WO2013054842A1 - R-t-b系焼結磁石及びその製造方法、並びに回転機 - Google Patents
R-t-b系焼結磁石及びその製造方法、並びに回転機 Download PDFInfo
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- H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
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- H01F1/0571—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes
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- H01F1/086—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials metals or alloys in the form of particles, e.g. powder pressed, sintered, or bound together sintered
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- H01F41/0253—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing or assembling magnets, inductances or transformers; Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing materials characterised by their magnetic properties for manufacturing cores, coils, or magnets for manufacturing permanent magnets
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- H01F1/032—Magnets or magnetic bodies characterised by the magnetic materials therefor; Selection of materials for their magnetic properties of inorganic materials characterised by their coercivity of hard-magnetic materials
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- H01F1/047—Alloys characterised by their composition
- H01F1/053—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals
- H01F1/055—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5
- H01F1/057—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B
- H01F1/0571—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes
- H01F1/0575—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together
- H01F1/0577—Alloys characterised by their composition containing rare earth metals and magnetic transition metals, e.g. SmCo5 and IIIa elements, e.g. Nd2Fe14B in the form of particles, e.g. rapid quenched powders or ribbon flakes pressed, sintered or bonded together sintered
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an RTB-based sintered magnet, a manufacturing method thereof, and a rotating machine including the RTB-based sintered magnet.
- RTB-based sintered magnet (R is at least one element selected from rare earth elements including Y, T is a transition element, and B is boron) has excellent magnetic properties. Therefore, it is used for various electric devices.
- HcJ coercive force
- Such an RTB-based sintered magnet is manufactured by a general powder metallurgy process, and its cross-sectional structure is typically as shown in FIG. That is, the RTB-based sintered magnet 100 includes a crystal grain 120 including an R 2 T 14 B phase, which is a main crystal phase (main phase), and a grain boundary region 140 existing at the grain boundary. . In the grain boundary region 140, there exists a phase having a higher R content than the R 2 T 14 B phase.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet has a structure as shown in FIG. 1, when Dy is used as R, Dy is also present in a phase having a higher R content than the R 2 T 14 B phase. Will exist. However, since Dy has the characteristic of being easily oxidized among rare earth elements, it may reduce the corrosion resistance of the RTB-based sintered magnet. On the other hand, RTB-based sintered magnets are required to maintain not only initial characteristics but also high magnetic characteristics over a long period of time.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, and an object thereof is to provide an RTB-based sintered magnet having high magnetic characteristics and excellent corrosion resistance, and a method for producing the same. Moreover, an object of this invention is to provide the rotary machine which can maintain a high output over a long period of time.
- the present invention is an RTB-based sintered magnet having a composition containing a rare earth element, a transition element, and boron, which does not substantially contain dysprosium as the rare earth element,
- a triple-point region which is a grain boundary region surrounded by three or more crystal grains, includes crystal grains having a composition containing boron, and grain boundary regions formed between the crystal grains.
- it has a composition in which the mass ratio of rare earth elements is higher than that of crystal grains, the average value of the area of the triple point region in the cross section is 2 ⁇ m 2 or less, and the standard deviation of the distribution of the area is
- An RTB-based sintered magnet having 3 or less is provided.
- R represents a rare earth element other than dysprosium
- T represents a transition element
- B represents boron.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention does not substantially contain dysprosium, oxidation is suppressed more than that of a sintered magnet containing dysprosium, and thus the corrosion resistance is excellent. Moreover, since the average value of the area of the triple point region is smaller than the conventional one and the uniformity of the distribution is improved, segregation of the phase having a higher R content than the R 2 T 14 B phase is suppressed. be able to. As described above, since the RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention has improved structure uniformity while miniaturizing the structure, it can maintain high magnetic characteristics even without containing dysprosium. it can. That is, the RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention realizes both high magnetic properties and excellent corrosion resistance by the synergistic action of selection of rare earth elements and structure control.
- the average grain size of the crystal grains contained in the RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention is preferably 0.5 to 5 ⁇ m.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet composed of fine crystal grains can further enhance the magnetic characteristics.
- the rare earth element content is 25 to 37% by mass
- the boron content is 0.5 to 1.5% by mass
- the cobalt content in the transition metal Is 3% by mass or less (excluding 0) is preferably iron.
- R-T-B based sintered magnet of the present invention a grain boundary region that includes a dendrite-like crystal grains containing R 2 T 14 B phase, the content of R than R 2 T 14 B phase is high phase , And a pulverized product of RTB-based alloy flakes having an average interval interval of 3 ⁇ m or less having a higher R content than the R 2 T 14 B phase in the cross section is obtained by firing. It is preferable.
- Such an RTB-based sintered magnet is obtained by using a pulverized product that is sufficiently fine and has a sharp particle size distribution. Therefore, the RTB-based sintered magnet is composed of fine crystal grains. A sintered body is obtained.
- the ratio of the phase having a higher R content than the R 2 T 14 B phase is present not in the pulverized product but in the outer peripheral portion, the R content is higher than that of the sintered R 2 T 14 B phase.
- the dispersed state of the phase having a high amount tends to be good. For this reason, the structure of the RTB-based sintered body becomes finer and the uniformity is improved. Therefore, the magnetic properties of the RTB-based sintered body can be further enhanced.
- the present invention also provides a rotating machine provided with the above RTB system sintered magnet of the present invention. Since the rotating machine according to the present invention includes the RTB-based sintered magnet having the above-described characteristics, the rotating machine can stably exhibit high output for a long period of time.
- the present invention further relates to a method for producing an RTB-based sintered magnet substantially free of dysprosium, comprising dendritic crystal grains having a composition containing a rare earth element, a transition element and boron, A step of preparing an RTB-based alloy flake having a grain boundary region having a composition in which the mass ratio of the rare earth element is higher than that of the grains, and an average value of the spacing between the grain boundary regions being 3 ⁇ m or less; A process of pulverizing a TB alloy flake to obtain an alloy powder, and an RTB sintering having a composition containing a rare earth element, a transition element, and boron by molding and firing the alloy powder in a magnetic field And a step of producing a magnet.
- a method for producing an RTB-based sintered magnet is provided.
- R represents a rare earth element other than dysprosium
- T represents a transition element
- B represents boron.
- the RTB-based alloy flakes having an average value of the grain boundary region interval of 3 ⁇ m or less are used, an alloy powder that is sufficiently fine by pulverization and has a small variation in particle size is obtained. Obtainable.
- the proportion of the phase having a higher R content than the R 2 T 14 B phase contained in the grain boundary region is higher in the outer peripheral portion than in the pulverized product. The dispersed state in the triple point region after sintering tends to be good. Therefore, it is possible to obtain an RTB-based sintered magnet that is composed of fine crystal grains and in which segregation in the triple point region is suppressed.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet obtained by the manufacturing method of the present invention can achieve both high magnetic properties and excellent corrosion resistance by synergistic action of selection of rare earth elements contained in the raw material and structure control. It is a thing.
