CN105642116A - 用于从强制点火发动机排出的尾气中滤除颗粒物质的过滤器 - Google Patents
用于从强制点火发动机排出的尾气中滤除颗粒物质的过滤器 Download PDFInfo
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- CN105642116A CN105642116A CN201610103865.XA CN201610103865A CN105642116A CN 105642116 A CN105642116 A CN 105642116A CN 201610103865 A CN201610103865 A CN 201610103865A CN 105642116 A CN105642116 A CN 105642116A
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Abstract
用于从强制点火发动机排出的尾气中滤除颗粒物质(PM)的过滤器,该过滤器包括具有输入表面和输出表面的多孔基体,其中所述输入表面与所述输出表面被包含多个具有第一平均孔径的孔穴的多孔结构分隔开,其中所述多孔基体涂覆有包含多个固体颗粒的洗涂层,其中所述涂有洗涂层的多孔基体的多孔结构包含多个具有第二平均孔径的孔穴,并且所述第二平均孔径小于所述第一平均孔径。
Description
本申请是基于申请号为201080009348.7、申请日为2010年2月26日、发明名称为“用于从强制点火发动机排出的尾气中滤除颗粒物质的过滤器”的中国专利申请的分案申请。
本发明涉及用于处理来自任何不可能通过PM堆积(所谓的“滤饼过滤”)或者深层过滤与滤饼过滤的组合从尾气中去除PM的燃烧过程的尾气中的颗粒物质(PM)的过滤器。典型的这类燃烧过程是车辆发动机的燃烧过程。具体地,本发明涉及用于处理来自车辆强制点火发动机,特别是按化学计量运转的强制点火发动机以及贫燃的强制点火发动机,的PM的过滤器。
强制点火发动机采用火花点火来引起烃与空气混合物的燃烧。与此不同,压燃式发动机通过将烃注入压缩空气中来引起烃的燃烧。强制点火发动机可以汽油燃料、混有包括甲醇和/或乙醇的含氧化合物(oxygenate)的汽油燃料、液化石油气或压缩天然气作为燃料。
多数作者根据PM的空气动力学直径(所述空气动力学直径定义为与所检测颗粒在空气中具有相同沉降速率的密度1g/cm3的球体的直径)将环境中的PM划分为以下几类:
(i)PM-10-空气动力学直径小于10μm的颗粒;
(ii)直径小于2.5μm的细颗粒(PM-2.5);
(iii)直径小于0.1μm(或100nm)的超细颗粒;以及
(iv)特征是直径小于50nm的纳米颗粒。
自20世纪九十年代中期以来,因为细颗粒和超细颗粒可能对健康造成的不利作用,自内燃发动机排出的颗粒的粒度分布越来越受到关注。在美国,法律规定了环境空气中PM-10颗粒的浓度。由于健康研究表明人类死亡率与小于2.5μm的细颗粒的浓度之间有很强的关联性,因此在美国于1997年引入了对PM-2.5的新的额外的环境空气质量标准。
关注点现在转移到柴油和汽油发动机产生的纳米颗粒上,因为从对2.5-10.0μm范围颗粒的研究发现推测,它们被认为比更大尺寸的颗粒更深入地渗透到人的肺中,因此它们被认为比更大的颗粒更加有害。
柴油颗粒的尺寸分布具有对应于颗粒成核和积聚机理的固定的双峰特征,相应的颗粒类型分别被称为核型(nucleimode)和积聚型(accumulationmode)(参见图1)。如图1所示,在核型中,柴油PM包括大量蕴含极少量物质的小颗粒。几乎所有柴油颗粒的尺寸远小于1μm,即它们包括细颗粒(即归入1997US法的范围)、超细颗粒与纳米颗粒的混合物。
核型颗粒被认为主要由挥发性冷凝物(烃类、硫酸、硝酸等)构成,并且包含少量的固体材料,例如灰分和碳。积聚型颗粒被认为包含与冷凝物和被吸附材料(重烃类、含硫物质、氮氧化物衍生物等)混杂的固体(碳、金属灰分等)。粗型(Coarsemode)颗粒被认为不会在柴油燃烧过程中产生,并且可以通过诸如沉积和后续的来自发动机汽缸、排放系统或颗粒取样系统的壁面的颗粒材料的重新夹带的机理形成。这些类型之间的关系如图1所示。
成核颗粒的组成可能随着发动机运转条件、环境条件(特别是温度和湿度)、稀释和采样系统条件而改变。实验室工作和理论已经表明,大部分核型的形成和生长发生在低稀释率范围内。在该范围内,挥发性颗粒前体如重烃类和硫酸的气体至颗粒的转化导致所述核型的同步成核和生长,并吸附到已有的积聚型颗粒上。实验室测试(参见例如SAE980525和SAE2001-01-0201)已经表明核型的形成随着空气稀释温度的降低迅速增加,但是在湿度是否有影响的问题上存在相矛盾的证据。
通常,低温、低稀释率、高湿度和长停留时间有利于纳米颗粒形成和生长。研究表明纳米颗粒主要由诸如重烃类和硫酸的挥发性材料组成,证据是仅在非常高负载的情况下才有固体组分。
与此不同,稳态运转下汽油颗粒的发动机输出尺寸分布显示出单峰分布,峰值为约60-80nm(参见例如SAE1999-01-3530的图4)。与柴油尺寸分布相比,汽油PM主要为超细颗粒,积聚型和粗型可忽略不计。
柴油颗粒过滤器对柴油颗粒的颗粒捕集是基于使用多孔屏障从气相中分离气生(gas-borne)颗粒的原理。柴油过滤器可定义为深层过滤器(deep-bedfilter)和/或表层过滤器(surface-typefilter)。在深层过滤器中,过滤介质的平均孔径大于所捕集颗粒的平均直径。所述颗粒在深层过滤机制的综合作用下沉积在所述介质上,所述机制包括扩散沉积(布朗运动)、惯性沉积(撞击)和流路阻截(布朗运动或惯性)。
在表层过滤器中,过滤介质的孔径小于PM的直径,因此PM通过筛分作用分离。分离借助捕集的柴油PM本身的积聚来实现,该积聚通常称为“滤饼”并且所述过程称为“滤饼过滤”。
研究者认为柴油颗粒过滤器如陶瓷壁流独石(ceramicwallflowmonoliths)可以利用深层过滤和表层过滤的组合进行工作:当深层过滤容量饱和时更多的烟灰负载导致形成滤饼,且颗粒层开始覆盖过滤表面。相比滤饼过滤,深层过滤的特征是一定程度上较低的过滤效率和较低的压降。
WO03/011437公开了一种具有排放系统的汽油发动机,所述排放系统包括用于从尾气中捕获PM的装置和用于催化所述PM被所述尾气中的二氧化碳和/或水氧化的催化剂,该催化剂包括负载的碱金属。用于捕获PM的装置适用于捕获颗粒范围10-100nm的PM,并且可以是由适当孔径的陶瓷材料制成的壁流过滤器,如涂覆有催化剂的堇青石、负载有催化剂的金属氧化物泡沫、金属丝网、设计用于柴油应用的柴油壁流过滤器、电泳捕获器或热泳捕获器(参见例如GB-A-2350804)。
