CN106654278A - 一种新型碳球及其制备方法与应用 - Google Patents
一种新型碳球及其制备方法与应用 Download PDFInfo
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- CN106654278A CN106654278A CN201611073929.2A CN201611073929A CN106654278A CN 106654278 A CN106654278 A CN 106654278A CN 201611073929 A CN201611073929 A CN 201611073929A CN 106654278 A CN106654278 A CN 106654278A
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 64
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title abstract description 5
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 90
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 28
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000006068 polycondensation reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920000877 Melamine resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003763 carbonization Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N melamine Chemical compound NC1=NC(N)=NC(N)=N1 JDSHMPZPIAZGSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phenol group Chemical group C1(=CC=CC=C1)O ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N methanone Chemical compound O=[14CH2] WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N methanoic acid Natural products OC=O BDAGIHXWWSANSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910000029 sodium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N cyclohexanone Chemical compound O=C1CCCCC1 JHIVVAPYMSGYDF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-(3-methoxyphenyl)aniline Chemical compound COC1=CC=CC(C=2C=CC(N)=CC=2)=C1 OSWFIVFLDKOXQC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019253 formic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- RCEAADKTGXTDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N OS(O)(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCC[Na] Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCC[Na] RCEAADKTGXTDOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical compound OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940084030 carboxymethylcellulose calcium Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000006482 condensation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000136 polysorbate Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims 1
- 230000031709 bromination Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000005893 bromination reaction Methods 0.000 claims 1
- QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N dicyandiamide Chemical compound NC(N)=NC#N QGBSISYHAICWAH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 125000000913 palmityl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 16
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910021641 deionized water Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000006555 catalytic reaction Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000002086 nanomaterial Substances 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000013543 active substance Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010000 carbonizing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011805 ball Substances 0.000 description 48
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 description 12
- 239000004640 Melamine resin Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000011806 microball Substances 0.000 description 7
- KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methoxy-6-methylphenol Chemical compound [CH]OC1=CC=CC([CH])=C1O KXGFMDJXCMQABM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 6
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000005011 phenolic resin Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229920001568 phenolic resin Polymers 0.000 description 6
- 229910052573 porcelain Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000007711 solidification Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008023 solidification Effects 0.000 description 6
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 5
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229920001807 Urea-formaldehyde Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 4
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000967 suction filtration Methods 0.000 description 4
- FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium cation Chemical compound [Na+] FKNQFGJONOIPTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-SLPGGIOYSA-N aldehydo-D-glucose Chemical compound OC[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C=O GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-SLPGGIOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000005119 centrifugation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- RCHKEJKUUXXBSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-benzyl-2-(3-formylindol-1-yl)acetamide Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C(C=O)=CN1CC(=O)NCC1=CC=CC=C1 RCHKEJKUUXXBSM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006230 acetylene black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011889 copper foil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011796 hollow space material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 2
- GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N resorcinol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1 GHMLBKRAJCXXBS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000005207 1,3-dihydroxybenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- DGXAGETVRDOQFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC(O)=C1C=O DGXAGETVRDOQFP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Cetrimonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C LZZYPRNAOMGNLH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyanamide Chemical compound NC#N XZMCDFZZKTWFGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000004087 circulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000000853 cresyl group Chemical class C1(=CC=C(C=C1)C)* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004132 cross linking Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002242 deionisation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002003 electrode paste Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- DYDNPESBYVVLBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N formanilide Chemical compound O=CNC1=CC=CC=C1 DYDNPESBYVVLBO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004108 freeze drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037427 ion transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007974 melamines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007773 negative electrode material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N polynoxylin Chemical compound O=C.NC(N)=O ODGAOXROABLFNM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004575 stone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001291 vacuum drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/32—Carbon-based
- H01G11/36—Nanostructures, e.g. nanofibres, nanotubes or fullerenes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
- Carbon And Carbon Compounds (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (10)
Priority Applications (1)
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CN201611073929.2A CN106654278B (zh) | 2016-11-29 | 2016-11-29 | 一种新型碳球及其制备方法与应用 |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
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CN201611073929.2A CN106654278B (zh) | 2016-11-29 | 2016-11-29 | 一种新型碳球及其制备方法与应用 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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CN106654278A true CN106654278A (zh) | 2017-05-10 |
CN106654278B CN106654278B (zh) | 2019-03-05 |
Family
ID=58814095
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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CN201611073929.2A Active CN106654278B (zh) | 2016-11-29 | 2016-11-29 | 一种新型碳球及其制备方法与应用 |
Country Status (1)
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CN (1) | CN106654278B (zh) |
Cited By (17)
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CN107834043A (zh) * | 2017-10-31 | 2018-03-23 | 奇瑞汽车股份有限公司 | 锂硫电池正极材料及制备方法、锂硫电池 |
CN108389731A (zh) * | 2018-03-28 | 2018-08-10 | 齐鲁工业大学 | 一种三聚氰胺/硫脲与甲醛共聚法制备超级电容器电极材料 |
CN108822274A (zh) * | 2018-07-31 | 2018-11-16 | 大连理工大学 | 一种杂原子掺杂的聚合物纳米微球及其制备方法 |
CN108993485A (zh) * | 2018-06-30 | 2018-12-14 | 浙江工业大学 | 一种原位负载金属介孔碳微球催化剂的制备方法与应用 |
CN109046191A (zh) * | 2018-07-31 | 2018-12-21 | 大连理工大学 | 一种杂原子掺杂聚合物为壳的核壳结构纳米材料及其制备方法 |
CN109850868A (zh) * | 2019-02-25 | 2019-06-07 | 齐鲁工业大学 | 一种二氧化硅改性多孔脲醛树脂基碳球的制备方法及应用 |
CN110002426A (zh) * | 2019-04-24 | 2019-07-12 | 南阳师范学院 | 一种多孔炭微球的制备方法 |
WO2020024766A1 (zh) * | 2018-07-31 | 2020-02-06 | 大连理工大学 | 一种杂原子掺杂的聚合物纳米微球/炭纳米微球及其制备方法 |
CN110937589A (zh) * | 2019-12-11 | 2020-03-31 | 福州大学 | 一种制备和调控高氮掺杂多孔碳的高内相乳液模板法 |
CN111384375A (zh) * | 2018-12-29 | 2020-07-07 | 上海杉杉科技有限公司 | 硅碳负极材料及其制备方法、应用和制得的锂离子电池 |
CN112028050A (zh) * | 2020-08-31 | 2020-12-04 | 山西大学 | 内部结构可控的高强度多孔毫米碳球及其制备方法和应用 |
CN112086642A (zh) * | 2020-08-19 | 2020-12-15 | 广东工业大学 | 一种石墨化碳包覆的高比表面积多孔碳球及其制备方法和应用 |
CN112090401A (zh) * | 2020-08-07 | 2020-12-18 | 华南农业大学 | 一种利用不同表面活性剂制备具有超高染料吸附性能碳笼的方法 |
CN113321202A (zh) * | 2021-06-28 | 2021-08-31 | 天津工业大学 | 一种酚醛树脂基硬炭微球材料的制备方法 |
CN113415798A (zh) * | 2021-05-12 | 2021-09-21 | 江西农业大学 | 一种磷掺杂微孔、中孔和大孔共存等级孔孔隙结构纳米碳球的制备方法 |
CN115106056A (zh) * | 2021-12-23 | 2022-09-27 | 苏州铁睿新能源科技有限公司 | 一种基于酮醛树脂制备多孔炭微球的方法及其应用 |
CN115583646A (zh) * | 2022-09-20 | 2023-01-10 | 常州大学 | 一种三聚氰胺改性脲醛树脂中空碳球的制备方法 |
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CN102716702A (zh) * | 2012-06-27 | 2012-10-10 | 北京科技大学 | 一种蛋黄-蛋壳结构层次多孔碳颗粒的制备方法 |
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CN105523542A (zh) * | 2015-11-11 | 2016-04-27 | 陕西玉航电子有限公司 | 一种闭孔碳微球泡沫材料制备方法 |
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Cited By (27)
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