferentially infested in leeks to reduce pomegranate root-knot nematode diseases; pomegranate field root-knot nematode diseases are taken away by leek transplanting;

Pomegranate-shallow pond lotus intercropping: density (spacing × row spacing) 3×4m, 55 trees planted per mu; shallow pond lotus root specification: width×depth×length=2m×0.3～0.5m×arbitrary length, pomegranate-shallow pond lotus intercropping, Fish farming in lotus ponds has high benefits, pomegranate yields are high, and the fruit cracking rate is very low;

Intercropping of different pomegranate varieties or individual mixed planting (mixed planting rate 1-5%) is conducive to the discovery of hybrid fruit or branches; mixed planting between different fruit tree varieties can improve the affinity and disease resistance of fruit trees;

4. Cultivation method

4.1 Deep plowing and land preparation

To establish a high-standard, high-quality, high-yield orchard, deep plowing and maturation of the soil is the foundation. The deep plowed soil created good conditions for the growth of the pomegranate root system, which is conducive to the growth of the pomegranate tree's root system to the deep layer of the soil; after deep plowing, the soil moisture content increased by an average of 7.6%, the soil porosity increased by 12.66%, and the soil microorganisms increased 1.2 times; due to the increase of soil microorganisms, the maturation of the soil is accelerated, the insoluble substances in the soil are converted into soluble substances, the soil fertility is improved, and the contents of soil organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are all significantly increased; The depth should reach 60-80 cm, combined with deep plowing, apply organic fertilizer, generally 2500-3000 kg per mu; before the garden is built, it is too late to plow, first dig a large hole for planting, and then deep plow and mature the whole garden year by year;

4.2 Cultivation method

Hole specification (length x width x depth): 1 x 1 x 1m. If conditions permit, place crop straw with a length of 5-10 cm and a thickness of 30-50 cm and 30-100 kg of organic fertilizer or special fertilizer. Put the topsoil on one side of the hole and the topsoil on the other side of the hole. After the hole is dug, mix the surface mellow soil and organic fertilizer evenly and fill it into the middle and lower parts of the hole, and fill the bottom core soil into the upper part of the hole. Backfill the soil to a thickness of 50-60 cm, and plant pomegranate seedlings that are 1-3 years old. Pay attention to the root system stretching and not twisting. Surround the seedlings with soil to form a hole with a depth of 5-10 cm, which is convenient for rain collection and fertilization. facility;

Ridge cultivation in plain areas: ridge height 10-20cm, ridge width 50-70cm, ridge spacing should be convenient for drainage and production operations;

4.3 Management after planting

Immediately after planting, water should be poured so that the root system is in close contact with the soil; after the water seeps in, seal the ridge and other soil around the tree to form a mound, which is not only conducive to moisture conservation, but also prevents the tree from shaking and being damaged. Freeze damage; cover black weeding cloth to increase ground temperature, green weeding;

In order to ensure that the size of the trees in the garden is consistent, some temporary plants can be planted on the ground for replanting in the next autumn;

After planting, the soil should be kept moist and the humidity should be kept at 70-75%. If the soil is dry, it should be watered in time. When the seedlings just germinate, because they are small and have few leaves, they are easy to be harmed by pests such as scarabs, aphids, and weevils. Timely prevention and control, but also timely loosening and weeding to promote the normal growth of seedlings;

5. Management measures

In the northern region, pomegranates germinate in mid-to-late March, buds appear in mid-April, bloom in early May, and basically end in flowering at the end of June and early July. Fruits mature from mid-September to early October, and leaves fall in mid-November; The phenological period will be advanced.

5.1 Key management measures

5.1.1 From December to February of the following year

Mainly cold resistance, light pruning or no pruning, fertilization and watering in holes;

5.1.2 From March to April, that is, Awakening of Insects-Spring Equinox-Qingming-Grain Rain

During the pomegranate germination and budding period, focus on defense against the cold in spring; method: early warning, aerosol and/or antifreeze liquid fog machine atomization prevention, use anti-frost aerosol to ignite the smoke, and place the smoke pile at the upper air outlet of the orchard, generally per mu 4 to 6 piles in the orchard, each pile uses about 25kg of material; frost-proof aerosol formula, according to weight percentage: 2 parts of ammonium nitrate, 7 parts of sawdust, 1 part of diesel oil are fully mixed, packed in paper tubes, and moisture-proof film is added; The size and amount depend on the frost intensity and duration; when the temperature drops to the critical temperature of the fruit tree, it starts to ignite and smoke. Stop fumigation; use the "intelligent anti-frost smoke generator" jointly developed by Shaanxi Weibei Walnut Research and Development Center and Shaanxi Zhiqi Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., the anti-frost effect is better; antifreeze liquid fog machine atomization prevention method: Strong Before the cold air comes, the fog machine atomizes carboxymethyl fiber and other antifreeze agents, atomizes brassin 481, Tianda 2116 and other nutrient solutions, and atomizes "6501" and "Changfeng No. 3" anti-steam heat preservation agents, all of which can achieve Certain anti-frost effect;

Or simple facility cultivation prevention;

5.1.3 Remove the first crop of flowers from May to June

At this time, the vegetative growth of the first crop of flowers and trees is insufficient, and it is not easy to achieve high yield; the second crop of flowers and fruit is left in place; after the second crop of flowers, the large pruning of fruit eggs is accompanied by fruit thinning and fruit setting, and one-time pruning in summer avoids pruning in winter Greatly save labor; avoid spraying during the flowering period, in order to increase the fruit setting rate, you can spray 0.1-0.3% borax solution or artificially release bees to assist pollination during the flowering period;

5.1.4 High temperature and high humidity from July to August, prone to pest damage

Pomegranate pest damage, fruit cracking and mechanical damage can all lead to rotten fruit. The main diseases are dry rot, brown spot and cracking fruit, etc. The main pests are peach borer, peach small borer, etc.; Phoxim plus 70% thiophanate-methyl was used to spray bactericide and insecticide once on the whole garden with a smoke machine, and carry out fruit bagging, which can effectively prevent pest damage and mechanical damage, and reduce fruit cracking; After the fruit is set, use a fog machine to atomize 40% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate-methyl or M-45 Dasheng wettable powder every 7 to 10 days to prevent and control diseases and insect pests, mainly to prevent and control diseases, for 7 to 10 times in a row; Machine pest control can control more than 200 mu per person per hour. The advantage is that the ground, trunk, fruit, and the front and back of leaves are all controlled. The control completely leaves no dead ends, saves time and labor, and has quick results;