WO2008/136232A1公开了将具有巢室壁的蜂巢状过滤器用作柴油颗粒过滤器,所述巢室壁由多孔巢室壁基材构成,并且仅在其流入侧或同时在其流入和流出侧上设置有表面层,并且满足以下条件(1)-(5):(1)所述表面层的峰值孔径与所述巢室壁基材的平均孔径相同或更小,并且所述表面层的孔隙率大于所述巢室壁基材的孔隙率;(2)对于所述表面层,峰值孔径为0.3到小于20μm,且孔隙率为60到小于95%(通过压汞法测得);(3)所述表面层的厚度(L1)为0.5到小于所述巢室壁厚度(L2)的30%;(4)所述表面层每单位面积的质量为0.01到小于6mg/cm2;以及(5)对于所述巢室壁基材,平均孔径为10到小于60μm,且孔隙率为40到小于65%。同样参见SAE文件No.2009-01-0292。
本领域建议的其它用于从气相中分离汽油PM的技术包括涡流回收。
在欧洲,从2014年9月1日起排放标准(欧6)要求控制从柴油和汽油(强制点火)客车排放的颗粒数量。对于汽油欧盟轻型车辆,允许的极限是:1000mg/km一氧化碳;60mg/km氮氧化物(NOx);100mg/km总烃类(其中非甲烷烃类≤68mg/km);以及4.5mg/km颗粒物质((PM),仅对直接注射式发动机)。虽然,当局尚未设定欧6的PM数量标准,但是广泛认为它将被设定在6.0x1011/km。本说明书是基于该数量届时会被采用的假设基础上的。
在美国,没有设定类似的排放标准。然而,加州空气资源委员会(CARB)近期公布了标题为“PreliminaryDiscussionPaper–AmendmentstoCalifornia’sLow–EmissionVehicle[LEV]RegulationsforCriteriaPollutans–LEVIII”的文件(公布日期2010年2月8日),其中建议了介于2-4mgPM/英里(1.25-2.50mgPM/km(当前为10mgPM/英里(6.25mgPM/km)))的新PM标准,该文件评论:“委员会已经收到多家制造商的意见,表明对于汽油直接注射式发动机在不要求使用颗粒过滤器的情况下可以满足3mgPM/英里(1.88mgPM/km)的标准”。此外,该文件声明,由于PM质量和数量的排放表现为相关联的:“虽然目前并未考虑强制的数量标准,但是正在考虑约1012颗粒/英里[6.2511颗粒/km]的可选PM数量标准(制造商可选择该标准以替代所述PM质量标准)”。然而,由于CARB尚未设定所述PM标准和PM数量标准,尚不能得知一般性对于加州或美国车辆市场而言颗粒过滤是否必要。然而,很可能某些车辆制造商会选择过滤器来提供任何所选择的强制点火发动机设计选项满足最终设定的不管哪种标准的安全系数。
所述新欧6排放标准对于满足汽油排放标准提出了诸多具有挑战性的设计问题。具体而言,如何设计过滤器或包含过滤器的排放系统,以在可接受的背压(backpressure)条件下,例如在EU运转周期上通过最大周期上(on-cycle)背压测得,减少PM汽油(强制点火)排放物的数量,同时满足非PM污染物如氮氧化物(NOx)、一氧化碳(CO)和未燃烧烃类(HC)中的一种或多种的排放标准。
可以预见,相对于等价的流过式催化剂,三元(three-way)催化颗粒过滤器为满足欧6PM数量标准的最低颗粒降低率为≥50%。此外,虽然相对于等价的流过式催化剂,一定的背压上升对于三元催化壁流过滤器而言是不可避免的,但是在我们的经验中,在MVEG-B驱动周期上(从“新鲜”开始平均超过3次测试)峰值背压对于多数客运车辆应当限制为<200mbar,例如<180mbar,<150mbar且优选<120mbar,如<100mbar。
相比柴油(压缩点火)发动机产生的PM,强制点火发动机产生的PM明显具有更高的超细比例,可以忽略不计的积聚型和粗型,并且这对从强制点火发动机尾气中去除所述PM以避免将其排放到大气中提出了挑战。具体而言,由于与柴油PM的尺寸分布相比,来自强制点火发动机的PM的大部分相对较小,几乎不可能使用促进强制点火PM表层滤饼过滤的过滤器基体,因为所要求的相对较小的过滤器基体平均孔径会在系统中产生不可接受的高背压。
此外,通常,不可能使用设计用来捕获柴油PM的常规壁流过滤器来促进PM从强制点火发动机中的表层过滤,以满足相关排放标准,原因在于通常在强制点火尾气中PM更少,因而更不太可能形成烟灰滤饼;并且,强制点火尾气温度通常更高,这会导致更快地通过氧化去除PM,因而阻止了通过滤饼过滤去除更多的PM。在常规柴油壁流过滤器中,强制点火PM的深层过滤也是非常困难的,因为所述PM比过滤介质的孔径小得多。因此,在常规操作中,与压缩点火发动机相比,当用于强制点火发动机时,未涂覆的常规柴油壁流过滤器具有更低的过滤效率。
另一困难是在可接受的背压下,组合例如催化剂的过滤效率和洗涂层(washcoat)负载率以满足对于非PM污染物的排放标准。目前,市售车辆的柴油壁流颗粒过滤器的平均孔径为约13μm。然而,我们已经发现,如US2006/0133969中所述,以足够的催化剂负载对这类过滤器洗涂来获得所需的汽油(强制点火)排放标准会导致不可接受的背压。
为了降低过滤器背压,可能要缩短基体的长度。然而,只能达到有限的水平,在该水平以下,随着过滤器长度降低背压增大。对于本发明过滤器适合的过滤器长度为2-12英寸长,优选3-6英寸长。截面可以是圆形,并且在我们的开发工作中,我们已经使用了4.66和5.66英寸直径的过滤器。然而,截面也可以由需要安装该过滤器的车辆上的空间决定。因此,对于处于所谓紧密结合位置的过滤器,例如距发动机排气歧管50cm以内空间非常有限之处,可预期椭圆形或卵形的过滤器截面。可预期地,背压还会随着洗涂层负载率和烟灰负载率升高。
近期,已经有诸多努力试图将三元催化剂与过滤器结合来满足欧6排放标准。
US2009/0193796公开了涂覆到颗粒捕获器上的三元转化催化剂。实施例公开了例如具有催化材料的烟灰过滤器,该催化材料使用两个涂层输入涂层和输出涂层制成。所用的烟灰过滤器基体的平均孔径未提及。所述输入涂层包含氧化铝、储氧组分(OSC)和铑,所有的总负载为0.17gin-3;输出涂层包括氧化铝、OSC和钯,所有的总负载为0.42gin-3。然而,我们相信<0.5gin-3的三元催化剂洗涂层负载率不能单独提供足以满足所需排放标准的三元活性,即所宣称的过滤器似乎是设计为包含在一系统中,该系统位于包含流过型基体独石的三元催化剂的下游。
WO2009/043390公开了催化活性颗粒过滤器,其包括过滤元件和包括两层的催化活性涂层。第一层与流入的尾气接触,而第二层与流出的尾气接触。两层都含有氧化铝。第一层包含钯,第二层除铑外还包含储氧的混合铈/锆氧化物。在实施例中,未指出平均孔径的壁流过滤器基体涂覆有负载率约31g/l的第一层和负载率约30g/l的第二层。换而言之,所述洗涂层负载率低于1.00gin-3。对于多数车辆应用,该涂覆过滤器不可能单独满足所要求的排放标准。
现在,我们非常意外地发现,可以改造相对多孔的颗粒过滤器-例如适用于柴油应用的颗粒过滤器-使得它能够用于在可接受的压降和背压条件下捕获例如超细强制点火PM。具体而言,我们的发明人发现,在深层过滤基本受损的情况下,阻碍PM到达过滤器基材的多孔结构的洗涂层可有利地促进表层过滤,其程度使得来自强制点火发动机的PM的滤饼过滤得到促进或加强。