- the present invention it is possible to provide an RTB-based sintered magnet having high magnetic properties and excellent corrosion resistance, and a method for producing the same. Moreover, according to this invention, the rotary machine which can maintain a high output over a long period of time can be provided.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a preferred embodiment of an RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a cross-sectional structure in an embodiment of an RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing an example of a cross-sectional structure of an alloy flake used in the method for producing an RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention. It is a schematic diagram of the apparatus used for the strip casting method.
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged plan view showing an example of a roll surface of a cooling roll used for manufacturing the RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing a preferred embodiment of an RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a cross-sectional structure in an embodiment of an RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view showing an example of a cross
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a cross-sectional structure in the vicinity of a roll surface of a cooling roll used for manufacturing the RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an example of a cross-sectional structure in the vicinity of a roll surface of a cooling roll used for manufacturing the RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention.
- 3 is an SEM-BEI image (magnification: 350 times) showing an example of a cross section along the thickness direction of an RTB-based alloy flake used for manufacturing an RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is an image (magnification: 100 ⁇ ) of one surface of an RTB-based alloy flake used for manufacturing the RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention by a metallographic microscope.
- FIG. 2 is a plan view schematically showing dendritic crystals contained in an RTB-based alloy flake used for manufacturing an RTB-based sintered magnet of the present invention. It is explanatory drawing which shows the internal structure in suitable embodiment of the motor of this invention.
- 7 is a SEM-BEI image (magnification: 350 times) of a cross section along the thickness direction of an RTB-based alloy flake used in Example 6.
- 7 is an image (magnification: 1600 times) of a cross section of an RTB-based sintered magnet of Example 6 taken with a metal microscope.
- FIG. 6 is a graph showing the particle size distribution of particles containing an R 2 T 14 B phase in an RTB-based sintered magnet of Example 6.
- 3 is an image (magnification: 100 times) of one surface of an RTB-based alloy flake used in Comparative Example 1 with a metallographic microscope.
- 4 is an image (magnification: 100 ⁇ ) of one surface of an RTB-based alloy flake used in Comparative Example 2 with a metallographic microscope.
- 4 is an image (magnification: 100 times) of one surface of an RTB-based alloy flake used in Comparative Example 3 with a metallographic microscope.
- 4 is an image (magnification: 100 times) of one surface of an RTB-based alloy flake used in Comparative Example 3 with a metallographic microscope.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram showing element map data in which a triple point region is painted black in the RTB-based sintered magnet of Example 1.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram showing element map data in which a triple point region is painted black in the RTB-based sintered magnet of Comparative Example 5.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an RTB-based sintered magnet 10 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a cross-sectional structure of the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 of the present embodiment includes a plurality of crystal grains 12 and three or more crystal grains 12 in a grain boundary region between the crystal grains 12. And a triple point region 14 surrounded.
- a grain boundary region may be formed between two adjacent crystal grains 12.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 of the present embodiment as a whole has a composition containing a rare earth element, a transition element other than the rare earth element, and boron, and the rare earth element (R) is a rare earth other than Dy. Contains elements.
- R is scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), It contains at least one element selected from terbium (Tb), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb) and lutetium (Lu).
- the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 preferably contains not only Dy but also at least one of Tb and Ho as R, and more preferably does not contain heavy rare earth elements. . That is, it is more preferable that R contains only light rare earth elements.
- heavy rare earth elements (HR) are Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu
- light rare earth elements (LR) are other rare earth elements.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 may contain heavy rare earth elements (Dy, Tb, Ho, etc.) as impurities derived from the raw materials or impurities mixed during the production.
- the content is preferably 0.01% by mass or less based on the entire RTB-based sintered magnet.
- the upper limit of the content is 0.1% by mass as a range that hardly affects the purpose and effect of the present invention.
- substantially free of Dy means that, for example, Dy may be contained to the extent that it is contained as an inevitable impurity in the raw material. Therefore, in the RTB-based sintered magnet 10, the ratio of Dy to the entire R is, for example, less than 0.1% by mass. Further, “substantially does not contain at least one of Tb and Ho” means that, for example, Tb and / or Ho may be contained to the extent that the raw material is included as an inevitable impurity. Therefore, in the RTB-based sintered magnet 10, the ratio of Tb and Ho to the entire R is, for example, less than 0.1% by mass.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 preferably includes at least Fe as a transition element (T), and more preferably includes a combination of Fe and a transition element other than Fe.
- transition elements other than Fe include Co, Cu, and Zr.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 preferably contains at least one element selected from Al, Cu, Ga, Zn and Ge. As a result, the coercive force of the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 can be further increased.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 preferably contains at least one element selected from Ti, Zr, Ta, Nb, Mo, and Hf. By including such an element, it is possible to suppress grain growth during firing, and the coercive force of the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 can be further increased.
- the content of R in the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 is preferably 25 to 37% by mass, more preferably 28 to 35% by mass, from the viewpoint of further improving the magnetic characteristics.
- the content of B in the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 is preferably 0.5 to 1.5% by mass, more preferably 0.7 to 1.2% by mass. Mass ratio.
- the amount of R 2 T 14 B phase which is the main phase of the RTB-based sintered magnet 10, is reduced, and ⁇ -Fe having soft magnetism, etc. Tends to precipitate, and HcJ may be reduced. On the other hand, if it exceeds 37% by mass, the volume ratio of the R 2 T 14 B phase is lowered and Br may be lowered.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 contains 0.2 to 2 mass% in total of at least one element selected from Al, Cu, Ga, Zn and Ge from the viewpoint of further increasing the coercive force. It is preferable. From the same viewpoint, the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 contains at least one element selected from Ti, Zr, Ta, Nb, Mo and Hf in a total amount of 0.1 to 1% by mass. It is preferable.
- the content of the transition element (T) in the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 is the remainder of the rare earth element, boron, and additive element described above.
- Co When Co is contained as a transition element, the content is preferably 3% by mass or less (excluding 0), more preferably 0.3 to 1.2% by mass. Co forms the same phase as Fe, but by containing Co, the Curie temperature and the corrosion resistance of the grain boundary phase can be improved.
- the content of oxygen in the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 is preferably 300 to 3000 ppm, more preferably 500 to 1500 ppm, from the viewpoint of achieving both higher magnetic properties and corrosion resistance.
- the content of nitrogen in the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 is 200 to 1500 ppm, more preferably 500 to 1500 ppm.
- the carbon content in the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 is 500 to 3000 ppm, and more preferably 800 to 1500 ppm.
- the crystal grains 12 in the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 preferably include an R 2 T 14 B phase.
- the triple point regions 14, than R 2 T 14 B phase the content of R of mass contains a higher phase than R 2 T 14 B phase.
- the average value of the area of the triple point region 14 in the cross section of the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 is an arithmetic average of 2 ⁇ m 2 or less, and preferably 1.9 ⁇ m 2 or less. Further, the standard deviation of the area distribution is 3 or less, preferably 2.6 or less.
