WO2010140553A1 - 有機エレクトロニクス材料およびそれを含むインク組成物、ならびにそれらを用いて形成された有機薄膜、有機エレクトロニクス素子、有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子、照明装置および表示装置 - Google Patents
有機エレクトロニクス材料およびそれを含むインク組成物、ならびにそれらを用いて形成された有機薄膜、有機エレクトロニクス素子、有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子、照明装置および表示装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010140553A1 WO2010140553A1 PCT/JP2010/059121 JP2010059121W WO2010140553A1 WO 2010140553 A1 WO2010140553 A1 WO 2010140553A1 JP 2010059121 W JP2010059121 W JP 2010059121W WO 2010140553 A1 WO2010140553 A1 WO 2010140553A1
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to an organic electronic material and an ink composition containing the organic electronic material, and an organic thin film, an organic electronic element, and an organic electroluminescent element (hereinafter also referred to as an organic EL element) using the organic electronic material and the ink composition.
- the present invention relates to a lighting device and a display device.
- Organic electronics elements are elements that perform electrical operations using organic substances, and are expected to exhibit features such as energy saving, low cost, and flexibility, and are attracting attention as a technology that can replace conventional inorganic semiconductors based on silicon. ing.
- organic electronics elements include organic EL elements, organic transistors, and organic solar cells.
- organic EL elements are attracting attention as applications for large-area solid-state light sources as an alternative to incandescent lamps and gas-filled lamps, for example. It is also attracting attention as the most powerful self-luminous display that can replace the liquid crystal display (LCD) in the flat panel display (FPD) field, and its commercialization is progressing.
- LCD liquid crystal display
- FPD flat panel display
- Organic EL elements are roughly classified into two types, low molecular weight organic EL elements and high molecular weight organic EL elements, depending on the materials used and the film forming method.
- High-molecular organic EL elements are composed of high-molecular materials, and can be used for simple film formation such as printing and ink-jet compared to low-molecular organic EL elements that require vacuum-based film formation. Therefore, it is an indispensable element for future large-screen organic EL displays.
- FIG. 1 shows an example of a multilayered organic EL element.
- the layer responsible for light emission is described as the light emitting layer 1
- the layer in contact with the anode 2 is described as the hole injection layer 3
- the layer in contact with the cathode 4 is described as the electron injection layer 5.
- the layer in contact with the cathode 4 is described as the electron injection layer 5.
- a hole transport layer 6 when a different layer exists between the light emitting layer 1 and the hole injection layer 3, it is described as a hole transport layer 6, and when a different layer exists between the light emitting layer 1 and the electron injection layer 5, an electron transport is described. It is described as layer 7.
- 8 is a substrate.
- the low molecular organic EL device is mainly formed by vapor deposition, multilayering can be easily achieved by performing vapor deposition while sequentially changing the compounds to be used.
- a polymer type organic EL element forms a film using a wet process such as printing or inkjet, there arises a problem that the lower layer dissolves when the upper layer is applied.
- it is an element having a two-layer structure of a water-soluble polythiophene: polystyrene sulfonic acid (PEDOT: PSS) hole injection layer and a light-emitting layer formed using an aromatic organic solvent such as toluene.
- PEDOT: PSS polystyrene sulfonic acid
- a two-layer structure can be produced.
- water-soluble PEDOT: PSS it is necessary to remove moisture remaining in the thin film. However, this is difficult and causes deterioration of the characteristics of the organic electronics element.
- drying at a high temperature for a long period of time is required, making it difficult to produce an organic electronics element on a resin base material, and severe restrictions on the process such as reduced pressure conditions.
- Patent Document 1 a method of selecting a solvent that does not affect the previously formed lower layer is disclosed (see Patent Document 1).
- the solvent that can be used is limited to a solvent that does not dissolve the lower layer, there is a problem that the selection range of the material is reduced.
- some erosion of the lower layer occurs during the formation of the upper layer.
- Non-Patent Document 1 proposes an element having a three-layer structure using compounds having greatly different solubilities.
- Patent Document 2 discloses an element having a three-layer structure in which a layer called an interlayer is introduced on PEDOT: PSS.
- the solubility of the compound is changed using a polymerization reaction of a siloxane compound, an oxetane group, a vinyl group, etc. A method of insolubilizing to is disclosed.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a method of crosslinking and insolubilizing triphenylamine-containing ether polyetherketone by ultraviolet irradiation. In order to sufficiently insolubilize by this method, it is necessary to irradiate with ultraviolet rays for a long time, and there is a problem that triphenylamine and the like are decomposed.
- Patent Document 5 Patent Document 6, Non-Patent Document 6, and Non-Patent Document 7 disclose multi-layering by cross-linking of an oxetane group. Since these methods use a photoinitiator, there is a concern about deterioration due to light. Insufficient insolubilization at low temperatures does not proceed, and there are problems such as restrictions on the application of resin substrates that require low temperature curing, and problems such as deterioration of organic EL characteristics due to mixing of the upper and lower layers when forming the upper layer is there. Furthermore, the photoinitiator used here is a general iodonium salt or sulfonium salt, and there is a concern about influence on EL characteristics.
- Patent Document 7 discloses an ionic compound, which has the same structure as the above-described photoinitiator, and there is a concern about the influence on the organic EL element characteristics. There is no description of cross-linking or lamination.
- Patent Document 8 discloses a polymer light emitter composition containing a polymer light emitter and an ion pair.
- organic EL elements In order to increase the efficiency and extend the life of organic EL elements, it is desirable to divide the organic layers into layers and separate the functions of the layers.
- organic EL elements In order to multilayer the organic layer using a wet process that facilitates film formation, it was necessary to prevent the lower layer from dissolving during upper film formation.
- a film insoluble in a solvent is formed on a flexible substrate using a polymerization reaction, there is a problem that heating at a high temperature cannot be applied.
- the present invention provides an organic electronic material that can be easily multilayered and can be used for a substrate that cannot be processed at a high temperature, such as a resin, and an ink composition including the same.
- the purpose is to provide.
- the present invention relates to an organic thin film formed using the organic electronic material or the ink composition, an organic electronic element having a light emitting efficiency and a light emitting lifetime superior to those of the conventional organic thin film using the organic thin film, an organic EL element,
- An object of the present invention is to provide a lighting device and a display device including them.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an organic electronic material capable of producing an organic electronic element capable of reducing driving voltage and driving stably for a long time in view of the above-described problems.
- a further object of the present invention is to provide an organic electronics material that can be cured at low temperature by a coating method, and a multilayered organic electronics element using the same. It is another object of the present invention to provide an organic electroluminescence element, a display element, and a lighting device.
