CN101652826A - 通过电镀形成垂直器件的方法 - Google Patents

通过电镀形成垂直器件的方法 Download PDF

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CN101652826A
CN101652826A CN200880001653A CN200880001653A CN101652826A CN 101652826 A CN101652826 A CN 101652826A CN 200880001653 A CN200880001653 A CN 200880001653A CN 200880001653 A CN200880001653 A CN 200880001653A CN 101652826 A CN101652826 A CN 101652826A
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CN101652826B (zh
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H·德利吉安尼
黄强
J·P·赫梅尔
L·T·罗曼基夫
M·B·罗思韦尔
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Abstract

本发明涉及一种用于通过电镀形成垂直导电结构的方法。具体地,首先形成模板结构,该模板结构包括基板、位于基板表面上的分离的金属接触垫、在分离的金属接触垫和基板上的级间电介质(ILD)层、以及穿过ILD层延伸到分离的金属接触垫上的金属过孔结构。接着,在模板结构中形成垂直过孔,该垂直过孔穿过ILD层延伸到分离的金属接触垫上。然后,通过电镀在垂直过孔中形成垂直导电结构,其中通过金属过孔结构将电镀电流施加到分离的金属接触垫,来进行所述电镀。优选地,模板结构包括多个分离的金属接触垫、多个金属过孔结构和用于形成多个垂直导电结构的多个垂直过孔。

Description

通过电镀形成垂直器件的方法
技术领域
本发明涉及通过电镀形成垂直器件,更具体地,涉及使用电镀技术形成垂直结构。
背景技术
电镀,也被称为电沉积,已经广泛用于半导体制造中的金属化。电镀尤其用于形成深金属过孔,这些深金属过孔延伸穿过级间电介质(ILD)层以连接不同金属级中的金属接触。
一种常用于半导体制造工艺中的铜金属化的常规电镀方法被称为镶嵌或超填充(superfilling)方法,如在名称为“METHOD OF MAKINGELECTROPLATED INTERCONNECTION STURCTURES ONINTEGRATED CIRCUIT CHIPS”的美国专利No.6,709,562中所公开并在此通过图1A-1C进行示例。首先,形成模板结构(template structure),其包括基板100和级间电介质(ILD)层101,如图1A所示。基板100可以由具有微弱导电性或几乎没有导电性的绝缘体或半导体形成。在ILD层101中包括深过孔102,深过孔102可以通过公知的光刻和蚀刻技术容易地形成。接着,在整个模板结构上沉积连续的金属籽晶层103,如图1B所示。金属籽晶层103同时覆盖ILD层101的顶部表面和深过孔102的侧壁和底表面。金属籽晶层103包括一个或多个接触(未示出),通过该接触可以将电镀电流施加给金属籽晶层103。然后通过使用特定的电镀化学试剂进行对模板结构的电镀,其优先在ILD层101的深过孔102中沉积金属104(即在与在ILD层101的顶部表面上沉积金属的速率相比显著高的速率下在深过孔102中沉积金属104),从而形成没有孔隙的金属布线结构,如图1C所示。
上述超填充方法的优点在于用单种元素或者两种以上不同元素的均质合金填充过孔。然而,由于以下几个原因,超填充方法不能用于形成沿其纵轴具有变化组分的柱。首先,在该方法中的电镀步骤同时在深过孔102的底表面和侧壁上进行。因此,超填充方法只能用于形成组分均匀的结构(即贯穿整个结构包括相同金属或金属合金的结构),而不能形成组分变化的结构(沿纵向包括不同材料组分的交替层的结构)。此外,超填充方法需要特定的电镀化学试剂,其包含多种不同的添加剂,每种添加剂给金属镀敷速率施加不同的影响,以综合实现优先的金属沉积。因此,超填充方法到目前为止只用于镀敷单种金属例如铜,而不能用于镀敷多种金属的金属合金或交替层,因为具有与在特定的电镀化学试剂中的不同添加剂将如何影响不同金属的镀敷速率相关的不确定性。