- the average value of the area of the triple point region 14 in the cross section and the standard deviation of the distribution of the area can be obtained by the following procedure. First, the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 is cut and the cut surface is polished. An image of the polished surface is observed with a scanning electron microscope. Then, image analysis is performed to determine the area of the triple point region 14. The arithmetic average value of the obtained areas is the average area. And based on the area of each triple point area
- the rare earth element content in the triple point region 14 is preferably 80 to 99% by mass from the viewpoint of providing an RTB-based sintered magnet having sufficiently high magnetic properties and sufficiently excellent corrosion resistance. More preferably, it is 85 to 99% by mass or more, and still more preferably 90 to 99% by mass. From the same viewpoint, the rare earth element content in each triple point region 14 is preferably the same. Specifically, the standard deviation of the content distribution of the triple point region 14 in the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 is preferably 5 or less, more preferably 4 or less, and even more preferably 3 It is as follows.
- the average grain size of the crystal grains 12 in the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 is preferably 0.5 to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 2 to 4.5 ⁇ m, from the viewpoint of further improving the magnetic characteristics.
- This average grain size is obtained by performing image processing of an electron microscope image obtained by observing a cross section of the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 to measure the grain size of each crystal grain 12 and arithmetically averaging the measured values. Can be obtained.
- the manufacturing method of the present embodiment includes a dendrite-like crystal grain including an R 2 T 14 B phase substantially not containing dysprosium, and a phase having a higher rare earth element mass ratio than the R 2 T 14 B phase.
- a process hereinafter, details of each process will be described.
- an RTB-based alloy flake is prepared in which the average value of the interval between the grain boundary regions including the phase having a higher R content than the R 2 T 14 B phase is 3 ⁇ m or less.
- a compound having R (excluding Dy), T, and B as constituent elements, or a simple substance of R, T, and B is prepared.
- an RTB alloy flake having a predetermined composition is produced by strip casting.
- FIG. 3 is an enlarged schematic cross-sectional view showing a cross-sectional structure along the thickness direction of the RTB-based alloy flakes used in the manufacturing method of the present embodiment.
- the RTB-based alloy flakes of the present embodiment include crystal grains 2 including an R 2 T 14 B phase as a main phase and a grain boundary region 4 having a composition different from that of the R 2 T 14 B phase.
- the grain boundary region 4 contains a phase in which the content of R is higher than that of the R 2 T 14 B phase.
- the RTB-based alloy flake has a crystal nucleus 1 on one surface.
- the grain boundary region 4 the content of the crystal grains 2 and R columnar comprises a phase higher than the R 2 T 14 B phase (R-rich phase) starting the crystal nuclei 1 containing R 2 T 14 B phase It extends radially towards the other surface. That is, the content of R is higher than R 2 T 14 B phase phase are precipitated along the grain boundary of the R 2 T 14 B phase.
- the RTB-based alloy flake used in the manufacturing method of the present embodiment has a cross section along the thickness direction as shown in FIG. 3 where the crystal grains 2 including the R 2 T 14 B phase are in the thickness direction. It grows substantially uniformly in the thickness direction (up and down direction in FIG. 3) without spreading much in the vertical direction (left and right direction in FIG. 3). For this reason, as compared with the conventional RTB-based alloy flakes, the interval M between the grain boundary regions 4 is small and the variation in the interval M is small. In normal grinding, the RTB-based alloy flakes break along the grain boundary region 4. For this reason, when the RTB-based alloy flakes are pulverized in the second step, it is possible to obtain an alloy powder that is fine and has small variations in particle size and shape.
- the RTB-based alloy flakes preferably have an average value D AVE of the interval M between the grain boundary regions 4 of 1 to 3 ⁇ m.
- D AVE the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 having higher magnetic characteristics can be obtained.
- the lower limit of D AVE may be 1.5 ⁇ m.
- the upper limit of D AVE may be 2.7 ⁇ m.
- D AVE can be obtained by the following procedure. First, in the cross section as shown in FIG. 3, the average value of the interval M between the grain boundary regions 4 on one (lower) surface side, the average value of the interval M between the grain boundary regions 4 in the central portion, An average value of the interval M between the grain boundary regions 4 on the surface side is obtained. These average values, and D 1, D 2 and D 3, respectively.
- D 1 , D 2 and D 3 are obtained as follows. First, the cross section as shown in FIG. 3 is observed (magnification: 1000 times) by SEM (scanning electron microscope) -BEI (reflection electron image). Then, a photograph of a cross section is taken for each of 15 fields on one surface side, the other surface side, and the central portion. In such a photograph, a straight line is drawn at a position of 50 ⁇ m from one surface to the central part, a position of 50 ⁇ m from the other surface to the central part, and the central part. These straight lines are substantially parallel to one surface and the other surface in a cross section as shown in FIG. D 1 , D 2 , and D 3 can be obtained from the length of the straight line and the number of crystal grains 2 that the straight line crosses. The average value of D 1 , D 2 and D 3 obtained in this way is D AVE .
- the RTB-based alloy flakes can be manufactured by a strip casting method using a cooling roll described later.
- R 2 T 14 B phase crystal nuclei 1 precipitate on the contact surface (casting surface) with the cooling roll.
- crystal grains 2 including the R 2 T 14 B phase grow radially from the casting surface side of the RTB-based alloy flake toward the surface (free surface) opposite to the casting surface. Therefore, in the RTB-based alloy flakes shown in FIG. 3, the lower surface is the casting surface.
- D 1 is the average value of the distance M in the grain boundary regions 4 of the casting surface
- D 2 is the average value of the distance M in the grain boundary regions 4 of the free surface side.
- D 1 , D 2 and D 3 are, for example, 1 to 4 ⁇ m, preferably 1.4 to 3.5 ⁇ m, and more preferably 1.5 to 3.2 ⁇ m.
- molten alloy having a predetermined composition is poured onto the roll surface of a cooling roll, and the molten alloy is cooled by the roll surface to generate crystal nuclei.
- the gap M between the grain boundary regions may be adjusted by processing the surface of the roll surface, or the temperature of the molten metal, the surface state of the cooling roll, the material of the cooling roll, the material of the cooling roll, the temperature of the roll surface, the cooling roll You may adjust by changing the rotational speed of this, a cooling temperature, etc.
- the cooling roll preferably has a concavo-convex pattern formed by mesh-like grooves on the roll surface.
- the concavo-convex pattern is, for example, a plurality of first recesses arranged at a predetermined interval a along the circumferential direction of the cooling roll, and is substantially orthogonal to the first recesses and predetermined in parallel to the axial direction of the cooling roll. And a plurality of second recesses arranged at intervals b.
- the first recess and the second recess are substantially linear grooves and have a predetermined depth.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view showing an example of an apparatus used for cooling the molten alloy in the strip casting method.
- the molten alloy 13 prepared in the high frequency melting furnace 11 is first transferred to the tundish 15. Thereafter, the molten alloy 13 is poured from the tundish 15 onto the roll surface 17 of the cooling roll 16 rotating at a predetermined speed in the direction of arrow A. The molten alloy 13 comes into contact with the roll surface 17 of the cooling roll 16 and is removed by heat exchange. As the molten alloy 13 is cooled, crystal nuclei are generated in the molten alloy 13 and at least a part of the molten alloy 13 is solidified.
- an R 2 T 14 B phase (melting temperature of about 1100 ° C.) is first generated, and then at least a part of the R rich phase (melting temperature of about 700 ° C.) is solidified.
