WO2015080518A1 - 중공 금속 입자, 이를 포함하는 전극촉매, 상기 전극촉매를 포함하는 전기화학 전지 및 중공 금속 입자의 제조방법 - Google Patents
중공 금속 입자, 이를 포함하는 전극촉매, 상기 전극촉매를 포함하는 전기화학 전지 및 중공 금속 입자의 제조방법 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015080518A1 WO2015080518A1 PCT/KR2014/011562 KR2014011562W WO2015080518A1 WO 2015080518 A1 WO2015080518 A1 WO 2015080518A1 KR 2014011562 W KR2014011562 W KR 2014011562W WO 2015080518 A1 WO2015080518 A1 WO 2015080518A1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F9/00—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof
- B22F9/16—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes
- B22F9/18—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds
- B22F9/24—Making metallic powder or suspensions thereof using chemical processes with reduction of metal compounds starting from liquid metal compounds, e.g. solutions
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/06—Metallic powder characterised by the shape of the particles
- B22F1/065—Spherical particles
- B22F1/0655—Hollow particles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/18—Non-metallic particles coated with metal
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8652—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites as mixture
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/8647—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites
- H01M4/8657—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells consisting of more than one material, e.g. consisting of composites layered
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/921—Alloys or mixtures with metallic elements
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/928—Unsupported catalytic particles; loose particulate catalytic materials, e.g. in fluidised state
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M8/10—Fuel cells with solid electrolytes
- H01M2008/1095—Fuel cells with polymeric electrolytes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- the present specification relates to a hollow metal particle, an electrode catalyst comprising the same, an electrochemical cell including the electrode catalyst, and a method of manufacturing the hollow metal particle.
- Nanoparticles are particles with nanoscale particle sizes, which are completely different from bulk materials due to their large specific surface area and quantum confinement effect, which means that the energy required for electron transfer varies with the size of the material. , Electrical and magnetic properties. Therefore, because of these properties, much attention has been focused on its application in the field of catalysts, electromagnetism, optics, medicine and the like. Nanoparticles are intermediates between bulk and molecules, and are capable of synthesizing nanoparticles in terms of two directions of approach, the "top-down” approach and the “bottom-up” approach.
- Synthesis methods of metal nanoparticles include a method of reducing metal ions with a reducing agent in a solution, a method using gamma rays, and an electrochemical method, but conventional methods are difficult to synthesize nanoparticles having a uniform size and shape, or may be organic solvents. Economical mass production was difficult due to the problem of environmental pollution, high cost, etc. Therefore, development of high quality nanoparticles of uniform size has been required.
- the present specification is to provide a hollow metal particles, an electrocatalyst comprising the same, an electrochemical cell comprising the electrocatalyst and a method of manufacturing hollow metal particles.
- the present specification is a hollow core portion; And a metal shell including a first metal, a second metal, and a third metal, wherein the second metal and the third metal each include a metal having a lower standard reduction potential than that of the first metal.
- the present specification provides an electrode catalyst comprising the hollow metal particles.
- the present disclosure provides an electrochemical cell including the electrocatalyst.
- the present specification is a hollow core; And forming a metal shell including a first metal, a second metal, and a third metal, wherein the second metal and the third metal each include a metal having a lower standard reduction potential than the first metal. It provides a method for producing a hollow metal particles.
- the present specification may be applied to various fields by providing particles of uniform size.
- FIG. 1 is a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photograph of a hollow metal particle prepared in Example 1.
- FIG. 1 is a transmission electron microscopy (TEM) photograph of a hollow metal particle prepared in Example 1.
- Figure 2 is a transmission electron micrograph of the hollow metal particles prepared in Example 2.
- Figure 4 shows the results of analyzing the atomic percentage of the element located along the line of the arrow in the hollow metal particles of Figure 1 by the EDS line profile.
- FIG. 5 shows the results of analyzing the atomic percentage of elements located along the line of the arrow in the hollow metal particles of FIG. 3 with an EDS line profile.