早期的迹象表明,相比柴油PM,强制点火PM在氧气中在更低的温度下即可燃烧。研究仍在继续,但是本发明通过提供用于捕获强制点火PM以在氧气中燃烧的装置来利用这一现象。
根据一方面,本发明提供了用于从诸如强制点火发动机的发动机排出的尾气中滤除颗粒物质(PM)的过滤器,所述强制点火发动机例如车辆的强制点火发动机如以化学计量比运转的强制点火发动机或者贫燃的强制点火发动机,所述过滤器包括具有输入表面和输出表面的多孔基体,其中所述输入表面与所述输出表面被包含多个具有第一平均孔径的空穴如表面空穴的多孔结构分隔开,其中所述多孔基体涂覆有洗涂层,该洗涂层包含多个固体颗粒,其中涂覆有洗涂层的多孔基体的多孔结构包含多个具有第二平均孔径的孔穴,且所述第二平均孔径小于所述第一平均孔径。
早期的迹象是本发明能够在可接受的背压下将强制点火发动机的颗粒数量排放减少>30%,例如>50%,如>80%或者甚至>90%。
平均孔径可通过水银孔隙度计测定。
可以理解,本发明的优点基本上与所述基体的孔隙率无关。孔隙率是多孔基体内空隙空间所占百分比的一个度量,并且关系到排放系统内的背压:通常,孔隙率越低,背压越高。然而,本发明所用过滤器的孔隙率通常>40%或>50%,并且有利地可使用45-75%如50-65%或55-60%的孔隙率。所述涂覆有洗涂层的多孔基体的平均孔径对于过滤是重要的。因此,可以采用作为过滤器较差的相对较高孔隙率的多孔基体,因为平均孔径也会相对较高。
所述多孔基体可以是金属,例如烧结的金属,或者陶瓷如碳化硅、堇青石、氮化铝、氮化硅、钛酸铝、氧化铝、堇青石、莫来石如针状莫来石(参见如WO01/16050)、铯榴石、铝热剂(thermet)如Al2O3/Fe、Al2O3/Ni或B4C/Fe,或者包含其中任何两种或更多种片段的复合材料。在优选的实施方式中,所述过滤器是包括陶瓷多孔过滤基体的壁流过滤器,所述基体具有多个输入通道和多个输出通道,其中每一输入通道和每一输出通道部分由多孔结构的陶瓷壁所限定,其中每一输入通道与输出通道被多孔结构的陶瓷壁分隔开。这种过滤器设置还公开在SAE810114中,更多细节可参见该文献。可选择地,所述过滤器可以是泡沫或者所谓的局部过滤器(partialfilter),例如EP1057519或WO01/080978中公开的那些。
促使对用于柴油应用的壁流过滤器进行涂覆的原因通常与本发明的理由不同。在柴油应用中,采用洗涂层来向过滤器基体上引入催化组分,如用于将NO氧化为NO2的催化剂,但是一个重要的问题是避免烟灰积聚时的背压问题。因此,在所需催化活性与可接受的背压之间要达到平衡。与此不同,给本发明所用多孔基体涂覆洗涂层的主要推动因素是同时实现所需的过滤效率和催化活性。
在一实施方式中,所述第一平均孔径如所述多孔过滤基体的多孔结构的表面孔穴的第一平均孔径为8-45μm,例如8-25μm,10-20μm或10-15μm。在特定的实施方式中,所述第一平均孔径为>18μm,例如15-45μm,20-45μm如20-30μm或者25-45μm。
在实施方式中,所述过滤器的洗涂层负载率为>0.25gin-3,例如>0.5gin-3或≥0.80gin-3,如0.80-3.00gin-3。在优选实施方式中,所述洗涂层负载率为>1.00gin-3,例如≥1.2gin-3,>1.5gin-3,>1.6gin-3或>2.00gin-3,或者例如1.6-2.4gin-3。在具体的过滤器平均孔径和洗涂层负载率组合中,所述过滤器在可接受的背压条件下结合了所需的颗粒过滤水平和催化活性。
在第一优选实施方式中,所述过滤器包含表面洗涂层,其中洗涂层基本覆盖所述多孔结构的表面孔穴,并且所述涂覆洗涂层的多孔基体的孔穴部分由所述洗涂层内颗粒之间的空间(颗粒间孔穴)所限定。换而言之,基本上没有洗涂层进入所述多孔基体的多孔结构中。制备表面涂覆的多孔过滤基体的方法包括向所述多孔结构中引入聚合物如聚乙烯醇(PVA),给包括所述聚合物的多孔过滤基体涂敷洗涂层并干燥,随后煅烧涂覆的基体以烧掉所述聚合物。图2A示意性地显示了该第一实施方式。
涂覆多孔过滤基体的方法是本领域技术人员公知的,并且包括但不限于,WO99/47260中公开的方法,即涂覆独石载体的方法,包括如下步骤:(a)在载体顶上放置容纳(containment)装置,(b)向所述容纳装置中注入预定量的液体组分,可以是先(a)后(b)或者先(b)后(a)的次序,以及(c)通过施加压力或真空,将所述液体组分牵引到所述载体的至少一部分中,并且基本上将所述量全部保留在所述载体内。在用可选的烧制/煅烧步骤干燥所述第一涂层之后,可从所述独石载体的另一端重复所述工艺步骤。
在该第一实施方式中,所述多孔洗涂层的平均颗粒间孔径为5.0nm到5.0μm,例如0.1-1.0μm。
在该第一表面涂层实施方式中,固体洗涂层颗粒的D90可以大于所述多孔过滤基体的平均孔径,并且可以在10-40μm范围,例如15-30μm或12-25μm。本文所用的“D90”指洗涂层中的粒度分布,其中90%的所含颗粒具有落在给定范围内的直径。可选择地,在各实施方式中,所述固体封闭涂层颗粒的平均尺寸为1-20μm。可以理解,洗涂层内粒度范围越宽,洗涂层更可能进入到多孔基体的多孔结构中。因此,术语“基本上没有洗涂层进入到所述基体的多孔结构中”应当做相应地解释。
根据第二实施方式,所述洗涂层可涂覆在输入和/或输出表面上,并且还可涂覆到多孔基体的多孔结构内。我们认为围绕输入和/或输出表面上的孔穴开口的表面涂层,从而缩窄了例如赤裸过滤基体的表面孔径,促进了包含PM的气相的相互作用而不会明显限制孔体积,因此不会导致背压的明显上升。换而言之,多孔结构表面上的孔穴包括孔穴开口,且所述洗涂层导致基本上所有的孔穴开口都缩窄了。图2B示意性地显示了所述第二实施方式。
制备第二实施方式的过滤器的方法可包括按照本领域技术人员公知的适合方式配制洗涂层,包括调整粘度和表面润湿特性,以及在涂覆多孔基体后施加适当的真空(同样参见WO99/47260)。
在所述第一和第二实施方式中,其中至少部分洗涂层涂覆在所述多孔基体的输入和/或输出表面上,所述洗涂层可涂覆在所述输入表面、所述输出表面或者同时涂覆在所述输入和输出表面上。此外,所述输入和输出表面中的一者或两者上可包括多个洗涂层,其中所述多层中的每一洗涂层可以相同或不同,例如在第一层中的平均孔径可以不同于第二层的平均孔径。在各实施方式中,用于涂覆在输出表面上的洗涂层并不必与用于输入表面的相同。
当输入和输入表面均被涂覆时,所述洗涂层配方可以相同或不同。当所述输入和输出表面均涂覆有洗涂层时,输入表面上的洗涂层的平均孔径可不同于输出表面上的洗涂层的平均孔径。例如,输入表面上的洗涂层的平均孔径可小于输出表面上的洗涂层的平均孔径。在后一情况下,输出表面上的洗涂层的平均孔径可大于所述多孔基体的平均孔径。
虽然,涂敷到输入表面上的洗涂层的平均孔径可以大于所述多孔基体的平均孔径,但是输入表面上的洗涂层具有比多孔基体更小的孔穴是有利的,可以阻止或者减少任何燃烧烟灰或碎屑进入所述多孔结构。