- These crystal precipitations are affected by the structure of the roll surface 17 with which the molten alloy 13 contacts.
- the roll surface 17 of the cooling roll 16 it is preferable to use a roll having a concavo-convex pattern composed of a mesh-shaped concave portion and a convex portion formed by the concave portion.
- FIG. 5 is an enlarged schematic view showing a part of the roll surface 17 in a planar shape.
- the roll surface 17 is formed with a mesh-like groove, which forms a concavo-convex pattern.
- the roll surface 17 is substantially divided into a plurality of first recesses 32 arranged at a predetermined interval a along the circumferential direction (direction of arrow A) of the cooling roll 16 and the first recesses 32.
- a plurality of second recesses 34 that are orthogonal and parallel to the axial direction of the cooling roll 16 and arranged at a predetermined interval b are formed.
- the 1st recessed part 32 and the 2nd recessed part 34 are substantially linear grooves, and have a predetermined depth.
- a convex portion 36 is formed by the first concave portion 32 and the second concave portion 34.
- the surface roughness Rz of the roll surface 17 is preferably 3 to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 3.5 to 5 ⁇ m, and further preferably 3.9 to 4.5 ⁇ m.
- Rz becomes excessive the thickness of the flakes tends to fluctuate and the variation in cooling rate tends to increase.
- Rz becomes excessively small the adhesiveness between the molten alloy and the roll surface 17 becomes insufficient.
- the alloy flakes tend to peel off faster than the target time. In this case, the heat removal from the molten alloy does not proceed sufficiently, and the molten alloy moves to the secondary cooling section. For this reason, the alloy flakes tend to stick to each other in the secondary cooling section.
- the surface roughness Rz in this specification is a ten-point average roughness, and is a value measured according to JIS B 0601-1994. Rz can be measured using a commercially available measuring device (Surf Test manufactured by Mitutoyo Corporation).
- the angle ⁇ formed by the first recess 32 and the second recess 34 is preferably 80 to 100 °, more preferably 85 to 95 °.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an enlarged cross section taken along line VI-VI in FIG. That is, FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a part of the cross-sectional structure when the cooling roll 16 is cut by a plane passing through the axis and parallel to the axial direction.
- the height h1 of the convex portion 36 is obtained as the shortest distance between the straight line L1 passing through the bottom of the first concave portion 32 and parallel to the axial direction of the cooling roll 16 and the apex of the convex portion 36 in the cross section shown in FIG. be able to.
- the interval w1 between the convex portions 36 can be obtained as the distance between the apexes of the adjacent convex portions 36 in the cross section shown in FIG.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an enlarged cross section along the line VII-VII in FIG. That is, FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a part of the cross-sectional structure when the cooling roll 16 is cut along a plane parallel to the side surface.
- the height h2 of the convex portion 36 is obtained as the shortest distance between the straight line L2 passing through the bottom of the second concave portion 34 and perpendicular to the axial direction of the cooling roll 16 and the apex of the convex portion 36 in the cross section shown in FIG. be able to.
- the interval w2 between the convex portions 36 can be obtained as the distance between the apexes of the adjacent convex portions 36 in the cross section shown in FIG.
- the average value H of the heights of the convex portions 36 and the average value W of the intervals between the convex portions 36 are obtained as follows.
- the height h1 and the height h2 of the arbitrarily selected convex portion 36 are each measured at 100 points. At this time, only those whose heights h1 and h2 are 3 ⁇ m or more are measured, and those whose height is less than 3 ⁇ m are not included in the data.
- the arithmetic average value of the measurement data of a total of 200 points is set as the average value H of the height of the convex portion 36.
- the uneven pattern of the roll surface 17 can be prepared by processing the roll surface 17 with a short wavelength laser, for example.
- the average value H of the heights of the convex portions 36 is preferably 7 to 20 ⁇ m. Thereby, the molten alloy can be sufficiently permeated into the recesses 32 and 34, and the adhesion between the molten alloy 12 and the roll surface 17 can be sufficiently increased.
- the upper limit of the average value H is more preferably 16 ⁇ m and even more preferably 14 ⁇ m from the viewpoint of allowing the molten alloy to more fully penetrate the recesses 32 and 34.
- the lower limit of the average value H is more preferable from the viewpoint of obtaining crystals of the R 2 T 14 B phase oriented more uniformly in the thickness direction of the alloy flakes while sufficiently increasing the adhesion between the molten alloy and the roll surface 17. Is 8.5 ⁇ m, more preferably 8.7 ⁇ m.
- the average value W of the interval between the convex portions 36 is 40 to 100 ⁇ m.
- the upper limit of the average value W is preferably 80 ⁇ m, more preferably 70 ⁇ m, and still more preferably from the viewpoint of obtaining a magnet powder having a small particle size by further reducing the width of the columnar crystals of the R 2 T 14 B phase. 67 ⁇ m.
- the lower limit of the average value W is preferably 45 ⁇ m, more preferably 48 ⁇ m. As a result, an RTB-based sintered magnet having higher magnetic characteristics can be obtained.
- the molten alloy 13 When the molten alloy 13 is poured onto the roll surface 17 of the cooling roll 16, the molten alloy 13 first contacts the convex portion 36. Crystal nuclei 1 are generated at the contact portions, and crystal grains 2 including the R 2 T 14 B phase grow in a columnar shape starting from the crystal nuclei 1. By generating a large number of such crystal nuclei 1 and increasing the number of crystal nuclei 1 per unit area, the growth of the R 2 T 14 B phase along the roll surface 17 is suppressed, and FIG. As shown, an RTB-based alloy flake with a small interval M can be obtained.
- the average value of the intervals a and b is preferably 40 to 100 ⁇ m.
- RTB-based alloy flakes having a small interval M between the grain boundary regions 4 and a small variation in the interval M can be obtained.
- the alloy cooled by the cooling surface of the cooling roll may be further cooled by a normal secondary cooling section.
- the cooling rate is preferably from 1000 to 3000 ° C./second, more preferably from 1500 to 2500 ° C./second, from the viewpoint of suppressing the occurrence of heterogeneous phases while making the structure of the obtained alloy flakes sufficiently fine.
- the cooling rate is less than 1000 ° C./second, the ⁇ -Fe phase tends to precipitate, and when the cooling rate exceeds 3000 ° C./second, chill crystals tend to precipitate.
- a chill crystal is an isotropic fine crystal having a particle size of 1 ⁇ m or less. When a large amount of chill crystals are produced, the magnetic properties of the RTB-based sintered magnet finally obtained tend to be impaired.
- secondary cooling may be performed by cooling with a gas blowing method or the like.
- the secondary cooling method is not particularly limited, and a conventional cooling method can be employed.
- the gas piping 19 which has the gas blowing hole 19a is provided, and the aspect which sprays the cooling gas from this gas blowing hole 19a to the alloy flakes deposited on the rotary table 20 rotating in the circumferential direction is mentioned.
- the alloy flakes 18 can be sufficiently cooled.
- the alloy flakes are recovered after being sufficiently cooled by the secondary cooling unit 20. In this manner, an RTB-based alloy flake having a cross-sectional structure as shown in FIG. 3 can be manufactured.
