WO2020021763A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用負極および非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用負極および非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2020021763A1 WO2020021763A1 PCT/JP2019/011055 JP2019011055W WO2020021763A1 WO 2020021763 A1 WO2020021763 A1 WO 2020021763A1 JP 2019011055 W JP2019011055 W JP 2019011055W WO 2020021763 A1 WO2020021763 A1 WO 2020021763A1
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Images
Classifications
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
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Definitions
- the present disclosure relates to a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- Patent Literature 1 discloses a negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery including a negative electrode mixture layer containing a Si-containing compound and graphite as a negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode disclosed in Patent Document 1 has a carbon-containing material having a thickness of 10% or less of the thickness of the negative-electrode mixture layer and containing carbon and a binder on the surface of the negative-electrode mixture layer facing the positive electrode. A layer is formed.
- the deterioration of the charge / discharge cycle characteristics tends to be a problem. This is because, due to a large volume change of the Si-based active material due to charge and discharge, the degree of contact between the particles of the negative electrode active material is weakened, or the contact state is lost, and the particles are isolated from the conductive path in the negative electrode mixture layer. It is considered that the main reason is that the number of negative electrode active material particles increases.
- measures such as increasing the amount of a binder and adding a conductive material can be considered. In this case, for example, the input characteristics of the battery deteriorate. Otherwise, a problem such as a decrease in storage characteristics is assumed.
- An object of the present disclosure is a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery that is a high-capacity negative electrode containing a Si-based active material and that can improve input characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high-temperature storage characteristics of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery. It is to provide a negative electrode for use.
- a negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode mixture layer formed on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode mixture layer includes a first carbon-based active material, a Si-based active material, polyacrylic acid or a salt thereof, and fibrous carbon, and includes a first layer formed on the negative electrode current collector and a tap density. Contains a second carbon-based active material larger than the first carbon-based active material, and has a second layer formed on the first layer.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery includes the above-described negative electrode for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a positive electrode, and a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery having excellent input characteristics, cycle characteristics, and high-temperature storage characteristics while achieving high capacity using a Si-based active material is provided. Can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery as an example of an embodiment. It is sectional drawing of the negative electrode which is an example of embodiment.
- the present inventors have conducted intensive studies to solve the above-mentioned problems, and as a result, by forming the negative electrode mixture layer into a two-layer structure having the first layer and the second layer, excellent input characteristics, cycle characteristics, and High temperature storage characteristics were successfully achieved.
- a negative electrode for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery and a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the drawings.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 which is an example of the embodiment.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 is a prismatic battery
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery of the present disclosure is not limited to this, and a cylindrical battery provided with a cylindrical battery case, a metal layer And a laminate type battery provided with an outer package made of a laminate film containing the same.
- the description “numerical value (1) to numerical value (2)” means numerical value (1) or more and numerical value (2) or less.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 includes an electrode body 11, a non-aqueous electrolyte, and a rectangular battery case 14 for housing these.
- the electrode body 11 has a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator.
- the electrode body 11 is a stacked electrode body in which a plurality of positive electrodes and a plurality of negative electrodes are alternately stacked one by one via a separator.
- the electrode body is not limited to this, and may be a wound electrode body in which a long positive electrode and a long negative electrode are wound via a separator.
- the battery case 14 includes a substantially box-shaped case main body 15, a sealing body 16 for closing an opening of the case main body 15, a positive terminal 12 electrically connected to the positive electrode, and a negative terminal electrically connected to the negative electrode. 13.
- the case body 15 and the sealing body 16 are made of, for example, a metal material mainly containing aluminum.
- the positive electrode terminal 12 and the negative electrode terminal 13 are fixed to the sealing body 16 via an insulating member 17.
- the sealing body 16 is provided with a gas exhaust mechanism (not shown).
- the positive electrode, the negative electrode, the separator, and the nonaqueous electrolyte constituting the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 will be described in detail, particularly the negative electrode.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode mixture layer formed on the positive electrode current collector.
- a positive electrode current collector a metal foil which is stable in a potential range of a positive electrode such as aluminum or an aluminum alloy, a film in which the metal is disposed on a surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the positive electrode mixture layer contains, for example, a positive electrode active material, a binder, and a conductive material.
- the positive electrode mixture layer is preferably formed on both surfaces of the positive electrode current collector.
- a positive electrode active material, a binder, a positive electrode mixture slurry containing a conductive material, etc. is applied on the positive electrode current collector, the coating film is dried and rolled, and the positive electrode mixture layer is formed on the positive electrode current collector. It can be manufactured by forming on both sides.
- the positive electrode active material is composed mainly of a lithium-containing metal composite oxide.
