WO2021241754A1 - 複合体粒子、負極活物質およびリチウムイオン二次電池 - Google Patents
複合体粒子、負極活物質およびリチウムイオン二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a composite particle, a negative electrode mixture layer for a lithium ion secondary battery containing the negative electrode active material, and a lithium ion secondary battery.
- negative electrode active materials that have both high capacity and high output.
- silicon theoretical specific capacity: 4200 mAh / g
- graphite theoretical specific capacity: 372 mAh / g
- Patent Document 1 discloses that it is a particulate material containing a plurality of composite particles, and the composite particles have the following characteristics. Has been done. (A) Porous carbon structure containing micropores and mesopores and (b) Multiple nanoscale elemental silicon domains located inside the micropores and / or mesopores of the porous carbon structure. Have, (I) The micropores and mesopores have a total pore volume of P 1 cm 3 / g as measured by gas adsorption, where P 1 is at least 0.6 and does not exceed 2. (ii).
- Volume fraction of micropores ( ⁇ a ) is in the range 0.5 to 0.9 based on the total volume of micropores and mesopores (iii) has a pore diameter less than 10 nm.
- the volume fraction of pores (phi 10), based on the total volume of the micropores and mesopores is at least 0.75, and
- said porous carbon structure D 50 particle that is less than 20 ⁇ m Has a diameter and The mass ratio of silicon to the porous carbon structure in the composite particles is in the range of [1 ⁇ P 1 to 1.9 ⁇ P 1 ]: 1.
- Patent Document 2 describes a composite containing a porous carbon scaffold and silicon, and the composite is composed of 15 to 85% silicon by weight and 0. Multiple particles with a nitrogen inaccessible volume in the range of 05-0.5 cm 3 / g and a particle skeleton density in the range of 1.5-2.2 g / cm 3 as measured by helium picnometry. It is disclosed that it is included. Patent Document 2 also describes 40-60% micropores, 40-60% mesopores, less than 1% macropores, and a total pore volume of less than 0.1-0.5 cm 3 / g. A porous carbon scaffold having a silicon content of 25% to 65% is disclosed, and a composite having a silicon content in the range of 25% to 65% is also disclosed.
- Patent Document 3 discloses a porous silicon-containing carbon-based composite material using small-angle X-ray scattering as an evaluation of the pore size distribution profile.
- a carbon composite having a pore diameter of 10 to 60 nm and having a volume occupied by 40 vol% or more is disclosed in International Publication No. 08/081883 (Patent Document 4).
- Patent Document 1 discloses a composite particle of a porous carbon structure, and discloses a BET specific surface area by a nitrogen adsorption method for pores inside the composite particle, but discloses an internal pore distribution. There is no.
- the contents disclosed in Patent Document 2 probably reflect the vacancies inside the complex, but there is no disclosure about the vacancies distribution inside. It is also strongly affected by the shape of the complex particles and the susceptibility of the complex particles to destruction.
- the porous silicon-containing carbon-based composite material of Patent Document 3 needs to be at least above the decomposition temperature of the organic compound in order to convert the organic compound into carbon, and in order to obtain carbon that can be used as a negative electrode active material.
- High temperature treatment of about 800 ° C. to 1200 ° C. is required, and in that case, silicon reacts with carbon to produce silicon carbide as a by-product, so that the capacity is reduced.
- the carbon composite of Patent Document 4 is inferior in durability because the pore diameter of the pores is large.
- the present invention has the following configuration.
- [1] In a composite particle containing silicon and carbon, the domain size of the pores obtained by fitting the spectrum obtained by small-angle X-ray scattering of the composite particles with a sphere model in a carbon-vacancy binary system.
- the domain size region of 2 nm or less is 44% by volume or more and 70% by volume or less, and the true value calculated by the dry density measurement by the constant volume expansion method using helium gas. density 1.80 g / cm 3 or more 2.20 g / cm 3 or less is composite particles.
- the silicon content in the composite particles is 30% by mass or more and 80% by mass or less, and the oxygen content is 0.1% by mass or more and 30 when the silicon content in the composite particles is 100% by mass.
- a lithium ion secondary battery comprising the negative electrode mixture layer according to [10].
- Carbon-Silicon Composite The composite particles containing silicon and carbon according to the embodiment of the present invention are fitted to the spectrum obtained by small-angle X-ray scattering by a sphere model in a carbon-vacuum binary system.
- the volume distribution information of the domain size of the pores obtained by is integrated from the smallest, the domain size region of 2 nm or less is 44% by volume or more and 70% by volume or less, and the constant volume expansion method using helium gas is used.
- true density calculated dry density measurement by is 1.80 g / cm 3 or more 2.20 g / cm 3 or less.
- the complex particles have pores, the stress of expansion and contraction of the active material due to charge and discharge can be relaxed, but if the pores are too large, the strength will be low and the cycle characteristics will deteriorate. Therefore, it is necessary to have many pores of 2 nm or less corresponding to micropores. According to the analysis method using small-angle X-ray scattering described later, the observed domain reflects the vacancies in the complex particles.
- the domain size region of 2 nm or less is 44% by volume or more, since there are sufficient micropores, it is possible to absorb the volume change due to the expansion and contraction of silicon during lithium insertion and desorption and improve the cycle characteristics. From the same viewpoint, the domain size region is more preferably 46% by volume or more, further preferably 48% by volume or more.
- the domain size region of 2 nm or less is 70% by volume or less, the silicon density in the composite particles is high, so that the discharge capacity can be increased. From the same viewpoint, the domain size region is more preferably 65% by volume or less, and further preferably 57% by volume or less.
- the small-angle X-ray scattering can quantify the nanoscale density difference in a sample. This is done by analyzing the elastic scattering behavior of X-rays as they pass through the sample and recording their scattering at a small angle, usually 0.1-10 °. Nanostructure analysis of the measurement sample can be performed by simulation-fitting the corresponding structural parameters to the obtained spectrum (SAXS pattern). The fitting obtained from SAXS is the size information of the scatterer.
- the SAXS pattern of the carbon-silicon composite according to the present invention includes scattering information of three types of domains: carbon, silicon and pores. On the other hand, calculation methods for the three types of domains have not been established. Since the scattering ability of the scatterer is determined by the electron density, the density difference between carbon or silicon and the void is larger than the electron density difference between carbon and silicon. Therefore, the SAXS pattern of the carbon-silicon complex contains scattering information of carbon or silicon and voids. Therefore, the volume distribution information of the domain size of the carbon-silicon composite particles according to the present invention can be obtained by performing simulation fitting with a sphere model in a binary system of carbon and voids, which are the main components.
- the SAXS pattern can be divided into pores and scattering information of other components.
- oxygen is contained in the complex, since it is mainly contained as an oxide, it does not form its own domain and scattering information cannot be obtained.
- the filling amount of silicon in the pores inside the complex particles is significantly less than the specified amount, the strength of the complex particles is lowered and the cycle characteristics are lowered, or the initial efficiency is lowered due to the precipitation of non-uniform silicon. Or something. If the amount of silicon filled in the pores inside the complex particles is small, the true density of the complex particles decreases.
- the true density calculated by the dry density measurement by the constant volume expansion method using helium gas is 1.80 g / cm 3 or more, the amount of silicon filled in the pores in the composite particles is sufficient, and the cycle characteristics. Can be raised.
- the true density calculated by the dry density measurement by the constant volume expansion method using helium gas is 2.20 g / cm 3 or less
- the carbon in the composite particles is amorphous carbon, and the carbon structure is isotropic. Therefore, the cycle characteristics can be improved. From the same viewpoint, 2.10 g / cm 3 or less is preferable, and 2.00 g / cm 3 or less is more preferable.
- the silicon content in the complex particles according to the embodiment of the present invention is preferably 30% by mass or more and 80% or less.
- 30% by mass or more the amount of silicon in the composite particles is sufficient, and the discharge capacity can be increased.
- 35% by mass or more is more preferable, and 40% by mass or more is further preferable.
- 80% by mass or less the silicon content is not excessive, so that the carbon as a carrier can absorb the volume change due to its expansion and contraction.
- 70% by mass or less is more preferable, and 60% by mass or less is further preferable.
- the silicon content in the complex particles can be obtained by XRF (X-ray fluorescence analysis) measurement described later.
- the oxygen content is preferably 0.1% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less. Since pure Si has high activity, it is preferable that it is 0.1% by mass or more because it is possible to suppress rapid deterioration of the complex particles by oxidizing the surface and lowering the activity. From the same viewpoint, 0.4% by mass or more is more preferable, and 0.9% by mass or more is further preferable. When it is 30% by mass or less, the oxidation of silicon is appropriately suppressed, so that the irreversible capacity when used as a negative electrode material can be reduced. From the same viewpoint, 10.0% by mass or less is more preferable, 5.0% by mass or less is further preferable, and 3.0% by mass or less is most preferable.
- the oxygen content when the silicon content in the composite particles is 100% by mass is obtained by dividing the oxygen content obtained by the oxygen-nitrogen simultaneous analyzer described later by the silicon content obtained by the XRF measurement. can get.
- the peak due to silicon is present at 450 to 495 cm -1.
- crystalline silicon has a peak around 520 cm -1.
- Amorphous silicon has a peak at a lower Raman shift, so a peak at 450-495 cm -1 indicates that the complex particles have amorphous silicon.
- silicon is amorphous, it expands and contracts relatively isotropically during charging and discharging, so that the cycle characteristics can be improved.
- the composite particles according to the embodiment of the present invention have an R value (ID / IG), which is the ratio of the intensity ID of the D band and the intensity IG of the G band according to the Raman spectrum, of 0.30 or more and less than 1.30. It is preferable to have.
- the R value is 0.30 or more, the negative electrode using this complex has a sufficiently low reaction resistance, which leads to an improvement in the Coulomb efficiency of the battery.
- the R value is less than 1.30, it means that there are few defects in the carbon layer.
- the R value is less than 1.30, the internal resistance of the battery is lowered and the rate characteristics are improved.
- the R value is more preferably 0.50 or more, further preferably 0.70 or more, and most preferably 1.06 or more. Further, the R value is more preferably 1.20 or less, and further preferably 1.10 or less.
- the G band in the Raman spectrum is the peak that appears near 1600 cm -1 obtained when the carbon material is measured, and the D band is the peak near 1350 cm -1 that is also obtained when the carbon material is measured. be.
- the peak intensity is the height from the baseline to the peak apex after the baseline is corrected.
- the composite particles according to one embodiment of the present invention have ( peak intensity of SiC 111 plane) / (peak intensity of Si 111 plane) of 0.01 or less in an XRD pattern measured by powder XRD using Cu—K ⁇ ray. Is preferable.
- SiC silicon carbide
- the content of SiC is extremely low, so that the utilization rate of silicon as a battery active material is improved and the initial discharge capacity is increased. Can be high.