- the present specification is a hollow core portion; And a metal shell including a first metal, a second metal, and a third metal.
- the hollow core part may be hollow or include a non-metal material.
- the hollow core part may include a surfactant.
- the surfactant may include two or more kinds.
- the two or more surfactants may include two or more of a cationic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, and a nonionic surfactant.
- the molar ratio of the cationic surfactant may be 0.1 or more and 0.4 or less based on the number of moles of the anionic surfactant. In this case, there is an advantage in that the stability of the micelle generated by the surfactant is increased.
- the first metal may include at least one of a noble metal-based metal.
- the first metal may include at least one of platinum (Pt), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), gold (Au), and silver (Ag). It may include. If necessary, the first metal may include platinum.
- the second metal and the third metal may each include at least one of transition metals having a standard reduction potential lower than that of the precious metal-based metal.
- the second metal and the third metal may each include at least one of transition metals having a lower standard reduction potential than platinum.
- the transition metal having a standard reduction potential lower than that of the noble metal-based metal may include nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), and the like.
- the nickel, cobalt, iron and copper are metals with high oxygen reduction reactivity among transition metals.
- At least one of the nickel, cobalt, iron, and copper has an advantage that the oxygen reduction reactivity of the metal alloyed with at least one of the noble metal-based metal may be higher than the individual oxygen reduction reactivity of the noble metal-based metal.
- At least one of the nickel, cobalt, iron, and copper has an advantage that the oxygen reduction reactivity of the metal alloyed with platinum may be higher than the individual oxygen reduction reactivity of the platinum.
- the oxygen reduction reactivity of the metal in which two or more of the nickel, cobalt, iron, and copper are alloyed with platinum may be higher than the individual oxygen reduction reactivity of platinum.
- the oxygen reduction reactivity of the metal in which the two kinds of metals of nickel, cobalt, iron, and copper are alloyed with platinum may be higher than the individual oxygen reduction reactivity of platinum.
- the second metal and the third metal may each independently be nickel (Ni) or cobalt (Co).
- the mole ratio of the first metal may be 0.6 or more and 0.9 or less.
- the molar ratio of the sum of the moles of the second metal and the third metal may be 0.1 or more and 0.4 or less.
- the first metal is a first metal precursor is reduced, the second metal is a second metal precursor is reduced, the third metal is a third metal precursor is reduced, the first metal precursor and the second
- the molar ratio of the metal precursor may be 1: 0.5-3. In this case, there is an advantage that the hollow particles are well generated.
- the molar ratio of the first metal precursor and the third metal precursor may be 1: 0.5-3. In this case, there is an advantage that the hollow particles are well generated.
- the metal shell of the present specification may be made of a first metal, a second metal, and a third metal. That is, the metal shell has a three-component metal, and the hollow metal particles of the present specification may be three-component hollow metal particles made of three kinds of metals.
- the size of the hollow metal particles may be 20 nm or less.
- the average of the hollow metal particle sizes may be 10 nm or less.
- the deviation from the average of the hollow metal particle sizes may be 3 nm or less.
- the average of the hollow metal particle size is 10nm and the deviation is 3nm, it means that the size of the hollow metal particle is distributed in more than 7nm 13nm.
- the present specification provides an electrode catalyst including the hollow metal particles.
- catalyst is meant a substance which has the effect of increasing or decreasing the reaction rate and which can be present in the original state even after the reaction is completed.
- the electrocatalyst may be a cocatalyst that increases the reaction rate, and specifically, may be a cocatalyst that increases the rate of oxidation or reduction in a battery.
- the electrode catalyst may be a fuel cell catalyst, and specifically, may be a catalyst for an oxygen reduction reaction in a fuel cell.
- the present specification provides an electrochemical cell including the electrocatalyst.
- the electrochemical cell is a battery that converts chemical energy into electrical energy through chemical reaction of a substance, and the type of electrochemical cell is not particularly limited as long as the battery converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
- the electrochemical cell may be any one of a primary battery, a secondary battery, a storage battery and a fuel cell.