5.1.5 Mid to late June

With rain or irrigation, topdress urea about 10kg per mu to promote growth;

5.1.6 After August, increase the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers, control nitrogen fertilizer and water, promote the maturity of branches, and enhance the ability of trees to survive the winter;

5.2 Management of pomegranate trees in different periods

5.2.1 Seedling management methods

Focus on strong seedlings; bamboo poles above 1.5m, planted in the ground 0.5m, and tie pomegranate seedlings; it is recommended to remove all pomegranate flowers from 1 to 3-year-old pomegranate trees, wipe off excess buds and sins, and cultivate tree bodies and strong seedlings;

The pomegranate seedlings, which are mainly planted in clusters to achieve high yield, are placed at a height of 20 cm, and 2 to 3 side branches are left on the left and right sides of the main trunk; in order to facilitate management and obtain early high yield;

The pomegranate seedlings, which are based on single-plant cultivation to achieve high yield, are placed at a seedling height of 10-20 cm, and 3-4 side branches are left by topping to form a dwarf, natural and happy fruiting pattern, which is easy to manage;

For high-yield single-plant cultivation and also for bonsai use, pomegranate seedlings can be covered with 0.5-1.2m high PE pipes or PVC pipes, which is convenient for cultivating upright trunks. Leave 3 to 4 side branches on the first layer, and so on, leave a layer of 3 to 4 side branches at intervals of 0.5 to 0.8m on the main trunk, and generally leave side branches below 3 layers for the convenience of management; each layer of side branches should be staggered, not on the same stem node;

5.2.2 Time of Fertilization Types

Summer application of basal fertilizer: During this period, pomegranate trees undergo flowering, fruit setting, fruit development and flower bud differentiation. The basal fertilizer is mainly organic fertilizer. Such as humic acid fertilizer, compost, manure, manure and decomposed crop straw, weeds, etc.;

Apply base fertilizer in autumn: the fruit is ripe in autumn, and the tree body consumes a lot of nutrients; after the fruit is harvested, fertilization should be carried out, mainly organic fertilizer, and a small amount of quick-acting nitrogen fertilizer can be mixed; in autumn, the light is sufficient and the temperature is suitable, which is conducive to nutrition The accumulation of materials promotes the fullness and robustness of the tree body and ensures safe overwintering;

Forced fertilizer: The benefits of base fertilizer application are slow and long-lasting. To meet the urgently needed nutrition of the pomegranate tree, topdressing must be used; pomegranate forced fertilizer can be topdressed according to the following three periods;

One is topdressing before flowering: pomegranates need a lot of nutrients to bloom, and available nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium can be applied during this period to meet the needs of flowering and fruit setting, and increase the fruit setting rate of the first stubble flowers;

The second is topdressing after flowering: during this period, the young fruit begins to swell, and the growth of new shoots accelerates. The forced application of nitrogen and phosphorus quick-acting fertilizer can reduce the shedding of young fruit, promote the rapid growth of young fruit, and increase the yield;

The third is topdressing during the fruit expansion and flower bud differentiation period: during this period, the new shoots stop growing and the flower buds begin to differentiate. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium fertilizers should be applied topdressing, which can improve the photosynthetic efficiency of the tree, promote nutritional fruit accumulation, and help fruit enlargement and flower bud differentiation. Improve fruit quality;

5.2.3 Fertilization methods

Circular fertilization: This method is generally used for young trees, and it can be combined with deep plowing and expanding holes; dig a ring-shaped ditch 40-50 cm wide and 50-60 cm deep at 20-30 cm outside the canopy, and put organic fertilizer Mix it with soil at a ratio of 1:3 and fill it in. With the expansion of crown growth, the annular groove expands outward year by year. This method is easy to operate, but it will cause more damage to the horizontal roots;

Or furrow fertilization: Fertilize by furrowing and fertilizing between rows of trees or between plants or alternate rows, digging furrow width (same as ring fertilization); this method is suitable for mature trees and densely planted gardens;

Or radial furrow fertilization: take the trunk as the center, dig 4 to 6 furrows that are shallow inside and deep outside. The inner width of the ditch is 40-50 cm, and the outer width is about 60 cm. Mix the fertilizer and soil and fill it in. Change the location of the ditch every other year. This method has less root damage, but large roots should be avoided when digging trenches;

Or hole fertilization: In the case of insufficient organic fertilizer, the method of hole fertilization can be used. Around the crown of the tree, dig a small pit of 40 cm x 40 cm, then mix the soil and miscellaneous fertilizer in a ratio of 3:1 and fill it in. The position of the pit is rotated every year;

Foliar spraying: This method is simple and easy, saves labor and fertilizer, the fertilizer effect is quick, and the distribution is even, but it cannot replace soil fertilization; through leaf spraying, it can timely supplement the large amount of nutrients that the pomegranate tree needs for the tree body; to choose Spray in calm weather. The concentration cannot be increased arbitrarily, and the concentration of mineral elements should not exceed 0.3%. The time of spraying is preferably before 10 am and after 4 pm in summer to avoid fertilizer damage caused by rapid evaporation;

The growth, flowering, and fruiting of pomegranate trees are inseparable from the participation of water. Irrigation time: In order to meet the needs of tree growth and development, the annual irrigation in production is divided into the following four periods:

One is frozen water: after fruit picking and before the soil is frozen (October to December), combined with deep plowing in autumn, irrigation after basal fertilizer application, promotes the decomposition and transformation of organic matter, is beneficial to the accumulation of nutrients in the tree body, and is beneficial to the differentiation and development of flower buds in winter and spring. Conducive to the safe overwintering of pomegranate trees;

The second is germination water: Irrigation in March in spring can enhance the germination potential of branches, promote the orderly germination, and promote the growth of spring shoots and flower bud development; the spring collision time should be early rather than late;