- the above ( peak intensity of SiC 111 surface) / (peak intensity of Si 111 surface) is also referred to as SiC 111 / ISi 111.
- the lower limit of SiC 111 / IS i 111 is 0, that is, the peak intensity of the SiC 111 surface is not observed.
- the peak intensity of the SiC 111 plane is 2 ⁇ derived from SiC and 35 deg. It means the peak height that appears in the vicinity.
- the peak intensity of the Si 111 plane is 2 ⁇ derived from Si, which is 28 deg. It means the peak height that appears in the vicinity.
- the complex particles according to the embodiment of the present invention preferably have a 50% particle size and a DV50 of 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution. This is because when the DV50 is 1.0 ⁇ m or more, the side reaction with the electrolytic solution can be reduced. Further, the powder has excellent handleability, it is easy to prepare a slurry having a viscosity and a density suitable for coating, and it is easy to increase the density when it is used as an electrode. From this point of view, the DV50 is more preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or more, further preferably 4.0 ⁇ m or more, and most preferably 7.0 ⁇ m or more.
- D V50 is below 30.0, it is because it reduces the side reactions with the electrolyte. Further, the powder has excellent handleability, it is easy to prepare a slurry having a viscosity and a density suitable for coating, and it is easy to increase the density when it is used as an electrode. In this respect, D V50 is more preferably at most 20.0 .mu.m, more preferably not more than 15.0 .mu.m.
- the complex particles according to the embodiment of the present invention preferably have a 90% particle size and a DV90 of 50 ⁇ m or less in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution.
- the DV90 is 50 ⁇ m or less, the diffusion length of lithium in each particle is shortened, so that the rate characteristics of the lithium ion battery are excellent, and when the slurry is applied to the current collector, it is streaked or abnormal. Does not generate unevenness. From this point of view, DV90 is more preferably 40 ⁇ m or less, and even more preferably 30 ⁇ m or less.
- the complex particles according to the embodiment of the present invention preferably have a BET specific surface area of 0.1 m 2 / g or more and 100 m 2 / g or less.
- a BET specific surface area 0.1 m 2 / g or more and 100 m 2 / g or less.
- the slurry viscosity at the time of producing the electrode can be made suitable, and a good electrode can be manufactured.
- 0.4 m 2 / g or more is more preferable, and 0.7 m 2 / g or more is further preferable.
- BET specific surface area is more preferably 20 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 6.9 m 2 / g or less.
- the BET specific surface area is usually measured by a dedicated measuring device known in the art. Nitrogen is usually used as the adsorbed gas, but carbon dioxide, argon, or the like may also be used.
- the complex particles according to the embodiment of the present invention preferably contain inorganic particles and a polymer on at least a part of the surface of the complex particles.
- the complex particles to which the inorganic particles and the polymer adhere are called core particles.
- the presence of the inorganic particles and the polymer on the surface of the composite particles can alleviate the expansion and contraction of the composite particles due to the occlusion and release of lithium ions, and can suppress the oxidation of the composite particles over time. can.
- the content of the inorganic particles is preferably 1.0% by mass to 15.0% by mass, preferably 1.5% by mass to 13.0% by mass, from the viewpoint of improving the cycle characteristics. More preferably, it is more preferably 1.5% by mass to 11.0% by mass.
- the surface of the complex particles according to the embodiment of the present invention is provided with a protrusion structure derived from the inorganic particles. If there is a protrusion structure on the surface, even if the composite particles expand and contract, the adjacent negative electrode materials can easily come into contact with each other. In addition, the resistance value of the entire negative electrode material can be reduced. As a result, the decrease in capacity due to repeated charging and discharging can be suppressed, and the cycle characteristics are also excellent.
- This protrusion structure can be seen by observing the complex particles with a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- the main components of the inorganic particles are metal oxides such as titanium oxide, niobium oxide, yttrium oxide and aluminum oxide, lithium-containing oxides such as lithium titanate, and carbon such as graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon and carbon black.
- Examples include conductive particles.
- the type of the conductive particles is not particularly limited, but the conductive particles containing carbon as a main component are preferable, and at least one selected from the group consisting of granular graphite and carbon black is preferable, and the particles are granular from the viewpoint of improving the cycle characteristics.
- Graphite is preferred.
- Examples of granular graphite include particles such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, and MC (mesophase carbon).
- Examples of carbon black include acetylene black, ketjene black, thermal black, furnace black and the like, and acetylene black is preferable from the viewpoint of conductivity. This is because the electrical conductivity of the coalesced particles can be enhanced.
- the shape of the granular graphite is not particularly limited and may be flat graphite or spheroidal graphite, but flat graphite is preferable from the viewpoint of improving cycle characteristics.
- the flat graphite means graphite having an aspect ratio (the lengths of the minor axis and the major axis are not equal) of 1.
- Examples of the flat graphite include graphite having a scaly, scaly, and lumpy shape, and may be porous graphite particles.
- the aspect ratio of the flat graphite is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of ensuring conduction between conductive particles and improving cycle characteristics, the average aspect ratio is preferably 0.3 or less, and is 0. It is more preferably .2 or less.
- the average value of the aspect ratio of the flat graphite is preferably 0.001 or more, and more preferably 0.01 or more.
- the aspect ratio is a value measured by observation by SEM. Specifically, for each of the 20 conductive particles arbitrarily selected in the SEM image, the length in the major axis direction is A, and the length in the minor axis direction (in the case of flat graphite, the length in the thickness direction). It is a value calculated as B / A when B is used.
- the average value of the aspect ratio is the arithmetic mean value of the aspect ratio of 100 conductive particles.
- the particle size of the inorganic particles is preferably smaller than the particle size of the core particles, and more preferably 1/2 or less. This is because the inorganic particles are likely to be present on the surface of the complex particles. It can be measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation of the complex particles.
- the inorganic particles may be either primary particles (singular particles) or secondary particles (granulated particles) formed from a plurality of primary particles.
- the content of the polymer is preferably 0.1% by mass to 10.0% by mass in the entire complex particles. Within the above range, the cycle durability can be improved while suppressing the decrease in conductivity.
- the content of the polymer in the whole composite particles according to the embodiment of the present invention is preferably 0.2% by mass to 7.0% by mass, preferably 0.2% by mass to 5.0% by mass. Is more preferable.
- the polymer content of the composite particles is, for example, heated to a temperature higher than or equal to the temperature at which the polymer decomposes the sufficiently dried polymer-coated composite particles and lower than the temperature at which silicon or carbon decomposes (for example, 300 ° C.). Then, it can be confirmed by measuring the mass of the composite material after the polymer is decomposed. Specifically, when the mass of the polymer-coated composite particles before heating is Ag and the mass of the composite particles after heating is Bg, (AB) is the polymer content.
- the content rate can be calculated by [(AB) / A ⁇ ⁇ 100.
- the above measurement can be carried out by using thermogravimetric analysis (TG). It is preferable because the amount of sample used is small and it can be measured with high accuracy.
- the type of polymer is not particularly limited. For example, polysaccharides, cellulose derivatives, animal water-soluble polymers, lignin derivatives and water-soluble synthetic polymers, monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, amino acids, sorbitol acids, tannins, saccharins, salts of saccharin and butine. At least one selected from the group consisting of sugar alcohols such as diol and sorbitol, and polyhydric alcohols such as glycerin, 1,3-butanediol and dipropylene glycol can be mentioned.
- the polysaccharides include starch derivatives such as hydroxyalkyl starches such as starch acetate, phosphoric acid starch, carboxymethyl starch and hydroxyethyl starch, dextrin and dextrin derivatives, cyclodextrin, alginic acid, alginic acid derivatives and alginic acid.
- starch derivatives such as hydroxyalkyl starches such as starch acetate, phosphoric acid starch, carboxymethyl starch and hydroxyethyl starch, dextrin and dextrin derivatives, cyclodextrin, alginic acid, alginic acid derivatives and alginic acid.
- examples thereof include sodium, agarose, carrageenan, xyloglucane, glycogen, tamarind seed gum, dextrin, purulan, starch and the like.
- the cellulose derivative include carboxymethyl cellulose, methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose, hydroxypropy
- Examples of the animal water-soluble polymer include casein and gelatin.
- Examples of the water-soluble synthetic polymer include water-soluble acrylic polymer, water-soluble epoxy polymer, water-soluble polyester, water-soluble polyamide, water-soluble polyether and the like, and more specifically, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid and the like.
- Examples include salts, polyvinyl sulfonic acid, polyvinyl sulfonate, poly 4-vinyl phenol, poly 4-vinyl phenol salt, polystyrene sulfonic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, polyaniline sulfonic acid, polyacrylic acid amide, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol and the like. Be done.
- the polymer may be used in the state of a metal salt, an alkylene glycol ester or the like.
- the polymer is one or more selected from the group consisting of polysaccharides, cellulose derivatives, gelatin, casein and water-soluble polyether as the first component, and monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, amino acids and sorbitols as the second component.
- polysaccharides cellulose derivatives, gelatin, casein and water-soluble polyether as the first component
- monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, amino acids and sorbitols as the second component.
- the polysaccharide means a compound having a structure in which 10 or more monosaccharide molecules are bound
- the oligosaccharide means a compound having a structure in which 3 to 10 monosaccharide molecules are bound.
- water-soluble polyether examples include polyalkylene glycols such as polyethylene glycol.
- monosaccharide examples include arabinose, glucose, mannose, galactose and the like.
- disaccharide examples include sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose, trehalose and the like.
- oligosaccharide examples include raffinose, stachyose, maltotriose and the like.
- amino acids glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, isoleucine, serine, threonine, cysteine, cystine, methionine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, lysine, arginine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, histidine, tryptophan, proline, oxyproline, and grease.
- Sylglycine and the like can be mentioned.
- Specific examples of tannins include tea catechins and persimmon catechins.
- the first component preferably contains at least one polysaccharide, more preferably at least one selected from the group consisting of tamarind seed gum, starch, dextrin, pullulan and pectin.
- the first component is thought to reduce its specific surface area by being present so as to cover at least a part of the surface of the core particles. As a result, the reaction between the complex particles and the electrolytic solution is suppressed, and the cycle performance can be improved.
- the second component preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of disaccharides and monosaccharides, and more preferably contains at least one selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, maltose, lactose, trehalose and glucose. .. It is considered that the second component is incorporated into the first component and suppresses the solubility of the precipitate film formed from the first component in water or the electrolytic solution.
- the surface of the core particles can be strongly coated, and the binding force of the inorganic particles can be improved. Therefore, the cycle performance can be improved.
- the mass ratio (first component: second component) is preferably 1: 1 to 25: 1. It is more preferably 1 to 20: 1, and even more preferably 5: 1 to 15: 1.