根据第三实施方式,所述洗涂层基本上坐落(即弥漫)在所述多孔基体的多孔结构内。图2C示意性地显示了该第三实施方式。制备第三实施方式的过滤器的方法包括按照本领域技术人员公知的适合方式配制洗涂层,包括粘度调整和选择低润湿特性,以及在给多孔基体涂覆洗涂层后施加适当的真空(同样参见WO99/47260)。可选择地,可将所述多孔基体浸泡在适合的盐溶液中,并对所得产物进行干燥和煅烧。
EP1663458公开了一种SCR过滤器,其中所述过滤器是壁流独石,并且SCR催化剂组合物弥漫在所述壁流独石的壁中。其说明书泛泛地公开了所述壁流过滤器的器壁可在其上或其内(即两者不同时)包含一种或多种催化材料。根据该公开,当用来描述催化剂浆液在壁流独石基体上的分散时,“弥漫”表示所述催化剂组合物分散遍及所述基体壁。
在所述第二和第三实施方式中,其中至少部分所述洗涂层位于所述多孔结构中,所述固体洗涂层颗粒的尺寸如平均尺寸可以小于所述多孔过滤基体的平均孔径,例如0.1-20μm,如1-18μm、1-16μm、2-15μm或3-12μm。在特定的实施方式中,所述固体洗涂层颗粒的上述尺寸是D90而非平均尺寸。
在更具体的实施方式中,所述洗涂层的表面孔隙率由于包括位于其内的空隙(void)而增大。具有这类特征的尾气催化剂公开在例如我们的WO2006/040842和WO2007/116881中。
本文中,洗涂层中的“空隙”指存在于由固体洗涂层材料所限定的层内的空间。空隙可包括任何空缺、细孔、洞穴形态(圆筒、棱柱)、裂缝等,并且可以通过如下方式引入,即在用于涂覆在过滤基体上的洗涂层组合物中包含在涂覆的过滤基体煅烧过程中会燃烧的材料(如切碎的棉花或材料),以通过分解或燃烧时形成气体而产生孔穴。当存在空隙时,空隙不同于所述多孔洗涂层的平均颗粒间孔径,因此在确定所述平均颗粒间孔径时不应当计算在内。
所述洗涂层的平均空隙比例可为5-80%,而所述空隙的平均直径可为0.2-500μm,例如10-250μm。
本发明过滤器中所用的洗涂层优选为催化洗涂层,并且在各实施方式中,选自烃捕获剂、三元催化剂(TWC)、NOx吸收剂、氧化催化剂、选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂、贫NOx催化剂和其中任意两种或多种的组合。例如,在优选的实施方式中,输入表面涂覆有TWC洗涂层或NOx吸收剂组合物,并且所述输出表面涂覆有SCR洗涂层。在该配置中,发动机间隙的富运转(richrunning),例如用于再生所述NOx吸收剂的NOx吸收能力,会在用于降低输出表面上的SCR催化剂上的NOx的TWC或NOx吸收剂上原位产生氨。类似地,氧化催化剂可包括烃捕获官能团。在一实施方式中,所述输入表面未涂覆SCR催化剂。
所述催化洗涂层,如TWC、NOx吸收剂、氧化催化剂、烃捕获剂和贫NOx催化剂,可包含一种或多种铂系金属,特别是选自铂、钯和铑的金属。
TWC用于催化三种同步反应:(i)一氧化碳氧化为二氧化碳,(ii)未燃烧烃氧化为二氧化碳和水;以及(iii)氮氧化物还原为氮和氧。当所述TWC接收来自在化学计量点或附近运转的发动机的尾气时,这三种反应进行地最为有效。如本领域公知地,当汽油燃料在强制点火(如火花点火)内燃发动机中燃烧时,所排放的一氧化碳(CO)、未燃烧烃(HC)和氮氧化物(NOx)的量主要受到燃烧汽缸内的空气-燃料比例的影响。具有化学计量平衡组成的尾气是氧化性气体(NOx和O2)浓度与还原性气体(HC和CO)浓度基本匹配的尾气。产生所述化学计量平衡的尾气组合物的空气-燃料比例通常给定为14.7:1。
理论上,应当可能将化学计量平衡的尾气组合物中的O2、NOx、CO和HC完全转化为CO2、H2O和N2,并且这是所述三元催化剂的职责。因此,理想地,发动机应当以这种方式运转,使得燃烧混合物的空气-燃料比例产生化学计量平衡的尾气组合物。
一种定义尾气的氧化性气体与还原性气体之间的组成平衡的方式是尾气的λ(λ)值,其根据以下公式(1)定义:
实际的发动机空气-燃料比/化学计量的发动机空气-燃料比,(1)
其中λ值为1表示化学计量平衡(或化学计量比)的尾气组合物,其中λ值>1表示过量的O2和NOx,且该组合物被描述为“贫”,且λ值<1表示过量的HC和CO,且该组合物被描述为“富”。在本领域中还常常根据所述空气-燃料比产生的尾气组合物将发动机运转所处的空气-燃料比称为“化学计量”、“贫”或“富”:即化学计量运转的汽油发动机或贫燃的汽油发动机。
应当理解,当尾气组合物贫于化学计量时,使用TWC将NOx还原为N2效率更低。同样,当尾气组合物为富组合物时,TWC氧化CO和HC的能力较低。因此,挑战在于保持流入所述TWC的尾气的组成尽可能接近化学计量组成。
当然,当发动机处于稳态时,相对容易确保空气-燃料比为化学计量比。然而,当发动机用于驱动车辆时,根据驾驶者施加在发动机上的负载需求所需的燃料量会短时地改变。这使得控制空气-燃料比,进而产生用于三元转化的化学计量比尾气非常困难。在实践中,所述空气-燃料比由发动机控制单元控制,它接收来自尾气氧(EGO)(或λ)传感器的有关所述尾气组合物的信息(所谓的闭路反馈系统)。这类系统的特征是空气-燃料比在稍富于化学计量(或控制设定)点和稍贫于化学计量点之间振荡(扰动),因为存在与调节空气-燃料比相关的时间延迟。这种扰动可通过空气-燃料比的振幅和响应频率(Hz)来表征。
常规TWC中的活性组分包括负载在高表面积氧化物之上的铂和钯中的一者或两者与铑的组合,甚至仅为钯(无铑),以及储氧组分。
当尾气组合物稍稍富于设定点时,需要少量氧气来消耗未反应的CO和HC,即使所述反应更符合化学计量比。相反,当尾气稍贫时,需要消耗过量的氧气。这通过储氧组分的开发得以实现,在扰动期间它释放或者吸收氧气。在现代TWC中最常用的储氧组分(OSC)是氧化铈(CeO2)或者包含铈的混合氧化物如Ce/Zr混合氧化物。
NOx吸收剂催化剂(NAC)是公知的,例如美国专利NO.5,473,887,并且用于从贫尾气(λ>1)中吸收氮氧化物(NOx),并且当尾气中的氧气浓度降低时解吸出NOx。解吸出的NOx可被适合的还原剂如汽油燃料还原成N2,NAC本身的或位于NAC下游的催化组分如铑可促进还原。实践中,根据计算的NAC残余NOx吸附容量,氧浓度控制可间歇地调节为所需的氧化还原组成,例如富于正常发动机运转操作(但仍贫于化学计量或λ=1组合物),化学计量或富于化学计量(λ<1)。可通过诸多方式来调节氧浓度,例如节流、向发动机汽缸内注入额外的烃燃料例如在排气冲程期间,或者向发动机歧管下游的尾气中直接注入烃燃料。
典型的NAC制剂包括催化氧化组分如铂,大量(即明显多于作为促进剂如TWC中的促进剂所需的量)的NOx-贮存组分如钡,和还原催化剂,如铑。对于这种制剂,通常给出的从贫尾气中贮存NOx的一种机理是:
NO+1/2O2→NO2(2);以及
BaO+NO2+1/2O2→Ba(NO3)2(3),
其中,在反应(2)中,氧化一氮与氧气在铂的活性氧化位点上反应形成NO2。反应(3)包括所述贮存材料以无机硝酸盐的形式吸附所述NO2。