The third is post-flowering water: After the full flowering period, the young fruit begins to develop. Due to the large amount of flowering, the tree body consumes a lot of water and nutrients. Irrigation with topdressing can improve photosynthetic efficiency, promote young fruit expansion and flower bud differentiation;

The fourth is to irrigate before and after fruit picking: it can promote the flower bud differentiation and fruit enlargement of pomegranate trees, and lay a good foundation for next year's high yield;

5.3 Dwarf pruning management

Because pomegranate is sensitive to pruning, improper pruning will cause the tree to grow too long or too weak. According to the cultivation mode, the following points should be paid attention to when pruning:

5.3.1 Height control of fruit trees in full fruit stage

Keep below 2.5m;

5.3.2 Tree dwarfing control

When the new shoots grow to 10-15cm, pick the heart, control the growth and promote flowers; the adventitious buds that germinate on the main trunk, main branches and rhizomes will affect the shape and ventilation, and should be removed in time. In order to dwarf the tree body, spray 200 times 15% paclobutrazol solution 2 to 3 times during the long-term growth of new shoots, which is beneficial to control growth and promote flowering, and can also achieve the effect of shrinking the dragon into an inch;

5.3.3 High-yield pruning mode of cluster planting

Open the clustered main branches in a natural happy shape, leave 2 to 3 side branches at a distance of 20cm from the ground for each main branch, and cut off the branches appropriately;

5.3.4 Single plant high-yield cultivation model

Cut off and leave 3 to 4 side branches at a distance of 10 to 20 cm from the ground to cultivate the main trunk and fruiting branches, forming a dwarf happy shape;

5.3.5 Cultivate a single plant to achieve high yield and also be used as a bonsai

At the seedling height of 0.5-1.2m, spread out evenly in different directions, leave the first layer of 3-4 side branches, and so on, leave a layer of 3-4 side branches every 0.5-0.8m on the main trunk, in order to facilitate management. Keep below 3 floors;

5.3.6 Combination of winter and summer shearing

Winter pruning often causes the tree vigor to be too vigorous, which is not conducive to the formation of flower buds. Therefore, during the growth period, measures such as wiping buds, twisting branches, topping, and thinning shoots should be combined to adjust the tree vigor;

5.3.7 The short cut should be moderate, grasp it in practice

Pomegranate pruning is mainly based on thinning and slow release, thinning old and dead branches, excessively dense branches, upright and elongated branches, slowing down oblique branches and diseased and insect branches, and shortening extended branches, but too many short cuts will easily cause excessive tree vigor. Prosperity is not conducive to flower formation and affects the yield per plant;

5.3.8 Precise Management

The four-year-old pomegranate tree yields 100-150kg per mu, and the number of fruit per plant (hole) is 5-10; the five-year-old pomegranate tree yields 300-400kg per mu, and the number of fruit per plant (hole) is 15-25; the six-year-old pomegranate tree yields 800-1200kg, the number of fruit per plant (hole) is 25-35; the seven-year-old pomegranate tree reaches the full fruit stage, the yield per mu is more than 2000kg, and the number of fruit per plant (hole) is 90-150;

In the northern region, the establishment of super high-yield pomegranates with an output of more than 4,000kg per mu needs to be realized in a simple greenhouse, which needs to be supplemented with light and heat. During the annual growth period, the effective accumulated temperature of more than 10°C is required to be above 5,000°C; the effective sunshine hours are delayed, and the annual sunshine hours are in the More than 3,000 hours, and the sunshine hours from May to September (from flowering to fruit ripening) are more than 1,500 hours; increase the temperature difference between day and night, and the daily difference is more than 15°C; in January, pomegranates need a temperature of -2°C to 5°C in winter. Dormancy at low temperature for 15-28 days; meeting the above basic conditions can create super high yields in the north;

5.4 Bagging and management

Pomegranate dwarf cultivation is the basis of bagging, otherwise it will increase the amount of labor;

Unbagged pomegranate peels will have pitting, water stains, black mold, and insect damage, etc., which will affect the appearance, commodity rate and economic value of the fruit surface;

The disadvantage of pomegranate bagging is that the fruit is easy to rot and crack during the rainy season.

Solution:

In the young fruit stage and the fruit expansion stage, spray Zhuanguodi Ling to thicken the fruit pedicle and increase the nutrient delivery. Prevent flower drop, fruit drop, cracked fruit, stiff fruit, and deformed fruit, making the fruit beautiful in color, beautiful in shape, and good in taste; about 10 days after flowering, which is the young fruit stage, the whole garden uses a fog machine to atomize "free film bag + strong" Fruity spirit + fungicide + insecticide" to prevent and control pests and diseases. The use of insecticides can control fruit-boring pests such as small peach borer, and at the same time prevent stinkbugs, scale insects, etc.; use thiophanate-methyl or other broad-spectrum fungicides as fungicides to prevent fruit dry rot and other diseases; The film protects the fruit and leaves and prevents the fruit from sunburn. The second dose is given at an interval of about 20 days after the first dose. Prevent fruit rust, prevent fruit cracking, improve coloring and brightness of fruit surface, reduce residual poison and improve quality;

Paper bag: bagging is required to have good permeability; the time is about 35 days after flowering, wax paper bag can be bagged on June 15-25, PE film bag can be bagged on August 5-10; If it is too early, the high temperature will affect the normal growth of the fruit, and it is easy to cause high temperature damage. If it is too late, it will not achieve the purpose of controlling diseases and insect pests; it is necessary to use bagging with good permeability;

Management after bagging: First, clean up the dead branches and stem thorns around the fruit bag in time to ensure the integrity of the fruit and the bag. The second is to pay attention to the prevention and control of pests and diseases; bagging can effectively control the harm of fruit borers, but the harm of scale insects (pomegranate velvet scale) and aphids will be aggravated by the protection of fruit bags. Sulfur compound, phoxim, pest control;

