JP6687666B2 - 車両ポジティブ点火内燃機関用排気システム - Google Patents
車両ポジティブ点火内燃機関用排気システム Download PDFInfo
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- JP6687666B2 JP6687666B2 JP2018092881A JP2018092881A JP6687666B2 JP 6687666 B2 JP6687666 B2 JP 6687666B2 JP 2018092881 A JP2018092881 A JP 2018092881A JP 2018092881 A JP2018092881 A JP 2018092881A JP 6687666 B2 JP6687666 B2 JP 6687666B2
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- filter
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Images
Classifications
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- B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
- B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
- B01J29/72—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
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- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
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- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9404—Removing only nitrogen compounds
- B01D53/9409—Nitrogen oxides
- B01D53/9413—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst
- B01D53/9418—Processes characterised by a specific catalyst for removing nitrogen oxides by selective catalytic reduction [SCR] using a reducing agent in a lean exhaust gas
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- B01D46/24—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies
- B01D46/2403—Particle separators, e.g. dust precipitators, using rigid hollow filter bodies characterised by the physical shape or structure of the filtering element
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
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- B01D53/944—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or carbon making use of oxidation catalysts
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Description
実際のエンジン空燃比/理論エンジン空燃比 (1)
ここで、1のラムダ値は化学量論的に安定した排気ガスの組成を示し、1より大きいラムダ値は過度なO2及びNOxを示し、組成は「リーン(lean)」と表現され、1より小さなラムダ値は過度なHCとCOを示し、組成は「リッチ(rich)」と表現される。一般的に空燃比によってエンジンが「理論空燃比」、「リーン」又は「リッチ」に作動し、空燃比に伴う排気ガスの組成により化学量論的に作動するガソリンエンジン又はリーン燃焼ガソリンエンジンがある。
(i)PM-10-粒子:空気動力学径が10μm未満
(ii)微粒子:空気動力学径が2.5μm未満(PM-2.5)
(iii)超微粒子:空気動力学径が0.1μm(又は100nm)未満
(iv)ナノ粒子:空気動力学径が50nm未満
NO+1/2O2→NO2 (2)及び
BaO+NO2+1/2O2→Ba(NO3)2 (3)
反応式(2)において、酸化窒素は白金上の活性酸化サイトで酸素と反応してNO2を形成する。反応式(3)は、無機硝酸塩形態の貯蔵物質によるNO2の吸着と関連する。