- the present inventors have made an organic electronic material comprising a polymer or oligomer having a structure branched in three or more directions and having at least one polymerizable substituent, and an ink containing the organic electronic material It has been found that the composition can stably and easily form a thin film, and the solubility is changed by a polymerization reaction, and the organic thin film formed using the organic electronic material or the ink composition is an organic electronic device, In particular, when used in an organic EL element, a lighting device, and a display device including them, the present inventors have found that the driving voltage can be reduced and the light emission efficiency can be improved, and the present invention has been completed.
- the present inventors have included an ionic compound having a specific counter cation and a charge transport compound other than iodonium and sulfonium, which are used in general photoinitiators, to thereby reduce the driving voltage. It has been found that reduction and stable long-time driving can be performed, and the present invention has been completed.
- An organic electronic material comprising a polymer or oligomer having a structure branched in three or more directions and having at least one polymerizable substituent.
- Ar independently represents a divalent linking group and represents an arylene group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms or a heteroarylene group.
- W represents a trivalent linking group, and the arylene group or An atomic group obtained by further removing one hydrogen atom from a heteroarylene group, which may have a substituent, each Y independently represents a divalent linking group, Z is a carbon atom, a silicon atom, a phosphorus atom Represents any of the atoms.
- each R is independently a hydrogen atom, an optionally substituted linear, cyclic or branched alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or an optionally substituted carbon number 2; Represents up to 30 aryl or heteroaryl groups.
- the polymerizable substituent is any one of the oxetane group, epoxy group, vinyl group, acrylate group, and methacrylate group, according to any one of (5) to (7), Organic electronics materials.
- a 1 and A 2 each independently represent a trivalent linking group
- a 3 and A 4 each independently represent a tetravalent linking group
- L 1 to L 10 each independently represent a divalent linking group.
- X m represents a divalent linking group
- n represents an integer of 1 or more
- m represents 1 or an integer from 1 to n.
- An organic electroluminescent element formed by laminating at least a substrate, an anode, a hole injection layer, a light emitting layer, and a cathode, wherein the hole injection layer is a layer formed of the organic thin film according to (18) An organic electroluminescence device.
- An organic electroluminescent device comprising at least a substrate, an anode, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer and a cathode, wherein the hole transport layer is a layer comprising the organic thin film according to (18).
- An organic electroluminescence device comprising at least a substrate, an anode, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer and a cathode, wherein the hole transport layer is a layer comprising the organic thin film according to (18).
- An organic electroluminescent element formed by laminating at least a substrate, an anode, a light emitting layer, and a cathode, wherein the light emitting layer is a layer formed of the organic thin film according to (18). .
- a display device comprising the organic electroluminescent device according to any one of (20) to (26).
- a lighting device comprising the organic electroluminescent element according to any one of (20) to (26).
- a display device comprising the illumination device according to (28) and a liquid crystal element as display means.
- An organic electronic material containing at least an ionic compound and a compound having a charge transporting unit (hereinafter referred to as a charge transporting compound), wherein the ionic compound comprises a counter cation and a counter anion,
- a charge transporting compound a compound having a charge transporting unit
- the counter cation is one or more of H + , a carbon cation, a nitrogen cation, an oxygen cation, and a cation having a transition metal.
- the counter anion is any one or more of fluorophosphate ions, fluorinated alkyl fluorophosphate ions, borate ions, and fluoroantimonate ions, (30)-(32)
- the charge transporting compound is a polymer or oligomer containing a repeating unit having a hole transporting property represented by the following general formulas (1a) to (7a): 33)
- the organic electronic material according to any one of the above.
- Ar 1 to Ar 20 each independently represents an aryl group or heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group or heteroarylene group.
- the heteroaryl group is an atomic group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an aromatic compound having a hetero atom
- R is independently- R 1 , —OR 2 , —SR 3 , —OCOR 4 , —COOR 5 , —SiR 6 R 7 R 8 or general formulas (2a) to (4a) (where R 1 to R 8 are a hydrogen atom, carbon Represents a straight-chain, cyclic or branched alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or an aryl or heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms), where the arylene group is an aromatic hydrocarbon or An atomic group obtained by removing two hydrogen atom
- An organic electronic device comprising a layer formed by coating the organic electronic material according to any one of (30) to (39) on a substrate.
- An organic electroluminescent device comprising a layer formed of the organic electronic material according to any one of (30) to (39).
- An organic electroluminescence device comprising at least a substrate, an anode, a hole injection layer, a polymerization layer, a light emitting layer and a cathode, wherein the polymerization layer is any one of the above (40) to (39)
- An organic electroluminescence device which is a layer formed of the organic electronic material described in 1.
- An organic electroluminescence device comprising at least a substrate, an anode, a polymerization layer, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, and a cathode, wherein the polymerization layer is any one of the above (40) to (39)
- An organic electroluminescence device which is a layer formed of the organic electronic material described in 1.
- a display device comprising the organic electroluminescent device according to any one of (44) to (49).
- An illumination device comprising the organic electroluminescent element as described in any one of (44) to (49).
- a display device comprising the illumination device according to (51) and a liquid crystal element as a display unit.
- a thin film can be formed stably and easily, and the solubility is changed by a polymerization reaction. Therefore, the organic thin film layer can be easily formed in a multilayered manner, and a sufficient change in solubility can be obtained at a low temperature. Therefore, it is possible to provide an organic electronic material that can be applied to a flexible substrate such as a resin substrate, and an ink composition including the organic electronic material. Furthermore, according to the present invention, an organic thin film formed by using the organic electronic material or the ink composition, an organic electronic element having a light emitting efficiency and a light emitting lifetime superior to those of the conventional organic thin film using the organic thin film, and an organic EL An element, a lighting device, and a display device including them can be provided.
- an organic electronics material capable of low-temperature curing by a coating method capable of producing an organic electronics element capable of reducing driving voltage and driving stably for a long time, and multilayer organic electronics using the same It has become possible to provide an element, an organic electroluminescence element, a display element, and a lighting device.
- an ionic compound and a charge transport compound By including an ionic compound and a charge transport compound, it is possible to provide an organic electronic device, particularly an organic EL device, capable of reducing driving voltage and driving stably for a long time.
- the organic electronic material of the present invention is characterized by including a polymer or oligomer having a structure branched in three or more directions and having at least one polymerizable substituent.
- the “structure that branches in three or more directions” refers to a structure in which the main chain of the polymer or oligomer is not linear but branches at an arbitrary location, and the details thereof will be described below.