- the thickness of the RTB-based alloy flakes of this embodiment is preferably 0.5 mm or less, more preferably 0.1 to 0.5 mm.
- the thickness of the alloy flake becomes too large, the structure of the crystal grains 2 becomes coarse due to the difference in cooling rate, and the uniformity tends to be impaired. Further, it becomes possible and the structure near the surface opposite (free surface) is different from the structure and the casting surface near the surface of the roll side of the alloy flake (casting surface), the difference D 1 and D 2 is increased tendency It is in.
- FIG. 8 is an SEM-BEI image showing a cross section of the RTB-based alloy flake along the thickness direction.
- FIG. 8A is an SEM-BEI image (magnification: 350 times) showing a cross section along the thickness direction of the RTB-based alloy flakes prepared by the manufacturing method of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 8B is an SEM-BEI image (magnification: 350 times) showing a cross section along the thickness direction of an RTB-based alloy flake prepared by a conventional manufacturing method.
- the lower surface of the RTB-based alloy flake is a contact surface (cast surface) with the roll surface.
- the dark color portion is the R 2 T 14 B phase
- the light color portion is the R rich phase.
- the RTB-based alloy flakes prepared by the conventional manufacturing method have a crystal nucleus precipitation number of R 2 T 14 B phase as compared with FIG. 8 (A). It is running low.
- the R 2 T 14 B phase crystal grows not only in the vertical direction but also in the horizontal direction. For this reason, the length (width) of the crystal grains of the R 2 T 14 B phase in the direction perpendicular to the thickness direction is larger than that in FIG. If the RTB-based alloy flakes have such a structure, it is impossible to obtain a fine alloy powder with excellent shape and size uniformity.
- FIG. 9 is a metal microscope image (magnification: 100 times) of one surface of an RTB-based alloy flake prepared by the manufacturing method of the present embodiment.
- One surface of the RTB-based metal flake prepared by the manufacturing method of the present embodiment is composed of a number of petal-like dendrite-like crystals including the R 2 T 14 B phase, as shown in FIG. .
- FIG. 9 is a metal microscope image of the surface of the RTB-based alloy flake taken from the side having the crystal nucleus 1 in FIG.
- FIG. 10 is an enlarged plan view schematically showing a dendrite-like crystal constituting one surface of an RTB-based alloy flake prepared by the manufacturing method of the present embodiment.
- the dendrite-like crystal 60 has a crystal nucleus 1 in the center and filler-like crystal grains 2 extending radially from the crystal nucleus 1 as a starting point.
- the dendrite-like crystal 60 as a whole is continuous in one direction (vertical direction in FIG. 1), forming a crystal group.
- the aspect ratio is calculated as C2 / C1, where C1 is the length of the long axis in the crystal group of dendritic crystals and C2 is the length of the short axis perpendicular to the long axis.
- the average aspect ratio calculated in this way is preferably 0.8 or more, more preferably 0.7 to 1.0, still more preferably 0.8 to 0.98, Preferably, it is 0.88 to 0.97.
- the average value of the aspect ratio of the crystal group of the dendritic crystal 60 is an arithmetic average value of the ratio (C2 / C1) in 100 crystal groups arbitrarily selected.
- the surface of the RTB-based alloy flakes shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 has a larger number of crystal nuclei 1 per unit area on the surface than the surface of the conventional RTB-based alloy flakes, and dendrite.
- the width P of the crystal 60 is small.
- the interval M between the filler-like crystal grains 2 constituting the dendritic crystal 60 is small, and the size of the filler-like crystal grains 2 is also small. That is, the surface of the RTB-based alloy flakes of this embodiment is composed of dendritic crystals 60 that are fine and have reduced size variations. Thus, the uniformity of the dendritic crystal 60 is greatly improved.
- variations in the length S and the width Q of the filler-like crystal grains 2 on the surface of the RTB-based alloy flakes are greatly reduced.
- the RTB-based alloy flakes are pulverized into particles.
- the raw material alloy is preferably pulverized in two stages, a coarse pulverization process and a fine pulverization process.
- the coarse pulverization step is performed in an inert gas atmosphere using, for example, a stamp mill, a jaw crusher, a brown mill, or the like.
- hydrogen is occluded in the raw material alloy and pulverized by utilizing crack generation due to volume expansion. It is preferable to perform hydrogen storage and pulverization.
- pulverization is performed until the particle diameter of the raw material alloy becomes several hundred ⁇ m.
- the pulverized product obtained in the coarse pulverization step is further finely pulverized until the average particle size becomes 3 to 5 ⁇ m to obtain an alloy powder (alloy fine powder).
- the fine pulverization can be performed using, for example, a jet mill.
- the grain boundary region 4 of the alloy flakes is preferentially broken. For this reason, the particle size of the alloy powder depends on the interval between the grain boundary regions 4. As shown in FIG. 3, the alloy flakes used in the manufacturing method of the present embodiment have a smaller interval M between the grain boundary regions 4 and less variation than the conventional one. An alloy powder with sufficiently reduced variation can be obtained.
- the third step is a step of forming an RTB-based sintered magnet containing the R 2 T 14 B phase and containing no dysprosium by molding and firing the alloy powder in a magnetic field.
- an alloy powder is molded in a magnetic field to obtain a molded body.
- the alloy powder is filled in a mold disposed in an electromagnet.
- the magnetic field is applied by an electromagnet to pressurize the alloy powder while orienting the crystal axes of the alloy powder.
- molding is performed in a magnetic field to produce a molded body.
- the molding in the magnetic field may be performed, for example, at a pressure of about 0.7 to 1.5 ton / cm 2 in a magnetic field of 12.0 to 17.0 kOe.
- Firing conditions are preferably set as appropriate according to conditions such as composition, pulverization method, and particle size.
- the firing temperature can be 1000 to 1100 ° C.
- the firing time can be 1 to 6 hours.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet obtained by the manufacturing method of the present embodiment is made of an alloy powder containing crystal grains 2 containing an R 2 T 14 B phase, which is sufficiently fine and has a sufficiently reduced size variation. Since it is used, it is possible to obtain an RTB-based sintered magnet having a finer structure and a more uniform structure than conventional ones. Such an RTB-based sintered magnet has a small area average value of the triple point region 14 and a small standard deviation of the area distribution. Therefore, it can be said that this is a suitable method for manufacturing the above-described RTB-based sintered magnet 10. Since the Dy source is not substantially used as a raw material, the RTB-based sintered magnet does not substantially contain Dy. Therefore, according to the manufacturing method of the present embodiment, it is possible to manufacture an RTB-based sintered magnet that can achieve both high magnetic properties and excellent corrosion resistance at an extremely high level.
- the aging treatment can be performed, for example, in two stages, and it is preferable to perform the aging treatment under two temperature conditions near 800 ° C. and 600 ° C. When an aging treatment is performed under such conditions, a particularly excellent coercive force tends to be obtained.
- FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram showing the internal structure of the motor according to the preferred embodiment.
- a motor 200 shown in FIG. 11 is a permanent magnet synchronous motor (SPM motor 200), and includes a cylindrical rotor 40 and a stator 50 disposed inside the rotor 40.