6. Harvesting, storage and processing

6.1 Harvesting

Pomegranate harvesting should be carried out in stages according to maturity and variety characteristics; signs of pomegranate fruit ripeness are: ① For pomegranate varieties with red and yellow pericarp, the pericarp turns from green to yellow, colored varieties are fully colored, and the fruit surface appears shiny; ② Fruit ribs Appearance; ③The red or silver-white needle awns in the flesh cells are fully displayed, and the color of the red grain variety reaches the inherent level; in the northern production areas, the harvesting period is from the autumnal equinox to the cold dew. Picking too early, the flavor is poor, and it is resistant to storage The nature is also poor; the pomegranate in the south should be picked first, and the big fruit, and then the mature ones;

When picking, diseased and cracked fruits should be picked by specially-assigned personnel and handled intensively to prevent the spread of disease infection; when picking in rainy days, water is easy to accumulate in the calyx tube of the fruit, which is easy to cause the invasion of pathogenic bacteria and cause rot, so it should be picked on sunny days; Hold the branch, pick the fruit with one hand, with a stalk of about 1 cm, and try to pick it gently to prevent mechanical damage to the pomegranate fruit, especially to prevent internal damage; the fruit is squeezed and internal damage occurs, and the seeds in the peel are broken, but it cannot be seen from the outside. Afterwards, in the process of storage and transportation, the juice that breaks out will affect the remaining unbroken seeds, causing them to collapse and deteriorate, and lose their edible value;

After the fruit is harvested, diseased, injured and cracked fruits should be eliminated, and fruits with suspected internal injuries should also be picked out early and sold immediately;

6.2 Storage

Healthy and uninjured fruits should be sterilized in time: Zao Nong Pomegranate Preservative No. 2 has a better bactericidal effect, and the use concentration is 1000 times; liquid, soak the fruit for 3-5 minutes, store after drying, and spray the above-mentioned medicine on the fruit surface by spraying when the storage volume is large, and store after drying; the storage temperature is 5-8°C, and it can be stored for about 3 months , -20～-40℃ quick-frozen storage can be stored for 1 year;

6.3 Processing

Rough processing: processing with pomegranate products as raw materials: pomegranate juice, pomegranate juice concentrate, pomegranate milk, pomegranate pancakes, pomegranate black tea, pomegranate oolong tea, pomegranate Pu'er tea and pomegranate food, etc.;

Deep processing: processing of rough processed pomegranate products: pomegranate white wine, pomegranate red wine, pomegranate vinegar, pomegranate tablet granules, pomegranate juice lozenges, pomegranate seed essential oil and pomegranate health products, food additives, dyes, etc.;

Finishing: processing of rough and deep-processed pomegranate products: pomegranate nitric oxide drink, pomegranate cosmetics, pomegranate facial cleanser, pomegranate Xiaoshi tablets, pomegranate Viagra, pomegranate Viagra, pomegranate functional products, pomegranate medicines, etc.;

7. Market construction based on Internet + pomegranate platform

Pomegranate is full of treasures. It is not a simple nutritious fruit, but should be treated and promoted as a functional fruit. Facing the middle and high consumer groups, establish a unique "Internet + pomegranate". This "pomegranate" must have a base and products. Relying on the "Internet of Things + Pomegranate" with entities, instead of imitating and relying on "Alibaba", "Taobao" and other nihilistic platforms, creating its own physical market Internet marketing platform, increasing tax revenue and social employment, Benefit the country and the people.

Claims (1)

1. a kind of pomegranate downgrades clump cultivation or pomegranate minimum facility cultural method, it is characterized in that:

1. soil selects

1.1 suitable planting area domains

Plain is suitble to minimum facility cultivation, demonstration, promotes；Pomegranate minimum facility cultivation, it is ensured that it is overwintering, resist cold spell in later spring, reduce Disease in the case of rainy season high temperature and humidity occurs；Flat-bottomed land Root growth, the high 10~20cm in ridge, 50~70cm of row spacing；

It is suitble to pomegranate to downgrade clump in 90 ° of following region on hillside or massif surrounding or the gradient to plant, steep hillslope orchard establishment implements transforming slope into terrace, Conserving water and soil is advisable；

It can all be grown on fragmentary, unoccupied place, sandy beach, hills, be suitble to pomegranate to downgrade clump in garden and its four sides and plant.

1.2 suitable soil types

Pomegranate suitable soil is relatively broad, loam, moisture soil, Shajiang black soil, paddy soils, and clay is by mixing sand 1/3~1/2 Amount improvement, the thickness of soil of improvement increase gas permeability at 0.5 meter or more；

2. variety selection

2.1 pomegranate variety selections

First is that the selection strong kind of winter resistance: being easy overwintering, anti-fall cold spell in spring.

Second is that selection highly resistance dehiscent fruit kind: reducing Cracking fruit, improve commodity rate.

Third is that selection high yield and quality variety: it is in good taste, it is suitble to fresh food or fruit color deeply dark, crushing juice rate is high, is suitble to processing variety；

Fourth is that selecting is suitable for Cold region apple kind: dwarfing, brachyplast shape kind or dwarfing, brachyplastization trimming management, convenient for dense planting, set Bag is picked, is managed, achieving higher output, especially saving labour, reduces labor intensity.

Fifth is that suitable plant kind citing: being suitble to fresh food and the local fine quality of processing to have ' Qiu Yan ' pomegranate: high yield, high-quality, middle evening Cooked food kind.4000 jin of best fruiting period fruit tree per mu yield or more, thin skin, grain big (100-grain weight maximum is up to 86 grams), sugar content are high (up to 21%), acid content low (as low as 0.4%), highly resistance dehiscent fruit, 5% or less Cracking fruit, 65% or more crushing juice rate, seed benevolence semihard, storage tolerance, Storage period 3 months or more；

Introduced variety: the soft seed pomegranate such as Zhong Nonghong, the soft seed of Israel (wonderful), the soft seed in Tunisia, in the higher temperature of latitude Band apparent altitude is not disease-resistant, perishable；It cultivates, promote by being promoted after demonstration cultivation or by minimum facility demonstration；

Cultivate local suitable cultivation kind, the breeding by way of discovery, sexual hybridization breeding, transgenic technology breeding, space breeding；

In terms of pomegranate transgenic breeding, transgenic breeding is carried out using the interracial gene of different pomegranates, does not have to adventitious viruses Gene carries out transgenic breeding, improves the safety of agricultural product；