- the metal elements contained in the lithium-containing metal composite oxide include Ni, Co, Mn, Al, B, Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ga, Sr, Zr, Nb, In, and Sn. , Ta, W, Ca, Sb, Pb, Bi, Ge and the like.
- a suitable lithium-containing metal composite oxide is a composite oxide containing at least one of Ni, Co, Mn, and Al.
- Examples of the conductive material contained in the positive electrode mixture layer include carbon materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, and graphite.
- Examples of the binder contained in the positive electrode mixture layer include fluororesins such as polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile (PAN), polyimide, acrylic resin, and polyolefin. These resins may be used in combination with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or a salt thereof, polyethylene oxide (PEO), or the like.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the negative electrode 20 as an example of the embodiment.
- the negative electrode 20 includes a negative electrode current collector 30 and a negative electrode mixture layer 31 formed on the negative electrode current collector 30.
- a foil of a metal such as copper or a copper alloy, which is stable in a potential range of the negative electrode, a film in which the metal is disposed on a surface layer, or the like can be used.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 31 is preferably formed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector 30.
- a negative electrode mixture slurry containing a negative electrode active material, a binder and the like is applied onto the negative electrode current collector 30, the coating film is dried and rolled, and the negative electrode mixture layer 31 is formed. It can be manufactured by forming on both surfaces of
- the negative electrode mixture layer 31 has a two-layer structure including a first layer 32 formed on the negative electrode current collector 30 and a second layer 33 formed on the first layer 32.
- the first layer 32 is a layer (lower layer) containing a first carbon-based active material, a Si-based active material, polyacrylic acid or a salt thereof, and fibrous carbon.
- the second layer 33 is a layer (upper layer) containing a second carbon-based active material.
- the second layer 33 is a layer in which the content of the Si-based active material is lower than that of the first layer 32 or a layer substantially not containing the Si-based active material.
- the second layer 33 preferably contains only the carbon-based active material as the negative electrode active material and substantially does not contain the Si-based active material from the viewpoint of improving the input characteristics of the battery (for example, the mass of the second layer 33). Less than 0.1% by mass).
- the tap density of the second carbon-based active material included in the second layer 33 is higher than the tap density of the first carbon-based active material included in the first layer 32.
- the tap density of the second carbon-based active material is larger than the tap density of the first carbon-based active material, Good.
- the mass of the first layer 32 is 50% by mass or more and less than 90% by mass, and preferably 50% by mass to 70% by mass, based on the mass of the negative electrode mixture layer 31.
- the mass of the second layer 33 is more than 10% by mass and 50% by mass or less, preferably 30% by mass to 50% by mass, based on the mass of the negative electrode mixture layer 31. That is, the mass ratio of the first layer 32 to the second layer 33 (the second layer 33 / the first layer 32) is more than 0.1 and 0.5 or less, and preferably 0.3 to 0.5.
- the mass of the first layer 32 When the mass of the first layer 32 is 90% by mass or more with respect to the mass of the negative electrode mixture layer 31 and the mass of the second layer 33 is 10% by mass or less with respect to the mass of the negative electrode mixture layer 31, it contributes to, for example, improvement of input characteristics. Therefore, the ratio of the second layer 33 decreases, and the input characteristics of the battery deteriorate.
- the mass of the first layer 32 is less than 50% by mass with respect to the mass of the negative electrode mixture layer 31 and the mass of the second layer 33 is greater than 50% by mass with respect to the mass of the negative electrode mixture layer 31, The ratio decreases (that is, the amount of the Si-based active material decreases), and it is difficult to increase the capacity of the battery.
- the packing density of the negative electrode mixture layer 31 is preferably 1.65 g / cm 3 or more from the viewpoint of improving the battery capacity. Packing density of the negative-electrode mixture layer 31 is, for example, 1.65g / cm 3 ⁇ 1.75g / cm 3.
- the packing densities of the first layer 32 and the second layer 33 may be the same or different.
- the packing density of the second layer 33 is lower than the packing density of the first layer 32, for example.
- An example of the packing density of the second layer 33 is 1.40 g / cm 3 to 1.55 g / cm 3 .
- An example of the packing density of the first layer 32 is 1.70 g / cm 3 to 1.95 g / cm 3 .
- the thickness of the negative electrode mixture layer 31 on one side of the negative electrode current collector 30 is, for example, 30 ⁇ m to 100 ⁇ m, or 50 ⁇ m to 80 ⁇ m.
- the thicknesses of the first layer 32 and the second layer 33 may be the same or different as long as the above-mentioned mass ratio is satisfied.
- the thickness of the first layer 32 may be larger or smaller than the thickness of the second layer 33.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 31 may include a layer other than the first layer 32 and the second layer 33 as long as the object of the present disclosure is not impaired.