- the carbon material used as a raw material for the carbon-silicon composite according to the embodiment of the present invention is not particularly limited, but graphite or amorphous carbon is preferable, and amorphous carbon is particularly preferable. Further, a porous carbon material is preferable.
- the porous carbon material is a carbon material having a total pore volume of 0.20 cc / g or a BET specific surface area of 200 m 2 / g or more. Since the porous carbon material is considered to have a high adsorption rate of silane, fine silicon can be deposited in the pores when composite particles are produced by using CVD using silane gas, for example.
- the shape may be particulate or fibrous, preferably particulate.
- the pores are formed isotropically in the form of particles, and the composite particles are isotropically expanded and contracted when the lithium ion is removed and inserted, so that the cycle characteristics are excellent. Since it expands and contracts isotropically, it is preferable that the aspect ratio of the particles is small, and it is more preferable that the particles have a spherical shape (circular cross section).
- the porous carbon material include activated carbon.
- the activated carbon is usually amorphous carbon.
- the carbon material used as a raw material for the complex particles according to the embodiment of the present invention preferably has a total pore volume of 0.30 cc / g or more.
- the total pore volume is 0.30 cc / g or more, the amount of silicon inside the pores can be increased, so that the specific volume of the complex particles can be increased.
- the total pore volume of the carbon material is more preferably 0.50 cc / g or more, and further preferably 0.60 cc / g or more.
- the carbon material used as a raw material for the composite particles according to the embodiment of the present invention preferably has a BET specific surface area of 200 m 2 / g or more. Since the amount of silicon inside the compound particles can be increased by 200 m 2 / g or more, the specific volume of the complex particles can be increased. From this viewpoint, the BET specific surface area is more preferably 800 m 2 / g or more, and further preferably 1500 m 2 / g or more.
- the carbon material used as a raw material for the composite particles according to the embodiment of the present invention preferably has a 50% particle size DV50 of 1.0 ⁇ m or more and 30 ⁇ m or less in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution. This is because when the DV50 is 1.0 ⁇ m or more, the side reaction with the electrolytic solution can be reduced when the complex particles are formed. Further, the powder has excellent handleability, it is easy to prepare a slurry having a viscosity and a density suitable for coating, and it is easy to increase the density when it is used as an electrode. From this point of view, the DV50 is more preferably 2.0 ⁇ m or more, further preferably 4.0 ⁇ m or more, and most preferably 7.0 ⁇ m or more.
- D V50 is below 30.0, it is because it reduces the side reactions with the electrolyte solution when the composite particles. Further, the powder has excellent handleability, it is easy to prepare a slurry having a viscosity and a density suitable for coating, and it is easy to increase the density when it is used as an electrode. In this respect, D V50 is more preferably at most 20.0 .mu.m, more preferably not more than 15.0 .mu.m.
- the carbon material may contain elements other than carbon as long as the performance of the complex particles is not impaired, but is preferably 3% by mass or less, more preferably 2% by mass or less, from the viewpoint of increasing the capacity.
- silicon can be eluted and a carbon material as a raw material can be obtained by performing appropriate treatment. This makes it possible to investigate the physical characteristics of the carbon material as a raw material even from the state of the complex particles. For example, the above DV50 , pore volume, and BET specific surface area can be examined.
- Step (2) A step of allowing a Si-containing gas to act on the heated carbon material to precipitate a Si-containing compound on the surface of the carbon material and in the pores to obtain composite particles containing porous carbon and Si.
- Step (1) In the above method for producing a carbon material, for example, the conditions for thermally decomposing a carbon material precursor such as a resin or an organic substance are adjusted while investigating changes in the specific surface areas of V 0 , V 1 , V 2 , V 3, and BET.
- a carbon material precursor such as carbon black may be subjected to an oxidation treatment, an activation treatment, or the like to prepare the precursor so as to have the above-mentioned characteristics.
- a phenol resin or a copolymer resin of resorcinol and formaldehyde is preferable.
- the resin Prior to carbonization, the resin may be heat-treated at 150 ° C. to 300 ° C. for 1 to 6 hours to be cured. Further, after curing, the resin may be crushed to have a particle size of about 0.5 to 5.0 mm.
- the above resin can be produced by carbonization by holding it at a temperature of 400 ° C. to 1100 ° C. for 1 to 20 hours in an inert gas atmosphere.
- the activation treatment is carried out by conducting a nitrogen adsorption test on the obtained carbides, and if the values of the pore volume and the BET specific surface area are not desirable, perform the activation treatment as necessary.
- the temperature of the carbide is raised to 800 ° C to 1100 ° C in an inert atmosphere, and then the temperature is maintained for 1 to 20 hours by switching to an activating gas such as CO 2 gas or steam gas. By this treatment, pores are further developed in the carbide.
- Step (2) In the step (2), a Si-containing gas, preferably a silane gas, is allowed to act on the heated carbon material to cause thermal decomposition of the Si-containing gas on the surface and in the pores of the carbon material, whereby the Si-containing compound is subjected to the above. This is a step of precipitating on the surface of a carbon material and in the pores to obtain composite particles.
- a Si-containing gas preferably a silane gas
- the decomposition of silane also occurs on the surface of the carbon material, and Si precipitates.
- the surface area of the pores of the carbon material is much larger than the external area, so that the amount of Si deposited in the pores of the carbon material is overwhelmingly large.
- Si is present in the pores of the carbon material because it has higher resistance to stress in the complex particles due to expansion and contraction of Si with charge and discharge of the battery.
- the carbon material is preferably a porous carbon material.
- Si-containing gas examples include disilane gas and trisilane gas in addition to silane (SiH 4) gas.
- the Si-containing gas may contain other gases, and for example, a gas such as nitrogen gas, argon, helium, or hydrogen gas may be mixed as the carrier gas.
- a gas such as nitrogen gas, argon, helium, or hydrogen gas may be mixed as the carrier gas.
- Various CVD conditions such as gas composition ratio, gas flow rate, temperature program, and selection of fixed bed / fluidized bed are appropriately adjusted while observing the nature of the product.
- the treatment is performed at a treatment temperature of 340 ° C to 450 ° C, more preferably 350 ° C to 420 ° C, and even more preferably 370 ° C to 400 ° C. Within this temperature range, Si can be efficiently deposited in the pores of the carbon material, and complex particles can be obtained.
- the surface of the Si-containing compound may be oxidized by precipitating the Si-containing compound in the pores of the carbon material, obtaining composite particles, and then contacting the mixture with an oxygen-containing inert gas atmosphere.
- pure Si since pure Si has high activity, rapid deterioration of complex particles can be suppressed by oxidizing the surface.
- the surface of the complex particles may be separately coated after the above-mentioned Si-containing compound is deposited or oxidized.
- Specific examples include carbon coatings, inorganic oxide coatings and polymer coatings.
- Examples of the carbon coating method include chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD).
- Examples of the method of inorganic oxide coating include a chemical vapor deposition method (CVD), a physical vapor deposition method (PVD), an atomic layer deposition method (ALD), and a wet method.
- the wet method includes a method of coating composite particles with a liquid in which a precursor of an inorganic oxide is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent, and removing the solvent by heat treatment or the like.
- the type of polymer coating may be a method of coating with a polymer solution, a method of coating with a polymer precursor containing a monomer, and a method of polymerizing by applying temperature, light, or the like, or a combination thereof.
- the surface coat of the complex particles can be analyzed by performing an analysis of the particle surface.
- SEM-EDS Auger electron spectroscopy
- XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- microinfrared spectroscopy microraman method and the like can be mentioned.
- the polymer can be attached to the core particles by putting the core particles in a liquid in which the polymer is dissolved or dispersed and stirring as necessary. Then, the core particles to which the polymer is attached are taken out from the liquid and dried as necessary to obtain complex particles to which the polymer is attached to the surface.
- the temperature of the solution at the time of stirring is not particularly limited and can be selected from, for example, 5 ° C to 95 ° C.
- the concentration of the solution may change due to the distillation of the solvent used in the solution. To avoid this, it is necessary to adjust in a closed container or to reflux the solvent.
- the treatment may be carried out while distilling off the solvent.
- the stirring atmosphere is not particularly limited as long as the performance of the complex particles is not impaired.
- the temperature at the time of drying is not particularly limited as long as the polymer is not decomposed and distilled off, and can be selected from, for example, 50 ° C to 200 ° C. Drying in an inert atmosphere or under vacuum may be carried out.
- the content of the polymer in the solution is not particularly limited and can be selected from, for example, 0.1% by mass to 20% by mass.
- the solvent used for the solution can be any solvent that can dissolve and disperse the polymer and the precursor of the polymer.
- solvents such as water, alcohols such as acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol and 2-propanol, ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone, and esters such as ethyl acetate and n-butyl acetate.
- the above may be mixed and used.
- the pH of the solution may be adjusted by adding an acid or a base. Known acids and bases may be selected and used.
- inorganic particles may be present on the surface of the complex particles.
- the method of allowing the polymer to exist is not limited, but at the same time as the above polymer is dispersed or dissolved, the inorganic particles are dispersed, the core particles are put into a liquid, and if necessary, the core particles are agitated to attach the inorganic particles to the core particles via the polymer. Can be made to. Then, the core particles to which the inorganic particles and the polymer are attached are taken out from the liquid and dried as necessary to obtain complex particles to which the inorganic particles and the polymer are attached to the surface.
- Complex particles can also be obtained by mixing core particles, inorganic particles and a polymer.
- a liquid in which each component is dissolved or dispersed may be prepared in advance and then mixed. Since the inorganic particles are preferably smaller than the core particles, it is preferable to use a pre-dispersed liquid. When dispersing the inorganic particles, it is more preferable to apply a shearing force to prepare a dispersion liquid by using a ball mill, a bead mill, or the like, because the fine particles can be uniformly dispersed. When dispersing the inorganic particles, a dispersion aid may be added as appropriate. The dispersion aid may be freely selected from known substances and used.
- the complex particles In order to prevent the silicon of the complex particles from reacting with carbon to form silicon carbide as a by-product, it is preferable to treat the complex particles at a temperature of less than 800 ° C. when the temperature is applied during the complexing.
- the temperature of the solution at the time of stirring is not particularly limited and can be selected from, for example, 5 ° C to 95 ° C.
- the concentration of the solution may change due to the distillation of the solvent used in the solution. To avoid this, it is necessary to adjust in a closed container or to reflux the solvent.
- the treatment may be carried out while distilling off the solvent.
- the stirring atmosphere is not particularly limited as long as the performance of the complex particles is not impaired.
- the temperature at the time of drying is not particularly limited as long as the inorganic particles do not decompose and distill off or react with carbon to form silicon carbide as a by-product, and can be selected from, for example, 50 ° C to 200 ° C. Drying in an inert atmosphere or under vacuum may be carried out.