另一种常用于形成金属布线结构的常规电镀方法被称为掩模镀敷(plating through mask)方法,通过图2A-2B进行示例。在该方法中,首先在基板200的表面上沉积连续的金属籽晶层203,接着在金属籽晶层203上沉积具有相对低的导电性的光致抗蚀剂、电介质或掺杂半导体的级间层201。接着,在级间层201中通过光刻和蚀刻形成深过孔202,如图2A所示。在随后的电镀期间,对金属籽晶层203施加电镀电流,以在深过孔202的底表面上沉积金属204,并逐渐填充深过孔202,从而形成垂直金属布线结构,如图2B所示。
掩模镀敷方法是自底向上(bottom-up)填充工艺,其不仅可以用于形成包括单种金属的金属布线结构,而且可以用于形成包括金属合金的结构。此外,该方法可以用于形成组分变化的结构,沿该结构的纵轴包括不同材料组分的交替层。
然而,常规掩模镀敷或自底向上镀敷工艺的一个主要缺点在于需要连续的金属籽晶层203。因为金属籽晶层203在基板200的整个表面上连续并连接所有的金属布线结构,这些金属布线不能相互独立地起作用,因此不能用于形成分隔的电子器件,除非有选择地去除金属籽晶层203。然而,因为金属籽晶层203被夹在级间层201和基板200之间,在不破坏或损坏级间层201和基板200的情况下几乎不可能将其去除。
因此,持续需要用于形成垂直器件结构的改进方法。更重要地,需要用于形成包括不同导电材料的合金或交替层的分隔的垂直器件结构的改进方法。
发明内容
本发明采用分离的金属接触垫和金属过孔,用于在电镀步骤期间施加电镀电流。该分离的金属接触垫和金属过孔保留作为最终器件的部分,并因此允许形成包括不同导电材料的合金或不同导电材料的交替层的垂直导电结构,而不需要将所有的垂直导电结构连接在一起,或者不会影响每个垂直导电结构的独立功能。由此,所得到的垂直导电结构可以容易地用于形成分离的电子器件。
在一个方面,本发明涉及一种方法,其包括以下步骤:
形成模板结构,所述模板结构包括基板、位于所述基板的顶部表面上的分离的金属接触垫、覆盖所述基板和所述金属接触垫的级间电介质(ILD)层、以及穿过所述ILD层延伸到所述分离的金属接触垫上的金属过孔结构;
在所述模板结构中形成垂直过孔,其中所述垂直过孔穿过所述ILD层延伸到所述分离的金属接触垫上;以及
通过电镀在所述垂直过孔中形成垂直导电结构,其中通过所述金属过孔结构对所述ILD层下的所述分离的金属接触垫施加电镀电流,来进行所述电镀。
优选但不是必需地,所述垂直导电结构包括一种或多种铁磁性金属。更优选地,所述垂直导电结构包括不同铁磁性金属的交替层。可选地,所述垂直导电结构可以包括导电聚合物或掺杂的半导体材料。
上述模板结构包括位于所述基板的上表面上的单个金属接触垫,并具有延伸到金属接触垫的单个金属过孔结构和单个垂直过孔,用于形成单个垂直导电结构。更优选地,本发明的模板结构包括位于所述基板的上表面上的多个分离的金属接触垫,并具有延伸到金属接触垫的多个金属过孔结构和多个垂直过孔。由此,随后可以通过电镀在单个晶片或芯片中形成多个垂直导电结构,而所得到的垂直导电结构不会相互互连。
在本发明的具体实施例中,模板结构还包括构图的金属层,所述构图的金属层位于所述ILD层的上表面上并与所有的所述金属过孔结构电连接,从而可以通过所述构图的金属层和所述多个金属过孔结构,对所述多个分离的金属接触垫施加电镀电流,来进行电镀。
优选地,在形成所述垂直过孔之前,形成所述构图的金属层。更优选地,通过首先在所述ILD层上沉积覆盖(blanket)金属层,并然后构图所述覆盖金属层以形成多个开口,来形成所述构图的金属层,其中每个开口与多个分离的金属接触垫中的一个垂直对准。
此外,在形成所述多个垂直过孔之前在所述构图的金属层上形成绝缘层,以使随后形成的垂直过孔延伸穿过所述绝缘层和所述ILD层。更优选地,除了在处理单元即晶片或基板的边缘区域之外,所述构图的金属层被所述绝缘层完全覆盖,以便在随后的电镀期间,通过所述边缘区域将电镀电流施加到所述构图的金属层。在所述电镀之后,从所述ILD层的上表面去除所述构图的金属层和所述绝缘层,并可以在其上形成多个表面金属接触,以提供到所述多个垂直导电结构的通路。