Ba(NO3)2→BaO+2NO+3/2O2又はBa(NO3)2→BaO+2NO2+1/2O2 (4);及び
NO+CO→1/2N2+CO2 (5)
(他の反応式はNH3+NOx→N2+yH2O又は2NH3+2O2+CO→N2+3H2O+CO2に繋がるBa(NO3)2+8H2→BaO+2NH3+5H2Oなどを含む。)
{HC}+NOx→N2+CO2+H2O (6)
酸素との競争、非選択的な反応は、式(7)の通りである。
{HC}+O2→CO2+H2 (7)
従って、優れたHC-SCR触媒は、反応式(7)よりも反応式(6)に対して更に選択的である。
2つのTWCコーティング物質が2.4g/in3のウォッシュコート含有量及び85g/ft3の貴金属含有量(Pd:Rh16:1)で製造された。1つは小さな粒子サイズ(D90<5μm)に粉砕されてウォールフローフィルタの多孔性構造内に通過すること(「イン-ウォール(in-wall)」)が予想され、もう1つは粉砕が不十分であり(D90<17μm)ウォールフローフィルタウォールの表面に更に多く位置することが予想される。前記コーティング物質は、4.66×4.5インチに300cpsiで平均細孔サイズが20マイクロメートル(以下、「マイクロン」)である12/1000インチのウォール厚さを持つ(「300/12」)(62%細孔率)コーディエライトウォールフローフィルタ基材に塗布された。各フィルタは、オーブンで980℃で4時間熱水的に加熱され、1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを有するユーロ5乗用車で近接-結合位置に設置された。各フィルタは、3MVEG-Bサイクルの最低を通って評価され、基準触媒に対する排気ガス粒子数の減少を測定し、フィルタは同一のウォッシュコートと貴金属含有量で流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされたTWCに交換され、背圧差はフィルタ(又は基準触媒)の上流と下流に装着されたセンサの間で決定された。
300cpsiのセル密度と12/1000インチ(約0.3mm)のウォール厚さを持つ5.66×3インチのコーディエライトウォールフローフィルタ基材が0.8g/in3のウォッシュコートの含有量及び80g/ft3のパラジウム含有量を有するTWCコーティング物質でコーティングされた。65%の細孔率で38マイクロンの平均細孔サイズ、62%の細孔率で20マイクロンの平均細孔サイズ及び52%の細孔率で15マイクロンの平均細孔サイズを有する3つの細孔構造が比較された。各フィルタはオーブンで980℃で4時間熱水的に加熱され、1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを有するユーロ4乗用車でアンダフロア位置に設置し、近接-結合位置(即ち、フィルタの上流側)に位置する流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされる全体的に形成されたTWCを備える。各フィルタは3MVEG-Bサイクルの最低を通って評価され、基準システムに対する排気ガス粒子数の減少を測定し、アンダフロアフィルタは同一のウォッシュコートとパラジウムの含有量で流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされたTWCに交換され、背圧差は近接-結合TWCの上流とフィルタ(又は基準触媒)の下流に装着されたセンサの間で決定された。表2に与えられた最大背圧の結果は、MVEG-Bサイクルを3回繰り返して得た背圧である。
20マイクロンの平均細孔サイズと62%の細孔率を有する4.66×4.5インチ、300/12コーディエライトウォールフローフィルタ基材が0.8、1.6及び2.4g/in3のウォッシュコート含有量である各TWCコーティング物質でコーティングされた。各サンプルは、85g/ft3の貴金属含有量(Pd:Rh16:1)を有する。各フィルタは、オーブンで980℃で4時間熱水的に加熱され、1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを有するユーロ4乗用車で近接-結合位置に設置された。各フィルタは3MVEG-Bサイクルの最低を通って評価され、基準触媒に対する排気ガス粒子数の減少を測定し、近接-結合フィルタは同一のウォッシュコートと貴金属含有量で流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされたTWCに交換され、背圧差と気体HC、CO及びNOx排気ガスに対する転換効率は、フィルタ(又は基準触媒)の上流と下流に装着されたセンサの間で決定された。非メタン炭化水素(NMHC)だけの転換率が表3に記載される(ユーロ6のためのNMHCは100mg/kmの全体炭化水素排出の制限内である68mg/kmである)。