- the rotor 40 includes a cylindrical core 42 and a plurality of RTB-based sintered magnets 10 such that N poles and S poles alternate along the inner peripheral surface of the cylindrical core 42.
- the stator 50 has a plurality of coils 52 provided along the outer peripheral surface. The coil 52 and the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 are disposed so as to face each other.
- the SPM motor 200 includes the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 according to the above embodiment in the rotor 40.
- This RTB-based sintered magnet 10 has both high magnetic properties and excellent corrosion resistance at a high level. Therefore, the SPM motor 200 including the RTB-based sintered magnet 10 can continuously exhibit a high output over a long period of time.
- Example 1 ⁇ Production of alloy flakes> Using the alloy flake manufacturing apparatus as shown in FIG. 4, the strip casting method was performed in the following procedure. First, raw material compounds of the respective constituent elements are blended so that the composition of the alloy flakes is the ratio (mass%) of the elements shown in Table 1, and heated to 1300 ° C. in the high-frequency melting furnace 10 to obtain RTB. A molten alloy 12 having a system composition was prepared. This molten alloy 12 was poured onto a roll surface 17 of a cooling roll 16 rotating at a predetermined speed through a tundish. The cooling rate of the molten alloy 12 on the roll surface 17 was 1800 to 2200 ° C./second.
- the roll surface 17 of the cooling roll 16 includes a linear first recess 32 extending along the rotation direction of the cooling roll 16 and a linear second recess 34 orthogonal to the first recess 32. Had an uneven pattern.
- the average height H of the convex portions 36, the average value W of the intervals between the convex portions 36, and the surface roughness Rz were as shown in Table 2, respectively. Note that a measurement device (trade name: Surf Test) manufactured by Mitutoyo Corporation was used for measuring the surface roughness Rz.
- the alloy flakes obtained by cooling with the cooling roll 16 were further cooled by the secondary cooling section 20 to obtain alloy flakes having an RTB-based composition.
- the composition of the alloy flakes was as shown in Table 1.
- SEM-BEI images of a cross section along the thickness direction of the alloy flakes were taken for each of 15 fields of view on the casting surface side, the free surface side and the central portion, and a total of 45 SEM-BEI images (magnification: 1000). Times). Then, using these images, a straight line of 0.15 mm was drawn at a position of 50 ⁇ m from the casting surface to the central portion side, a position of 50 ⁇ m from the free surface to the central portion side, and a central portion, respectively. D 1 , D 2 and D 3 were determined from the length of this straight line and the number of crystal grains crossed by this straight line.
- D 1 is the average value of the crystal grain length on the casting surface side in the direction perpendicular to the thickness direction
- D 2 is the average value of the crystal grain length on the free surface side in the direction perpendicular to the thickness direction
- D 3 is an average value of the lengths of the crystal grains in the center in the direction perpendicular to the thickness direction.
- D MAX the value of the image in which the crystal grain length was the maximum was defined as D MAX .
- the area occupancy of the R 2 T 14 B phase crystal is the ratio of the area of the dendrite-like crystal to the entire image in the metal microscope image on the casting surface of the RTB-based alloy flake as shown in FIG. It is.
- dendritic crystals correspond to white portions.
- the value of the aspect ratio of the crystal group in Table 3 is an arithmetic average value of the ratio (C2 / C1) in 100 arbitrarily selected crystal groups.
- an RTB-based sintered magnet was produced by the following procedure. First, the obtained alloy flakes were occluded with hydrogen at room temperature, and then subjected to dehydrogenation treatment at 600 ° C. for 1 hour in an argon gas atmosphere to obtain hydrogen pulverized powder. To this hydrogen pulverized powder, 0.1% by weight of oleic amide was added and mixed as a grinding aid. Thereafter, it was pulverized by a jet mill using an inert gas to obtain an alloy powder having a particle size of 2 to 3 ⁇ m. The particle size of the alloy powder was controlled by a rotor classifier in the pulverizer.
- the alloy powder was filled in a mold placed in an electromagnet and molded in a magnetic field to produce a molded body. Molding was performed by applying pressure to 1.2 ton / cm 2 while applying a magnetic field of 15 kOe. Thereafter, the molded body was fired at 930 to 1030 ° C. for 4 hours in a vacuum, and then rapidly cooled to obtain a sintered body. The obtained sintered body was subjected to two-stage aging treatment at 800 ° C. for 1 hour and at 540 ° C. for 1 hour (both in an argon gas atmosphere) to obtain the RTB-based sintering of Example 1. A magnet was obtained.
- Examples 2 to 12 Processing the roll surface of the cooling roll, changing the average height H of the convex portions, the average value W of the convex portion intervals, and the surface roughness Rz as shown in Table 2, and changing the raw materials RTB-based alloy flakes of Examples 1 to 12 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composition of the alloy flakes was changed as shown in Table 1. In the same manner as in Example 1, the alloy flakes of Examples 2 to 12 were evaluated. Then, RTB-based sintered magnets of Examples 2 to 12 were produced and evaluated in the same manner as Example 1. These results are shown in Tables 2 and 3.
- the RTB-based alloy flakes used in each example had dendritic R 2 T 14 B phase crystal grains on the surface. And it was confirmed that many crystal nuclei of dendritic crystals were generated.
- FIG. 12 is an SEM-BEI image of the cross section along the thickness direction of the RTB-based alloy flake of Example 6 (magnification: 350 times).
- FIG. 13 is an optical microscope image of a cross section of the RTB-based sintered magnet of Example 6, and FIG. 14 is a graph showing the particle size distribution of R 2 T 14 B phase particles in the cross section. is there. As is apparent from FIGS. 13 and 14, it was confirmed that the crystal grain size of the RTB-based sintered magnet of Example 5 was sufficiently small and there was little variation in the grain size and shape. This is because, as shown in FIG.
- the RTB-based alloy containing R 2 T 14 B phase crystal grains in which the expansion in the direction perpendicular to the thickness direction is suppressed is due to the use of flakes. That is, by using such RTB-based alloy flakes, variation in the particle size and shape of the alloy powder obtained by pulverization is sufficiently small. A sintered magnet can be obtained.
- Comparative Example 1 Other than changing the raw material and changing the composition of the alloy flakes as shown in Table 1, and using a cooling roll having only a linear first recess extending on the roll surface in the rotation direction of the roll In the same manner as in Example 1, an RTB-based alloy flake of Comparative Example 1 was obtained. These cooling rolls did not have the second recess. In addition, the average value H of the convex part height of these cooling rolls, the average value W of the convex part space
- the cross-sectional structure in the vicinity of the roll surface was determined by observing with a scanning electron microscope on the cut surface when the cooling roll was cut along a plane parallel to the axial direction through the axis of the cooling roll.
- the average value H of the heights of the convex portions is an arithmetic average value of the heights of 100 convex portions
- the average value W of the intervals between the convex portions is a value obtained by measuring the interval between adjacent convex portions at 100 different points. Is the arithmetic mean of
- Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, the alloy flakes of Comparative Example 1 were evaluated. In the same manner as in Example 1, the RTB-based sintered magnet of Comparative Example 1 was produced and evaluated. These results are shown in Tables 2 and 3.