在另一个方面,本发明涉及一种器件结构,包括:基板;金属接触垫,其位于所述基板的顶部表面上;级间电介质(ILD)层,其覆盖所述基板和所述金属接触垫;金属过孔结构,其穿过所述ILD层延伸到分离的金属接触垫上;以及垂直导电结构,其穿过所述ILD层延伸到所述分离的金属接触垫上。
通过下面的描述和所附的权利要求书,本发明的其他方面、特征和优点将更加明显。
附图说明
图1A-1C是示例用于形成深金属过孔的常规超填充工艺的处理步骤的截面图。
图2A-2B是示例用于形成深金属过孔的常规掩模镀敷工艺的处理步骤的截面图。
图3是根据本发明的一个实施例的两个电子器件的截面图,每个电子器件包括功能单元、两个辅助单元、位于功能单元的每个端部的金属接触垫和位于不导电基板上的穿过ILD层延伸到金属接触垫的金属过孔结构。金属过孔结构与金属接触垫一起提供到功能单元的通路。
图4-10是示例根据本发明的一个实施例的用于形成图3的器件结构的示例性处理步骤的截面图。
具体实施方式
在下面的描述中,阐述了许多具体细节,例如具体的结构、成分、材料、尺寸、处理步骤和技术,以提供对本发明的彻底理解。然而,本领域的技术人员将意识到,只要不脱离本发明的精神,可以在没有这些具体细节的情况下,或者可以通过用已知的其等价物来替代特定的细节,实施本发明。此外,没有详细描述本领域普通技术人员公知的标准结构或处理步骤,以不使本发明晦涩。
应该理解,当某一要素例如层、区域或基板被称为“在另一个要素上”时,其可以直接在另一个要素上,或者还存在中间要素。相反,当某一要素被称为“直接在另一个要素上”时,不存在中间要素。也应该理解,当某一要素被称为“与另一个要素连接或耦合”时,其可以与另一个要素直接连接或耦合,或者还存在中间要素。相反,当某一要素被称为“直接与另一个要素直接连接或直接耦合”时,不存在中间要素。
这里使用的术语“垂直”是指某一结构或器件位于基板表面上,且该结构或器件的纵轴与基板表面垂直。
这里使用的术语“金属接触”是指有限横向延伸的金属结构。与覆盖整个基板表面或其主要部分的连续金属层不同,金属接触仅在基板表面的在其上不形成随后的器件结构的选定区域上延伸。金属接触可以通过构图连续的金属层来形成。
这里使用的术语“分离的”是指相互隔离且其之间没有重叠的结构。
这里使用的术语“铁磁性材料”是指可以通过施加外部磁场被磁化且在外部磁场除去之后呈现出剩余磁性的任何材料。
如上所述,本发明使用作为集成电路的现有元件的分离的金属接触垫和金属过孔结构,以在用于形成垂直导电结构的电镀期间施加电镀电流。优选但不必需地,所得到的垂直导电结构包含不同导电材料(即金属、导电聚合物或掺杂半导体)的合金或者不同导电材料的交替层。本发明特别地用于形成包括不同材料组分的交替铁磁性层的铁磁性结构。然而,本发明的应用不限于铁磁性结构,而是可以广泛地延伸为包括需要垂直导电结构的任何器件结构。
图3示出了包含具有垂直导电结构305的两个通常电子器件的器件结构的截面图。每个电子器件包括:(1)垂直功能单元,即,垂直导电结构305;(2)导电接触302和304,其位于功能单元305的两端;(3)金属过孔303,其延伸到底部导电接触302上以提供到底部导电接触302的通路;以及(4)特定的辅助元件和相关电路306。辅助元件和电路306可以是读取和写入元件,或者其他用于功能单元305的传感和控制元件。
上述器件结构在不导电基板300上形成,ILD层301位于该不导电基板300上。不导电基板300包括任何合适的不导电材料,优选包括陶瓷、电介质、玻璃或聚合物材料,包括但不限于Al2O3、SiO2、Si3N4和HfO2。此外,不导电基板300可以包括未掺杂的或轻掺杂的半导体材料,包括但不限于Si、SiC、SiGe、SiGeC、Ge合金、GaAs、InAs、InP以及其他III-V族或II-VI族化合物半导体。ILD层301可以包括任何合适的光致抗蚀剂或电介质材料,例如SiO2、Si3N4、HfO2和Al2O3
根据本发明的一个实施例,图3的器件结构可以通过如图4-10所示例的示例性处理步骤形成。
图4示出了模板结构,其包括不导电基板300、ILD层301、底部金属接触302、金属过孔303和辅助元件306(可选)。这样的模板结构可以通过常规的半导体处理和金属化技术容易地形成,在此不对其进行描述以不使本发明晦涩。