在低氧气浓度和/或在高温下,所述硝酸盐物质变为热力学不稳定的并分解,按照以下反应(4)产生NO或NO2。在适合还原剂的存在下,这些氮氧化物随后被一氧化碳、氢和烃类还原为N2,这可以在还原催化剂上进行(参见反应(5))。
Ba(NO3)2→BaO+2NO+3/2O2
或Ba(NO3)2→BaO+2NO2+1/2O2(4);以及
NO+CO→1/2N2+CO2(5);
(其它反应包括Ba(NO3)2+8H2→BaO+2NH3+5H2O随后是NH3+NOx→N2+yH2O或2NH3+2O2+CO→N2+3H2O+CO2等)。
在以上反应(2)-(5)中,反应性钡物质以氧化物形式给出。然而,可以理解在空气存在下,所述钡中大部分为碳酸盐或者可能为氢氧化物的形式。本领域技术人员针对不同于所述氧化物的钡物质相应地改变上述的反应方案,以及排出物流中的催化涂层顺序。
氧化催化剂促进了一氧化碳到二氧化碳的氧化,和未燃烧烃类到二氧化碳到水的氧化。典型的氧化催化剂包括位于高表面积载体上的铂和/或钯。
烃捕获器通常包括分子筛,并且还可添加催化剂,如诸如铂或者铂与钯组合的铂系金属。
SCR催化剂可选自Cu、Hf、La、Au、In、V、镧系金属和诸如Fe的VIII族过渡金属中的至少一种,负载在难熔氧化物或分子筛上。适合的难熔氧化物包括Al2O3、TiO2、CeO2、SiO2、ZrO2和包含其中两种或更多种的混合氧化物。所述非沸石催化剂还可包括氧化钨如V2O5/WO3/TiO2。
贫NOx催化剂,有时也称为烃-SCR催化剂、DeNOx催化剂或者甚至非选择性催化还原催化剂,包括Pt/Al2O3、Cu-、Pt-、Fe-、Co-或Ir-交换的ZSM-5、质子化的沸石如H-ZSM-5或H-Y沸石,钙钛矿和Ag/Al2O3。在被烃类(HC)选择性催化还原(SCR)的反应中,HC与NOx而非与O2按照方程式(6)反应,形成氮气、CO2和水:
{HC}+NOx→N2+CO2+H2O(6)
竞争性的、与氧气的非选择性反应如方程式(7)所示:
{HC}+O2→CO2+H2O(7)
因此,优良的HC-SCR催化剂对反应(6)比反应(7)有更强的选择性。
在特定的实施方式中,所述洗涂层包括至少一种用于捕获强制点火PM的分子筛,如硅铝酸盐沸石或SAPO。所述至少一种分子筛可以是例如小、中或大孔分子筛。本文中,“小孔分子筛”指最大环尺寸(ringsize)为8的分子筛,例如CHA;本文中,“中孔分子筛”指最大环尺寸为10的分子筛,如ZSM-5;且本文中“大孔分子筛”指最大环尺寸为12的分子筛,例如β。小孔分子筛可能更利于用在SCR催化剂中,参见例如WO2008/132452。
本发明中所用的具体分子筛选自AEI、ZSM-5、ZSM-20、ERI包括ZSM-34、丝光沸石、镁碱沸石、BEA包括β、Y、CHA、LEV包括Nu-3、MCM-22和EU-1。
在各实施方式中,所述分子筛可以是未金属化的或用至少一种选自如下的金属金属化的:元素周期表的IB、IIB、IIIA、IIIB、VB、VIB、VIB和VIII族。当金属化时,所述金属可选自Cr、Co、Cu、Fe、Hf、La、Ce、In、V、Mn、Ni、Zn、Ga和贵金属Ag、Au、Pt、Pd和Rh。这类金属化分子筛可用在选择性催化使用还原剂还原强制点火尾气中的氮氧化物的过程中。本文中,“金属化”指包括一种或多种引入到分子筛骨架内的金属,如β框架中的Fe和CHA框架中的Cu,的分子筛。如上所述,当所述还原剂为烃时,所述过程有时被称为“烃选择性催化还原(HC-SCR)”、“贫NOx催化”或“DeNOx催化”,且用于该应用的具体金属包括Cu、Pt、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Zn、Ag、Ce、Ga。烃还原剂可以通过发动机操控技术引入尾气中,例如迟后喷油(postinjection)或早后喷油(所谓的“延迟喷油”)。
当还原剂为含氮还原剂(所谓的“NH3-SCR”)时,特别关注的金属选自Ce、Fe和Cu。适合的含氮还原剂包括氨。氨可原位产生,如在置于过滤器上游的NAC的富再生期间或者通过TWC与来自发动机的富尾气接触(参见以上反应(4)和(5)的变型)。可选择地,所述含氮还原剂或其前体可直接注入尾气中。适合的前体包括甲酸铵、尿素和氨基甲酸铵。所述前体分解为氨和其它副产物可通过水热或催化水解进行。
实际使用中的柴油壁流过滤器的巢室密度可能不同于本发明所用的壁流过滤器,所述柴油壁流过滤器的巢室密度通常为每平方英寸300个巢室(cpsi)或更少,例如100或200cpsi,从而相对较大的柴油PM组分可进入所述过滤器的输入通道,而不会撞击到所述柴油颗粒过滤器的固体前区上,进而结块并使到开放通道的通路结垢,而本发明所用的壁流过滤器可为高达300cpsi或更高,例如350cpsi、400cpsi、600cpsi、900cpsi或者甚至1200cpsi。
使用更高巢室密度的优点是所述过滤器相比柴油颗粒过滤器可具有更小的截面,例如直径,这是一个有用且实用的优点,它为排放系统在车辆上的安置提供了更多的设计选择。
根据另一方面,本发明提供了用于强制点火发动机的排放系统,该系统包括本发明的过滤器。本发明这一方面所用的强制点火发动机可以汽油燃料、混有包括甲醇和/或乙醇在内的含氧化合物的汽油燃料、液化石油气或压缩天然气作为燃料。
在一实施方式中,所述排放系统包括用于向过滤器上游的尾气中注入还原剂(例如烃或含氮还原剂或其前体)流体的装置。在特定的实施方式中,所述还原剂流体是含氮化合物。
在特定的实施方式中,所述注射器和过滤器均位于TWC的下游。
在另一方面,本发明提供了包括本发明排放系统的强制点火发动机,以及包括这类强制点火发动机的车辆。在优选的实施方式中,所述强制点火发动机是直喷式强制点火发动机。
在又一方面,本发明提供了通过深层过滤从强制点火发动机排放的尾气中捕获颗粒物质(PM)的方法,该方法包括使包含所述PM的尾气与包括具有输入和输出表面的多孔基体的过滤器接触,其中所述输入表面与所述输出表面被多孔结构分隔开,该多孔结构包含具有第一平均孔径的多孔,并且所述多孔基体涂覆有包含多个固体颗粒的洗涂层,其中所述涂覆洗涂层的多孔基体的多孔结构包含具有第二平均孔径的多孔,并且所述第二平均孔径小于所述第一平均孔径。
本发明的实施方案包括:
1.用于从强制点火发动机排出的尾气中滤除颗粒物质(PM)的过滤器,该过滤器包括具有输入表面和输出表面的多孔基体,其中所述输入表面与所述输出表面被包含多个具有第一平均孔径的孔穴的多孔结构分隔开,其中所述多孔基体涂覆有包含多个固体颗粒的洗涂层,其中所述涂有洗涂层的多孔基体的多孔结构包含多个具有第二平均孔径的孔穴,并且所述第二平均孔径小于所述第一平均孔径。
2.根据实施方案1所述的过滤器,其中所述多孔基体的多孔结构的第一平均孔径为8-45μm。
3.根据实施方案1或2所述的过滤器,其中所述洗涂层负载率为>0.50gin-3。
4.根据实施方案3所述的过滤器,其中所述洗涂层负载率为>1.00gin-3。