300cpsiのセル密度と約0.3mmのウォール厚さを持つ4.66×4.5インチ、300/12コーディエライトウォールフローフィルタ基材が1.6g/in3のウォッシュコート含有量と85g/ft3の貴金属含有量(Pd:Rh16:1)でTWCコーティング物質でコーティングされた。65%の細孔率として38マイクロンの平均細孔サイズ、62%の細孔率として20マイクロンの平均細孔サイズを有する2つの細孔構造が比較された。より小さな細孔サンプルは評価されていないが、これは実施形態2の結果から背圧がこのテストでユーロ4乗用車に対してあまりにも大きいことが予想されたためである。各フィルタは、オーブンで980℃で4時間熱水的に加熱され、1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを有するユーロ4乗用車で近接-結合位置に設置された。各フィルタは、3MVEG-Bサイクルの最低を通って評価され、基準触媒に対する排気ガス粒子数の減少を測定し、近接-結合フィルタは、同一のウォッシュコートと貴金属含有量で流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされたTWCに交換され、背圧差と気体HC、CO及びNOx排気ガスに対する転換効率は、フィルタ(又は基準触媒)の上流と下流に装着されたセンサの間で決定された。非メタン炭化水素(NMHC)だけの転換率が表4に記載される。
300cpsiのセル密度と約0.3mmのウォール厚さを持つ4.66×4.5インチ、300/12コーディエライトウォールフローフィルタ基材が2.4g/in3のウォッシュコート含有量と85g/ft3の貴金属含有量(Pd:Rh16:1)でTWCコーティング物質でコーティングされた。65%の細孔率として38マイクロンの平均細孔サイズ、62%の細孔率として20マイクロンの平均細孔サイズを有する2つの細孔構造が比較された。より小さな細孔サンプルは評価されていないが、これは実施形態2の結果から背圧がこのテストでユーロ5乗用車に対してあまりにも大きいことが予想されたためである。各フィルタは、オーブンで980℃で4時間熱水的に加熱され、1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを有するユーロ5乗用車で近接-結合位置に設置された。各フィルタは3MVEG-Bサイクルの最低を通って評価され、基準触媒に対する排気ガス粒子数の減少を測定し、近接-結合フィルタは、同一のウォッシュコートと貴金属含有量で流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされたTWCに交換され、背圧差と気体HC、CO及びNOx排気ガスに対する転換効率は、フィルタ(又は基準触媒)の上流と下流に装着されたセンサの間で決定された。非メタン炭化水素(NMHC)だけの転換率が表5に記載される。
13マイクロンの平均細孔サイズと48%の細孔率を有し、5/1000インチのセルウォール厚さを有し、18×60mm、360cpsi(360/5)のコーディエライトウォールフローフィルタ基材が0.4及び0.8g/in3のウォッシュコート含有量のTWCコーティング物質でコーティングされた。各サンプルは、85g/ft3の貴金属含有量(Pd:Rh16:1)を有する。更に高いウォッシュコート含有量は、評価されていないが、これはこのテストでユーロ4乗用車に対して結果背圧があまりにも大きいことが予想されたためである。フレッシュ(即ち、un-aged)フィルタが1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを備えるユーロ4乗用車で近接-結合位置に設置された。各フィルタは3MVEG-Bサイクルの最低を通って評価され、基準触媒に対する排気ガス粒子数の減少を測定し、近接-結合フィルタは、同一のウォッシュコートと貴金属含有量で流動貫通基材モノリス上にコーティングされたTWCに交換され、背圧差と気体HC、CO及びNOx排気ガスに対する転換効率は、フィルタ(又は基準触媒)の上流と下流に装着されたセンサの間で決定された。非メタン炭化水素(NMHC)だけの転換率が表6に記載される。
2.0Lの直接噴射ガソリンエンジンを備え、近接-結合位置で流動貫通基材モノリスにコーティングされた全体の形成TWCが装着されたユーロ5乗用車がMVEG-BとFTP(Federal Test Procedure)75ドライブサイクルにかけてテストされた。MVEG-Bドライブサイクルにかけて発生した粒子の数は、PMPの手順に従って測定された。FTP75ドライブサイクルにかけて発生した粒子性物質の質量は、次の標準プロトコルに測定された。0.8g/in3のウォッシュコートの含有量と20g/ft3の貴金属含有量(Pd:Rh3:1)のTWCコーティング物質でコーティングされた12マイクロンの平均細孔サイズと55%の細孔率を有する125×120mm、300/12のコーディエライトウォールフローフィルタがアンダフロア位置(即ち、流動貫通基材モノリスの下流側)に設置された。粒子質量と数の測定は繰り返された。