- the type of electrochemical cell including the electrode catalyst is not particularly limited, but may be a secondary battery or a fuel cell, and for example, may be a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- the present specification is a hollow core portion; And forming a metal shell comprising a first metal, a second metal, and a third metal.
- the hollow core portion, the first metal, the second metal and the third metal, the metal shell and the surfactant to be described later are the same as described for the hollow metal particles.
- the forming of the hollow core part and the metal shell may include forming a metal shell including the first metal, the second metal, and the third metal on the surface of the micelle formed of the surfactant. It may include.
- the forming of the hollow core part and the metal shell may include forming a metal shell including a first metal, a second metal, and a third metal on a surface of the micelle formed of a surfactant; And after forming the metal shell, washing the hollow core part and the particles in which the metal shell is formed.
- the washing step may wash the particles with water or alcohol.
- the method may further include removing the micelle after forming the metal shell.
- the forming of the metal shell on the surface of the micelle may include stirring a solution including a surfactant, a first metal precursor, a second metal precursor, a third metal precursor, and a solvent; And reducing the first metal precursor, the second metal precursor, and the third metal precursor by adding a reducing agent to the solution.
- the first metal precursor is a salt including a first metal ion or an atomic group ion including the first metal ion, and includes: It can serve to provide the metal.
- the second metal precursor may be a salt including a second metal ion or an atomic monoion including the second metal ion, and may serve to provide a second metal.
- the third metal precursor may serve as a salt including a third metal ion or an atomic group ion including the third metal ion, and serves to provide a third metal.
- the solvent may be water.
- the concentration of the surfactant in the solution may be 0.5 to 5 times the critical micelle concentration (CMC) for water.
- the concentration of the surfactant When the concentration of the surfactant is less than 0.5 times the critical micelle concentration, the concentration of the surfactant adsorbed to the metal salt may be relatively low. Accordingly, the amount of surfactant forming the core to be formed may also be reduced as a whole. On the other hand, when the concentration of the surfactant exceeds 5 times the critical micelle concentration, the concentration of the surfactant is relatively high, and the surfactant forming the hollow core and the metal particles not forming the hollow core may be mixed and aggregated.
- the size of the hollow metal particles may be controlled by the chain length of the surfactant forming the micelle. Specifically, if the chain length of the surfactant is short, the size of the micelle is reduced, the hollow size is also reduced, and thus the size of the hollow metal particles may be reduced.
- the carbon number of the chain of the surfactant may be 16 or less. Specifically, the carbon number of the chain may be 8 or more and 16 or less. Alternatively, the carbon number of the chain may be 10 or more and 12 or less.
- the surfactant may include two or more kinds.
- the two or more surfactants may include two or more of a cationic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, and a nonionic surfactant.
- the molar ratio of the cationic surfactant may be 0.1 or more and 0.4 or less based on the number of moles of the anionic surfactant. In this case, there is an advantage in that the stability of the micelle generated by the surfactant is increased.
- the anionic surfactant is not particularly limited, but, for example, potassium laurate, triethanolamine stearate, ammonium lauryl sulfate, lithium dodecyl sulfate ), Sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, alkyl polyoxyethylene sulfate, sodium alginate, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate natrium sulfosuccinate, phosphatidyl glycerol, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidic acid and its salts, glyceryl esters, sodium carboxymethylcellulose ), Bile acid and salts thereof, cholic acid, deoxy Deoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, taurocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, alkyl sulfonate, aryl sulfonate, alkyl phosphate phosphate, alkyl
- the cationic surfactant is not particularly limited, but for example, quaternary ammonium compound, benzalkonium chloride, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, chitosan, lauryldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, acyl carnitine hydrochloride, alkylpyridinium halide , Cetyl pyridinium chloride, cationic lipids, polymethylmethacrylate trimethylammonium bromide, sulfonium compounds, polyvinylpyrrolidone-2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate dimethyl sulfate, hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide, phosphonium compounds , Benzyl-di (2-chloroethyl) ethylammonium bromide, coconut trimethyl ammonium chloride, coconut trimethyl ammonium bromide, coconut methyl dihydroxyethyl ammonium chloride, coconut methyl
- the size of the hollow metal particles may be adjusted by adjusting the type of counter ions of the surfactant forming the micelle. Specifically, the larger the size of the counter ion of the surfactant, the weaker the bonding force with the head portion of the outer end of the surfactant may increase the size of the hollow, thereby increasing the size of the hollow metal particles.