5.根据实施方案1、2、3或4所述的过滤器,包括表面洗涂层,其中洗涂层基本上覆盖所述多孔结构的表面孔穴,且所述覆盖洗涂层的多孔基体的孔穴部分由所述洗涂层内的颗粒之间的空间(颗粒间孔穴)所限定。
6.根据实施方案5所述的过滤器,其中所述多孔洗涂层的平均颗粒间孔径为5.0nm-5.0μm。
7.根据任意前述实施方案所述的过滤器,其中固体洗涂层颗粒的平均尺寸大于所述第一平均孔径。
8.根据实施方案7所述的过滤器,其中所述固体洗涂层颗粒的平均尺寸在1-40μm范围。
9.根据实施方案1、2、3或4所述的过滤器,其中所述多孔结构表面的孔穴包括孔穴开口,且所述洗涂层导致基本上所有表面孔穴开口缩窄。
10.根据实施方案1、2、3或4所述的过滤器,其中所述洗涂层基本上位于所述多孔基体的多孔结构内。
11.根据实施方案9或10所述的过滤器,其中固体洗涂层颗粒的平均尺寸小于所述多孔基体的平均孔径。
12.根据实施方案11所述的过滤器,其中所述固体洗涂层颗粒的平均尺寸在0.1-20μm范围。
13.根据实施方案11所述的过滤器,其中固体洗涂层颗粒的D90在0.1-20μm范围。
14.根据任意前述实施方案所述的过滤器,其中所述洗涂层涂覆在输入表面,输出表面或者同时输入和输出表面上。
15.根据实施方案14所述的过滤器,其中所述输入和输出表面均涂覆有洗涂层,并且其中所述输入表面上的洗涂层的平均孔径不同于所述输出表面上的洗涂层的平均孔径。
16.根据实施方案15所述的过滤器,其中所述输入表面上的洗涂层的平均孔径小于所述输出表面上的洗涂层的平均孔径。
17.根据实施方案16所述的过滤器,其中所述输出表面上的洗涂层的平均孔径大于所述多孔基体的平均孔径。
18.根据任意前述实施方案所述的过滤器,其中所述多孔基体是陶瓷壁流过滤器、金属过滤器或陶瓷泡沫。
19.根据实施方案18所述的过滤器,其中所述金属过滤器是烧结金属过滤器、局部过滤器和/或包括金属丝网。
20.根据任意前述实施方案所述的过滤器,其中所述洗涂层为催化洗涂层。
21.根据实施方案20所述的过滤器,其中所述催化洗涂层选自烃捕获剂、三元催化剂、NOx吸收剂、氧化催化剂、选择性催化还原(SCR)催化剂和贫NOx催化剂。
22.根据实施方案20或21所述的过滤器,其中所述催化剂洗涂层包括至少一种分子筛。
23.根据实施方案22所述的过滤器,其中所述至少一种分子筛是小、中或大孔分子筛。
24.根据实施方案22或23所述的过滤器,其中所述至少一种分子筛选自AEI、ZSM-5、ZSM-20、ERI、LEV、丝光沸石、BEA、Y、CHA、MCM-22和EU-1。
25.根据实施方案22、23或24所述的过滤器,其中所述分子筛是未金属化的,或者用至少一种选自如下的金属金属化的:周期表的IB、IIB、IIIA、IIIB、VB、VIB、VIB和VIII族。
26.根据实施方案25所述的过滤器,其中所述金属选自Cr、Co、Cu、Fe、Hf、La、Ce、In、V、Mn、Ni、Zn、Ga和贵金属Ag、Au、Pt、Pd及Rh。
27.根据实施方案25或26所述的过滤器,其中所述金属选自Cu、Pt、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Zn、Ag、Ce和Ga。
28.根据实施方案25、26或27所述的过滤器,其中所述金属选自Ce、Fe和Cu。
29.用于强制点火发动机的尾气系统,该系统包括任意前述实施方案所述的过滤器。
30.根据实施方案29所述的尾气系统,包括用于将还原剂流体注入过滤器上游的尾气中的装置。
31.根据实施方案30所述的尾气系统,其中所述还原剂流体是含氮化合物。
32.一种强制点火发动机,包括实施方案29、30或31所述的尾气系统。
33.根据实施方案31所述的强制点火发动机,以选自如下的烃燃料为燃料:汽油、混有甲醇和/或乙醇的汽油、液化石油气和压缩天然气。
34.通过深层过滤从强制点火发动机排出的尾气中捕获颗粒物质(PM)的方法,该方法包括使包含所述PM的尾气与包括具有输入和输出表面的多孔基体的过滤器接触,其中所述输入表面与所述输出表面被包含多个具有第一平均孔径的孔穴的多孔结构分隔开,其中所述多孔基体涂覆有包含多个固体颗粒的洗涂层,其中所述涂有洗涂层的多孔基体的多孔结构包含多个具有第二平均孔径的孔穴,并且所述第二平均孔径小于所述第一平均孔径。
参见附图以更全面地理解本发明,其中:
图1是显示柴油发动机废气中的PM尺寸分布的图像。作为对比,汽油尺寸分布如SAE1999-01-3530的图4所示;
图2A-C显示了本发明的涂覆洗涂层的多孔过滤器基体的三种实施方式的示意图;
图3是关于多孔过滤基体、多孔洗涂层和包括多孔表面洗涂层的多孔过滤基体的孔径分布的压汞法的示意图;并且图4是给出一组壁流过滤基体孔径vs洗涂层负载率的表格,表明所述涂覆的壁流过滤器在车辆汽油尾气后处理系统中的适用性。
图2A-C显示了包括表面孔穴12的多孔过滤基体10的截面。图2A显示了第一实施方式,特征是包括固体洗涂层颗粒的多孔表面洗涂层14,所述颗粒之间的空间限定了孔穴(颗粒间孔穴)。可以看出,所述洗涂层14基本上覆盖了所述多孔结构的孔穴12,且所述颗粒间孔穴16的平均孔径小于所述多孔过滤基体10的平均孔径12。
图2B显示了第二实施方式,包括涂覆在输入表面16上以及多孔基体10的多孔结构12内的洗涂层。可以看出,所述洗涂层14导致表面孔穴12的孔开口缩窄,从而涂覆的多孔基体的平均孔径18小于多孔过滤基体10的平均孔径12。
图2C显示了第三实施方式,其中洗涂层14基本在位于(即弥漫)多孔基体10的多孔结构12之内。
图3显示了关于多孔过滤基体20、多孔洗涂层22和包括表面洗涂层24的多孔柴油过滤基体的孔径对孔数目的图像。可以看出,所述过滤基体具有约15μm左右的平均孔径。所述洗涂层具有双峰分布,包括颗粒间孔穴22A(在所述范围的纳米端)和朝向微米尺度端的颗粒间孔穴22B。还可看出,通过用本发明的洗涂层涂覆所述多孔过滤基体,裸露过滤基体的孔分布朝向颗粒间洗涂层孔径的方向迁移(参见箭头)。
图4给出了一组对具有不同平均孔径的三个壁流过滤器上的三元催化剂洗涂层的洗涂层负载率研究的初步结果。总而言之,自13μm平均孔径的壁流过滤器与相对低洗涂层负载率(0.4gin-3)的组合开始,到具有0.8gin-3的20μm和13μm孔径基体、再到具有1.6和2.4gin-3负载率的38μm和20μm平均孔径基体,有一组可接受的背压和过滤效率。
然而,总结这一组三元催化剂使用的数据,在独立(stand-alone)产品中≥1.6gin-3的洗涂层负载率对可接受的三元催化剂活性是优选的。本发明还可在不显著升高背压的情况下实现结合充分的三元催化剂效率和PM过滤。在较小平均孔径壁流过滤基体上采用较高的洗涂层负载率仅可用于能耐受升高的背压的应用。参见图4,虽然在某些可以耐受背压升高的应用中,13μm平均孔径的壁流过滤基体可与≥1.6gin-3的洗涂层负载率结合使用,但是目前对于≥1.6gin-3的负载率优选使用≥20μm的平均孔径,以在催化活性、过滤和背压之间取得所需的平衡。本发明的优点在于现有技术的包括流过型独石基体(该基体通常放置在车辆上地板下(underfloor)或紧密结合(close-coupled)位置)的三元催化剂可用本发明的过滤器替代,以提供充分的三元活性以满足气态HC、CO和NOx排放的法规要求,同时满足例如欧6标准所要求的颗粒数目标准。