- the polymer or oligomer according to the present invention has a structure branched in three or more directions from the viewpoint of lowering the temperature for allowing a sufficient polymerization reaction to proceed. Moreover, this branched structure can raise the glass transition temperature of a polymer or an oligomer, and contributes also to the heat resistance improvement of a polymer or an oligomer.
- This branched structure is the same as the degree of polymerization relative to the main chain when the main chain has the highest degree of polymerization among the various chains in a polymer or oligomer molecule.
- the degree of polymerization represents the number of monomer units used in synthesizing a polymer or oligomer per molecule of the polymer or oligomer.
- the side chain is a chain that is different from the main chain of the polymer or oligomer and has at least one polymer unit, and the other side chain is regarded as a substituent instead of a side chain.
- a polymer or oligomer may be formed using a monomer having three or more polymerizable sites in one molecule, or after forming a linear polymer or oligomer, It may be formed by polymerizing each other, and is not particularly limited.
- any one of the structures represented by the following general formulas (1) to (10) is included as a starting unit for forming a branched structure in the polymer or oligomer.
- each Ar independently represents a divalent linking group, and represents an arylene group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms or a heteroarylene group.
- the arylene group excludes two hydrogen atoms from an aromatic hydrocarbon. And may have a substituent, such as phenylene, biphenyl-diyl, terphenyl-diyl, naphthalene-diyl, anthracene-diyl, tetracene-diyl, fluorene-diyl, phenanthrene-diyl, etc.
- the heteroaryl group is an atomic group obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from an aromatic compound having a hetero atom, and may have a substituent, for example, pyridine-diyl, pyrazine-diyl, quinoline-diyl.
- W represents a trivalent linking group, and is an atomic group obtained by further removing one hydrogen atom from the arylene group or heteroarylene group, and may have a substituent.
- Z represents a carbon atom, a silicon atom, or a phosphorus atom.
- Y is preferably a divalent linking group represented by the following formula.
- each R independently represents a hydrogen atom, a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or an aryl group or heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms.
- a heteroaryl group is a compound obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an aromatic compound having a heteroatom. (It is an atomic group and may have a substituent.)
- the polymer or oligomer in the present invention preferably contains at least one “charge transport group” in order to exhibit the ability to transport holes or electrons.
- the “charge transporting group” is a substituent that gives a polymer or oligomer a function of transporting holes or electrons, and will be described in detail below.
- the charge transport group is not particularly limited as long as it has the ability to transport holes or electrons, but is not limited to amine or carbazole, thiophene, fluorene, phenylene, biphenylene, terphenylene, naphthalene, anthracene having an aromatic ring, Tetracene, phenanthrene, pyridine, pyrazine, quinoline, isoquinoline, acridine, furan, pyrrole, oxazole, oxadiazole, thiadiazole, triazole, benzoxazole, benzooxadiazole, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazole, and benzothiophene are preferable.
- a structure including an aromatic amine, carbazole, thiophene, fluorene, phenylene, or pyrrole moiety is preferable.
- a structure including fluorene, phenylene, phenanthrene, pyridine, or quinoline moiety is included.
- a structure is preferable, for example, it is preferable to have a partial structure represented by the following general formula.
- each R is independently a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, or 2 to 30 carbon atoms.
- the aryl group is an atomic group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an aromatic hydrocarbon, which may have a substituent
- the heteroaryl group is An atomic group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an aromatic compound having a hetero atom, which may have a substituent, and adjacent Rs may be bonded to form a ring.
- a heteroaryl group refers to a heteroatom.
- An atomic group obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from an aromatic compound which may have a substituent, such as pyridine-diyl, pyrazine-diyl, quinoline-diyl, isoquinoline-diyl, acridine-diyl, phenanthroline- Diyl, furan-diyl, pyrrole-diyl, thiophene-diyl, oxazole-diyl, oxadiazole-diyl, thiadiazole-diyl, triazole-diyl, benzoxazole-diyl, benzooxadiazole-diyl, benzothiadiazole Diyl, benzotriazole - diyl, benzothiophene - diyl, and the like).
- a substituent such as pyridine-diyl, pyrazine-diyl, quinoline-diyl
- the polymer or oligomer in the present invention preferably has at least one “polymerization substituent” from the viewpoint of curing by a polymerization reaction and changing the solubility in a solvent.
- the “polymerizable substituent” means a substituent capable of forming a bond between two or more molecules by causing a polymerization reaction, and the details thereof will be described below.
- Examples of the polymerizable substituent include a group having a carbon-carbon multiple bond (for example, vinyl group, acetylene group, butenyl group, acrylic group, acrylate group, acrylamide group, methacryl group, methacrylate group, methacrylamide group, arene group, Allyl group, vinyl ether group, vinylamino group, furyl group, pyrrole group, thiophene group, silole group, etc.), a group having a small ring (for example, cyclopropyl group, cyclobutyl group, epoxy group, oxetane group, A diketene group, an episulfide group, etc.), a lactone group, a lactam group, or a group containing a siloxane derivative.
- a group having a carbon-carbon multiple bond for example, vinyl group, acetylene group, butenyl group, acrylic group, acrylate group, acrylamide group, methacryl group
- combinations of groups capable of forming an ester bond or an amide bond can also be used.
- a combination of an ester group and an amino group, an ester group and a hydroxyl group, or the like As the polymerizable substituent, in particular, an oxetane group, an epoxy group, a vinyl group, an acrylate group, and a methacrylate group are preferable, and an oxetane group and an epoxy group are more preferable from the viewpoint of reactivity and characteristics of an organic electronics element.
- the group represented by these is mentioned.
- the main chain of the polymer or oligomer and the polymerizable substituent are connected by an alkyl chain having 1 to 8 carbon atoms.
- the alkyl chain is more preferably a hydrophilic group such as ethylene glycol or diethylene glycol.
- it has an ether bond at the terminal part of the alkyl chain, that is, the connecting part with the polymerizable substituent, or the connecting part with the polymer or oligomer main chain. Also good.
- the polymerizable substituent may be introduced into the main chain of the polymer or oligomer having branches in three or more directions, may be introduced into the side chain, or may be introduced into both the main chain and the side chain. .
- the number of charge transport groups is larger than the number of polymerizable substituents, and this is particularly preferable in that the charge transport property can be improved.
- a monomer having a polymerizable substituent may coexist in a synthesis system with a monomer that forms a main chain, It may be introduced by reacting with a monomer having a polymerizable substituent after forming a chain, and there is no particular limitation. From the viewpoint of easily synthesizing a polymer or oligomer having a polymerizable substituent, a method in which a monomer having a polymerizable substituent coexists in the synthesis system is more preferable.