接下来,如图5所示,在ILD层301的顶部表面上沉积构图的金属层404。构图的金属层404与所有的金属过孔303形成电接触,并通过该金属过孔303,构图的金属层404与所有的底部金属接触302形成电接触。可以通过首先在ILD层301的整个顶部表面上沉积覆盖金属层(未示出),随后构图覆盖金属层(未示出)以形成多个开口405,容易地形成构图的金属层404。在构图的金属层404中的每个开口405与底部金属接触302中的一个对准,从而限定将要形成垂直导电结构305的位置。可以通过使用任何常规的金属构图技术,例如平版印刷、回蚀刻、剥离等,容易地进行对覆盖金属层(未示出)的构图。
如图6所示,然后在构图的金属层404上沉积绝缘材料层406,以覆盖除了边缘区域407之外的整个层404。绝缘材料层406可以由与ILD层301相同的绝缘材料形成,但通常由不同的绝缘材料形成。在半导体制造工艺中,在同一晶片上同时制造多个器件。因此,边缘区域407表示晶片的边缘区域。由此,在形成绝缘材料层406之后,构图的金属层404仍然可以在边缘区域407处形成通路(access),构图的金属层404反过来通过金属过孔303提供了到达底部金属接触302的通道。
随后,如图7所示,执行构图工艺(优选蚀刻工艺,例如反应离子刻蚀),以形成穿过绝缘层406和ILD层301的垂直过孔(或深过孔)408。垂直过孔408的尺寸和形状限定将要形成的垂直导电结构305的尺寸和形状。垂直过孔408可以是任何尺寸或形状,依赖于最终器件的需求和制造工艺的限制。优选地,每个如此形成的垂直过孔408具有约1微米到约1000微米的深度以及约10nm到约1000nm的截面直径。垂直过孔408可以具有任何合适的截面形状,包括但不限于:圆形、方形、矩形、三角形、多边形、半圆形、椭圆形、环形等。依赖于绝缘层406和ILD层405包括相同的或是不同的绝缘材料,蚀刻工艺可以包括单蚀刻步骤或多蚀刻步骤。
在蚀刻后,通过首先将上述结构浸入电镀溶液并随后通过接触边缘区域407对构图的金属层404施加电镀电流,进行电镀。由此,电镀电流通过构图的金属层404和金属过孔303传送到位于ILD层301的底部表面处的分离的金属接触垫302,从而导电材料305被沉积到分离的金属接触垫302上并以自底向上的方式逐渐填充垂直过孔408。上述电镀溶液可以包括用于沉积单种元素的单种盐或用于沉积合金的不同元素的盐。所产生的结构305可以包括任何适合的导电材料,例如金属、掺杂的半导体、导电聚合物、或其合金,但优选包括金属或金属合金。金属、掺杂的半导体和导电聚合物的电镀是本领域中公知的,因此在此不再详细描述。
优选但不是必需地,电镀溶液包括用于沉积铁磁性金属合金的两种以上的不同铁磁性金属的盐。更优选地,可以通过施加具有高和低电势脉冲的脉冲电镀电流进行电镀,以沉积不同材料组分的交替铁磁性层。
使电镀步骤进行直到垂直过孔408完全被金属填充,从而形成垂直导电结构305,如图8所示。垂直导电结构305的尺寸和形状由垂直过孔408限定。因此,垂直导电结构305也可以具有约1微米到约1000微米的深度以及约10nm到约1000nm的截面直径,其也可以具有任何合适的截面形状,包括但不限于:圆形、方形、矩形、三角形、多边形、半圆形、椭圆形、环形等。
在电镀之后,可以进行多步蚀刻和/或抛光步骤,以去除垂直导电结构305的过生长部分、绝缘层406和构图的金属层404,并平面化具有金属过孔303和新形成的垂直导电结构305的ILD层301的再次暴露的上表面,如图9所示。
接着,在ILD层301的暴露的上表面上沉积构图的绝缘层410,如图10所示。构图的绝缘层410可以包括与ILD层301的材料相同或不同的材料,并且其包括多个开口411,通过开口411,垂直导电结构305和金属过孔303被露出。由此,可以在开口411中形成表面金属接触304,以提高到垂直导电结构305和金属过孔303的通路,从而形成如图3所示的完整器件结构。
注意:尽管图3-10示例性地说明了根据本发明的具体实施例的示例性器件结构和处理步骤,很明显,本领域的技术人员可以容易地修改这些器件结构和处理步骤以适应与上述描述一致的具体的应用要求。例如,尽管如图3-10所示的示例性器件结构中的每一个都包括单个ILD层、两个分离的金属接触垫和两个垂直导电结构,容易理解的是本发明的器件结构可以包括任何数量的ILD层、分离的金属接触垫和垂直导电结构。此外,本发明的器件结构可以容易地用于形成任何这样的半导体器件,所述半导体器件需要具有至少一个底部金属接触的垂直导电结构。