- first and second carbon-based active materials for example, graphite, amorphous carbon and the like are used. Among them, graphite is preferable. Examples of the graphite include natural graphite such as flaky graphite, massive artificial graphite, and artificial graphite such as graphitized mesophase carbon microbeads. Further, a conductive coating layer such as amorphous carbon may be formed on the surface of the graphite particles. As the first and second carbon-based active materials, one kind of graphite or the like may be used alone, or two or more kinds of graphite or the like may be used in combination.
- the first carbon-based active material is preferably an active material that can reduce the volume change of the Si-based active material.
- the second carbon-based active material is an active material that has high reactivity for receiving lithium ions and contributes to improvement of input characteristics.
- the first carbon-based active material is softer than, for example, the second carbon-based active material, and is easily crushed when rolling the electrode plate. In other words, the second carbon-based active material is harder than the first carbon-based active material, and is not easily crushed during rolling.
- the first and second carbon-based active materials are, for example, graphite in which a conductive coating layer of amorphous carbon or the like is formed on the particle surface, and the amount of the coating layer on the particle surface of the second carbon-based active material Is larger than the abundance of the coating layer on the particle surface of the first carbon-based active material. As the amount of the coating layer increases, the graphite particles tend to become harder.
- the tap density of the second carbon-based active material included in the second layer 33 is preferably higher than the tap density of the first carbon-based active material included in the first layer 32.
- the tap density of the active material particles is high, clogging is more likely to occur in the space, so that the degree of contact between the active material particles is increased, a good conductive path is formed, and the input characteristics of the battery are improved.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 31 by using a second carbon-based active material having a high tap density for the second layer 33, the movement of lithium ions particularly in the second layer 33 becomes smooth. Thereby, the input characteristics of the battery are improved.
- the tap density of the first carbon-based active material is 0.85 g / cm 3 to 1.00 g / cm 3 , preferably 0.89 g / cm 3 to 0.95 g / cm 3 .
- the tap density of the second carbon-based active material is, for example, 1.00 g / cm 3 or more, and preferably 1.00 g / cm 3 to 1.25 g / cm 3 .
- the tap density of the carbon-based active material is measured according to a method specified in JIS Z-2504. In this specification, the bulk density after tapping the sample powder collected in a container 250 times is defined as the tap density.
- the BET specific surface area of the second carbon-based active material included in the second layer 33 is preferably larger than the BET specific surface area of the first carbon-based active material included in the first layer 32.
- the BET specific surface area of the active material particles increases, the reaction area increases, so that the reactivity of receiving lithium ions increases.
- the negative electrode mixture layer 31 by using the second carbon-based active material having a large BET specific surface area for the second layer 33, the input characteristics of the battery are improved.
- the BET specific surface area of the active material particles increases, the amount of the conductive coating layer increases and the particles become harder.
- the first carbon-based active material having a small BET specific surface area is, for example, softer in the amount of the conductive coating layer than the second carbon-based active material. For this reason, the first carbon-based active material can reduce the volume change of the Si-based active material more than the second carbon-based active material.
- An example of a BET specific surface area of the first carbon-based active material is 0.9m 2 /g ⁇ 6.5m 2 / g, BET specific surface area of the second carbon-based active material, BET of the first carbon-based active material greater than the specific surface area, for example, 2.5m 2 /g ⁇ 8.0m 2 / g.
- the BET specific surface area is measured according to the BET method (nitrogen adsorption method) described in JIS R1626.
- the first and second carbon-based active materials are generally secondary particles in which many primary particles are aggregated.
- the average particle size of the first and second carbon-based active materials (secondary particles) is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 1 ⁇ m to 30 ⁇ m.
- the average particle size of the first and second carbon-based active materials means a volume average particle size (Dv50) at which a volume integrated value becomes 50% in a particle size distribution measured by a laser diffraction scattering method.
- the first layer 32 contains a Si-based active material, polyacrylic acid (PAA) or a salt thereof, and fibrous carbon, in addition to the first carbon-based active material.
- PAA or a salt thereof strongly binds the particles of the negative electrode active material (Si-based active material and first carbon-based active material) to each other.
- the increase of the negative electrode active material particles isolated from the conductive path in the one layer 32 is suppressed. Therefore, by adding PAA or a salt thereof to the first layer 32, a decrease in cycle characteristics is suppressed.
- the fibrous carbon forms a good conductive path in the first layer 32, similarly to PAA or a salt thereof.
- the Si-based active material is at least one of Si and a Si-containing compound, but is preferably a Si-containing compound whose volume change during charge / discharge is smaller than that of Si.