- the surfactant when the surfactant is an anionic surfactant, the surfactant may include NH 4 + , K + , Na + or Li + as a counter ion.
- the counter ion of the surfactant is NH 4 +
- the counter ion of the surfactant is K +
- the counter ion of the surfactant is Na +
- the counter ion of the surfactant is Li +
- the surfactant when the surfactant is a cationic surfactant, the surfactant may include I ⁇ , Br ⁇ , or Cl ⁇ as a counter ion.
- the size of the hollow nanoparticles may be reduced in the order of the counter ion of the surfactant is Cl ⁇ .
- the size of the hollow metal particles may be adjusted by adjusting the size of the head of the outer end of the surfactant forming the micelle. Furthermore, when the size of the head portion of the surfactant formed on the outer surface of the micelle is large, the repulsive force between the head portion of the surfactant is increased, the hollow can be increased, thereby increasing the size of the hollow metal particles.
- the size of the hollow metal particles may be determined by the above-described elements acting in combination.
- the manufacturing method may be performed at room temperature. Specifically, it may be carried out at a temperature in the range of 4 ° C or more and 35 ° C or less, more specifically 15 ° C or more and 28 ° C or less.
- Forming the metal shell on the surface of the micelle in one embodiment of the present specification may be carried out at room temperature, specifically 4 °C or more in the range of 35 °C or less, more specifically 15 °C to 28 °C. If an organic solvent is used as the solvent, there is a problem that it must be prepared at a high temperature of more than 100 ° C. Since the present specification can be produced at room temperature, the manufacturing method is simple, there is a process advantage, and the cost reduction effect is large.
- the forming of the metal shell on the surface of the micelle may be performed for 30 minutes to 24 hours, more specifically for 2 hours to 18 hours, and even more specifically for 4 hours to 12 hours. .
- the reducing step may also be performed at room temperature, specifically 4 ° C. or more and 35 ° C. or less, more specifically 15 ° C. or more and 28 ° C. or less.
- the manufacturing method is simple, there is a process advantage, and the cost reduction effect is large.
- the reducing step may be performed by reacting the first metal precursor, the second metal precursor, the third metal precursor and the reducing agent for a predetermined time, specifically for 30 minutes to 24 hours, more specifically for 2 to 18 hours, and even more specifically 4
- the reaction can be carried out for a time to 12 hours.
- the reducing agent is a strong reducing agent of standard reduction of -0.23V or less, specifically, -4V or more and -0.23V or less, and has a reducing power capable of reducing dissolved metal ions to precipitate as metal particles. It is not specifically limited.
- Such a reducing agent may be, for example, at least one selected from the group consisting of NaBH 4 , NH 2 NH 2 , LiAlH 4, and LiBEt 3 H.
- the forming of the metal shell on the surface of the micelle may further include adding a nonionic surfactant.
- the nonionic surfactant is specifically polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ether, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene castor oil Derivatives, sorbitan esters, glyceryl esters, glycerol monostearate, polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, polypropylene glycol esters, cetyl alcohol, cetostearyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, aryl alkyl polyether alcohols, polyoxyethylenepolyoxy Propylene copolymer, poloxamer, poloxamine, methylcellulose, hydroxycellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxy propylcellulose, hydroxy propylmethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose phthalate, amorphous cell Group
- the nonionic surfactant is adsorbed on the surface of the shell, and serves to uniformly disperse the hollow metal particles formed in the solution. Therefore, the hollow metal particles are prevented from being aggregated or aggregated and the hollow metal particles can be formed in a uniform size.