- the content of the solid content in the dispersion is not particularly limited as long as it can be treated uniformly, and can be selected from, for example, 20% by mass to 80% by mass.
- the solid content indicates a polymer, an inorganic particle and a core particle.
- the solvent used in the dispersion is a solvent that can dissolve and disperse the polymer and the precursor of the polymer, and may be any solvent that can disperse the inorganic particles and the core particles.
- the solvent type can be freely selected as long as it does not interfere with the treatment for allowing the inorganic particles and the polymer to be present on at least a part of the surface of the core particles.
- there are two kinds of solvents such as water, alcohols such as acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol and 2-propanol, ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone, and esters such as ethyl acetate and n-butyl acetate. The above may be mixed and used. If necessary, the pH of the solution may be adjusted by adding an acid or a base. Known acids and bases may be selected and used.
- the effects of the coating include, for example, suppression of oxidation of the Si-containing compound inside the complex particles with time, improvement of the initial Coulomb efficiency, and improvement of cycle characteristics.
- Suppressing the oxidation of the Si-containing compound over time means suppressing the oxidation of the Si-containing compound over time when the composite particles are exposed to the atmosphere of air or an oxygen-containing gas.
- the presence of the coat layer on the surface of the complex particles can suppress the invasion of air and oxygen-containing gas into the inside of the complex particles.
- Improving the efficiency of the initial Coulomb means reducing the amount of lithium ions trapped in the composite particles when the lithium ions are inserted into the composite particles for the first time inside the lithium ion battery.
- an electrolyte decomposition product film SEI ⁇ Solid Electrolyte Interface> film
- SEI Solid Electrolyte Interface
- the presence of the coat layer on the surface of the composite particles prevents the lithium ion from being inserted into the pores that are easily blocked by the SEI film, and the first Coulomb. Efficiency improves.
- Improving the cycle characteristics means applying the complex particles to a lithium-ion battery to suppress a decrease in capacity when charging and discharging are repeated.
- a lithium ion battery when charging and discharging are repeated, it is considered that the Si-containing compound in the composite particles reacts with fluorine, which is a component element of the electrolytic solution, and elutes as a silicon fluoride compound.
- fluorine which is a component element of the electrolytic solution
- the specific volume of the complex particles decreases.
- the presence of the coat layer on the surface of the complex particles suppresses the elution of the Si-containing compound and suppresses the decrease in the volume of the complex particles.
- the coating reduces resistance, improves Coulomb efficiency and improves cycle characteristics.
- Negative electrode active material contains complex particles. Two or more kinds of complex particles may be mixed and used. Further other components can be included. Examples of other components include those generally used as a negative electrode active material for a lithium ion secondary battery. Examples thereof include graphite, hard carbon, soft carbon, lithium titanate (Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 ), alloy-based active materials such as silicon and tin, and composite materials thereof. These components are usually in the form of particles. As the components other than the complex particles, one kind may be used or two or more kinds may be used. Among them, graphite particles and hard carbon are particularly preferably used.
- the complex particles are adjusted so as to be 1 to 50% by mass in the negative electrode active material. It is preferably adjusted to be 2 to 25% by mass.
- the negative electrode active material that also has the excellent properties of other carbon materials while maintaining the excellent properties of the complex particles. be.
- a plurality of types of materials are used as the negative electrode active material, they may be mixed in advance and then used, or may be sequentially added when preparing a slurry for forming a negative electrode mixture, which will be described later.
- a commercially available mixer or stirrer can be used as a device for mixing the complex particles and other materials.
- a mixer such as a mortar, a ribbon mixer, a V-type mixer, a W-type mixer, a one-blade mixer, and a Nauter mixer.
- Negative electrode mixture layer contains the negative electrode active material described in the above [4].
- the negative electrode mixture layer of the present invention can be used as a negative electrode mixture layer for a lithium ion secondary battery.
- the negative electrode mixture layer generally consists of a negative electrode material active material, a binder, and a conductive auxiliary agent as an optional component.
- a method for producing the negative electrode mixture layer for example, a known method as shown below can be used.
- a slurry for forming a negative electrode mixture is prepared using a negative electrode active material, a binder, a conductive auxiliary agent as an optional component, and a solvent.
- the slurry is applied to a current collector such as copper foil and dried. This is further vacuum dried to remove the solvent.
- the obtained product may be referred to as a negative electrode sheet.
- the negative electrode sheet is composed of a negative electrode mixture layer and a current collector.
- the negative electrode sheet is cut to the required shape and size, or punched out, and then pressed to improve the density of the electrode mixture layer (sometimes called the electrode density). Increasing the electrode density improves the energy density of the battery.
- the pressing method is not particularly limited as long as it can be processed to a desired electrode density, and examples thereof include a uniaxial press and a roll press. In the examples described later, the step of performing the pressing after the shape processing is exemplified, but the shape processing may be performed after the pressing.
- a product having the desired shape and electrode density is referred to as a negative electrode.
- the negative electrode also includes a current collector with a current collector tab attached, if necessary.
- any binder generally used in the negative electrode mixture layer of the lithium ion secondary battery can be freely selected and used.
- PVdF polyvinylidene fluoride
- PTFE polyvinylidene fluoride
- polyethylene oxide polyepicrolhydrin
- polyphospha examples thereof include zen, polyacrylonitrile, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and salts thereof, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide and the like.
- One kind of binder may be used, or two or more kinds of binders may be used.
- the amount of the binder is preferably 0.5 to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative
- the conductive auxiliary agent is not particularly limited as long as it serves to impart electron conductivity and dimensional stability (buffering action against volume change due to insertion / removal of lithium) to the electrode.
- carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, vapor phase carbon fibers for example, “VGCF (registered trademark) -H” manufactured by Showa Denko Co., Ltd.
- conductive carbon black for example, "Denka Black (registered trademark)” electrochemical Industrial Co., Ltd., "SUPER C65” Imeris Graphite & Carbon, “SUPER C45” Imeris Graphite & Carbon
- Conductive Graphite for example, "KS6L” Imeris Graphite & Carbon, "SFG6L” Imeris -Made by Graphite & Carbon Co., Ltd.
- Multiple types may be used.
- the conductive auxiliary agent preferably contains carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, and vapor-phase carbon fibers, and the fiber length of these conductive auxiliary agents is at least 1/2 the length of DV50 of the composite particles. Is preferable. With this length, these conductive auxiliaries can be bridged between the negative electrode active materials including the composite particles, and the cycle characteristics can be improved. Further, the single wall type and the multi-wall type having a fiber diameter of 15 nm or less have the same amount of addition, and the number of bridges increases. Further, since it is more flexible, it is more preferable from the viewpoint of improving the electrode density.
- the amount of the conductive auxiliary agent is preferably 1 to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode material.
- the solvent for preparing the slurry for electrode coating is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylformamide (DMF), isopropanol, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and water.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- DMF dimethylformamide
- isopropanol tetrahydrofuran
- THF tetrahydrofuran
- water water
- a binder that uses water as a solvent it is also preferable to use a thickener in combination.
- the amount of solvent can be adjusted so that the slurry has a viscosity that makes it easy to apply to the current collector.
- the lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention includes the negative electrode mixture layer.
- the lithium ion secondary battery is usually composed of a negative electrode composed of the negative electrode mixture layer and a current collector, a positive electrode composed of a positive electrode mixture layer and a current collector, and a non-aqueous electrolyte solution and a non-aqueous polymer electrolyte existing between the negative electrodes. Includes at least one, as well as a separator, and a battery case for accommodating them.
- the lithium ion secondary battery may include the negative electrode mixture layer, and other configurations including conventionally known configurations can be adopted without particular limitation.
- the positive electrode mixture layer usually consists of a positive electrode material, a conductive auxiliary agent, and a binder.
- a positive electrode material a positive electrode material, a conductive auxiliary agent, and a binder.
- a general configuration in a normal lithium ion secondary battery can be used.
- the positive electrode material is not particularly limited as long as it can reversibly insert and remove electrochemical lithium and these reactions are sufficiently higher than the standard redox potential of the negative electrode reaction.
- LiCoO 2 , LiNiO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiCo 1/3 Mn 1/3 Ni 1/3 O 2 , LiCo 0.6 Mn 0.2 Ni 0.2 O 2 , LiCo 0.8 Mn 0.1 Ni 0.1 O 2 , carbon coated LiFePO. 4 , or a mixture thereof can be preferably used.
- the conductive auxiliary agent, the binder, and the solvent for preparing the slurry those mentioned in the section of the negative electrode are used.
- Aluminum foil is preferably used as the current collector.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte solution and the non-aqueous polymer electrolyte used in the lithium ion battery those known as the electrolytic solution of the lithium ion secondary battery can be used.
- lithium salts such as LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSO 3 CF 3 , and CH 3 SO 3 Li are dissolved in the following solvents and polymers.
- the solvent examples include non-aqueous solvents such as ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, acetonitrile, propionitrile, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, and ⁇ -butyrolactone; polyethylene oxide, polyacrylic nitrile, and the like. Gel-like polymers containing polyfluoridene, polymethylmethacrylate, and the like; polymers having an ethylene oxide bond and the like can be mentioned.
- non-aqueous solvents such as ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethylmethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, acetonitrile, propionitrile, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, and ⁇ -butyrolactone
- polyethylene oxide polyacrylic nitrile
- an additive generally used for an electrolytic solution of a lithium ion battery may be added to the non-aqueous electrolytic solution.
- the substance include vinylene carbonate (VC), biphenyl, propane sultone (PS), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), ethylene salton (ES) and the like.
- VC and FEC are preferred.
- the amount to be added is preferably 0.01 to 20% by mass with respect to 100% by mass of the non-aqueous electrolytic solution.
- the separator can be freely selected from those that can be used in a general lithium ion secondary battery, including the combination thereof, and examples thereof include a microporous film made of polyethylene or polypropylene. Further, such a separator mixed with particles such as SiO 2 or Al 2 O 3 as a filler, or a separator adhered to the surface can also be used.
- the battery case is not particularly limited as long as it can accommodate the positive electrode and the negative electrode, and the separator and the electrolytic solution.
- those standardized in the industry such as battery packs, 18650 type cylindrical cells, coin type cells, etc. that are usually on the market, those packed with aluminum packaging material, etc. can be freely designed and used. can.
- the lithium ion secondary battery according to the present invention is a power source for electronic devices such as smartphones, tablet PCs, and mobile information terminals; a power source for electric motors such as electric tools, vacuum cleaners, electric bicycles, drones, and electric vehicles; fuel cells, and the sun. It can be used for storage of electric power obtained by optical power generation, wind power generation, and the like.
- the set minimum relative pressure at the time of measurement was 0.005, and the set maximum relative pressure was 0.995.