- the Si-containing compound is not particularly limited as long as it is a compound containing Si, but is preferably a compound represented by SiO x (0.5 ⁇ x ⁇ 1.5).
- the Si-containing compound may be used alone or in combination of two or more. It is preferable that a conductive coating composed of a material having higher conductivity than the compound is formed on the particle surface of the Si-containing compound.
- the average particle size (Dv50) of the Si-containing compound is, for example, 1 ⁇ m to 15 ⁇ m.
- SiO x has, for example, a structure in which Si is dispersed in an amorphous SiO 2 matrix. Further, SiO x may contain lithium silicate (for example, lithium silicate represented by Li 2z SiO (2 + z) (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2)) in particles, and Si is dispersed in the lithium silicate phase. It may have a structure.
- lithium silicate for example, lithium silicate represented by Li 2z SiO (2 + z) (0 ⁇ z ⁇ 2)
- the conductive film is preferably a carbon film.
- the carbon coating is formed, for example, in an amount of 0.5% by mass to 10% by mass based on the mass of the SiO x particles.
- Examples of the method for forming the carbon film include a method of mixing coal tar or the like with Si-containing compound particles and heat-treating the same, and a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method using a hydrocarbon gas or the like.
- CVD chemical vapor deposition
- a carbon coating may be formed by fixing carbon black, Ketjen black, or the like to the surface of the Si-containing compound particles using a binder.
- the mass ratio of the first carbon-based active material to the Si-based active material contained in the first layer 32 is, for example, 95: 5 to 70:30, and preferably 95: 5 to 80:20. When the mass ratio is within the above range, the volume change of the Si-based active material can be reduced by the first carbon-based active material while increasing the capacity of the battery, and the deterioration of cycle characteristics can be easily suppressed.
- the ratio of the Si-based active material to the negative electrode active material is preferably 5% by mass to 20% by mass, and more preferably 5% by mass to 15% by mass.
- PAPAA or its salt contained in the first layer 32 functions as a binder.
- the salt of PAA is, for example, a lithium salt, a sodium salt, a potassium salt, or an ammonium salt.
- the first layer 32 preferably contains a second binder in addition to PAA and its salt.
- the second binder include CMC or a salt thereof, styrene-butadiene copolymer (SBR), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and PEO.
- SBR styrene-butadiene copolymer
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- PEO polyvinyl alcohol
- the first layer 32 includes, for example, PAA or a salt thereof, CMC or a salt thereof, and SBR as a binder.
- the binder contained in the second layer 33 examples include CMC or a salt thereof, SBR, PVA, PEO and the like. Especially, CMC or its salt, and SBR are preferable.
- the second layer 33 is a layer in which the content of PAA or a salt thereof is lower than that of the first layer 32, or a layer substantially not containing PAA or a salt thereof. In consideration of the input characteristics of the battery, the second layer 33 preferably does not substantially contain PAA or a salt thereof (for example, 0.1% by mass with respect to the mass of the binder contained in the second layer 33). Less than). That is, PAA or a salt thereof is preferably contained only in the first layer 32.
- the second layer 33 contains, for example, CMC or a salt thereof, and SBR as a binder.
- the content of the binder contained in the first layer 32 is larger than the content of the binder contained in the second layer 33. In this case, it becomes easy to improve the input characteristics while suppressing the deterioration of the cycle characteristics of the battery.
- the content of the binder contained in the first layer 32 is, for example, preferably 0.5% by mass to 10% by mass, more preferably 1% by mass to 5% by mass, based on the mass of the first layer 32.
- the content of PAA or a salt thereof is preferably 20% by mass or more with respect to the mass of the binder in the first layer 32, for example, from 20% by mass to 50% by mass from the viewpoint of suppression of deterioration in cycle characteristics. %.
- the content of the binder contained in the second layer 33 is, for example, preferably 0.5% by mass to 10% by mass, more preferably 1% by mass to 5% by mass with respect to the mass of the second layer 33.
- the fibrous carbon contained in the first layer 32 functions as a conductive material and forms a good conductive path in the first layer 32.
- the conductive path formed by the fibrous carbon is hard to be cut even when the volume of the Si-based active material changes greatly due to charge and discharge.
- the fibrous carbon is, for example, a carbon material having an aspect ratio of 60 times or more, and has a size that can be added to the first layer 32.
- the second layer 33 is a layer in which the content of fibrous carbon is lower than that of the first layer 32 or a layer which does not substantially contain fibrous carbon. In consideration of the storage characteristics of the battery, the second layer 33 preferably does not substantially contain fibrous carbon (for example, less than 0.001% by mass with respect to the mass of the second layer 33). That is, the fibrous carbon is preferably contained only in the first layer 32.