- the polymer or oligomer preferably has three or more polymerizable substituents in one molecule.
- the number of polymerizable substituents in one molecule of the polymer or oligomer is derived from the molecular weight of the polymer or oligomer and the oxetane group, epoxy group, vinyl group, acrylate group, methacrylate group, etc. in the 1 H NMR spectrum of the polymer or oligomer. It can be estimated by the ratio between the integral value of the signal and the total integral value. If it is less than this, the change in solubility is not sufficient, so that it may be re-dissolved in the solvent and difficult to laminate.
- the polymer or oligomer in the present invention has the following general formula from the viewpoint that the polymer chain or oligomer chain is entangled with each other and the change in solubility is easily obtained, the glass transition point of the polymer or oligomer is increased and the heat resistance is improved. It is preferable that the partial structure represented by these is included.
- a 1 and A 2 each independently represent a trivalent linking group
- a 3 and A 4 each independently represent a tetravalent linking group
- L 1 to L 10 each independently represent a divalent linking group.
- X m represents a divalent linking group
- n represents an integer of 1 or more
- m represents 1 or an integer from 1 to n.
- trivalent linking group represented by A 1 or A 2 general formulas (1), (2), (5) and (6) exemplified in the branched structure contained in the aforementioned polymer or oligomer are preferable.
- the tetravalent linking groups represented by, A 3 and A 4 are preferably the same general formulas (3), (4), (7), (8), (9) and (10).
- the divalent linking group represented by L 1 to L 10 or X m the divalent group exemplified in the description of Y in the general formula (4) or (7) described above, or The divalent groups exemplified in the description of the electron transporting group are preferable.
- the polymer or oligomer used in the present invention can be produced by various synthetic methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, in the case of producing a polymer or oligomer by coupling monomers having an aromatic ring, T. Yamamoto et al., Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap. 51: 7 (2091) (1978) and M. Zembayashi et al., Tetrahedron. Lett. 47, page 4089 (1977), by method e, Suzuki (A. Suzuki), Synthetic Communications, Vol. 11, no. 7, p. 513 (1981), Tetrahedron Lett., S. L. Buchwald, J. F. Hartwig et al.
- a Pd (0) or Pd (II) compound is mainly used as a catalyst, but there is an example in which a Ni compound is used in recent years, both of which can be used.
- Pd (PPh 3 ) 4 tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0)
- Pd (dppf) Cl 2 [1,1′-bis (diphenylphosphino) ferrocene] palladium (II)
- Pd compounds having a phosphine ligand such as dichloride
- Pd (dppe) Cl 2 [1,2-bis (diphenylphosphino) ethane] palladium (II) dichloride
- tris (dibenzylidene) Acetone) dipalladium (0), palladium (II) acetate or the like is used as a precursor and mixed with a phosphine ligand in the system to generate
- phosphine ligand As the phosphine ligand at this time, known and commercially available phosphine compounds such as P (t-Bu) 3 (tris (t-butyl) phosphine), tributylphosphine, and P (c-hex) 3 (tricyclohexylphosphine) are used. Can be used. The concentration of the catalyst species can be reacted in an arbitrary range of about 0.01 to 5 mol% with respect to the monomer to be reacted. As the reaction solvent, a mixed solvent system of water and an organic solvent is mainly used.
- organic solvent dimethoxyethane, toluene, anisole, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, acetonitrile, N, N-dimethylformamide and the like can be used.
- alkali metal carbonates such as Na 2 CO 3 and K 2 CO 3
- alkali metal hydroxides such as NaOH and KOH, triethylamine, K 3 PO 4 , TMAH (tetramethylammonium hydroxide)
- TMAH tetramethylammonium hydroxide
- a water-soluble organic base such as TEAH (tetraethylammonium hydroxide) can also be used. It is also possible to add a phase transfer catalyst to promote the reaction.
- Typical examples include TBAB (tetrabutylammonium bromide) and Aliquat (registered trademark) 336 (manufactured by Aldrich, trioctylmethylammonium chloride). A mixture of tricaprylylmethylammonium chloride).
- Examples of producing the polymer or oligomer used in the present invention by the Suzuki reaction are shown in the following ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3>, but the method for synthesizing the polymer or oligomer in the present invention is not limited thereto.
- examples of the structure of the polymer or oligomer in the present invention examples of the structure of the compound obtained by the synthesis of ⁇ 1> to ⁇ 3> are shown in the following ⁇ 4> to ⁇ 6>. Note that the following formula is illustrative and does not indicate the number of repeating units. Moreover, although a polymerizable substituent is introduced, a part of hydrogen atoms or halogen atoms may be bonded.
- the number average molecular weight of the polymer or oligomer in the present invention is preferably 1,000 or more and 1,000,000 or less, and more preferably 2,000 or more and 800,000 or less. More preferably, it is 3,000 or more and 600,000.
- the molecular weight is less than 1,000, crystallization tends to occur and the film-forming stability tends to decrease.
- the molecular weight exceeds 1,000,000, the solubility in a solvent decreases and the coating workability is inferior. Tend to be difficult to do.
- the number average molecular weight of a polymer or an oligomer is a number average molecular weight when measured in polystyrene conversion using gel permeation chromatography.
- the degree of polymerization of the polymer or oligomer used in the present invention is preferably from 5 to 1,000, more preferably from 10 to 500.
- n is too small, the film-forming stability is lowered, and when it is too large, the solubility tends to be lowered.
- the polydispersity of the polymer or oligomer in the present invention is preferably greater than 1.0, and from the viewpoint of suppressing variation in characteristics of the organic electronics element, 1.1 or more and 5.0 or less are more preferable, and 1 2 or more and 3.0 or less is most preferable, but from the viewpoint of easily synthesizing a polymer or oligomer without adjusting the molecular weight distribution, 1.1 or more and 20.0 or less are more preferable, and 1.2 Above, 15.0 or less is the most preferable. If the polydispersity is too small, the film tends to aggregate after film formation, and if it is too large, the device characteristics tend to deteriorate.
- the polydispersity of the polymer or oligomer refers to (weight average molecular weight / number average molecular weight) when measured in terms of polystyrene using gel permeation chromatography.
- the organic electronic material of the present invention preferably further contains a polymerization initiator in order to polymerize a polymerizable substituent.
- the polymerization initiator is not particularly limited as long as it exhibits the ability to polymerize a polymerizable substituent by application of heat, light, microwave, radiation, electron beam, and a combination thereof. It is preferable that the polymerization is initiated by irradiation, light irradiation or heating.