- the BET specific surface area of the porous carbon material was calculated by the BET multipoint method from the adsorption isotherm data with a relative pressure of around 0.005 to less than 0.08.
- the BET specific surface area of the composite particles was calculated by the BET multipoint method from the adsorption isotherm data at three points of relative pressures of around 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3.
- the total pore volume was obtained by calculating the adsorption amount at the relative pressure of 0.99 by linear approximation from the adsorption isotherm data of two points around the relative pressure of 0.99.
- the nitrogen liquid density was 0.808 (cc / g)
- the 1 mol volume of nitrogen in the standard state was 22.4133 L
- the nitrogen atomic weight was 14.0067.
- X-ray target Cu X-ray source: Cu-K ⁇ ray (wavelength: 1.541867 ⁇ )
- Detector Scintigraphy counter SC-70 Goniometer radius: 300mm
- Incident optical slit OPEN Attachment base: Standard attachment base Attachment head: XY-20 mm Attachment head
- Sample plate Transmitted X-ray small angle sample holder
- Light receiving optical unit Vacuum path (measurement conditions)
- Scan range 0.06 to 9.98 deg (conditions determined by the intensity of preliminary measurement)
- Scan step 0.02 or 0.04 deg (conditions determined by the intensity of preliminary measurement)
- Scan speed 0.79 or 0.99 deg / min (conditions are determined by the intensity of preliminary measurement)
- the polyethylene bag containing no sample was measured as a blank, the blank data was subtracted, and the analysis was performed under the following conditions.
- the sample After vacuum-drying the true density sample at 180 ° C. for 12 hours, the sample is filled in a glove box under a dry argon atmosphere so as to be 40 to 60% of the measurement cell, and the cell is filled 100 times or more. After tapping, the sample was weighed. After that, the sample was taken out to the atmosphere, and the dry density was measured by the constant volume expansion method using helium gas by the following method, and the true density was calculated.
- X-ray fluorescence device NEX CG manufactured by Rigaku Tube voltage: 50 kV Tube current: 1.00mA
- the sample was filled in a sample cup, the measurement was carried out by the above method, and the silicon content in the complex particles was calculated in units of mass% using the fundamental parameter (FP method).
- FP method fundamental parameter
- a Si peak of 450 to 495 cm -1 in the Raman spectrum was observed.
- the ratio of the peak intensity (ID) near 1350 cm -1 and the peak intensity (IG) near 1580 cm -1 in the Raman spectrum is defined as the R value (ID / IG).
- the height from the baseline to the peak top was taken as the strength.
- an SBR aqueous dispersion in which SBR having a solid content of 40% by mass was dispersed, and a 2% by mass CMC aqueous solution in which CMC powder was dissolved were obtained.
- a mixed conductive auxiliary agent carbon black (SUPER C 45 (registered trademark), manufactured by Imeris Graphite & Carbon Co., Ltd.) and vapor phase carbon fiber (VGCF (registered trademark) -H, manufactured by Showa Denko KK) are used 3: 2.
- a mixture was prepared in the mass ratio of.
- a negative electrode active material was obtained by mixing complex particles and graphite particles so that the silicon concentration in the total amount of the negative electrode active material was 5.7 wt%.
- 90 parts by mass of the negative electrode active material, 5 parts by mass of the mixed conductive auxiliary agent, a CMC aqueous solution so as to have a CMC solid content of 2.5 parts by mass, and an SBR aqueous dispersion so as to have an SBR solid content of 2.5 parts by mass were mixed.
- An appropriate amount of water for adjusting the viscosity was added thereto, and the mixture was kneaded with a rotating / revolving mixer (manufactured by Shinky Co., Ltd.) to obtain a slurry for forming a negative electrode mixture layer.
- the slurry concentration is 45 to 55% by mass.
- the slurry for forming the negative electrode mixture layer is uniformly applied onto a copper foil having a thickness of 20 ⁇ m, which is a current collecting foil, using a doctor blade having a gap of 150 ⁇ m, dried on a hot plate, and then vacuum dried at 70 ° C. for 12 hours.
- a negative electrode mixture layer was formed on the current collector foil. This is called a negative electrode sheet (a sheet composed of a negative electrode mixture layer and a current collector foil).
- the negative electrode sheet was punched to 16 mm ⁇ , pressure-molded by a uniaxial press, and the negative electrode mixture layer density was adjusted to 1.4 g / cc to obtain a negative electrode.
- the electrode density (negative electrode density) of the negative electrode was calculated as follows. The mass and thickness of the negative electrode obtained by the above method were measured, and the mass and thickness of the collector foil punched to 16 mm ⁇ separately measured were subtracted from the mass and thickness to obtain the mass and thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer. The electrode density (negative electrode density) was calculated from the value.
- the electrolytic solution in the lithium counter electrode cell is 100 parts by mass of a solvent in which ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate are mixed in a volume ratio of 3: 5: 2, and 1 part by mass of vinylene carbonate (VC) and fluoroethylene.
- a liquid obtained by mixing 10 parts by mass of carbonate (FEC) and further dissolving the electrolyte lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF 6 ) to a concentration of 1 mol / L was used.
- the test was conducted in a constant temperature bath set at 25 ° C.
- the specific volume is a value obtained by dividing the volume by the mass of the negative electrode active material.
- the "current value equivalent to 1C” is derived from the mass of Si and carbon (including graphite) of the negative electrode active material contained in the negative electrode and the theoretical specific capacity (4200mAh / g and 372mAh / g, respectively). It is the magnitude of the current that can finish discharging the estimated capacity of the negative electrode in one hour.
- the Li roll was cut out to obtain a Li piece for counter electrode having an area of 7.5 cm 2 (3.0 cm ⁇ 2.5 cm) and a Li piece for reference electrode having an area of 3.75 cm 2 (1.5 cm ⁇ 2.5 cm). ..
- a 5 mm wide Ni tab for the counter electrode and the reference electrode was prepared, and a 5 mm ⁇ 20 mm Ni mesh was attached so as to overlap the 5 mm portion at the tip. At this time, the 5 mm width of the Ni tab and the 5 mm width of the Ni mesh were aligned and attached.
- a Ni tab for the working electrode was also attached to the Cu foil tab portion of the negative electrode piece for the working electrode.
- the Ni mesh at the tip of the counter electrode Ni tab was attached to the corner of the Li piece so as to be perpendicular to the 3.0 cm side of the counter electrode Li piece.
- the Ni mesh at the tip of the Ni tab for the reference pole was attached to the center of the 1.5 cm side of the Li piece so as to be perpendicular to the 1.5 cm side of the Li piece for the reference pole.
- a polypropylene film microporous film was sandwiched between the working electrode and the counter electrode, and the reference electrode was liquid-entangled near the working electrode so as not to short-circuit and via the polypropylene film microporous film.
- the state was sandwiched between two rectangular aluminum laminated packaging materials with the tips of all Ni tabs protruding outward, and the three sides were heat-sealed. Then, the electrolytic solution was injected through the opening. Then, the opening was sealed by heat fusion to prepare a triode laminated half cell for evaluation.
- a discharge / charge cycle test was conducted by the following method. Charging is 0.005 Vvs. With a constant current (CC) of 1C. After going to Li / Li +, the charging was switched to constant voltage (CV) charging, and the cutoff current was set to 0.025C. Discharge is 1.5 Vvs. With a constant current (CC) of 1C. I went to Li / Li +. This charge / discharge operation was performed for 20 cycles as one cycle, and in the 21st cycle, a low rate test was performed in which the charge / discharge rate was replaced with 0.1C. The discharge capacity at the 50th cycle after the start of the test at 1C is defined as the Li capacity at the 50th cycle.
- the discharge (de-Li) capacity retention rate at the 50th cycle was defined and calculated by the following equation.
- 50th cycle discharge (de-Li) capacity retention rate (%) ⁇ (50th cycle de-Li capacity after 1C test start) / (1st cycle de-Li capacity after 1C test start) ⁇ ⁇ 100
- the details of the materials shown in Table 1 are as follows.
- an average flake graphite having a particle diameter D V50 is 3 [mu] m (manufactured by KS-6, Timcal) and acetylene black (HS100, manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was prepared.
- HS100 manufactured by Denki Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd.
- Example 1 The spherical phenol resin 1 was calcined by firing at 900 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere, and then activated under the conditions shown in Table 1 to obtain spherical activated carbon 1 as a carbon material.
- the material properties of the carbon material are shown in Table 1.
- Silicon-CVD treatment was performed on spherical activated carbon 1 using silane gas diluted with nitrogen gas under the conditions shown in Table 1 to precipitate Si inside the carbon material, and composite particles were obtained.
- the material properties are shown in Table 2.
- the obtained complex particles and graphite particles were uniformly mixed in an agate mortar and used as a negative electrode active material for battery evaluation.
- Table 2 shows the composition of the negative electrode active material and the battery characteristics.
- Amorphous activated carbon 1 was used as a carbon material. The material properties of the carbon material are shown in Table 1.
- Silicon-CVD treatment was performed on the amorphous activated carbon 1 using silane gas diluted with nitrogen gas under the conditions shown in Table 1, and Si was precipitated inside the carbon material to obtain composite particles.
- the material properties are shown in Table 2.
- the obtained complex particles and graphite particles were uniformly mixed in an agate mortar and used as a negative electrode active material for battery evaluation.
- Table 2 shows the composition of the negative electrode active material and the battery characteristics.
- Example 3, Comparative Example 2 Amorphous activated carbon 2 was used as a carbon material. The material properties of the carbon material are shown in Table 1.
- the obtained complex particles and graphite particles were uniformly mixed in an agate mortar and used as a negative electrode active material for battery evaluation.
- Table 2 shows the composition of the negative electrode active material and the battery characteristics.
- Example 4, Comparative Example 1 The spherical phenol resin 2 was calcined by firing at 900 ° C. for 1 hour in a nitrogen atmosphere, and then activated under the conditions shown in Table 1 to obtain spherical activated carbons 2 and 3 as carbon materials. The material properties of the carbon material are shown in Table 1.
- Silicon-CVD treatment was performed on spherical activated carbons 2 and 3 using silane gas diluted with nitrogen gas under the conditions shown in Table 1, and Si was precipitated inside the carbon material to obtain composite particles.
- the material properties are shown in Table 2.
- Example 5 7 g of the composite particles obtained by the same method as in Example 2, 1.98 g of water, 3.84 g of the tamarin seed gum aqueous solution of 2.5% by mass as the first polymer aqueous solution, and 2.5% by mass of the second polymer aqueous solution. 0.43 g of a sorbitol aqueous solution and 1.60 g of an inorganic particle dispersion were prepared.
- Example 6 The obtained complex particles and artificial graphite particles were uniformly mixed in an agate mortar and used as a negative electrode active material for battery evaluation.