- the fibrous carbon examples include carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carbon nanofibers.
- the CNTs may be not only single-walled CNTs but also double-walled CNTs, multi-walled CNTs, and mixtures thereof. Further, the CNT may be a vapor grown carbon fiber called VGCF (registered trademark).
- the fibrous carbon has, for example, a diameter of 2 nm to 20 ⁇ m and a total length of 0.03 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m.
- the content of fibrous carbon is, for example, preferably 0.01% by mass to 5% by mass, more preferably 0.5% by mass to 3% by mass, based on the mass of the first layer 32.
- the negative electrode 20 is manufactured, for example, by the following method.
- a first negative electrode mixture slurry for the first layer 32 containing a first carbon-based active material, a Si-based active material, a binder containing PAA or a salt thereof, and fibrous carbon is prepared.
- a second negative electrode mixture slurry for the second layer 33 including a second carbon-based active material, a binder, and the like is prepared.
- the first negative electrode mixture slurry is applied on the negative electrode current collector 30, and the coating film is dried to form the first layer 32 on the negative electrode current collector 30.
- a second negative electrode mixture slurry is applied on the first layer 32, and the coating film is dried to form a second layer 33 on the first layer 32.
- the first layer 32 and the second layer 33 are formed. Compress.
- the negative electrode 20 in which the negative electrode mixture layer 31 including the first layer 32 and the second layer 33 is formed on the negative electrode current collector 30 is obtained.
- separator a porous sheet having ion permeability and insulating properties is used. Specific examples of the porous sheet include a microporous thin film, a woven fabric, and a nonwoven fabric.
- olefin resins such as polyethylene, polypropylene, a copolymer containing at least one of ethylene and propylene, cellulose, and the like are preferable.
- the separator 13 may have either a single-layer structure or a laminated structure. A heat-resistant layer or the like may be formed on the surface of the separator 13.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte includes a non-aqueous solvent and an electrolyte salt dissolved in the non-aqueous solvent.
- the non-aqueous electrolyte is not limited to a liquid electrolyte (non-aqueous electrolyte), and may be a solid electrolyte using a gel polymer or the like.
- the electrolyte salt for example, a lithium salt such as LiBF 4 or LiPF 6 is used.
- Non-aqueous solvents include, for example, esters such as ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), and methyl propionate (MP); Ethers, nitriles, amides, and mixed solvents of two or more thereof are used.
- the non-aqueous solvent may contain a halogen-substituted product obtained by substituting at least a part of hydrogen of these solvents with a halogen atom such as fluorine.
- halogen-substituted product examples include a fluorinated cyclic carbonate such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), a fluorinated chain carbonate, and a fluorinated chain carboxylate such as methyl fluoropropionate (FMP).
- FEC fluoroethylene carbonate
- FMP fluorinated chain carboxylate
- the non-aqueous electrolyte may contain 15% by mass or more of FEC with respect to the mass of the non-aqueous electrolyte in terms of suppressing the deterioration of the charge / discharge cycle characteristics of the non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery 10 or improving the input characteristics. More preferably, it contains 15% to 25% by mass of FEC.
- a lithium transition metal oxide represented by LiNi 1/3 Co 1/3 Mn 1/3 O 2 was used as the positive electrode active material. 94.8 parts by mass of the positive electrode active material, 4 parts by mass of acetylene black, and 1.2 parts by mass of PVDF were mixed, and an appropriate amount of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) was added. The slurry was prepared. Next, the positive electrode mixture slurry was applied except for a portion of the positive electrode current collector made of aluminum foil to which the lead was connected, and the coating film was dried. After the coating film was rolled using a roller, the coating was cut into a predetermined electrode size to produce a positive electrode in which a positive electrode mixture layer was formed on both surfaces of a positive electrode current collector.
- NMP N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
- Graphite A having a tap density of 0.92 g / cm 3 and a BET specific surface area of 4.2 m 2 / g was used as the first carbon-based active material constituting the first layer (lower layer).
- Graphite A, SiO x (x 0.94) having a carbon coating, lithium salt of PAA, sodium salt of CMC, CNT, and dispersion of SBR were mixed with 84.5 / 12/1/1. The mixture was mixed at a solid content mass ratio of /0.5/1, and an appropriate amount of water was added to prepare a first negative electrode mixture slurry for the first layer.
- graphite B having a tap density of 1.06 g / cm 3 and a BET specific surface area of 4.8 m 2 / g was used as the second carbon-based active material constituting the second layer (upper layer).
- Graphite B, the sodium salt of CMC, and the dispersion of SBR were mixed at a solid content mass ratio of 98/1/1, and an appropriate amount of water was added to prepare a second negative electrode mixture slurry for the second layer. did.