- the polymerization is initiated by light irradiation (hereinafter referred to as a photoinitiator), the polymerization is initiated by heating (hereinafter referred to as a thermal initiator).
- the photoinitiator is not particularly limited as long as it exhibits the ability to polymerize a substituent capable of being polymerized by light irradiation of 200 nm to 800 nm, and the thermal initiator by heating at 300 ° C. or less.
- a substituent capable of being polymerized by light irradiation of 200 nm to 800 nm, and the thermal initiator by heating at 300 ° C. or less.
- the possible substituent is an oxetane group
- an ionic compound composed of a counter cation and a counter anion is preferable from the viewpoint of reactivity, and details thereof will be described below.
- Counter cations include H + , carbenium ion, ammonium ion, anilinium ion, pyridinium ion, imidazolium ion, pyrrolidinium ion, quinolinium ion, imonium ion, aminium ion, oxonium ion, pyrinium ion , Chromenilium, xanthylium ion, iodonium ion, sulfonium ion, phosphonium ion, tropylium ion, cation having transition metal, and the like.
- H + carbenium ion, anilinium ion, aminium ion, iodonium Ions, sulfonium ions, phosphonium ions, and tropylium ions are preferred.
- the counter anion may be any conventionally known anion, such as halogen ions such as F ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ and I ⁇ ; OH ⁇ ; ClO 4 ⁇ ; FSO 3 ⁇ , ClSO 3 ⁇ , Sulfonic acid ions such as CH 3 SO 3 ⁇ , C 6 H 5 SO 3 ⁇ , CF 3 SO 3 ⁇ ; Sulfate ions such as HSO 4 ⁇ and SO 4 2 ⁇ ; HCO 3 ⁇ and CO 3 2 ⁇ Carbonate ions; phosphate ions such as H 2 PO 4 ⁇ , HPO 4 2 ⁇ , PO 4 3 ⁇ ; fluorophosphate ions such as PF 6 ⁇ , PF 5 OH ⁇ , [(CF 3 CF 2 ) 3 PF 3 ] ⁇ , [(CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 ) 3 PF 3 ] ⁇ , [((CF 3 ) 2 CF) 3 PF 3 ] ⁇ ,
- PF 6 ⁇ PF 5 OH - fluorophosphate ions such as, [(CF 3 CF 2) 3 PF 3] -, [(CF 3 CF 2 CF 2) 3 PF 3] -, [((CF 3) 2 CF) 3 PF 3] - , [((CF 3 ) 2 CF) 2 Fluorinated alkyl fluorophosphate ions such as PF 4 ] ⁇ , [((CF 3 ) 2 CFCF 2 ) 3 PF 3 ] ⁇ and [((CF 3 ) 2 CFCF 2 ) 2 PF 4 ] — ; (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C ⁇ , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N — and other fluoroalkanesulfonylmethides, imide ions, BF 4 ⁇ ,
- the counter cation and the counter anion may be those exemplified in the ionic compound according to the second aspect of the present invention described later.
- the initiator when it is a photoinitiator, it may be used in combination with a photosensitizer in order to improve photosensitivity.
- a photosensitizer examples include anthracene derivatives and thioxanthone derivatives.
- the blending ratio of the polymerization initiator is preferably in the range of 0.1% by weight to 30% by weight and in the range of 0.2% by weight to 25% by weight with respect to the total weight of the organic electronic material. Is more preferable, and the range of 0.5 to 20% by weight is particularly preferable. If the blending ratio of the polymerization initiator is less than 0.1% by weight, the change in solubility is not sufficient, so that lamination tends to be difficult. If it exceeds 30% by weight, the polymerization initiator remaining in the thin film and / or Or there exists a tendency for element characteristics to fall with decomposition products.
- the organic electronic material of the present invention preferably contains a dopant in order to improve charge transportability, and details thereof will be described below.
- the dopant in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can be added to the polymer or oligomer of the present invention to develop a doping effect and improve the charge transport property.
- the doping effect includes p-type doping in which the dopant acts as an electron acceptor and n-type doping in which the dopant acts as an electron donor.
- the dopant in the present invention may be a dopant that exhibits either p-type doping or n-type doping. . It is preferable to perform p-type doping for improving hole transportability and n-type doping for improving electron transportability.
- the number of dopant species is not limited, and a plurality of dopants may be mixed and added.
- Examples of the dopant used for the p-type doping include electron accepting compounds, specifically Lewis acids, proton acids, transition metal compounds, ionic compounds, and halogen compounds.
- Examples of the Lewis acid include FeCl 3 , PF 5 , AsF 5 , SbF 5 , BF 5 , BCl 3 , BBr 3
- examples of the protonic acid include inorganic substances such as HF, HCl, HBr, HNO 5 , H 2 SO 4 , and HClO 4.
- Acids benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid, polyvinylsulfonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, 1-butanesulfonic acid, vinylphenylsulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, etc.
- Organic acids and transition metal compounds include FeOCl, TiCl 4 , ZrCl 4 , HfCl 4 , NbF 5 , AlCl 3 , NbCl 5 , TaCl 5 , MoF 5 , and ionic compounds include tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) borate ions, Tris (trifluoromethanesulfo Nyl) methide ion, bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide ion, hexafluoroantimonate ion, AsF 6 ⁇ (hexafluoroarsenate ion), BF 4 ⁇ (tetrafluoroborate ion), PF 6 ⁇ (hexafluorophosphate ion), etc.
- Examples of known perfluoroanions, ionic compounds having a conjugate base anion of inorganic acid and organic acid, and halogen compounds include Cl 2 , Br 2 , I 2 , ICl, ICl 3 , IBr, and IF.
- other electron-accepting compounds described in Patent Nos. 4058842, 4186758, and 3999636, such as TCNE (tetracyanoethylene) and TCNQ (tetracyanoquinodimethane) may be used. it can.
- Preferred are other electron-accepting compounds such as Lewis acids, ionic compounds, TCNE, and TCNQ.
- Examples of the dopant used for the n-type doping include alkali metals such as Li and Cs, alkaline earth metals such as Mg, alkali metal / alkaline earth metal salts such as LiF and Cs 2 CO 3 , various metal complexes, Other electron donating organic compounds can be used.
- alkali metals such as Li and Cs
- alkaline earth metals such as Mg
- alkali metal / alkaline earth metal salts such as LiF and Cs 2 CO 3
- various metal complexes such as LiF and Cs 2 CO 3
- Other electron donating organic compounds can be used.