- Table 2 shows the composition of the negative electrode active material and the battery characteristics.
- [Example 6] 0.29 g of water, 5.14 g of a 2.5 mass% pullulan aqueous solution as a first polymer aqueous solution, 0.57 g of a 2.5 mass% trehalose aqueous solution as a second polymer aqueous solution, and 2.14 g of a dispersion of inorganic particles were used. Except for the above, the treatment was carried out in the same manner as in Example 5.
- Example 7 The obtained complex particles and artificial graphite particles were uniformly mixed in an agate mortar and used as a negative electrode active material for battery evaluation.
- Table 2 shows the composition of the negative electrode active material and the battery characteristics.
- [Example 7] 1.98 g of water, 3.84 g of a 2.5 mass% pectin aqueous solution as the first polymer aqueous solution, 0.43 g of the sorbitol aqueous solution as 2.5 mass% of the second polymer aqueous solution, and 1.60 g of a dispersion of inorganic particles were used. Except for the above, the treatment was carried out in the same manner as in Example 5.
- silicon-CVD treatment was performed under the conditions shown in Table 1 to precipitate Si inside the carbon material, and composite particles were obtained.
- the material properties are shown in Table 2.
- the obtained complex particles and artificial graphite particles were uniformly mixed in an agate mortar and used as a negative electrode active material for battery evaluation.
- Table 2 shows the composition of the negative electrode active material and the battery characteristics.
- the characteristics of the batteries using the complex particles of Examples 1 to 7 are excellent in cycle characteristics, but the characteristics of the batteries using the complexes of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 are inferior in cycle characteristics. Since Comparative Examples 1 and 2 have a small integrated value of the domain size of 2 nm or less, it is considered that the volume change due to the expansion and contraction of silicon during lithium insertion and desorption cannot be absorbed and the cycle characteristics are inferior.
- Comparative Example 3 Since the true density of Comparative Example 3 is low, there are many pores having a size small enough not to be filled with silicon inside the carbon material, and the strength is lowered, so that the cycle characteristics are deteriorated and the initial Coulomb efficiency is increased due to the precipitation of non-uniform silicon. It is thought that it has decreased.
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Abstract
Description
(a)ミクロ孔とメソ孔を含んでいる多孔質炭素構造体と(b)前記多孔質炭素構造体の前記ミクロ孔および/またはメソ孔の内側に位置した複数のナノスケールの元素状シリコンドメインを有し、
(i)前記ミクロ孔とメソ孔はP1cm3/gという、ガス吸着によって測定される合計細孔容積を有し、ここで、P1は少なくとも0.6で、2を超えない
(ii)ミクロ孔の体積分率(φa)は、ミクロ孔とメソ孔のトータルの体積に基づいて0.5から0.9までの範囲内にある
(iii)10nmよりも小さい細孔直径を有する細孔の体積分率(φ10)は、ミクロ孔とメソ孔のトータルの体積に基づき、少なくとも0.75であり、そして
(iv)前記多孔質炭素構造体は20μmよりも少ないというD50粒子径を有し、
前記複合粒子における、シリコンの前記多孔質炭素構造体に対する質量比は、[1×P1~1.9×P1]:1の範囲内である。
[1] シリコンと炭素を含む複合体粒子において、複合体粒子の小角X線散乱において得られるスペクトルに炭素-空孔2元系における球モデルでフィッティングを行うことにより得られる空孔のドメインサイズの体積分布情報を小さい順から積算していった際、2nm以下のドメインサイズ領域が44体積%以上70体積%以下であり、ヘリウムガスを用いた定容積膨張法による乾式密度測定で算出される真密度が1.80g/cm3以上2.20g/cm3以下である複合体粒子。
[2] 複合体粒子中のシリコン含有量が30質量%以上80質量%以下であり、複合体粒子中のシリコン含有量を100質量%とした時の酸素含有量が0.1質量%以上30質量%以下である、[1]に記載の複合体粒子。
[3] ラマンスペクトルにおいてシリコンに起因するピークが450~495cm-1に存在している、[1]または[2]いずれかに記載の複合体粒子。
[4] ラマンスペクトルにおいてR値(ID/IG)が0.30以上1.30未満である、[1]~[3]のいずれかに記載の複合体粒子。
[5] Cu-Kα線を用いた粉末XRD測定によるXRDパターンにおいて、(SiC111面のピーク強度)/(Si111面のピーク強度)が0.01以下である、[1]~[4]のいずれかに記載の複合体粒子。
[6] 平均粒子径DV50が1μm以上30μm以下であり、BET比表面積が0.1以上100m2/g以下である、[1]~[5]のいずれかに記載の複合体粒子。
[7] 複合体粒子表面の少なくとも一部に無機粒子及びポリマーが存在し、ポリマー含有量が0.1質量%~10.0質量%であり、無機粒子が黒鉛及びカーボンブラックから選択される1種以上である[1]~[6]のいずれかに記載の複合体粒子。
[8] 炭素が非晶質炭素である[1]~[7]のいずれかに記載の複合体粒子。
[9] [1]~[8]のいずれかに記載の複合体粒子を含む、負極活物質。
[10][9]に記載の負極活物質を含む、負極合剤層。
[11] [10]に記載の負極合剤層を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池。
[1]炭素-シリコン複合体
本発明の一実施形態に係るシリコンと炭素を含む複合体粒子は、小角X線散乱において得られるスペクトルに炭素-空孔2元系における球モデルでフィッティングを行うことにより得られる空孔のドメインサイズの体積分布情報を小さい順から積算していった際、2nm以下のドメインサイズ領域が44体積%以上70体積%以下であり、ヘリウムガスを用いた定容積膨張法による乾式密度測定で算出される真密度が1.80g/cm3以上2.20g/cm3以下である。
複合体に炭素、シリコン以外のその他の成分を含む場合も、その他の成分と炭素またはシリコンとの密度差よりも、その他の成分と空孔の密度差の方が大きい。したがって、SAXSパターンには、空孔とそれ以外の成分の散乱情報に分けることができる。また複合体に酸素が含まれる場合は、主に酸化物として含まれるため独自のドメインを形成せず散乱情報は得られない。
複合体粒子中のシリコン含有量を100質量%とした時の酸素含有量は、0.1質量%以上30質量%以下であることが好ましい。純Siは活性が高いため、表面を酸化し活性を下げることで複合体粒子の急激な変質を抑制できることから、0.1質量%以上であるとことが好ましい。同様の観点から0.4質量%以上がより好ましく、0.9質量%以上がさらに好ましい。30質量%以下であるとシリコンの酸化が適度に抑えられることで、負極材として用いた時の不可逆容量を小さくすることがきる。同様の観点から10.0質量%以下がより好ましく、5.0質量%以下がさらに好ましく、3.0質量%以下が最も好ましい。
本発明の一実施形態に係る複合体粒子は、BET比表面積が0.1m2/g以上100m2/g以下であることが好ましい。0.1m2/g以上であることで電極作製時のスラリー粘度を好適にすることができ、良好な電極を製造できる。同様の観点から0.4m2/g以上がより好ましく、0.7m2/g以上がさらに好ましい。100m2/g以下であることで、電解液との副反応を低減できる。同様の観点から、BET比表面積は20m2/g以下がより好ましく、6.9m2/g以下がさらに好ましい。
前記ポリマーの含有率は、複合体粒子全体中に0.1質量%~10.0質量%であることが好ましい。前記の範囲内であると、導電性の低下を抑制しつつサイクル耐久性を向上することができる。本発明の一実施形態に係る複合体粒子全体中のポリマーの含有率は、0.2質量%~7.0質量%であることが好ましく、0.2質量%~5.0質量%であることがより好ましい。
ポリマーの種類は、特に制限されない。例えば、多糖類、セルロース誘導体、動物性水溶性ポリマー、リグニンの誘導体及び水溶性合成ポリマー、単糖、二糖、オリゴ糖、アミノ酸、没食子(もっしょくし)酸、タンニン、サッカリン、サッカリンの塩及びブチンジオール、ソルビトール等の糖アルコール類、グリセリン、1,3-ブタンジオール、ジプロピレングリコール等の多価アルコール類からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種が挙げられる。
本発明の一実施形態に係る炭素-シリコン複合体の原料となる炭素材料は、特に限定されないが黒鉛または非晶質炭素が好ましく、非晶質炭素が特に好ましい。また、多孔質炭素材料が好ましい。多孔質炭素材料とは、全細孔容積が0.20cc/g、またはBET比表面積が200m2/g以上の炭素材料のことである。多孔質炭素材料は、シランの吸着速度が高いと考えられるため、例えばシランガスを用いたCVDを用いて複合体粒子を製造するときに、細孔内に微細なシリコンを析出させることができる。形状としては粒子状または繊維状が挙げられ、粒子状が好ましい。粒子状であると細孔が等方的に形成されるため、リチウムイオンの脱挿入時に複合体粒子が等方的に膨張収縮するためサイクル特性に優れるからである。等方的な膨張収縮するため、粒子のアスペクト比が小さい方が好ましく、球状(断面が円形)であることがさらに好ましい。多孔質炭素材料として例えば活性炭が挙げられる。なお活性炭は通常、非晶質炭素である。