- a first negative electrode mixture slurry is applied to the negative electrode current collector made of a copper foil, leaving portions to which leads are connected on both surfaces, and the coating film is dried to form a first layer on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector.
- a second negative electrode mixture slurry was applied on the first layer formed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector, and the coating film was dried to form a second layer.
- the coating film was cut into a predetermined electrode size to produce a negative electrode in which a negative electrode mixture layer including a first layer and a second layer was formed on both surfaces of a negative electrode current collector.
- the mass ratio of the second layer / the first layer was 1.0.
- the packing density of the negative electrode mixture layer was 1.65 g / cm 3 .
- Non-aqueous electrolyte 1% by mass of vinylene carbonate (VC) was added to a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC), fluorinated ethylene carbonate (FEC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) at a volume ratio of 27: 3: 70, LiPF 6 was dissolved at a ratio of 1.2 mol / L to prepare a non-aqueous electrolyte.
- EC ethylene carbonate
- FEC fluorinated ethylene carbonate
- DEC diethyl carbonate
- Electrodes were respectively attached to the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and a laminated electrode body in which each electrode was alternately laminated one by one via a separator was produced.
- a single-layer polypropylene separator was used as the separator.
- the prepared electrode body was inserted into an exterior body composed of an aluminum laminate sheet, vacuum-dried at 105 ° C. for 2 hours 30 minutes, then injected with the above nonaqueous electrolyte, and the opening of the exterior body was sealed and tested.
- a cell laminate cell
- the design capacity of the test cell is 640 mAh.
- a test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the first and second negative electrode mixture slurries were applied. The packing density of the negative electrode mixture layer was 1.65 g / cm 3 .
- Example 1 except that a single-layered negative electrode mixture layer was formed on both surfaces of the negative electrode current collector using a negative electrode mixture slurry prepared by mixing at a solid content mass ratio of / 1 and adding an appropriate amount of water.
- a test cell was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Capacity retention ratio (discharge capacity at 200th cycle / discharge capacity at 1st cycle) ⁇ 100 [Evaluation of input characteristics]
- the test cell was charged to a half of the initial capacity at a constant current of 0.5 It in a temperature environment of 25 ° C. and ⁇ 30 ° C., and then stopped for 15 minutes. Then, the voltage after charging for 10 seconds at a current value of 0.1 It was measured. Discharge the charge capacity for 10 seconds, measure the voltage after charging for 10 seconds at the next current value, and repeatedly discharge the charge capacity for 10 seconds with a current value from 0.1 It to 2 It. Was.
- the required power (input characteristics) at that time was obtained.
- the input characteristics shown in Table 1 are relative values based on the required power of the test cell of Comparative Example 1 as a reference (100). A value higher than 100 indicates better input characteristics than the test cell of Comparative Example 1.
- the test cell was charged at a constant current of 0.5 It at a constant current of 0.5 It under a temperature environment of 25 ° C. until the battery voltage became 4.3 V, and then at a constant voltage of 4.3 V until the current value became 1/50 It. Charged. Thereafter, constant current discharging was performed at a constant current of 0.5 It until the battery voltage became 2.5 V (i). Next, the test cell is charged at a constant current of 0.5 It at a constant current of 0.5 It until the battery voltage becomes 4.3 V under a temperature environment of 25 ° C., and then at 4.3 V until the current value becomes 1/50 It. Charged at constant voltage.
- the remaining capacity and the recovery capacity shown in Table 1 are relative values based on the remaining capacity and the recovery capacity of the test cell of Comparative Example 1 as a reference (100).
- test cells of the examples are all superior to the test cell of Comparative Example 1 in initial charge / discharge efficiency, input characteristics, cycle characteristics, and storage characteristics.