2.2 kinds are numerous fastly

First is that site preparation is at furrow, furrow are 0.8~1.5 meter wide, watering, covering pore membrane, 10 × 5~8cm of density, dense planting cuttage length 6~ The pomegranate branch of 8cm, mu cuttage 10000 or more, strong sprout rate is at 8000 plants or so；Crop field is transplanted after one year seedling fallen leaves, north Side area is mostly transplanted in spring to rudiment, high survival rate or one year seedling fallen leaves after be transplanted to high 20~25cm, diameter 10~ In the degradable bag of 20cm, temporary planting is concentrated to get up, a period or season transplanting crop field in office or sale reach fast rapid-result garden；Spring Season one, biennial branch cutting or autumn green wood cutting survival rate 85% or more；

Second is that using pomegranate stem apex, blade, stem section, the tip of a root, anther position detoxication and tissue culture, high power numerous pomegranate seedlings fastly, greenhouse per acre Solid breeding is at 50000 plants or more；

3. fast short-term training garden cultivation mode

3.1 field production modes

Using the one or two or hybrid mode of following manner；

3.1.1 single plant planting type

Density (spacing in the rows × line-spacing) 1.5~3 × 3~4m, mu plant 55~150；

Dense planting (spacing in the rows × line-spacing) 1.5 × 4m, mu plant 110, and the best fruiting period transplants other crop fields after strain, convenient for fast rapid-result garden； Or it is used for potting or bonsai production；

3.1.2 more plants of clumps plant mode

This is the method that fast rapid-result garden reaches high yield, time saving and energy saving.

(1) 33 × 4 mode

It annotates: 33: hill spacing 3m, 2~5 plants of every cave, being planted with 3 plants of clumps is advisable；4: line-spacing 4m；Density (hill spacing × line-spacing) 3 × 4m, mu Plant 55 caves；2~5 plants of every cave；It is cultivated under normal circumstances using 3 plants, two-by-two at a distance of 10~20cm；

(2) mode of 33-1 × 4

It annotates: 33: hill spacing 3m, 2~5 plants of every cave；It is planted with 3 plants of clumps, two-by-two at a distance of 10~20cm cultivation optimal selection；- 1: every one 2~5 plants of cave clump, which is planted, becomes 1 plant of single plant cultivation；

Formed " ' 2~5 plants of clumps are planted '-' 1 plant single plant cultivation '-' 2~5 plants clumps cultivations ' " mode；4: line-spacing 4m；

Density (hill spacing × line-spacing) 3 × 4m, mu plant 55 caves；2~5 plants of every cave；3 plants under normal circumstances, two-by-two at a distance of 10~20cm Cultivation；

Dense planting (spacing in the rows × line-spacing) 1.5 × 4m, mu plant 110 caves, and when best fruiting period can transplant every cave, convenient for fast short-term training garden or potting Or bonsai production；

Wherein " -1 " single plant transplants other crop fields or potting or potted landscape quick Fabrication in the best fruiting period；

Or 3.1.3 minimum facility greenhouse cultivation mode

Mode multiplicity, to be suitble to local climate condition and sunlight-heat reaources to make full use of as standard；Minimum facility greenhouse lowest part is high 3m or more is spent, span accommodates 2~10 row fruit trees, 15 ° of the gradient or more, is convenient for winter automatic snow；

Or the other cultivation modes of 3.1.4

Transplant leek around work or pomegranate rhizosphere between pomegranate-leek: root-knot nematode is preferentially infected in leek in soil, mitigates pomegranate Root-knot nematode disease；Pomegranate crop field root-knot nematode disease is taken away by leek transplanting；

Make between the shallow pond lotus root of pomegranate-: density (spacing in the rows × line-spacing) 3 × 4m, mu plant 55；Shallow pond lotus root specification: width x depth × length Degree=2m × 0.3~0.5m × arbitrarily long is made between the shallow pond lotus root of pomegranate-, and lotus pool is breeded fish high efficiency, and pomegranate yield shows high yield, dehiscent fruit Rate is very low；

Work or individual companion plantings (companion planting rate 1~5%), are conducive to discovery heterosis, hybrid vigor fruit or branch between different pomegranate kinds；Different fruits Companion planting can improve fruit tree affinity, disease resistance between tree kind；

4. cultural method

4.1 plough deeply site preparation

The harvesting high-quality high-yield garden of high standard is established, the curing of ploughing deeply of soil is basis.The soil cured is ploughed deeply to pomegranate tree Root growth creates good condition, and the root system for being conducive to pomegranate tree is grown to deep subsoil；Plough deeply rear soil water content Balanced growth 7.6%, soil porosity increase by 12.66%, and edaphon increases by 1.2 times；Due to the increase of edaphon, The curing for accelerating soil makes the substance of indissoluble in soil be converted into solable matter, improves soil fertility, the soil organism And nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium content significantly improve；The depth of soil deep tillage curing should be up to 60~80 centimetres, and combine and plough deeply, Shi Youji Fertilizer generally applies 2500~3000 kilograms per acre；Orchard establishment comes first to dig big cave field planting, then full garden is ploughed deeply year by year again not as good as ploughing deeply Curing；

4.2 cultural method

Plant pit specification (length x width x depth): 5~10cm of length, thickness are placed in 1 × 1 × 1m, conditional plant pit bottom Surface soil should be placed on the side in cave, cubsoil is put when digging cave by 30~50cm crop material and 30~100kg organic fertilizer or special fertilizer To the other side in cave.After cave is dug, top layer mellow soil and organic fertilizer are uniformly mixed in filling cave, lower part, by bottom cubsoil Fill out the top in people cave.Backfill transplants 1~triennial pomegranate seedlings to 50~60cm thickness, it should be noted that and root system is unfolded, can not be tortuous, With fortifield village at the cave of depth 5~10cm depth around seedling, convenient for collection rain and cave-applied fertilizer water；Dropper facility is laid after plant；

Flat-bottomed land Root growth: the high 10~20cm in ridge, 50~70cm of row spacing, ridge spacing will be convenient for draining and production operations；