本発明の一実施態様に係る複合体粒子は、例えば下記工程(1)および(2)により製造することができるがこれに限定されるものではない。
相対圧P/P0が最大値のときの全細孔容積をV0、
相対圧P/P0=0.1のときの累計細孔容積をV1、
相対圧P/P0=10-7のときの累計細孔容積をV2としたとき、
V1/V0>0.8かつ、V2/V0<0.1であり、
BET比表面積が800m2/g以上である、炭素材料を得る工程。
工程(2):加熱した前記炭素材料にSi含有ガスを作用させて、炭素材料の表面および細孔内にSi含有化合物を析出させ、多孔質炭素とSiを含む複合体粒子を得る工程。
上記の炭素材料の製造方法は、例えば前記V0、V1、V2、V3、BET比表面積の変化を調べながら、樹脂や有機物などの炭素材料前駆体を熱分解する条件を調整することや、カーボンブラックなどの炭素材料前駆体に酸化処理や賦活処理等を施し、前記特徴を持つように調製することが挙げられる。炭素材料前駆体としては、フェノール樹脂や、レゾルシノールとホルムアルデヒドの共重合体樹脂が好ましい。炭化に先立ち、前記樹脂を150℃~300℃で1~6時間熱処理し、硬化させてもよい。また硬化の後、樹脂を解砕し、0.5~5.0mm程度の粒子径にしてもよい。
賦活処理は、得られた炭化物に対して窒素吸着試験を行い、細孔容積やBET比表面積の値が望ましいものでない場合、必要に応じて行う。前記炭化物を不活性雰囲気下で昇温し、800℃~1100℃にし、その後CO2ガスや水蒸気ガスなどの賦活ガスに切り替え、1~20時間その温度を保持する。この処理により、炭化物には細孔がより発達する。
(工程(2))
工程(2)は、加熱した炭素材料にSi含有ガス、好ましくはシランガスを作用させて、前記炭素材料の表面および細孔内で前記Si含有ガスの熱分解が起きることで、Si含有化合物を前記炭素材料の表面および細孔内に析出させ、複合体粒子を得る工程である。
ポリマーを複合体粒子表面の一部少なくともに存在させる方法は特に制限されない。例えば、ポリマーを溶解又は分散させた液体にコア粒子を入れ、必要に応じて撹拌することにより、ポリマーをコア粒子に付着させることができる。その後、ポリマーが付着したコア粒子を液体から取り出し、必要に応じて乾燥することで、ポリマーが表面に付着した複合体粒子を得ることができる。
溶液に用いる溶媒はポリマー及びポリマーの前駆体を溶解、分散可能な溶媒であれば用いることができる。例えば、水、アセトニトリルやメタノール、エタノール、2-プロパノールなどのアルコール類、アセトン、メチルエチルケトンなどのケトン類、酢酸エチル、酢酸n-ブチルなどのエステル類など溶媒として使用されるものが挙げられ、2種以上を混合して使用しても構わない。また、必要に応じて、酸や塩基を加えて溶液のpHを調整しても構わない。酸や塩基は公知の物を選択して使用してかまわない。
前記撹拌時の溶液の温度は特に制限されず、例えば5℃~95℃から選択することができる。溶液を加温する場合は、溶液に用いる溶媒が留去することにより、溶液濃度が変化する可能性がある。それを避けるためには、閉鎖系の容器内で調整するか、溶媒を還流するようにする必要がある。均一にポリマーをコア粒子表面の少なくとも一部に存在させる事ができれば、溶媒を留去しながら処理しても構わない。複合体粒子の性能を損なわない限り、撹拌雰囲気は特に制限されない。
Si含有化合物の経時酸化の抑制とは、複合体粒子を空気や酸素含有ガス雰囲気に曝した際に、時間の経過と共にSi含有化合物が酸化することを抑制することを意味する。複合体粒子表面にコート層が存在することにより、複合体粒子内部への空気や酸素含有ガスの侵入を抑制することができる。
本発明の一実施形態に係る負極活物質は、複合体粒子を含む。複合体粒子は二種以上を混合して使用しても構わない。さらに他の成分を含むことができる。他の成分としては、リチウムイオン二次電池の負極活物質として一般的に用いられるものが挙げられる。例えば黒鉛、ハードカーボン、ソフトカーボン、チタン酸リチウム(Li4Ti5O12)や、シリコン、スズなどの合金系活物質およびその複合材料等が挙げられる。これらの成分は通常粒子状のものが用いられる。複合体粒子以外の成分としては、一種を用いても、二種以上を用いてもよい。その中でも特に黒鉛粒子やハードカーボンが好ましく用いられる。
本発明の一実施形態に係る負極合剤層は、前記[4]で述べた負極活物質を含む。
本発明の負極合剤層は、リチウムイオン二次電池用の負極合剤層として用いることができる。負極合剤層は一般に、負極材活物質、バインダー、任意成分としての導電助剤とからなる。
電極塗工用のスラリーを調製する際の溶媒としては、特に制限はなく、N-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)、ジメチルホルムアミド(DMF)、イソプロパノール、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)、水などが挙げられる。溶媒として水を使用するバインダーの場合は、増粘剤を併用することも好ましい。溶媒の量はスラリーが集電体に塗工しやすい粘度となるように調整することができる。
本発明に係るリチウムイオン二次電池は、前記負極合剤層を含む。前記リチウムイオン二次電池は、通常は前記負極合剤層および集電体からなる負極と、正極合剤層および集電体からなる正極、その間に存在する非水系電解液および非水系ポリマー電解質の少なくとも一方、並びにセパレータ、そしてこれらを収容する電池ケースを含む。前記リチウムイオン二次電池は、前記負極合剤層を含んでいればよく、それ以外の構成としては、従来公知の構成を含め、特に制限なく採用することができる。
リチウムイオン電池に用いられる非水系電解液および非水系ポリマー電解質は、リチウムイオン二次電池の電解液として公知であるものが使用できる。例えば、LiClO4、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiSO3CF3、CH3SO3Liなどのリチウム塩を、以下の溶媒やポリマーに溶解したものを使用する。溶媒としては、エチレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、アセトニトリル、プロピオニトリル、ジメトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、γ-ブチロラクトンなどの非水系溶媒;ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリアクリルニトリル、ポリフッ化ビリニデン、及びポリメチルメタクリレートなどを含有するゲル状のポリマー;エチレンオキシド結合を有するポリマーなどが挙げられる。
本発明に係るリチウムイオン二次電池は、スマートホン、タブレットPC、携帯情報端末などの電子機器の電源;電動工具、掃除機、電動自転車、ドローン、電気自動車などの電動機の電源;燃料電池、太陽光発電、風力発電などによって得られる電力の貯蔵などに用いることができる。
[1-1]DV10、DV50、DV90(粒度分布測定)
サンプルを極小型スパーテル1杯分、および、非イオン性界面活性剤(SIRAYA ヤシの実洗剤ハイパワー)原液(32質量%)の100倍希釈液2滴を水15mLに添加し、3分間超音波分散させた。この分散液をセイシン企業社製レーザー回折式粒度分布測定器(LMS-2000e)に投入し、体積基準累積粒度分布を測定し、10%粒子径DV10、50%粒子径DV50、90%粒子径DV90を決定した。
測定装置としてカンタクローム(Quantachrome)社製NOVA 4200eを用い、サンプルセル(9mm×135mm)にサンプルの合計表面積が2~60m2となるようにサンプルを入れ、300℃、真空条件下で1時間乾燥後、サンプル重量を測定し、測定を行った。測定用のガスには窒素を用いた。
サンプルをチャック付きポリエチレン袋(株式会社生産日本社製ユニパック A-4)に0.2g程度いれ、試料ホルダーに挟み、以下のような条件で測定を行った。
(装置条件)
XRD装置 :株式会社リガク製 SmartLab(登録商標)
X線ターゲット :Cu
X線源 :Cu-Kα線(波長:1.541867Å)
検出器 :シンチエーションカウンター SC-70
ゴニオメーター半径 :300mm
光学系+選択スリット :CBO + SA
入射光学スリット :OPEN
アタッチメントベース :標準アタッチメントベース
アタッチメントヘッド :XY-20mmアタッチメントヘッド
試料板 :透過X線小角試料ホルダー
受光光学ユニット :真空パス
(測定条件)
X線管球出力 :45kV、200mA
スキャン範囲 :0.06~9.98deg(予備測定の強度により条件決定)
スキャンステップ :0.02or0.04deg(予備測定の強度により条件決定)
スキャンスピード :0.79or0.99deg/min(予備測定の強度により条件決定)
試料の入っていないポリエチレン袋をブランクとして測定し、そのブランクデータを差し引いて、以下のような条件で解析を行った。前述の通り、SAXSパターンの解析においては、炭素と空孔の2元系における球モデルでのシミュレーションフィッティングによる解析を行った。
(解析条件)
ソフトウェア :株式会社リガク製 Nano-solver
散乱体モデル :球
粒子/空孔 :Pore
マトリックス :カーボン
スリット補正 :高
アナライザー結晶 :なし
分布関数 :Γ分布
まずは一つの分布でフィッティングを行った。一つの分布ではフィッティングが悪い場合、フィッティングを増やしていき、R因子が5%以下になることをフィッティングの目安とし、その分布から粒子内のドメインサイズの分布を得た。この結果から、空孔のドメインサイズが2nmの積算体積分率を算出した。ただし、解析結果からドメインサイズが2nmのデーターポイントが算出されない場合は、ドメインサイズが2nm前後の値から直線近似にてドメインサイズ2nmの積算体積分率を算出する。
サンプルを180℃で12時間真空乾燥した後、乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下のグローブボックス内にてサンプルを測定セルの4~6割になる様に充填し、セルを100回以上タッピングした後サンプルの重量を測定した。その後試料を大気下に取り出し、以下の方法でヘリウムガスを用いた定容積膨張法による乾式密度測定を行い、真密度を算出した。
装置 :Micromeritics製 AccuPyc2 1340 Gas Pycnometer
測定セル :アルミ製 深さ39.3mm、内径18mm
キャリアガス :ヘリウムガス
ガス圧 :19.5psig(134.4kPag)
測定時パージ回数 :200回
温度 :25℃±1℃
[1-5]シリコン含有量
以下の条件でサンプルのSi含有率の測定を行った。
蛍光X線装置 :Rigaku製 NEX CG
管電圧 :50kV
管電流 :1.00mA
サンプルカップ :Φ32 12mL CH1530
サンプル重量 :2~3g
サンプル高さ : 5~18mm
サンプルカップにサンプルを充填し、上記方法で測定を行い、ファンダメンタル・パラメータ(FP法)を用いて複合体粒子中のシリコン含有量を質量%の単位で算出した。
サンプル20mgをニッケルカプセルに秤量し、酸素・窒素分析装置EMGA-920(株式会社堀場製作所社製)により複合体粒子中の酸素含有量を質量%の単位で算出した。この複合体粒子中の酸素含有量を前記シリコン含有量で割ることで、複合体粒子中のシリコン含有量を100質量%とした時の酸素含有量を質量%の単位で得た。
以下の条件で測定を行った。
顕微ラマン分光測定装置 :株式会社堀場製 LabRAM HR Evolution
励起波長 :532nm
露光時間 :10秒
積算回数 :2回
回折格子 :300本/mm(600nm)
測定サンプル :スパチュラを用いて複合体粒子をガラスプレパラート上に乗せ、粉体均一になる様にする。後述する測定範囲より広くする。
測定範囲 :縦80μm×横100μm、測定範囲内には複合体粒子のみが敷き詰められている部位である。
ポイント数:縦送り17.8μm、横送り22.2μmで100ポイント測定を実施し、それらを平均化したスペクトルを取得して以下の解析を実施した。
サンプルをガラス製試料板(窓縦横:18mm×20mm、深さ:0.2mm)に充填し、以下のような条件で測定を行った。
XRD装置 :株式会社リガク製 SmartLab(登録商標)
X線源 :Cu-Kα線
Kβ線除去方法 :Niフィルター
X線出力 :45kV、200mA
測定範囲 :10.0~80.0°.