本発明は、活動的な三元触媒とフィルタモデルを用いる。前記モデルは、キネティック(kinetic)反応係数、基材とウォッシュコート特性及び車両で触媒温度と後部排気管の排気ガスを予想するためにユーロピアンMVEG-B排気ガステストから実証的に測定されたエンジン-アウト排気ガス温度と排気ガス成分の濃度を用いる。この実験のために、ユーロ5の1.4Lの直接噴射ガソリン車両から出るエンジン-アウト排気と温度が入力データとして用いられ、アンダフロア三元触媒コーティングされたガソリンフィルタに次いで近接-結合流動貫通三元触媒を含むシステムをモデリングした(300cpsi、20マイクロンの平均細孔直径、64%の細孔率、原形断面、118.4mmの直径及び114.3mmの長さ、2.4gin-3のウォッシュコート含有量、85gft-3で16Pd:Rhを有するセラミックウォールフローフィルタ)。商業的に利用可能な1.25L(400cpsi、118.4mm直径の原形断面、114.3mm軸方向の長さ)近接-結合三元触媒(エンジン排気量の90%、60gft-3で19Pd:Rh、3.5gin-3ウォッシュコート含有量)が同一の白金族金属組成物と含有量及び基材セル密度と直径を有するが、長さが1.25L触媒の半分(57.15mm)である0.625L触媒(エンジン排気量の45%)と比較された(基本的に125L近接-結合三元触媒がその軸方向の長さに半分に切られる)。
Claims (15)
- 内燃機関から排出された排気ガスの粒子性物質を濾過するためのフィルタを備える車両のポジティブ点火内燃機関用の排気システムであって、
フィルタが入口表面と出口表面を有する多孔性基材を備え、
入口表面が第1平均細孔サイズの細孔を含有する多孔性構造により出口表面と分離され、
多孔性基材が多数の固体粒子を含む三元触媒ウォッシュコートでコーティングされ、
ウォッシュコートでコーティングされた多孔性基材の多孔性構造が、第2平均細孔サイズの細孔を含有し、
第2平均細孔サイズが、第1平均細孔サイズよりも小さく、かつ、三元触媒ウォッシュコートがフィルタの上流に位置する分離した基材モノリス上に配置され、
上流の基材モノリス上の三元触媒ウォッシュコートの質量が、排気システムにおける三元触媒ウォッシュコートの質量全体の75%以下であり、
炭化水素トラップ、酸化触媒、選択的触媒還元(SCR)触媒、リーンNOx触媒及びそれら二つ以上の組合せからなる群から選択される他の触媒ウォッシュコートで多孔性基材がコーティングされている、排気システム。 - フィルタの上流に位置する分離した基材モノリスが、流動-貫通基材モノリスである、請求項1に記載の排気システム。
- ウォッシュコート層が多孔性構造の表面細孔を実質的に覆い、且つウォッシュコートされた多孔性基材の細孔がウォッシュコート中の粒子間の空間(粒子間の細孔)により部分的に定義される表面ウォッシュコートを備える、請求項1又は2に記載の排気システム。
- 多孔性構造の表面での細孔が、細孔開口を備え、かつ、ウォッシュコートが、実質的に全ての表面細孔開口の狭窄を引き起こす、請求項1〜3の何れか一項に記載の排気システム。
- ウォッシュコートが多孔性基材の多孔性構造内に実質的に位置する、請求項1〜3の何れか一項に記載の排気システム。
- 固体ウォッシュコート粒子の平均サイズが、多孔性基材の平均細孔サイズよりも小さい、請求項4又は5に記載の排気システム。
- ウォッシュコートが、入口表面、出口表面又は入口表面及び出口表面の両方にコーティングされている、請求項1〜6の何れか一項に記載の排気システム。
- TWCウォッシュコート及び他の触媒ウォッシュコートが異なる表面上にコーティングされている、請求項1〜7の何れか一項に記載の排気システム。
- TWCウォッシュコートが入口表面上に、他の触媒ウォッシュコートが出口表面上にコーティングされている、請求項8に記載の排気システム。
- 他の触媒ウォッシュコートがSCR触媒である、請求項9に記載の排気システム。
- SCR触媒が少なくとも一のモレキュラーシーブを含む、請求項10に記載の排気システム。
- 少なくとも一のモレキュラーシーブが、小細孔、中細孔又は大細孔モレキュラーシーブである、請求項11に記載の排気システム。
- 少なくとも一のモレキュラーシーブが、AEI、ZSM−5、ZSM−20、ZSM−34を含むERI、モルデナイト、フェリエライト、ベータを含むBEA、Y、CHA、Nu−3を含むLEV、MCM−22及びEU−1からなる群から選択される、請求項11又は12に記載の排気システム。
- 多孔性基材が、セラミックウォールフローフィルタ、金属フィルタ又はセラミックフォームである、請求項1〜13の何れか一項に記載の排気システム。
- 粒子状物質(PM)を含む排気ガスを排気システムに導入することと、
排気システム内において、PMを含む排気ガスを基材モノリス上に位置する三元触媒ウォッシュコートと接触させることと、
三元触媒基材モノリスの下流の排気システム内において、PMを含む排気ガスをフィルタと接触させることと、
を含むポジティブ点火エンジンから排出された排気ガスのPMを深層濾過により捕獲し燃焼させる方法であって、
フィルタが入口表面と出口表面を有する多孔性基材を備え、
入口表面が第1平均細孔サイズの細孔を含有する多孔性構造により出口表面と分離され、
多孔性基材が多数の固体粒子を含む三元触媒ウォッシュコートでコーティングされ、
ウォッシュコートされた多孔性基材の多孔性構造が、第2平均細孔サイズの細孔を有し、
第2平均細孔サイズが、第1平均細孔サイズよりも小さく、
基材モノリス上の三元触媒ウォッシュコートの質量が、排気システムにおける三元触媒ウォッシュコートの質量全体の75%以下であり、
炭化水素トラップ、酸化触媒、選択的触媒還元(SCR)触媒、リーンNOx触媒及びそれらの二以上の組合せからなる群から選択される他のウォッシュコートで多孔性基材がコーティングされている、方法。
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