- the forming of the metal shell on the surface of the micelle may further add a stabilizer.
- the stabilizer may specifically include one or two or more selected from the group consisting of disodium phosphate, dipotassium phosphate, disodium citrate and trisodium citrate.
- Hollow metal particles according to the present specification has the advantage of producing nano-sized three-component hollow metal particles at room temperature using a surfactant in an aqueous solution.
- Dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) was dissolved in water and stirred as dodecylsulfate (lithium dodecylsulfate, LiDS) and a cationic surfactant.
- the molar ratio of the first metal precursor, the second metal precursor and the third metal precursor was 1: 1.5: 1.5, and the concentration of LiDS was added twice the critical micelle concentration (CMC) with respect to water.
- NaBH 4 as a reducing agent was added thereto and reacted for 4 hours or more. After the reaction was completed, the resultant was centrifuged and washed with water and ethanol to obtain hollow metal particles.
- the average size of the hollow metal particles was 10nm.
- Example 1 the metal precursor was the same and the concentration of LiDS was added 7 times that of CMC and reacted by adding a reducing agent.
- DTAB dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide
- the molar ratio of the first metal precursor and the second metal precursor was 1: 3, and the concentration of LiDS was added twice the critical micelle concentration (CMC) with respect to water.
- NaBH 4 as a reducing agent was added thereto and reacted for 4 hours or more. After the reaction was completed, the resultant was centrifuged and washed with water and ethanol to obtain hollow metal particles.
- the average size of the hollow metal particles was 10nm.
- TEM picture of the hollow metal particles prepared in Example 1 is shown in Figure 1
- TEM picture of the hollow metal particles prepared in Example 2 is shown in Figure 2
- TEM picture of the hollow metal particles prepared in Comparative Example 1 Is shown in FIG. 3.
- FIG. 4 shows the results of analyzing the atomic percentage of elements located along the line of the arrow in the hollow metal particles of FIG. 1.
- FIG. 5 shows the results of analyzing the atomic percentage of elements located along the line of the arrow in the hollow metal particles of FIG. 3.
- Figure 4 shows the relative content of the atoms in the form of EDS line profile along the line indicated by the arrow for one hollow metal particle of Figure 1, the main component Pt appears large in the shell portion and the hollow central portion appeared small.
- FIG. 5 shows the relative content of atoms in the form of an EDS line profile along the line indicated by the arrow for one hollow metal particle of FIG. 3, where the main component Pt is large in the shell portion and the hollow central portion is small.
- Example 1 After the particles prepared in Comparative Example 1 were respectively loaded on carbon (Vulcan XC-72), fuel cell unit cell performance evaluation was performed under the following conditions.
- the carbon carrying the three-component hollow metal particles prepared in Example 1 exhibited an activity of 0.90A / cm 2 @ 0.6V, and the carbon carrying the two-component hollow metal particles prepared in Comparative Example 1 was 0.81A. / cm 2 @ 0.6V.