It is managed after 4.3 cultivations

It to fill permeable immediately after cultivation, touch root system and soil；After water infiltration is lower, around the low bank of earth between fields and other graves to tree, It is allowed to form a mound, not only improves soil moisture conservation, and prevent tree body from shaking and by freeze injury；It covers black weeding cloth and improves ground Temperature, green weeding；

It is consistent to set strain size in guarantee garden, some interim strains can be transplanted at the edge of a field, so as to the after-culture of autumn in the coming year；

It should also keep ground moistening after cultivation, humidity keeps 70~75%, and soil drought should water in time, when the rigid rudiment of young plant, due to Individual is small, and leaf is few and small, it is easy to be caused harm by pests such as chafer, aphid, weevils, should be prevented and treated in time, also loosened the soil in time Weeding, to promote nursery stock normal growth；

5. management measure

Northern area, pomegranate mid or late March are sprouted germination, are buddingged mid-April, are bloomed at the beginning of 5 months, by the end of June, July flowering stage it is basic Terminate, mid-September to early October fruit maturation, mid-November falls leaves；Minimum facility cultivates pomegranate, and the phenological period can shift to an earlier date.

5.1 key-point management measures

5.1.1 2 month of December~next year

Based on cold-resistant, light pruning or do not trim, cave-applied fertilizer water；

5.1.2 3~April, the i.e. Spring Equinox in the Waking of Insects (3rd solar term)-- grain rains in Clear and Bright-

Pomegranate germination and squaring period preferential defense cold spell in later spring；Method: early warning ahead of time, smoke agent and/or the atomization of anti frozen liquid fog machine Prevention, lights smoke with frost prevention smoke agent, and cigarette is stacked at the uptake of orchard, generally 4~6 heap of orchard per acre, every heap materials 25kg or so；Frost prevention smog agent prescription, according to weight percent: 2 parts of ammonium nitrates, 7 parts of sawdusts, 1 part of diesel oil are sufficiently mixed, and use paper tube Packaging, additional damp-proof membrane；The size of cigarette heap and how much with frost intensity and depending on the duration；It is down to fruit tree when temperature and endures cold and face Start fumigation of lighting a fire when boundary's temperature, dying fire dense smoke makes entire orchard full of smoke, until temperature goes back up to critical-temperature of enduring cold or more When it is flame-out, stopping smokes cigarette；With Weibei Shaanxi walnut research and development centre and Shaanxi Zhi Qi agricultural science and technology Co., Ltd cooperative research and development " intelligent frost protection aerosol producer ", frost protection better effect；Anti frozen liquid fog machine is atomized preventive treatment: strong cold air arrives Before, fog machine is atomized the antifreezing agents such as carboxymethyl cellulose, the nutrient solutions such as atomization brassin 481, Tianda-2116, atomization " 6501 " " length Heat preserving agent is steamed in wind 3 " suppression, is attained by certain frost protection effect；

Or minimum facility cultivation prevention；

5.1.3 5~June removes first batch of flower

At this point, first batch of colored trunk infusion growth is insufficient, it is not easy to achieve higher output；Second batch of indwelling colored result；After regrowth hair, fruit Fruit is determined along with fruit thinning when the big trimming of egg, and summer disposably trims, and exempts winter pruning and greatly saves labour；Florescence is wanted Avoid spraying, to improve fruit-setting rate, can the florescence spray 0.1~0.3% borax soln or manually put bee supple-mentary pollination；

5.1.4 7~August part high temperature and humidity, the harm of Yi Fasheng disease pest

The harm of pomegranate disease pest, dehiscent fruit and mechanical damage lead to decayed fruit, and Major Diseases are dry rot, brown spot and dehiscent fruit Deng Major Pests have dichocrocis punctiferalis, small heart-eating peach worm etc.；After fruit thinning determines fruit, add 70% thiophanate methyl Quan Yuanyong with 50% phoxim Fog machine spraying once sterilizes, insecticide, carries out fruit bagging, can effectively prevent disease pest harm and mechanical damage, reduction are split Fruit；Not the pomegranate of bagging after fruit thinning determines fruit every 7~10d fog machine be atomized 40% carbendazim or 70% thiophanate methyl or M-45 is big, and raw wettable powder prevents and treats pest and disease damage, based on controlling disease, continuous 7~10 times；Fog machine prevent and treat pest and disease damage everyone 200 mu or more can be prevented and treated per hour, advantage is that ground, trunk, fruit, blade face front and back sides are all prevented and treated, and prevention and treatment is thorough Dead angle is not stayed, time and labour saving is quick；

5.1.5 mid or late June

With rainwater or irrigation, urea 10kg or so is imposed, per acre with growth promotion；

5.1.6 phosphorus, potash fertilizer are increased after August, controls nitrogenous fertilizer and moisture, promotes shoot maturation, enhance tree body winter cabbage；

Period management when 5.2 pomegranate trees are each

5.2.1 seedling management mode

Using strong sprout as main goal of attack；1.5m or more bamboo pole inserts ground 0.5m, bondage pomegranate seedlings；1~triennial pomegranate tree suggests extracing All pomegranates erase extra bud, evil, cultivate tree body, strong sprout；

The pomegranate seedlings based on achieving higher output are planted at height of seedling 20cm with clump, 2~3 side shoot of indwelling at left and right sides of trunk；In order to pipe Reason and acquisition early high-yield；

The pomegranate seedlings based on achieving higher output are cultivated at 10~20cm of height of seedling with single plant, and 3~4 side shoot of pinching indwelling is formed and downgraded Naturally happy type resulting schema, convenient for management；

It is achieved higher output with single plant cultivation, while as potted landscape, pomegranate seedlings can cover the PE pipe or pvc pipe of 0.5~1.2m high, just Different directions equilibrium cloth is divided to open, 3~4 side shoots of indwelling first layer, with this at 0.5~1.2m of height of seedling in cultivating upright trunk Analogize, on trunk at 0.5~0.8m one layer of 3~4 side shoot of indwelling, for the ease of general 3 layers of indwelling or less side shoots of management； Each layer of side shoot should be staggered, not on same stipes；