尽管在此参考具体的实施例、特征和方面描述了本发明,但是应该认识到本发明并不限于此,而是可以在效用上延伸到其他的修改、变化、应用和实施例,并且因此所有这些其他的修改、变化、应用和实施例也被认为在本发明的精神和范围内。

Claims (15)

1.一种方法,包括以下步骤:
形成模板结构,所述模板结构包括基板、位于所述基板的顶部表面上的分离的金属接触垫、覆盖所述基板和所述金属接触垫的级间电介质(ILD)层、以及穿过所述ILD层延伸到所述分离的金属接触垫上的金属过孔结构;
在所述模板结构中形成垂直过孔,其中所述垂直过孔穿过所述ILD层延伸到所述分离的金属接触垫上;以及
通过电镀在所述垂直过孔中形成垂直导电结构,其中通过所述金属过孔结构对所述分离的金属接触垫施加电镀电流,来进行所述电镀。
2.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述垂直导电结构包括一种或多种铁磁性金属。
3.根据权利要求2所述的方法,其中所述垂直导电结构包括不同铁磁性金属的交替层。
4.根据权利要求1所述的方法,其中所述模板结构包括多个分离的金属接触垫,每个金属接触垫具有延伸到其的金属过孔结构,并且其中在所述ILD层中形成多个垂直过孔,用于随后通过电镀形成多个垂直导电结构。
5.根据权利要求4所述的方法,其中所述模板结构还包括构图的金属层,所述构图的金属层位于所述ILD层的上表面上并与所有的所述金属过孔结构电连接,从而在所述电镀期间通过所述构图的金属层和所述金属过孔结构对所述多个分离的金属接触垫施加所述电镀电流。
6.根据权利要求5所述的方法,其中在形成所述多个垂直过孔之前,通过以下步骤形成所述构图的金属层:
在所述ILD层的所述上表面上沉积覆盖金属层;以及
构图所述覆盖金属层以在其中形成多个开口,每个开口与所述多个分离的金属接触垫中的一个垂直对准。
7.根据权利要求6所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:
在形成所述多个垂直过孔之前在所述构图的金属层上形成绝缘层,以使随后形成的垂直过孔延伸穿过所述绝缘层和所述ILD层。
8.根据权利要求7所述的方法,其中除了边缘区域之外,所述构图的金属层被所述绝缘层完全覆盖,并且其中在所述电镀期间,通过所述边缘区域对所述构图的金属层施加所述电镀电流。
9.根据权利要求7所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:
在所述电镀和去除过生长的镀敷材料之后,从所述ILD层的所述上表面去除所述构图的金属层和所述绝缘层。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,还包括以下步骤:
在去除所述构图的金属层和所述绝缘层之后在所述ILD层的所述上表面上形成多个表面金属接触,以提供到所述多个垂直导电结构的通路。
11.一种器件结构,包括:基板;分离的金属接触垫,其位于所述基板的顶部表面上;级间电介质(ILD)层,其覆盖所述基板和至少一个所述金属接触垫;金属过孔结构,其穿过所述ILD层延伸到所述分离的金属接触垫上;以及垂直导电结构,其穿过所述ILD层延伸到所述分离的金属接触垫上。
12.根据权利要求11所述的器件结构,其中所述垂直导电结构包括一种或多种铁磁性金属。
13.根据权利要求12所述的器件结构,其中所述垂直导电结构包括不同铁磁性金属的交替层。
14.根据权利要求11所述的器件结构,包括多个分离的金属接触垫,每个金属接触垫具有延伸到其的金属过孔结构和垂直导电结构。
15.根据权利要求14所述的器件结构,还包括位于所述ILD层的上表面上的多个表面金属接触,其中所述多个表面金属接触中的每一个与所述多个垂直导电结构中的一个电连接。
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US7608538B2 (en) 2009-10-27
WO2008085805A1 (en) 2008-07-17
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EP2100319B1 (en) 2014-03-19
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