- the test cell of Comparative Example 2 is superior to the test cell of Comparative Example 1 in the input characteristics, but particularly the storage characteristics are significantly reduced. That is, even if fibrous carbon is added to the negative electrode mixture layer having a single-layer structure, it is impossible to achieve both input characteristics and storage characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
正極は、正極集電体と、正極集電体上に形成された正極合材層とを備える。正極集電体には、アルミニウム、アルミニウム合金などの正極の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。正極合材層は、例えば正極活物質、結着材、導電材を含む。正極合材層は、正極集電体の両面に形成されることが好ましい。正極は、例えば正極活物質、結着材、導電材等を含む正極合材スラリーを正極集電体上に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥、圧延して、正極合材層を正極集電体の両面に形成することにより製造できる。
図2は、実施形態の一例である負極20の断面図である。図2に例示するように、負極20は、負極集電体30と、負極集電体30上に形成された負極合材層31とを備える。負極集電体30には、銅、銅合金などの負極の電位範囲で安定な金属の箔、当該金属を表層に配置したフィルム等を用いることができる。負極合材層31は、負極集電体30の両面に形成されることが好ましい。負極20は、例えば負極活物質、結着材等を含む負極合材スラリーを負極集電体30上に塗布し、塗膜を乾燥、圧延して、負極合材層31を負極集電体30の両面に形成することにより製造できる。
セパレータは、イオン透過性および絶縁性を有する多孔性シートが用いられる。多孔性シートの具体例としては、微多孔薄膜、織布、不織布等が挙げられる。セパレータの材質としては、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、エチレンおよびプロピレンの少なくとも一方を含む共重合体等のオレフィン系樹脂、セルロースなどが好適である。セパレータ13は、単層構造、積層構造のいずれであってもよい。セパレータ13の表面には、耐熱層などが形成されていてもよい。
非水電解質は、非水溶媒と、非水溶媒に溶解した電解質塩とを含む。非水電解質は、液体電解質(非水電解液)に限定されず、ゲル状ポリマー等を用いた固体電解質であってもよい。電解質塩には、例えば、LiBF4、LiPF6等のリチウム塩が用いられる。非水溶媒には、例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、プロピオン酸メチル(MP)等のエステル類、エーテル類、二トリル類、アミド類、およびこれらの2種以上の混合溶媒などが用いられる。非水溶媒は、上記これらの溶媒の水素の少なくとも一部をフッ素等のハロゲン原子で置換したハロゲン置換体を含有していてもよい。
[正極]
正極活物質として、LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2で表されるリチウム遷移金属酸化物を用いた。正極活物質を94.8質量部と、アセチレンブラックを4質量部と、PVDFを1.2質量部とを混合し、さらにN-メチル-2-ピロリドン(NMP)を適量加えて、正極合材スラリーを調整した。次に、アルミニウム箔からなる正極集電体のリードが接続される部分を残して、正極合材スラリーを塗布し、塗膜を乾燥させた。ローラーを用いて塗膜を圧延した後、所定の電極サイズに切断し、正極集電体の両面に正極合材層が形成された正極を作製した。
第1層(下層)を構成する第1炭素系活物質として、タップ密度が0.92g/cm3、BET比表面積が4.2m2/gである黒鉛Aを用いた。黒鉛Aと、炭素被膜を有するSiOx(x=0.94)と、PAAのリチウム塩と、CMCのナトリウム塩と、CNTと、SBRのディスパージョンとを、84.5/12/1/1/0.5/1の固形分質量比で混合し、水を適量加えて、第1層用の第1負極合材スラリーを調整した。また、第2層(上層)を構成する第2炭素系活物質として、タップ密度が1.06g/cm3、BET比表面積が4.8m2/gである黒鉛Bを用いた。黒鉛Bと、CMCのナトリウム塩と、SBRのディスパージョンとを、98/1/1の固形分質量比で混合し、水を適量加えて、第2層用の第2負極合材スラリーを調製した。
エチレンカーボネート(EC)と、フッ化エチレンカーボネート(FEC)と、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)とを、27:3:70の体積比で混合した混合溶媒にビニレンカーボネート(VC)を1質量%添加し、LiPF6を1.2モル/Lの割合で溶解させて非水電解質を調製した。
上記負極および上記正極にリードをそれぞれ取り付け、セパレータを介して各電極を1枚ずつ交互に積層された積層型の電極体を作製した。セパレータには、単層のポリプロピレン製セパレータを用いた。作製した電極体をアルミニウムラミネートシートで構成される外装体に挿入して、105℃で2時間30分真空乾燥した後、上記非水電解質を注入し、外装体の開口部を封止して試験セル(ラミネートセル)を作製した。試験セルの設計容量は640mAhである。