- FIGS. 15, 16, and 17 are images (magnification: 100 times) of one surface of the RTB-based alloy flakes used in Comparative Examples 1, 2, and 3 using a metallographic microscope.
- FIG. 18 is an SEM-BEI image (magnification: 350 times) of a cross section along the thickness direction of the RTB-based alloy flake used in Comparative Example 3. From the images of the metallographic microscopes shown in FIGS. 15 to 17, the surface of the RTB-based alloy flake used in the comparative example has no or no dendrite-like crystal grains. It was confirmed that the crystal nuclei were large and non-uniform.
- the RTB-based sintered magnet of each example has an excellent coercive force even when it does not substantially contain heavy rare earth elements such as Dy, Tb, and Ho. It was confirmed that it had a coercive force equivalent to that of Comparative Example 4 containing Dy.
- FIG. 19 is a diagram showing element map data in which the triple point region is blacked out in the rare earth sintered magnet of Example 1.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing element map data in which the triple point region of the RTB-based sintered magnet of Comparative Example 5 is painted black.
- each example and each of comparative examples 1 to 3 and 5 use an alloy powder having a similar average particle diameter, each example has a higher HcJ.
- An RTB sintered magnet having the above was obtained. This is because the RTB-based sintered magnets of the examples not only have finer crystal grains, but also have a uniform grain size and shape, so that segregation in the triple point region occurs. This is thought to be due to the suppression of
- an RTB-based sintered magnet having a sufficiently excellent coercive force and a manufacturing method thereof without using an expensive and rare heavy rare earth element.
- the present invention it is possible to provide an RTB-based sintered magnet having high magnetic properties and excellent corrosion resistance, and a method for producing the same. Moreover, according to this invention, the rotary machine which can maintain a high output over a long period of time can be provided.
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Abstract
Description
る質量割合である。
第1工程は、R2T14B相よりもRの含有量が高い相を含む粒界領域の間隔の平均値が3μm以下であるR-T-B系合金薄片を調製する。まず、原料として、R(Dyを除く),T,Bを構成元素として有する化合物、又は、R,T,Bの単体を準備する。この原料を用い、ストリップキャスト法によって、所定の組成を有するR-T-B合金薄片を作製する。
第2工程では、R-T-B系合金薄片を粒子状となるように粉砕する。原料合金の粉砕は、粗粉砕工程及び微粉砕工程の2段階の工程で行うことが好ましい。粗粉砕工程は、例えば、スタンプミル、ジョークラッシャー、ブラウンミル等を用い、不活性ガス雰囲気中で行う。また、得られるR-T-B系焼結磁石10中の酸素濃度を低減して良好な磁気特性を得る観点からは、原料合金に水素を吸蔵させ、体積膨張によるクラック発生を利用して粉砕させる、水素吸蔵粉砕を行うことが好ましい。粗粉砕工程においては、原料合金の粒径が数百μm程度となるまで粉砕を行う。
第3工程は、合金粉末を磁場中で成形して焼成し、R2T14B相を含み、ディスプロシウムを含有しないR-T-B系焼結磁石を作製する工程である。この工程では、まず、合金粉末を磁場中で成形して成形体を得る。具体的には、まず、合金粉末を電磁石中に配置された金型内に充填する。その後、電磁石により磁場を印加して合金粉末の結晶軸を配向させながら合金粉末を加圧する。このようにして磁場中で成形を行って成形体を作製する。この磁場中成形は、例えば、12.0~17.0kOeの磁場中、0.7~1.5トン/cm2程度の圧力で行えばよい。
図4に示すような合金薄片の製造装置を用いて、次の手順でストリップキャスト法を行った。まず、合金薄片の組成が表1に示す元素の割合(質量%)となるように、各構成元素の原料化合物を配合し、高周波溶解炉10で1300℃に加熱して、R-T-B系の組成を有する合金溶湯12を調製した。この合金溶湯12を、タンディッシュを介して所定の速度で回転している冷却ロール16のロール面17上に注いだ。ロール面17上における合金溶湯12の冷却速度は、1800~2200℃/秒とした。
得られた合金薄片の厚さ方向に沿った断面のSEM-BEI画像を撮影した(倍率:350倍)。この画像から、合金薄片の厚みを求めた。この厚みは、表2に示すとおりであった。
次に、得られた合金薄片を用いて、以下の手順でR-T-B系焼結磁石を作製した。まず、得られた合金薄片に室温で水素を吸蔵させた後、アルゴンガス雰囲気中、600℃、1時間の脱水素処理を行うことにより、水素粉砕粉を得た。この水素粉砕粉に、粉砕助剤としてオレイン酸アミドを0.1重量%添加して混合した。その後、不活性ガスを用いてジェットミルで粉砕し、粒径が2~3μmの合金粉末を得た。なお、合金粉末の粒径は粉砕機内のロータ式分級機で制御した。
B-Hトレーサーを用いて、得られたR-T-B系焼結磁石のBr(残留磁束密度)及びHcJ(保磁力)を測定した。測定結果を表3に示す。また、R-T-B系焼結磁石におけるR2T14B相を含む粒子の平均粒径を求めた。具体的には、R-T-B系焼結磁石の切断面を研磨した後、金属顕微鏡を用いて研磨した面の画像観察(倍率:1600倍)を行った。そして、画像解析によってR2T14B相の結晶粒の形状を認識させ、個々の粒子の直径を測定して、測定値の算術平均値を平均粒径とした。平均粒径の値を表3に示す。
冷却ロールのロール面を加工して、凸部の高さの平均値H、凸部の間隔の平均値W、及び表面粗さRzを表2のとおりに変更したこと、及び原料を変更して合金薄片の組成を表1のとおりに変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして実施例1~12のR-T-B系合金薄片を得た。実施例1と同様にして、実施例2~12の合金薄片の評価を行った。そして、実施例1と同様にして実施例2~12のR-T-B系焼結磁石を作製し、評価を行った。これらの結果を表2,3に示す。