- the polymerization initiator and the dopant are the same compound from the viewpoint that an organic electronic material can be easily prepared.
- the organic electronic material of the present invention can be used alone as a functional material of an organic electronic element.
- the organic electronic material of the present invention can be used alone as a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron block layer, a light emitting layer, a hole block layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer of an organic EL device. it can. Furthermore, it can be used for an organic electronics element or an organic EL element even when various additives are added.
- a metal complex containing a central metal such as Ir or Pt, a light emitting dye, etc. in addition to the polymerization initiator and the dopant, a hole injection layer, a positive electrode, etc.
- a hole transport layer, an electron block layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, an antioxidant, a reducing agent, a stabilizer and the like may be added in addition to the dopant.
- the ink composition of the present invention includes the organic electronic material of the present invention described above. The details will be described below.
- the ink composition of the present invention only needs to contain the organic electronics material and a solvent capable of dissolving or dispersing the material, and other additives such as polymerization inhibitors, stabilizers, thickeners, gelling agents.
- An agent, a flame retardant, an antioxidant, an anti-reducing agent, an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent, a surface modifier, an emulsifier, an antifoaming agent, a dispersant, a surfactant, and the like may be included.
- Solvents include water, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol, alkanes such as pentane, hexane and octane, cyclic alkanes such as cyclohexane, aromatic solvents such as benzene, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, tetralin and diphenylmethane, ethylene glycol Aliphatic ethers such as dimethyl ether, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, propylene glycol-1-monomethyl ether acetate, 1,2-dimethoxybenzene, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, anisole, phenetole, 2-methoxytoluene, 3-methoxytoluene, Aromatic ethers such as 4-methoxytoluene, 2,3-dimethylanisole, 2,4-dimethylanisole, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate,
- Aromatic esters such as aliphatic esters, phenyl acetate, phenyl propionate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, propyl benzoate and n-butyl benzoate, and amides such as N, N-dimethylformamide and N, N-dimethylacetamide
- the solvent include dimethyl sulfoxide, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, chloroform, and methylene chloride.
- the organic thin film of the present invention is produced using the above-described organic electronic material or ink composition of the present invention.
- a desired substrate by a known method such as an ink jet method, a casting method, a dipping method, a relief printing, an intaglio printing, an offset printing, a flat plate printing, a relief printing reverse offset printing, a screen printing, a gravure printing, or a spin coating method.
- the polymer or oligomer polymerization reaction is advanced by light irradiation, heat treatment or the like, and the solubility of the coating layer can be changed (cured). By repeating such operations, it is possible to increase the number of organic electronics elements and organic EL elements formed by a coating method.
- the coating method as described above can be usually carried out in a temperature range of ⁇ 20 to + 300 ° C., preferably 10 to 100 ° C., particularly preferably 15 to 50 ° C. Further, as a solvent used in the above solution, although it does not specifically limit, The same thing as what is used for the said ink composition can be mentioned.
- a light source such as a low-pressure mercury lamp, a medium-pressure mercury lamp, a high-pressure mercury lamp, an ultrahigh-pressure mercury lamp, a metal halide lamp, a xenon lamp, a fluorescent lamp, a light-emitting diode, or sunlight can be used for the light irradiation.
- the heat treatment can be performed on a hot plate or in an oven, and can be performed in a temperature range of 0 to + 300 ° C., preferably 20 to 180 ° C., particularly preferably 60 to 120 ° C.
- a resin substrate can be applied in the treatment at 120 ° C. or lower, and the manufacturing cost of the organic electronics element can be reduced.
- the organic electronic material according to the second aspect of the present invention is an organic electronic material containing at least an ionic compound and a compound having a charge transporting unit (hereinafter referred to as a charge transporting compound), the ionic compound but it consists counter cation and a counter anion, the counter cation, H +, carbon cation, nitrogen cation, an oxygen cation, characterized in that either one or more cations having a transition metal.
- the organic electronic material according to the second aspect of the present invention includes an ionic compound having a specific counter cation and an electron transporting compound, so that the driving voltage of an organic electronic element using the material can be reduced and the length can be stabilized. Time drive is possible. First, the counter cation will be described below.
- Carbon cation examples include a primary carbocation, a secondary carbocation, and a tertiary carbocation.
- the secondary carbon cation and the tertiary carbon cation are preferable because they become a polymerization initiator that can be cured at a low temperature when combined with the stability of the material and an anion described later.
- Most preferred are cations.
- a triphenyl carbonium cation, a tri (methylphenyl) carbonium cation, a tri (dimethylphenyl) carbonium cation, etc. are illustrated.
- nitrogen cation examples include NH 4 + , primary nitrogen cation, secondary nitrogen cation, tertiary nitrogen cation and quaternary nitrogen cation.
- the primary nitrogen cation refers to a compound in which N + is bonded to three hydrogen atoms and the other bonds are bonded to atoms other than hydrogen, and the secondary nitrogen cation is bonded to N + is bonded to two hydrogen atoms.
- a quaternary ammonium cation refers to a compound in which N + is bonded to an atom other than hydrogen.
- Anilinium such as trimethylanilinium is exemplified.
- imidazolium 1-methyl-imidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazole 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium, 1-methyl-N-benzylimidazolium, 1-methyl-3- (3-phenylpropyl) imidazolium, 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1 -Imidazolium such as ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium.
- pyrrolidinium such as 1-ethyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium, 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium and the like can be mentioned.
- quinolinium such as quinolinium and isoquinolinium
- pyrrolidinium such as N, N-dimethylpyrrolidinium, N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium, N, N-diethylpyrrolidinium, and the like can be given.
- diimonium and aminium described in International Publication No. 03/005076 and International Publication No. 03/097580 are exemplified.
- tertiary nitrogen cation and quaternary nitrogen cation are preferable because they become an initiator that can be cured at low temperature when combined with stability and anion described later. preferable.
- oxygen cation examples include trimethyloxonium, triethyloxonium, tripropyloxonium, tributyloxonium, trihexyloxonium, triphenyloxonium, pyririnium, chromenilium, and xanthylium.