根据特定要求,本发明过滤器显然可与其它排放系统后处理组件结合使用,以提供完整的排放系统后处理装置,例如位于过滤器上游和/或催化元件下游的低热质量TWC,如NOx捕获器或SCR催化剂。因此,在产生相对冷的驱动中(on-drive)周期尾气温度的车辆强制点火应用中,我们预期使用位于本发明过滤器上游的低热质量TWC。对于车辆贫燃强制点火应用,我们预期使用位于NOx捕获器上游或下游的本发明过滤器。在车辆化学计量运转的强制点火发动机中,我们认为本发明过滤器可用作独立的催化排放系统后处理组件。换而言之,在某些应用中,本发明过滤器与发动机邻接并直接流体连接,其间没有插入催化剂;和/或尾气后处理系统到大气的出口与本发明过滤器邻接并直接流体连接,其间没有插入催化剂。
需要对TWC提出额外的要求,以对其使用寿命提供诊断功能,所谓的“车载诊断”或OBD。当TWC中没有足够的氧气贮存容量时,OBD会出现问题,因为对于TWC的OBD过程采用剩余的氧气贮存容量来诊断剩余的催化剂功能。然而,如果在过滤器上负载的洗涂层不足,例如在US2009/0193796和WO2009/043390公开的具体实施例中,可能没有足够的OSC来为OBD目的提供精确的OSC“delta”。由于本发明使得洗涂层负载能够接近现有技术的TWC,本发明所用的过滤器可有利地用在现有OBD过程中。
为了更好地理解本发明,以示例地方式提供了以下实施例。实施例中引证的洗涂层负载率采用上述WO99/47260中公开的方法,通过从一端涂覆半数的洗涂层并从另一端涂覆另一半洗涂层来获得,即整个洗涂层不是仅涂覆在过滤器的输入或输出通道上,而是同时涂覆在过滤器的输入和输出通道上。
实施例1
以2.4g/in3的洗涂层负载率和85g/ft3(Pd:Rh16:1)的贵金属负载率制备了两个三元催化剂(TWC)涂层;一个研磨成预期会进入到壁流过滤器的多孔结构内(“壁内(in-wall)”)的小粒度(d90<5μm),而另一者较少研磨(d90<17μm)从而预期它倾向于主要落在壁流过滤器壁的表面上(“壁上(on-wall)”)。将所述涂层涂敷到4.66x4.5英寸、每平方英寸300巢室的堇青石壁流过滤基体上,该基体具有1/12,000英寸的壁厚("300/12"),20微米(下文称为“micron”)的标称平均孔径(62%的孔隙率)。每一过滤器在980℃水热烘箱老化(hydrothermallyoven-aged)4小时,并安装在具有1.4L直喷式汽油发动机的欧5客车上的紧密结合位置。通过最少三个MVEG-B运转周期对每一过滤器进行评估,检测相对于参比催化剂的颗粒数目排放的降低率,其中在相同洗涂层和贵金属负载率下给所述过滤器更换涂覆到流过式基体独石上的TWC,并且测定安装在所述过滤器(或参比催化剂)上游和下游的传感器之间的背压差值。
在欧洲,自2000年开始(欧3排放标准)排放情况是在NewEuropeanDrivingCycle(NEDC)上测试的。这包括重复4次之前的ECE15运转周期加上一个ExtraUrbanDrivingCycle(EUDC),且在开始排放采样之前没有40秒的预热期。这种改进的冷启动试验也称为“MVEG-B”运转周期。所有排放以g/km表示。
欧5/6实施条例引入了由UN/ECEParticulateMeasurementProgramme(PMP)开发的新的PM质量排放检测方法,其调整了PM质量排放限制,以补偿采用旧方法和新方法的结果差异。除基于质量的限制之外,欧5/6条例还引入了颗粒数目排放限制(PMP方法)。
表1的结果表明,相比用较小粒度的“壁内”洗涂层制备的过滤器,用较大粒度的“壁上”洗涂层制备的过滤器能够在小幅但是可接受地升高峰值背压的条件下显著提高颗粒数目降低率。
表1.洗涂层在过滤器内的位置对颗粒数目降低率和背压(BP)的影响
实施例2
将三元催化剂(TWC)涂层以0.8g/in3的洗涂层负载率和80g/ft3的钯负载率涂敷到5.66x3英寸的堇青石壁流过滤基体上,该基体具有每平方英寸300巢室的巢室密度和1/12,000英寸(约0.3mm)的壁厚。对三种孔结构进行了比较:标称平均孔径38微米-65%孔隙率、标称平均孔径20微米-62%孔隙率和标称平均孔径15微米-52%孔隙率。每一过滤器在980℃水热烘箱老化4小时,并安装在具有1.4L直喷式汽油发动机的欧4客车的地板下位置,且完全配制(fullyformulated)的三元催化剂涂覆在位于紧密结合位置(即过滤器上游)的流过式基体独石上。通过最少三个MVEG-B运转周期对每一过滤器进行评估,检测相对于对照系统的颗粒数目排放的降低率,其中在相同洗涂层和钯负载率下给所述地板下过滤器更换涂覆到流过式基体独石上的TWC,并且测定安装在所述紧密结合的TWC上游和所述过滤器(或参比催化剂)下游的传感器之间的背压差值。表2中给出的峰值背压结果是在第三次重复所述MVEG-B周期时读取的背压。
表2的结果表明38微米过滤器具有明显较低水平的颗粒数目去除率(对该车辆应用是不够的),虽然具有最低的背压。20微米过滤器得到可接受水平的颗粒数目去除率和中等程度的背压升高。15微米过滤器在降低颗粒数目排放方面最有效,但是相比20微米过滤器实施方式背压明显更高。
表2.对不同孔径过滤器的颗粒数目降低率和背压(BP)的比较
实施例3
分别以0.8、1.6和2.4g/in3的洗涂层负载率,将三元催化剂涂层涂敷到标称平均孔径20微米、孔隙率62%的、4.66x4.5英寸、300/12的堇青石壁流过滤基体上。每一样品均具有85g/ft3(Pd:Rh16:1)的贵金属负载率。每一过滤器在980℃水热烘箱老化4小时,并安装在具有1.4L直喷式汽油发动机的欧4客车上的紧密结合位置。通过最少三个MVEG-B运转周期对每一过滤器进行评估,检测相对于参比催化剂的颗粒数目排放的降低率,其中在相同洗涂层和钯负载率下给所述紧密结合的过滤器更换涂覆到流过式基体独石上的TWC,并且测定安装在所述过滤器(或参比催化剂)上游和下游的传感器之间的背压差值和气态HC、CO和NOx排放的转化效率。表3中仅记录了非甲烷烃类(NMHC)的转化率(欧6的NMHC为68mg/km,总烃排放极限是100mg/km)。
表3的结果表明用0.8g/in3的洗涂层负载率制备的过滤器具有明显较低水平的颗粒数目去除率和最低的NMHC转化效率。该TWC性能不足以满足对典型客车的欧6气体排放限制。将洗涂层负载率升高到1.6和2.4g/in3得到更大的颗粒数目排放降低率,虽然是在背压升高但可接受的情况下。TWC活性(由表3中的NMHC性能所代表)也被更高的洗涂层负载率明显改善。
表3.不同洗涂层负载率时的颗粒数目降低率、背压(BP)和TWC活性的比较