Abstract
Description
Claims (25)
- 중공 코어부; 및 제1 금속, 제2 금속 및 제3 금속을 포함하는 금속쉘을 포함하며,상기 제2 금속 및 제3 금속은 각각 상기 제1 금속보다 표준환원전위가 낮은 금속을 포함하는 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 금속쉘은 제1 금속, 제2 금속 및 제3 금속으로 이루어진 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 중공 코어부는 계면활성제를 포함하는 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속은 귀금속 계열 금속 중 적어도 하나를 포함하는 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속은 플래티늄(Pt), 루테늄(Ru), 로듐(Rh), 오스뮴(Os), 이리듐(Ir), 팔라듐(Pd), 금(Au) 및 은(Ag) 중 적어도 하나를 포함하는 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 4에 있어서, 상기 제2 금속 및 제3 금속은 각각 귀금속 계열 금속보다 표준환원전위가 낮은 전이금속 중 적어도 하나를 포함하는 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 6에 있어서, 상기 귀금속 계열 금속보다 표준환원전위가 낮은 전이금속은 니켈(Ni), 코발트(Co), 철(Fe) 및 구리(Cu)를 포함하는 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속, 제2 금속 및 제3 금속의 몰수의 합이 1일 때, 상기 제1 금속의 몰비는 0.6 이상 0.9 이하인 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속, 제2 금속 및 제3 금속의 몰수의 합이 1일 때, 상기 제2 금속과 제3 금속의 몰수의 합의 몰비는 0.1 이상 0.4 이하인 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속, 제2 금속 및 제3 금속은 각각 제1 금속 전구체, 제2 금속 전구체 및 제3 금속 전구체가 환원된 것이며,상기 제1 금속전구체와 제2 금속전구체의 몰비는 1: 0.5-3인 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속, 제2 금속 및 제3 금속은 각각 제1 금속 전구체, 제2 금속 전구체 및 제3 금속 전구체가 환원된 것이며,상기 제1 금속전구체와 제3 금속전구체의 몰비는 1: 0.5-3인 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 3에 있어서, 상기 계면활성제는 2종 이상을 포함하는 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 3에 있어서, 상기 계면활성제는 1종 이상의 양이온 계면활성제 및 1종 이상의 음이온 계면활성제를 포함하는 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 13에 있어서, 상기 음이온 계면활성제의 몰수를 기준으로 상기 양이온 계면활성제의 몰비는 0.1 이상 0.4 이하인 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 1에 있어서, 상기 중공 금속 입자의 크기는 20 nm 이하인 것인 중공 금속 입자.
- 청구항 1 내지 15 중 어느 한 항의 중공 금속 입자를 포함하는 전극촉매.
- 청구항 16의 전극촉매를 포함하는 전기화학 전지.
- 청구항 17에 있어서, 상기 전기화학 전지는 연료전지인 것인 전기화학 전지.
- 중공 코어부; 및 제1 금속, 제2 금속 및 제3 금속을 포함하는 금속쉘을 형성하는 단계를 포함하며,상기 제2 금속 및 제3 금속은 각각 상기 제1 금속보다 표준환원전위가 낮은 금속을 포함하는 것인 중공 금속 입자의 제조방법.
- 청구항 19에 있어서, 상기 중공 코어부 및 금속쉘을 형성하는 단계는 계면활성제로 형성된 미셀의 표면에 제1 금속, 제2 금속 및 제3 금속을 포함하는 금속쉘을 형성하는 단계를 포함하는 것인 중공 금속 입자의 제조방법.
- 청구항 20에 있어서, 상기 미셀의 표면에 금속쉘을 형성하는 단계는 계면활성제, 제1 금속 전구체, 제2 금속 전구체, 제3 금속 전구체 및 용매를 포함하는 용액을 교반하는 단계; 및상기 용액에 환원제를 첨가하여 상기 제1 금속 전구체, 제2 금속 전구체 및 제3 금속 전구체를 환원시키는 단계를 포함하는 것인 중공 금속 입자의 제조방법.
- 청구항 21에 있어서, 상기 용매는 물인 것인 중공 금속 입자의 제조방법.
- 청구항 22에 있어서, 상기 용액 중에서 상기 계면활성제의 농도는 물에 대한 임계미셀농도(critical micelle concentration, CMC)의 0.5배 이상 5배 이하인 것인 중공 금속 입자의 제조방법.
- 청구항 21에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속전구체와 제2 금속전구체의 몰비는 1: 0.5-3인 것인 중공 금속 입자의 제조방법.
- 청구항 21에 있어서, 상기 제1 금속전구체와 제3 금속전구체의 몰비는 1: 0.5-3인 것인 중공 금속 입자의 제조방법.
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