第1負極合材スラリーの調製において、黒鉛Aと、炭素被膜を有するSiOx(x=0.94)と、PAAのリチウム塩と、CMCのナトリウム塩と、CNTと、SBRのディスパージョンとを、87.5/9/1/1/0.5/1の固形分質量比で混合したこと、および負極の作製において、第2層/第1層の質量比が0.33となるように、第1および第2負極合材スラリーを塗工したこと以外は、実施例1と同様に試験セルを作製した。なお、負極合材層の充填密度は1.65g/cm3であった。
負極の作製において、黒鉛Aと、炭素被膜を有するSiOx(x=0.94)と、PAAのリチウム塩と、CMCのナトリウム塩と、SBRのディスパージョンとを、91/6/1/1/1の固形分質量比で混合し、水を適量加えて調製した負極合材スラリーを用いて、負極集電体の両面に単層構造の負極合材層を形成したこと以外は、実施例1と同様に試験セルを作製した。
負極合材スラリーの調製において、黒鉛Aと、炭素被膜を有するSiOx(x=0.94)と、PAAのリチウム塩と、CMCのナトリウム塩と、CNTと、SBRのディスパージョンとを、90.5/6/1/1/0.5/1の固形分質量比で混合したこと以外は、比較例1と同様に試験セルを作製した。
試験セルを、25℃の温度環境下、0.5Itの定電流で電池電圧が4.3Vになるまで定電流で充電した後、4.3Vで電流値が1/50Itになるまで定電圧で充電した。その後、0.5Itの定電流で電池電圧が2.5Vになるまで定電流放電を行った。充電容量および放電容量から初期充放電効率を求めた。表1に示す初期充放電効率は、比較例1の試験セルの充放電効率を基準(100)とする相対値である。
試験セルを、25℃の温度環境下、0.5Itの定電流で電池電圧が4.3Vになるまで定電流で充電した後、4.3Vで電流値が1/50Itになるまで定電圧で充電した。その後、0.5Itの定電流で電池電圧が3.0Vになるまで定電流放電を行った。また、この充放電を200サイクル行い、下記の式に基づいて、充放電サイクルにおける容量維持率を求めた。表1に示す容量維持率は、比較例1の試験セルの容量維持率を基準(100)とする相対値である。
[入力特性の評価]
試験セルを、25℃および-30℃の温度環境下において、0.5Itの定電流で初期容量の半分まで充電した後、充電を止めて15分間放置した。そして、0.1Itの電流値で10秒間充電した後の電圧を測定した。10秒間の充電容量分を放電し、次の電流値にて10秒間充電した後の電圧を測定し、10秒間の充電容量分を放電することを、0.1Itから2Itまでの電流値で繰り返した。測定したそれぞれの電圧値から10秒間の充電で電池電圧が4.3Vになる電流値を算出することで、そのときの必要電力(入力特性)を求めた。表1に示す入力特性は、比較例1の試験セルの上記必要電力を基準(100)とする相対値である。100より高い値は、比較例1の試験セルよりも入力特性に優れることを示す。
試験セルを、25℃の温度環境下、0.5Itの定電流で電池電圧が4.3Vになるまで定電流で充電した後、4.3Vで電流値が1/50Itになるまで定電圧で充電した。その後、0.5Itの定電流で電池電圧が2.5Vになるまで定電流放電を行った(i)。次に、試験セルを、25℃の温度環境下、0.5Itの定電流で電池電圧が4.3Vになるまで定電流で充電した後、4.3Vで電流値が1/50Itになるまで定電圧で充電した。当該充電状態で、60℃の温度環境下、20日間の保存試験を行った。その後、0.5Itの定電流で電池電圧が2.5Vになるまで定電流放電を行った(ii)。次に、試験セルを、25℃の温度環境下、0.5Itの定電流で電池電圧が4.3Vになるまで定電流で充電した後、4.3Vで電流値が1/50Itになるまで定電圧で充電した。その後、0.5Itの定電流で電池電圧が2.5Vになるまで定電流放電を行った(iii)。
回復容量=((iii)の放電容量/(i)の放電容量)×100
11 電極体
12 正極端子
13 負極端子
14 電池ケース
15 ケース本体
16 封口体
17 絶縁部材
20 負極
30 負極集電体
31 負極合材層
32 第1層
33 第2層
Claims (8)
- 負極集電体と、前記負極集電体上に形成された負極合材層とを備え、
前記負極合材層は、
第1炭素系活物質、Si系活物質、ポリアクリル酸またはその塩、および繊維状炭素を含み、前記負極集電体上に形成された第1層と、
タップ密度が第1炭素系活物質より大きな第2炭素系活物質を含み、前記第1層上に形成された第2層と、
を備えた非水電解質二次電池用負極。 - 前記第1層の質量は、前記負極合材層の質量に対して50質量%以上90質量%未満であり、前記第2層の質量は、前記負極合材層の質量に対して10質量%超50質量%以下である、請求項1に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記第1炭素系活物質のBET比表面積は、0.9m2/g~6.5m2/gであり、前記第2炭素系活物質のBET比表面積は、2.5m2/g~8.0m2/gである、請求項1または2に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記第1炭素系活物質のタップ密度は、0.85g/cm3~1.00g/cm3である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記繊維状炭素は、カーボンナノチューブである、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 前記負極合材層の充填密度は、1.65g/cm3以上である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極。
- 請求項1~6のいずれか1項に記載の非水電解質二次電池用負極と、正極と、非水電解質とを備える非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記非水電解質は、15質量%以上のフルオロエチレンカーボネートを含む、請求項7に記載の非水電解質二次電池。
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