5.2.2 the fertilization type time

Summer basal dressing: this period pomegranate tree bloomed, beared fruit, fruit development and bud differentiation.Basal dressing is with organic fertilizer Based on.Such as crop material, the weeds of humic acids fertilizer, compost, muck, barnyard manure and decomposedization；

Autumn basal dressing: autumn fruit is mature, and trunk infusion consumption is very big；After fruit harvesting, i.e., it should apply fertilizer, with organic fertilizer Based on, it can mix and apply a small amount of instant nitrogenousfertilizer；Autumn illumination is sufficient, and proper temperature is conducive to the accumulation of nutriment, promotes tree body Stalwartness is enriched, guarantees safe overwintering；

Compel fertilizer: basal dressing performance benefit is slow and lasting, to meet the nutrition of pomegranate tree body urgent need, it is necessary to lean on top dressing；Pomegranate compels fertilizer It can be by following 3 period top dressings；

First is that top dressing before blooming: the flowers are in blossom needs a large amount of nutrition for pomegranate, and this period can apply available nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and just be able to satisfy it It blooms the needs beared fruit, improves first planting flower fruit-setting rate；

Second is that spending rear top dressing: this period young fruit starts to expand, and shoot length accelerates, and compels to apply nitrogen, phosphorus quick-acting fertilizer, can reduce young fruit It falls off, young fruit is promoted to mushroom out, improve yield；

Third is that Fruit and flower bud differentiation period top dressing: this phase young sprout stops growing, and bud starts to break up, and should impose nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium Tree body Photosynthetic Efficiency can be improved in fertilizer, promotes nutrition product fruit, is conducive to fruit increase and bud differentiation, improves fruit quality；

5.2.3 fertilizing method

Ring-type fertilising: treelet generally uses this method, and can combine with ploughing deeply expansion cave；In tree crown outer, 20~30 centimeters are dug wide 40~50 centimetres, organic fertilizer and soil are mixed even rear filling in the ratio of 1:3 by deep 50~60 centimetres of annular groove.It is grown with tree crown Amount expands, and annular groove extends to the outside year by year.This method is easy to operate, but more to horizontal root damage；

Or trench fertilising: tree is in the ranks or between strain or interlacing ditching-fertilizing, ditching are wide (with cyclic annular fertilising)；This method is suitable Yu Chengling tree and High Density Planting Orchard；

Or radial canal fertilising: centered on trunk, shallow outer deep ditch in 4~6 is dug outward.40~50 centimetres of ditch inner width, outer width It 60 centimetres or so, is inserted after fertilizer is mixed with soil.Next year replace the position of ditch.It is few that this method hurts root, but to avoid when ditching big Root；

Or cave-shaped fertilising: the method applied in cave can be used in the insufficient situation of organic fertilizer.Around tree crown, 40 lis of 40 cm x is dug Then farmyard manure is mixed even rear filling, the annual rotation in the position in hole in the ratio of 3:1 by the pitting of rice；

Foliage-spray: this method is simple and easy, and saving of labor saves fertilizer, and fertilizer efficiency plays a role fastly, evenly distributed, but cannot apply instead of soil Fertilizer；Pomegranate tree can be replenished in time to a large amount of nutrition required for tree body by blade spraying；Calm weather is selected to spray.Concentration It cannot arbitrarily increase, mineral element concentration is not to be exceeded 0.3%；The time of spraying, preferably at the summer morning 10 before and afternoon 4 Shi Hou, in case evaporation causes fertilizer damage fastly；

Pomegranate tree grows, blooms, result all be unable to do without the participation of water, irrigation period: to meet the needs that Growth status is developed, Whole year, which pours water, in production is divided into following 4 periods:

First is that freeze-up water: after fruit picking to soil it is freeze-up before (10~December), deep plough in conjunction with autumn, pour water after basal dressing, promote Organic matter decomposition conversion is conducive to trunk infusion accumulation, is conducive to the differentiation and development of Winter-Spring bud, is conducive to pomegranate tree and gets over safely Winter；

Second is that rudiment water: pouring water in March in spring, branch germinating energy can be enhanced, promote rudiment neat, to Spring-shoot growth, bud Development has facilitation；It is urgent that spring hits the time；

Third is that Hua Houshui: after full-bloom stage, young fruit germinates, very big to tree body moisture and nutrient consumption due to largely blooming, Cooperation top dressing is poured water, and photosynthetic efficiency can be improved, promotion young fruit expands and bud differentiation；

Fourth is that pouring water before and after fruit picking: the bud differentiation and fruit that can promote pomegranate tree increase, and have established well for high yield in next year Basis；

5.3 shortening trimming management

Because pomegranate is sensitive to pruning reaction, improperly trim, will cause tree body excessive growth or tree vigo(u)r is excessively weak, according to cultivation mode, It should be noted that the following when trimming:

5.3.1 best fruiting period fruit tree height controls

It is maintained at 2.5m or less；

5.3.2 tree body downgrades control

Pinching is carried out when young sprout grows to 10~15cm, controls long rush flower；The adventitious bud sprouted at trunk, major branch and rhizome, shadow Moulding and ventilation are rung, should be erased in time.To downgrade tree body, in the young sprout prosperous growth phase, the paclobutrazol that 200 times 15% of spray 2~3 times is molten Liquid is conducive to control long rush flower, and can reach contracting dragon into very little effect；

5.3.3 clump plants the Pruning model that achieves higher output

Clump, which is pulled open, with naturally happy type plants major branch, 2~3 side shoot of indwelling at the liftoff 20cm of each major branch, appropriate cutting back branch；

The cultivation mode 5.3.4 single plant achieves higher output

3~4 side shoot of indwelling to be truncated at the liftoff 10~20cm of trunk as trunk branch and fruitful branch is turned out, is formed and downgraded happily Type；

5.3.5 it is achieved higher output with single plant cultivation while being used as potted landscape

At 0.5~1.2m of height of seedling, different directions equilibrium cloth is divided to open, 3~4 side shoot of indwelling first layer, and so on, it is every on trunk One layer of 3~4 side shoot of indwelling at 0.5~0.8m, for the ease of general 3 layers of indwelling of management or less；