原料を変更して合金薄片の組成を表1のとおりに変更したこと、及び、ロール面に、ロールの回転方向に延在する直線状の第1の凹部のみを有する冷却ロールを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして比較例1のR-T-B系合金薄片を得た。これらの冷却ロールは第2の凹部を有していなかった。なお、これらの冷却ロールの凸部の高さの平均値H、凸部の間隔の平均値W、及び表面粗さRzは、次の手順で求めた。すなわち、冷却ロールを、冷却ロールの軸を通り軸方向に平行な面で切断したときの切断面において、ロール面近傍の断面構造を走査型電子顕微鏡で観察して求めた。凸部の高さの平均値Hは、100個の凸部の高さの算術平均値であり、凸部の間隔の平均値Wは、隣り合う凸部の間隔を異なる100箇所で測定した値の算術平均値である。
原料を変更して合金薄片の組成を表1のとおりに変更したこと、及び、冷却ロールのロール面を加工して、凸部の高さの平均値H、凸部の間隔の平均値W、及び表面粗さRzを表2のとおりに変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして比較例2,3のR-T-B系合金薄片を得た。実施例1と同様にして、比較例2,3の合金薄片の評価を行った。そして、実施例1と同様にして比較例2,3のR-T-B系焼結磁石を作製し、評価を行った。これらの結果を表2,3に示す。
原料を変更して合金薄片の組成を表1のとおりに変更したこと、及び、ロール面に、ロールの回転方向に延在する直線状の第1の凹部のみを有する冷却ロールを用いたこと以外は、実施例1と同様にして比較例1のR-T-B系合金薄片を得た。これらの冷却ロールは第2の凹部を有していなかった。なお、これらの冷却ロールの凸部の高さの平均値H、凸部の間隔の平均値W、及び表面粗さRzは、比較例1と同様にして求めた。実施例1と同様にして、比較例5の合金薄片の評価を行った。そして、実施例1と同様にして比較例4,5のR-T-B系焼結磁石を作製し、評価を行った。これらの結果を表3に示す。
(三重点領域の面積と標準偏差)
実施例1のR-T-B系焼結磁石について、電子線マイクロアナライザ(EPMA:JXA8500F型FE-EPMA)を用いて元素マップデータを収集した。測定条件は加速電圧15kV、照射電流0.1μA、Count-Time:30msecとし、データ収集領域は、X=Y=51.2μm、データ点数は、X=Y=256(0.2μm-step)とした。この元素マップデータにおいて、まず、3つ以上の結晶粒に囲まれている三重点領域を黒く塗りつぶし、これを画像解析することにより、三重点領域の面積の平均値と当該面積の分布の標準偏差を求めた。図19は、実施例1の希土類焼結磁石において三重点領域を黒く塗りつぶした元素マップデータを示す図である。
EPMAを用いて、各実施例及び各比較例のR-T-B系焼結磁石の三重点領域における希土類元素の質量基準の含有量を求めた。測定は、10点の三重点領域において行い、希土類元素の含有量の範囲と標準偏差を求めた。これらの結果を表4に示す。
一般的なガス分析装置を用いて、各実施例及び各比較例のR-T-B系焼結磁石のガス分析を行って、酸素、窒素及び炭素の含有量を求めた。その結果を表4に示す。
各実施例及び各比較例のR-T-B系焼結磁石を、直方体形状[サイズ:15×10×2(mm)]に加工して耐食性評価用のサンプルとした。このサンプルを、温度120℃、相対湿度100%、2気圧の環境下で、100時間及び400時間保持する保持試験を行った。試験後の試料の表面状態を目視観察し、以下の評価基準で評価を行った。評価結果を表4に示す。
A:外観上、特に異常はなかった。
B:少量の粉落ちが生じた。
C:大量の粉落ちが生じた。
Claims (8)
- 希土類元素、遷移元素及びホウ素を含む組成を有するR-T-B系焼結磁石であって、
前記希土類元素として、ディスプロシウムを実質的に含有せず、
前記希土類元素、前記遷移元素及びホウ素を含む組成を有する結晶粒と、該結晶粒の間に形成された粒界領域と、を備え、
3つ以上の前記結晶粒に囲まれた前記粒界領域である三重点領域は、前記希土類元素、前記遷移元素及びホウ素を含むとともに、前記結晶粒よりも希土類元素の質量比率が高い組成を有しており、
断面における前記三重点領域の面積の平均値は2μm2以下であり、当該面積の分布の標準偏差は3以下である、R-T-B系焼結磁石。
(但し、Rはディスプロシウム以外の希土類元素、Tは遷移元素、Bはホウ素を示す。) - 前記希土類元素として、テルビウム及びホルミウムの少なくとも一方を実質的に含有しない、請求項1に記載のR-T-B系焼結磁石。
- 前記三重点領域における前記希土類元素の含有量が80~99質量%であり、当該含有量の分布の標準偏差が5以下である、請求項1又は2に記載のR-T-B系焼結磁石。
- 前記結晶粒の平均粒径が0.5~5μmである、請求項1~3のいずれか一項に記載のR-T-B系焼結磁石。
- 前記希土類元素の含有量が25~37質量%、前記ホウ素の含有量が0.5~1.5質量%、及び前記遷移元素に含まれるコバルトの含有量が3質量%以下(0を含まず)である、請求項1~4のいずれか一項に記載のR-T-B系焼結磁石。
- R2T14B相を含むデンドライト状の結晶粒と、前記R2T14B相よりも希土類元素の質量比率が高い相を含む粒界領域と、を備え、断面におけるR2T14B相よりもRの含有量が高い前記相の間隔の平均値が3μm以下であるR-T-B系合金薄片の粉砕物を原料として用いて得られる、請求項1~5のいずれか一項に記載のR-T-B系焼結磁石。
- 請求項1~6のいずれか一項に記載のR-T-B系焼結磁石を備える回転機。
- ディスプロシウムを実質的に含有しないR-T-B系焼結磁石の製造方法であって、
希土類元素、遷移元素及びホウ素を含む組成を有するデンドライト状の結晶粒と、前記結晶粒よりも希土類元素の質量比率が高い組成を有する粒界領域と、を有し、前記粒界領域の間隔の平均値が3μm以下であるR-T-B系合金薄片を調製する工程と、
前記R-T-B系合金薄片を粉砕して合金粉末を得る工程と、
前記合金粉末を磁場中で成形して焼成し、希土類元素、遷移元素及びホウ素を含む組成を有するR-T-B系焼結磁石を作製する工程と、を備える、R-T-B系焼結磁石の製造方法。
(但し、Rはディスプロシウム以外の希土類元素、Tは遷移元素、Bはホウ素を示す。)
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WO2013054847A1 (ja) | 2013-04-18 |
WO2013054845A1 (ja) | 2013-04-18 |
CN103875045A (zh) | 2014-06-18 |
DE112012004298T5 (de) | 2014-07-03 |
DE112012004260T5 (de) | 2014-07-17 |
CN103890867A (zh) | 2014-06-25 |
US9620268B2 (en) | 2017-04-11 |
JP6079633B2 (ja) | 2017-02-15 |
CN103875046A (zh) | 2014-06-18 |
US20140286815A1 (en) | 2014-09-25 |
JPWO2013054845A1 (ja) | 2015-03-30 |
JP5949775B2 (ja) | 2016-07-13 |
US9613737B2 (en) | 2017-04-04 |
DE112012004275T5 (de) | 2014-07-10 |
US20140308152A1 (en) | 2014-10-16 |
US20140247100A1 (en) | 2014-09-04 |
JPWO2013054854A1 (ja) | 2015-03-30 |
JP5949776B2 (ja) | 2016-07-13 |
JPWO2013054847A1 (ja) | 2015-03-30 |
WO2013054854A1 (ja) | 2013-04-18 |
CN103875045B (zh) | 2016-08-31 |
CN103858185A (zh) | 2014-06-11 |
JPWO2013054842A1 (ja) | 2015-03-30 |
JP5880569B2 (ja) | 2016-03-09 |
CN103890867B (zh) | 2017-07-11 |
CN103858185B (zh) | 2017-05-03 |
US9607742B2 (en) | 2017-03-28 |
CN103875046B (zh) | 2016-10-05 |
US20140286816A1 (en) | 2014-09-25 |
DE112012004288T5 (de) | 2014-07-31 |
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