スキャンスピード :10.0°/min
得られたXRDパターンに対し、解析ソフト(PDXL2、株式会社リガク製)を用い、バックグラウンド除去、スムージングを行った後に、ピークフィットを行い、ピーク位置と強度を求めた。得られたXRDスペクトルから、(SiC111面のピーク強度)/(Si111面のピーク強度)を求めた。なお、Si111面は2θ=28°付近の回折ピークであり、SiC111面は2θ=35°付近の回折ピークである。
[1-9]ポリマー含有量の測定
以下の方法で測定を行った。
TG-DTA用装置 :NETZSCH JAPAN製 TG-DTA2000SE
サンプル重量 :10~20mg
サンプルパン :アルミナパン
リファレンス :アルミナパン
ガス雰囲気 :Ar
ガス流量 :100ml/min
昇温測度 :10℃/min
測定温度範囲 :室温~1000℃
200℃から350℃の熱分解による減量をポリマー量として、ポリマー濃度を算出した。
[2-1]負極シートの作製
バインダーとしてスチレンブタジエンゴム(SBR)およびカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC)を用いた。
混合導電助剤として、カーボンブラック(SUPER C 45(登録商標)、イメリス・グラファイト&カーボン社製)および気相法炭素繊維(VGCF(登録商標)-H、昭和電工株式会社製)を3:2の質量比で混合したものを調製した。
負極の電極密度(負極密度)は以下の様に計算した。前述の方法で得られた負極の質量と厚みを測定し、そこから別途測定しておいた16mmφに打ち抜いた集電体箔の質量と厚みを差し引いて負極合剤層の質量と厚みを求め、その値から電極密度(負極密度)を計算した。
ポリプロピレン製の絶縁ガスケット(内径約18mm)内において、前述した負極と17.5mmφに打ち抜いた厚み1.7mmの金属リチウム箔で電解液を含侵させたセパレータ(ポリプロピレン製マイクロポーラスフィルム)を挟み込んで積層する。この際には、負極の負極合剤層の面はセパレータを挟んで金属リチウム箔と対向するように積層する。これを2320コイン型セルに設置し、カシメ機で封止して試験用セル(リチウム対極セル)とした。
リチウム対極セルを用いて試験を行った。OCV(Open Circuit Voltage)から0.005Vまで、0.1C相当の電流値で定電流(コンスタントカレント:CC)充電を行った。0.005Vに到達した時点で定電圧(コンスタントボルテージ:CV)充電に切り替えた。カットオフ条件は、電流値が0.005C相当まで減衰した時点とした。このときの比容量を初回充電比容量とする。次に、上限電圧1.5Vとして0.1C相当の電流値で定電流放電を行った。このときの比容量を初回放電比容量とする。
初回放電比容量を初回充電比容量で割った値を百分率で表した数値、(初回放電比容量)/(初回充電比容量)×100を初回クーロン効率(%)とする。
[3-1]三極ラミネート型ハーフセルの作製
[2-1]で得られた負極シートを、ロールプレスを用いて負極合剤層密度を1.3~1.6g/ccとなるように調整し、合剤層塗布部の面積が4.0cm2(2.0cm×2.0cm)、合剤層未塗布部(=タブ部)が0.5cm2(1.0cm×0.5cm)となるように打ち抜き作用極とする。
[3-2]Cレートの決定
[2-3]で算出した初回放電比容量と負極上の負極活物質量から、それぞれの負極シートを用いたセルのCレートを算出した。
[3-1]で得られた、得られた三極ラミネート型ハーフセルを充放電装置にセットし、以下の条件でエージングを6サイクル行った。エージングの内1サイクル目は、レストポテンシャルから0.005Vvs.Li/Li+まで、0.05Cの定電流(CC)充電を行った。放電は0.05Cの定電流(CC)で1.5Vvs.Li/Li+まで行った。エージングの内2~6サイクル目は、0.005Vvs.Li/Li+まで0.2Cの定電流(CC)で充電し、0.005Vvs.Li/Li+に達した時点で定電圧(CV)充電に切り替え、カットオフ電流を0.025Cとして充電を行った。放電は0.2Cの定電流(CC)で1.5V vs.Li/Li+まで行った。
50サイクル目放電(脱Li)容量維持率(%)={(1C試験開始後50サイクル目脱Li容量)/(1C試験開始後1サイクル目脱Li容量)}×100
表1に示されている材料の詳細は以下の通りである。
BET=2.7m2/g、DV10=7μm、DV50=14μm、DV90=27μm、タップ密度=0.98g/cc、初回充電(脱Li)比容量360mAh/g、初回クーロン効率92%の人造黒鉛を使用した。
無機粒子として、平均粒子径DV50が3μmの鱗片状黒鉛(KS-6、Timcal製)及びアセチレンブラック(HS100、電気化学工業株式会社製)を準備した。水800gに対して、鱗片状黒鉛156g、アセチレンブラック40g、カルボキシメチルセルロース4g入れ、ビーズミルで分散及び混合し、導電性粒子分散液(固形分20質量%)を得た。
球状フェノール樹脂1に対して、窒素雰囲気下1時間900℃で焼成を行い炭化した後、表1に記載の各条件で賦活処理を実施し球状活性炭1を炭素材料として得た。炭素材料の材料特性を表1に示す。
[実施例2]
不定形活性炭1を炭素材料として用いた。炭素材料の材料特性を表1に示す。
[実施例3、比較例2]
不定形活性炭2を炭素材料として用いた。炭素材料の材料特性を表1に示す。
[実施例4、比較例1]
球状フェノール樹脂2に対して、窒素雰囲気下1時間900℃で焼成を行い炭化した後、表1に記載の各条件で賦活処理を実施し球状活性炭2、3を炭素材料として得た。炭素材料の材料特性を表1に示す。
[実施例5]
実施例2と同様の手法で得た複合体粒子7g、水1.98g、第一ポリマー水溶液として2.5質量%のタマリンシードガム水溶液3.84g、第二ポリマー水溶液として2.5質量%のソルビトール水溶液0.43g、無機粒子分散液1.60gを用意した。容量内容量105mlのポリエチレン製の蓋つきボトルに水と第一ポリマー水溶液を投入し、自転公転ミキサー(株式会社シンキー社製)にて1000rpmで2分間混合する。複合体粒子を追加し、1000rpmで2分間混合した。導電性粒子分散液を加え1000rpmで2分間混合した。第一ポリマー水溶液を加え1000rpmで2分間混合した。得られたスラリーをSUS製のトレイに広げ、熱風乾燥機にて150℃で5時間乾燥した。乾燥後の固形物を回収し、メノウ製乳鉢にて凝集粒を解砕した。得られた複合体粒子をSEM観察したところ、コア粒子の表面に、鱗片状黒鉛とアセチレンブラックが存在しており、鱗片状黒鉛による突起構造をなしていることを確認した。ポリマーの含有量は1.5質量%だった。材料特性を表2に示す。
[実施例6]
水0.29g、第一ポリマー水溶液として2.5質量%のプルラン水溶液5.14g、第二ポリマー水溶液として2.5質量%のトレハロース水溶液0.57g、無機粒子の分散液2.14gを用いた以外は実施例5と同様の方法で処理した。得られた複合体粒子をSEM観察したところ、コア粒子の表面に、鱗片状黒鉛とアセチレンブラックが存在しており、鱗片状黒鉛による突起構造をなしていることを確認した。ポリマーの含有量は1.9質量%だった。材料特性を表2に示す。
[実施例7]
水1.98g、第一ポリマー水溶液として2.5質量%のペクチン水溶液3.84g、第二ポリマー水溶液は2.5質量%としてソルビトール水溶液0.43g、無機粒子の分散液1.60gを用いた以外は実施例5と同様の方法で処理した。得られた複合体粒子をSEM観察したところ、コア粒子の表面に、鱗片状黒鉛とアセチレンブラックが存在しており、鱗片状黒鉛による突起構造をなしていることを確認した。ポリマーの含有量は1.5質量%だった。材料特性を表2に示す。
[比較例3]
50%水湿潤状態の活性炭素繊維を熱風乾燥機にて150℃で乾燥し、ワンダーブレンダー(大阪ケミカル株式会社製)で粉砕し、目開き45μmの篩で粗粒を取り除くことで円柱状活性炭を炭素材料として得た。炭素材料の材料特性を表1に示す。
実施例1~7の複合体粒子を用いた電池の特性はサイクル特性が優れているが、比較例1~3の複合体を用いた電池の特性はサイクル特性が劣っている。比較例1、2は2nm以下ドメインサイズの積算値が少ないことから、リチウム挿入脱離時のシリコン膨張収縮による体積変化を吸収することができずサイクル特性が劣ると考えられる。比較例3は真密度低いことから、炭素材料内部においてシリコンが充填されないほど小さいサイズの空孔が多く、強度が低くなったためサイクル特性が低下したり、不均一なシリコンの析出により初回クーロン効率が低下したりしたと考えられる。
Claims (11)
- シリコンと炭素を含む複合体粒子において、複合体粒子の小角X線散乱において得られるスペクトルに炭素-空孔2元系における球モデルでフィッティングを行うことにより得られる空孔のドメインサイズの体積分布情報を小さい順から積算していった際、2nm以下のドメインサイズ領域が44体積%以上70体積%以下であり、ヘリウムガスを用いた定容積膨張法による乾式密度測定で算出される真密度が1.80g/cm3以上2.20g/cm3以下である複合体粒子。
- 複合体粒子中のシリコン含有量が30質量%以上80質量%以下であり、複合体粒子中のシリコン含有量を100質量%とした時の酸素含有量が0.1質量%以上30質量%以下である、請求項1に記載の複合体粒子。
- ラマンスペクトルにおいてシリコンに起因するピークが450~495cm-1に存在している、請求項1または2いずれかに記載の複合体粒子。
- ラマンスペクトルにおいてR値(ID/IG)が0.30以上1.30未満である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の複合体粒子。
- Cu-Kα線を用いた粉末XRD測定によるXRDパターンにおいて、(SiC111面のピーク強度)/(Si111面のピーク強度)が0.01以下である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の複合体粒子。
- 平均粒子径DV50が1μm以上30μm以下であり、BET比表面積が0.1以上100m2/g以下である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の複合体粒子。
- 複合体粒子表面の少なくとも一部に無機粒子及びポリマーが存在し、ポリマー含有量が0.1質量%~10.0質量%であり、無機粒子が黒鉛及びカーボンブラックから選択される1種以上である請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の複合体粒子。
- 炭素が非晶質炭素である請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の複合体粒子。
- 請求項1~8のいずれか1項に記載の複合体粒子を含む、負極活物質。
- 請求項9に記載の負極活物質を含む、負極合剤層。
- 請求項10に記載の負極合剤層を含む、リチウムイオン二次電池。
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JPWO2021241754A1 (ja) | 2021-12-02 |
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CN115668545A (zh) | 2023-01-31 |
US12002958B2 (en) | 2024-06-04 |
KR20230017259A (ko) | 2023-02-03 |
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US20230223537A1 (en) | 2023-07-13 |
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