*“工程目标”是车辆制造商的常用术语,表示立法规定排放的百分比。为了这些实施例的目的,我们采用了80%的工程目标。由于欧6NMHC标准为68mg/km,因此所述工程目标为54mg/km。使用计算得到的该数值的百分比来评估在MVEG-B运转周期上获得的NMHC结果的降低率。这给出了高于或低于100%的数值,该数值与可接受的三元催化剂活性密切相关。
实施例4
将三元催化剂涂层以1.6g/in3的洗涂层负载率和85g/ft3(Pd:Rh16:1)的贵金属负载率涂敷到4.66x4.5英寸、300/12的堇青石壁流过滤基体上,该基体具有每平方英寸300巢室的巢室密度和约0.3mm的壁厚。对两种孔结构进行了比较:标称平均孔径38微米-65%孔隙率和标称平均孔径20微米-62%孔隙率。未对更小孔穴的样品进行评估,因为从实施例2得到的结果看,预计在该测试中背压对于欧4客车而言太大了。每一过滤器在980℃水热烘箱老化4小时,并安装在具有1.4L直喷式汽油发动机的欧4客车的紧密结合位置。通过最少三个MVEG-B运转周期对每一过滤器进行评估,检测相对于参比催化剂的颗粒数目排放的降低率,其中在相同洗涂层和贵金属负载率下给所述紧密结合的过滤器更换涂覆到流过式基体独石上的TWC,并且测定安装在所述过滤器(或参比催化剂)上游和下游的传感器之间的背压差值和气态HC、CO和NOx排放的转化效率。在表4中仅记载了非甲烷烃类(NMHC)的转化率。
表4中的结果表明38微米过滤器具有明显较低水平的颗粒数目去除率(对于该车辆应用是不足的)和较低的背压,这在其它车辆应用中可能是可以接受的。20微米过滤器具有优良水平的颗粒数目去除率和中等程度的背压上升。两个样品在1.6g/in3的洗涂层负载率下都有良好的TWC活性。
表4.不同孔径过滤器的颗粒数目降低率、背压(BP)和TWC活性的比较
*参见表3的脚注。
实施例5
将三元催化剂涂层以2.4g/in3的洗涂层负载率和85g/ft3(Pd:Rh16:1)的贵金属负载率涂敷到4.66x4.5英寸、300/12的堇青石壁流过滤基体上,该基体具有每平方英寸300巢室的巢室密度和约0.3mm的壁厚。对两种孔结构进行了比较:标称平均孔径38微米-65%孔隙率和标称平均孔径20微米-62%孔隙率。未对更小孔穴的样品进行评估,因为从实施例2得到的结果看,预计在该测试中背压对于欧5客车而言太大了。每一过滤器在980℃水热烘箱老化4小时,并安装在具有1.4L直喷式汽油发动机的欧5客车的紧密结合位置。通过最少三个MVEG-B运转周期对每一过滤器进行评估,检测相对于参比催化剂的颗粒数目排放的降低率,其中在相同洗涂层和贵金属负载率下给所述紧密结合的过滤器更换涂覆到流过式基体独石上的TWC,并且测定安装在所述过滤器(或参比催化剂)上游和下游的传感器之间的背压差值和气态HC、CO和NOx排放的转化效率。在表5中仅记载了非甲烷烃类(NMHC)的转化率。
表5中的结果表明38微米过滤器具有明显较低水平的颗粒数目去除率(该车辆应用的边界)和相比20微米过滤器实施方式更低的背压。20微米过滤器具有优良水平的颗粒数目去除率和中等程度的背压上升。两个样品在2.4g/in3的洗涂层负载率下都有良好的TWC活性。相比实施例4中记载的1.6g/in3的样品,两个样品都显示出较大的颗粒数目降低率和升高的背压。
表5.不同孔径过滤器的颗粒数目降低率、背压(BP)和TWC活性的比较
*参见表3的脚注。
实施例6
将三元催化剂涂层以0.4和0.8g/in3的洗涂层负载率涂敷到118x60mm、每平方英寸360巢室的堇青石壁流过滤基体上,该基体具有1/5,000英寸的巢室壁厚(360/5),标称平均孔径13微米、孔隙率48%。每一样品具有85g/ft3(Pd:Rh16:1)的贵金属负载率。没有评估更高的洗涂层负载率,因为预期在本测试中所产生的背压对于欧4客车而言太大了。将新鲜(未老化)的过滤器安装在具有1.4L直喷式汽油发动机的欧4客车的紧密结合位置。通过最少三个MVEG-B运转周期对每一过滤器进行评估,检测相对于参比催化剂的颗粒数目排放的降低率,其中在相同洗涂层和贵金属负载率下给所述紧密结合的过滤器更换涂覆到流过式基体独石上的TWC,并且测定安装在所述过滤器(或参比催化剂)上游和下游的传感器之间的背压差值和气态HC、CO和NOx排放的转化效率。在表6中仅记载了非甲烷烃类(NMHC)的转化率。
表6的结果表明,具有0.8g/in3洗涂层负载率的13微米的过滤器具有中等水平的颗粒数目去除率(该车辆应用的边界),但具有极高的背压。洗涂层负载率降至0.4g/in3得到更可接受的背压,但是较低的颗粒数目排放降低率。预期这种低洗涂层水平不能提供足够的三元催化活性来满足欧6排放标准。
表6.不同洗涂层负载率下的颗粒数目降低率和背压(BP)的比较
实施例7
在MVEG-B和FTP(FederalTestProcedure)75运转周期上对具有2.0L直喷式汽油发动机的欧5客车进行了测试,该客车配备有涂覆到位于紧密结合位置的流过式基体独石上的完全配制的三元催化剂。根据PMP方法检测在MVEG-B运转周期上排放的颗粒数目。按照标准方案检测FTP75运转周期上排放的颗粒物质的质量。随后,将涂覆有0.8g/in3洗涂层负载率和20g/ft3(Pd:Rh3:1)贵金属负载率的三元催化剂涂层的、具有12微米的标称平均孔径和55%孔隙率的125x120mm、300/12的堇青石壁流过滤器固定在地板下位置,即所述流过式基体独石的下游。重复检测颗粒质量和数目排放。
表7的结果表明,相对于流过式仅TWC的系统,安装额外的涂覆过滤器将MVEG-B周期上的颗粒数目排放降低了~99%,将FTP75周期上的颗粒质量排放降低了~75%。根据所采用的CARBPM排放标准,2.7mgPM/英里的数值可能不能满足该标准。
表7.过滤器配制对颗粒数目和质量排放的影响
为了避免任何疑问,本文引用的所有现有技术文献的全部内容在此引入作为参考。
Claims (4)
1.用于从强制点火发动机排出的尾气中滤除颗粒物质(PM)的过滤器,该过滤器包括具有输入表面和输出表面的多孔基体,其中所述输入表面与所述输出表面被包含多个具有第一平均孔径的孔穴的多孔结构分隔开,其中所述多孔基体涂覆有包含多个固体颗粒的洗涂层,其中所述涂有洗涂层的多孔基体的多孔结构包含多个具有第二平均孔径的孔穴,并且所述第二平均孔径小于所述第一平均孔径。
2.用于强制点火发动机的尾气系统,该系统包括权利要求1所述的过滤器。
3.一种强制点火发动机,包括权利要求2所述的尾气系统。
4.通过深层过滤从强制点火发动机排出的尾气中捕获颗粒物质(PM)的方法,该方法包括使包含所述PM的尾气与包括具有输入和输出表面的多孔基体的过滤器接触,其中所述输入表面与所述输出表面被包含多个具有第一平均孔径的孔穴的多孔结构分隔开,其中所述多孔基体涂覆有包含多个固体颗粒的洗涂层,其中所述涂有洗涂层的多孔基体的多孔结构包含多个具有第二平均孔径的孔穴,并且所述第二平均孔径小于所述第一平均孔径。
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