- Examples of the cation having a transition metal include ( ⁇ 5-cyclopentadienyl) ( ⁇ 6-toluene) Cr + , ( ⁇ 5-cyclopentadienyl) ( ⁇ 6-xylene) Cr + , ( ⁇ 5-cyclopentadienyl) ( ⁇ 6-1-methylnaphthalene) Cr + , ( ⁇ 5-cyclopentadienyl) ( ⁇ 6-cumene) Cr + , ( ⁇ 5-cyclopentadienyl) ( ⁇ 6-mesitylene) Cr + , ( ⁇ 5-cyclopentadienyl) ) ( ⁇ 6-pyrene) Cr + , ( ⁇ 5-fluorenyl) ( ⁇ 6-cumene) Cr + , ( ⁇ 5-indenyl) ( ⁇ 6-cumene) Cr + , bis ( ⁇ 6-mesitylene) Cr 2+ , bis ( ⁇ 6-xylene) cr 2+, bis (Ita6- cum
- cyclo Cr compounds such as (pentadienyl) ( ⁇ 5-indenyl) Cr + , ( ⁇ 5-cyclopentadienyl) ( ⁇ 6-toluene) Fe + , ( ⁇ 5-cyclopentadienyl) ( ⁇ 6-xylene) Fe + , ( ⁇ 5-cyclopentadienyl) ( ⁇ 6-1-methylnaphthalene) Fe + , ( ⁇ 5-cyclopentadienyl) ( ⁇ 6-cumene) Fe + , ( ⁇ 5-cyclopentadienyl) ( ⁇ 6-mesitylene) Fe + , ( ⁇ 5-cyclopentadienyl) ( ⁇ 6-pyrene) Fe + , ( ⁇ 5-fluorenyl) ( ⁇ 6-cumene) Fe + , ( ⁇ 5-indenyl) ( ⁇ 6 -Cumene) Fe + , bis ( ⁇ 6-mesitylene) Fe 2+ , bis ( ⁇ 6-xylene)
- the counter anion used in the present invention will be described.
- the anion may be any conventionally known anion, for example, halogen ions such as F ⁇ , Cl ⁇ , Br ⁇ and I ⁇ ; OH ⁇ ; ClO 4 ⁇ ; FSO 3 ⁇ , ClSO 3 ⁇ , CH 3 SO 3 ⁇ , C 6 H 5 SO 3 ⁇ , CF 3 SO 3 ⁇ and other sulfonate ions; HSO 4 ⁇ and SO 4 2 ⁇ and other sulfate ions; HCO 3 ⁇ and CO 3 2 ⁇ and other carbonic acids Ions; phosphate ions such as H 2 PO 4 ⁇ , HPO 4 2 ⁇ , PO 4 3 ⁇ ; fluorophosphate ions such as PF 6 ⁇ and PF 5 OH ⁇ , [(CF 3 CF 2 ) 3 PF 3 ] ⁇ , [(CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 ) 3 PF 3 ] ⁇ ,
- the counter anion used in the present invention is not particularly limited, but the following structure is preferable because it provides a polymerization initiator that can be cured at a low temperature when combined with the above-described anion.
- Fluorophosphate ions such as PF 6 ⁇ , PF 5 OH ⁇ , [(CF 3 CF 2 ) 3 PF 3 ] ⁇ , [(CF 3 CF 2 CF 2 ) 3 PF 3 ] ⁇ , [((CF 3 )) 2 CF) 3 PF 3 ] ⁇ , [((CF 3 ) 2 CF) 2 PF 4 ] ⁇ , [((CF 3 ) 2 CFCF 2 ) 3 PF 3 ] ⁇ and [((CF 3 ) 2 CFCF 2 ) Fluorinated alkyl fluorophosphate ions such as 2 PF 4 ] — ; borate ions such as BF 4 ⁇ , B (C 6 F 5 ) 4 ⁇ , B (
- the ionic compound used in the present invention comprises the aforementioned counter cation and counter anion.
- This combination is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of extending the lifetime of the organic electronic element and being able to be used as an initiator that can be cured at a low temperature when combined with the aforementioned anion, carbonium cation and PF 6 ⁇ , PF Fluorophosphate ions such as 5 OH ⁇ ; borate ions such as BF 4 ⁇ , B (C 6 F 5 ) 4 ⁇ and B (C 6 H 4 CF 3 ) 4 — , SbF 6 ⁇ and SbF 5 OH
- fluoroantimonate ions such as — , fluorophosphate ions such as anilinium and PF 6 ⁇ , PF 5 OH — ; BF 4 ⁇ , B (C 6 F 5 ) 4 ⁇ , B (C 6 H 4 CF 3) 4 - borate ion such as, Sb
- triphenyl carbonium cation and SbF 6 is - salts, triphenyl carbonium cation and B (C 6 F 5) 4 - salt, N, N-dimethylanilinium and SbF 6 - salt, N, And a salt of N-dimethylanilinium and B (C 6 F 5 ) 4 — .
- An ionic compound may be used independently and may mix 2 or more types by arbitrary ratios.
- the “charge transporting unit” is an atomic group having the ability to transport holes or electrons, and details thereof will be described below.
- the charge transporting unit is not particularly limited as long as it has the ability to transport holes or electrons, but is preferably an amine having an aromatic ring, carbazole, or thiophene.
- Ar 1 to Ar 20 each independently represents an aryl group or heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group or heteroarylene group.
- the heteroaryl group represents an atomic group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an aromatic compound having a hetero atom, or R. R represents each.
- R 1 to R 8 are hydrogen Represents an atom, a straight-chain, cyclic or branched alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or an aryl or heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms.
- a heteroarylene group is an atomic group obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from an aromatic compound having a heteroatom, and X is a hydrogen atom of the above R. Represents a group obtained by further removing one hydrogen atom from a group having one or more.
- the charge transporting compound is preferably a polymer or an oligomer from the viewpoints of solubility and film formability. Moreover, it is preferable that a polymer or an oligomer contains the repeating unit represented by the following general formula.
- Ar 1 to Ar 100 each independently represents an aryl group or heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms, or a substituted or unsubstituted arylene group or heteroarylene group.
- the aryl group is an atomic group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an aromatic hydrocarbon
- the heteroaryl group represents an atomic group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from an aromatic compound having a hetero atom.
- R is independently —R 1 , —OR 2 , —SR 3 , —OCOR 4 , —COOR 5 , —SiR 6 R 7 R 8, or general formulas (2a) to (4a) (where R 1 to R 8 Represents a hydrogen atom, a linear, cyclic or branched alkyl group having 1 to 22 carbon atoms, or an aryl group or heteroaryl group having 2 to 30 carbon atoms.
- the arylene group is an atomic group obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from an aromatic hydrocarbon
- the heteroarylene group is an atomic group obtained by removing two hydrogen atoms from an aromatic compound having a hetero atom.
- X represents a group obtained by removing one hydrogen atom from a group having one or more hydrogen atoms in the R.