5.3.6 the summer in winter cuts combination

Cut that often result in tree vigo(u)r excessively prosperous the winter, be unfavorable for forming bud, therefore, in growth period, will also in conjunction with bud picking, turn round branch, pluck The heart dredges the measures such as the tip to adjust tree vigo(u)r；

5.3.7 cutting back wants moderate, holds in practice

Pomegranate trimming dredges based on putting so that sparse branching is gentle and removes the withered branch of aging, excessively prosperous fine and closely woven branch, the upright branch of excessive growth, slow to be laid flat oblique branch And sick branch, extend branch cutting back, but cutting back excessively be easy to cause tree vigo(u)r excessively prosperous, is unfavorable for into flower, influences single plant yield；

5.3.8 Precision management

4 years 100~150kg of raw pomegranate tree per mu yield, single plant (cave) fruiting quantities 5~10；Raw pomegranate tree per mu yield in 5 years 300~ 400kg, single plant (cave) fruiting quantities 15~25；800~1200kg of sexennial pomegranate tree per mu yield, single plant (cave) fruiting quantities 25 ~35；7 years raw pomegranate trees reach the best fruiting period, per mu yield 2000kg or more, single plant (cave) fruiting quantities 90~150；

Northern area, the above Super-high-yielding creation of pomegranate per mu yield 4000kg, needs to realize in simple plastic greenhouse, needs to feed photo-thermal, In effective accumulated temperature of growth period in the year domestic demand greater than 10 DEG C at 5000 DEG C or more；Postpone effective sunshine when number, year sunshine time exist 3000 hours or more, the sunshine time of 5~September (bloom to fruit maturation harvest) part was at 1500 hours or more；It increases warm round the clock Difference, 15 DEG C of daily difference or more；January, pomegranate needed -2~5 DEG C of athermobiosis, 15~28d of duration in winter；Meet above-mentioned etc. Primary condition can create Super-high-yielding in the north；

5.4 baggings and management

Pomegranate bush type culture is the basis of bagging, otherwise increases the amount of labour；

Bagging pericarpium granati does not have point, water stain, black mould and insect bite etc., influences the aesthetics, commodity rate and warp in fruit face Ji value；

Pomegranate bagging disadvantage is that decayed fruit and dehiscent fruit are easy when rainy season.

Solution:

Strong base of fruit spirit thickening base of fruit is sprayed in young fruit period, fruit expanding period, improves nutrient delivery amount.Anti- fallen flowers, shedding, dehiscent fruit, Mummy, malformed fruit, make that fruit color is beautiful, fruit type is beautiful, taste is good；10 days or so after spending, that is, young fruit period Quan Yuanyong smog Machine atomization " exempts from film cover bag+strong base of fruit spirit+fungicide+insecticide ", prevents and treats pest and disease damage.Insecticide use can control the small food heart of peach Worm etc. eats into fruit pest, while preventing and treating stinkbug silk worm, coccid etc.；Fungicide uses thiophanate methyl or other broad-spectrum germicides, prevents Control other diseases such as fruit dry rot；New high fat film protects fruit and blade, prevents Fruit sunburn.20 are spaced after first time medication It or so second of medication again.Anti- fruit russeting disease, anti-fruit-cracking improve fruit face colouring and brightness, reduce residual hazard and improve quality；

Cover paper bag: it is required that bagging permeability is good；Time is 35 days or so after spending, and wax paper bag can be in bagging on June 15~25, PE Film bag is in August bagging on the 5th~10；Film bag covers too early, and weather high temperature influences fruit normal growth, high temperature injury easily occurs, covers The purpose for not having disease and pest control too late；Certain bagging good using permeability；

Management after bagging: first is that the deadwood around cleaning fruit bag, stem thorn in time, it is ensured that fruit is complete with fruit bag.Second is that note Meaning prevention and treatment pest and disease damage；Bagging can be effectively controlled harm of the heart-eating worm to fruit, but the harm meeting of scale insect (pomegranate suede a red-spotted lizard), aphid The protection of cause and effect bag and aggravate, therefore intend bagging orchard, lime sulfur, phoxim should have been sprayed in advance, pest control；

6. harvesting, storage and processing

6.1 harvesting

The harvesting of pomegranate will carry out by stages according to maturity, breediness；The mark of pomegranate fruit maturation is: 1. for it is red, The pomegranate kind of yellow rind, pericarp are sufficiently coloured by green flavescence, colored species, and gloss occurs in fruit face；2. fruit rid shows；3. fruit Red or silvery white needle awns in meat cell sufficiently show, and red grain kind color reaches intrinsic degree；In northern producing region, with the autumn Divide to being Harvesting Date during Cold Dew, picks too early, weak flavor, storability is also poor；Southern pomegranate should first adopt headdress flower fruit, big Fruit is adopted after after ripening；

When picking, disease fruit and dehiscent fruit should be picked by special messenger, and centralized processing prevents disease to infect sprawling；When rainy day picks, fruit calyx Easy ponding in cylinder is easy to incur pathogen intrusion and cause to rot, should pick in fine day；When harvesting, a hand steered branch is plucked on the other hand Fruit, 1 centimetre of band or so of carpopodium, gently plucks put down gently as far as possible, pomegranate fruit is prevented to be mechanically damaged, and especially to prevent internal injury；Fruit It is squeezed and internal injury occurs, seed damage in pericarp, but do not seen from appearance；Hereafter in transporting procedures, it is crushed outflow Juice will affect remaining unbroken seed, is allowed to collapse and goes bad, loses edible value；

After fruit harvesting, disease should be rejected, hurt fruit and dehiscent fruit, the fruit for having internal injury to suspect should also be chosen early, sold immediately；

6.2 storage

The sound fruit without wound will carry out sterilization processing in time: the bactericidal effect that jujube agriculture pomegranate is antistaling agent 2 is preferable, is using concentration 1000 times；800~1000 times of liquid of 50% 1000 times of carbendazim liquid or 45% probenazole suspending agent soak fruit 3~5 minutes, after drying Storage, can be sprayed onto above-mentioned medicament on fruit face with the method for spray when reserves are big, store after drying；It 5~8 DEG C of reserve temperature, can With storage 3 months or so, -20~-40 DEG C of fast freezing storages can store for 1 anniversary.