- Y represents a trivalent substituent
- Z represents a divalent substituent.
- X represents an integer of 1 or more.
- the polymer or oligomer preferably has one or more “polymerizable substituents” in order to change the solubility.
- the “polymerizable substituent” means a substituent capable of forming a bond between two or more molecules by causing a polymerization reaction, and specific examples thereof are those described in the present invention. This is the same as the polymerizable substituent of the polymer or oligomer described in the first embodiment.
- any one of oxetane, epoxy, and vinyl ether is preferable.
- the polymer or oligomer forming the polymerization layer in the present invention is represented by the above arylene group, heteroarylene group, or the above general formula in addition to the above repeating unit for the purpose of adjusting the solubility, heat resistance, and electrical characteristics. It may be a copolymer having a structure as a copolymer repeating unit. In this case, the copolymer may be a random, block or graft copolymer, or may be a polymer having an intermediate structure thereof, for example, a random copolymer having a block property.
- the polymer or oligomer used in the present invention may have branching in the main chain and may have three or more terminals.
- the above-described ionic compound is an electron-accepting compound and the charge-transporting compound can be one-electron oxidized by the ionic compound. This is because oxidation of the charge transporting compound improves carrier injectability from the anode and is useful for driving the organic electronics element at a low voltage.
- Solvents used in the present invention are chloroform, methylene chloride, dichloroethane, tetrahydrofuran, toluene, xylene, mesitylene, anisole, phenetole, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, ethyl lactate, and lactate n -Butyl, gamma butyrolactone, ethyl cellosolve acetate, phenyl acetate, phenyl propionate, methyl benzoate, ethyl benzoate, propyl benzoate, n-butyldiphenylmethane benzoate, diphenyl ether, N, N-dimethylformamide, N, N-dimethyl Examples include acetamide and ethylene glycol dimethyltetralin. Any of
- the ionic compound is preferably 0.01 part by weight to 50 parts by weight, preferably 0.05 part by weight to 25 parts by weight, and 0.1 part by weight to 20 parts by weight, when the charge transporting compound is 100 parts by weight. Particularly preferred. If the blending ratio of the ionic compound is less than 0.01 parts by mass, the effect of reducing the driving voltage cannot be obtained, and if it exceeds 50 parts by mass, the driving voltage tends to increase.
- 0.1 to 50 parts by mass is preferable with respect to 100 parts by mass of the compound having a polymerizable substituent.
- the amount is less than 0.1 parts by mass, the polymerization does not proceed sufficiently.
- the amount exceeds 50 parts by mass, there is a problem that the film quality is deteriorated.
- it is preferable to start the polymerization only by heating.
- the ionic compound serves both as a polymerization initiator and an electron acceptor. These may be used alone or in combination. Moreover, the polymerization initiator and electron acceptor outside the scope of the present invention may be included. Moreover, you may contain a crosslinking material and a luminescent material as needed.
- a solution containing the organic electronics material of the present invention is, for example, an inkjet method, a casting method, a dipping method, After applying on a desired substrate by a known method such as letterpress printing, intaglio printing, offset printing, flat plate printing, letterpress reverse printing, screen printing, gravure printing, spin coating method, etc., light irradiation or heat treatment
- the polymerization reaction can be advanced by changing the solubility of the coating layer (curing). By repeating such operations, it is possible to increase the number of organic electronics elements and organic EL elements formed by a coating method.
- the kind of glass, plastic and the like is not particularly limited, and is not particularly limited as long as it is transparent, but glass, quartz, light transmissive A resin film or the like is preferably used. When a resin film is used, flexibility can be given to the organic EL element, which is particularly preferable.
- the resin film examples include polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polyethersulfone (PES), polyetherimide, polyetheretherketone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyarylate, polyimide, polycarbonate (PC), and cellulose triacetate.
- PET polyethylene terephthalate
- PEN polyethylene naphthalate
- PES polyethersulfone
- CAP cellulose acetate propionate
- the resin film may be coated with an inorganic substance such as silicon oxide or silicon nitride in order to suppress permeation of water vapor or oxygen.
- the organic EL device of the present invention has a layer (hereinafter sometimes referred to as an organic thin film (polymerized layer)) formed from the organic electronic material of the first aspect or the second aspect of the present invention. It is characterized by including the organic thin film of the invention.
- the organic EL device of the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it includes a light emitting layer, an anode, a cathode, and a substrate, and has other layers such as a hole injection layer, an electron injection layer, a hole transport layer, and an electron transport layer. Any of the light emitting layer, the hole injection layer, the electron injection layer, the hole transport layer, and the electron transport layer may be the organic thin film of the present invention.
- each layer will be described in detail.
- the material used for the light emitting layer may be a low molecular compound, a polymer or an oligomer, and a dendrimer or the like can also be used.
- a polymer or oligomer the solubility in a solvent is high, and a coating type production method can be applied, which is preferable.
- low molecular weight compounds that utilize fluorescence include perylene, coumarin, rubrene, quinacdrine, dye laser dyes (eg, rhodamine, DCM1, etc.), aluminum complexes (eg, tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (III) ( Alq 3 )), stilbene, and derivatives thereof.
- Polymers or oligomers that utilize fluorescence include polyfluorene, polyphenylene, polyphenylene vinylene (PPV), polyvinyl carbazole (PVK), fluorene-benzothiadiazole copolymer, fluorene-triphenylamine copolymer, and derivatives thereof And a mixture can be suitably used.
- phosphorescent organic EL devices have been actively developed in order to increase the efficiency of organic EL devices.
- the phosphorescent organic EL element not only singlet state energy but also triplet state energy can be used, and the internal quantum yield can be increased to 100% in principle.
- phosphorescence is extracted by doping a host material with a metal complex phosphorescent material containing a heavy metal such as platinum or iridium as a phosphorescent dopant (M. ⁇ A. Baldo et al., Nature, vol.395, p.151 (1998), M. A. Baldo et al., Applied Physics Letters, vol.75, p.4 (1999), or M. A. Baldo et al., Nature, vol.403, (See p.750 (2000).)
- a phosphorescent material for the light emitting layer from the viewpoint of high efficiency.
- a phosphorescent organic EL device using a phosphorescent material not only singlet state energy but also triplet state energy can be used, and the internal quantum yield can be increased to 100% in principle.
- phosphorescence is extracted by doping a host material with a metal complex phosphorescent material containing a heavy metal such as platinum or iridium as a dopant that emits phosphorescence (MABaldo et al., Nature, vol. 395, p.
- a metal complex containing a central metal such as Ir or Pt can be preferably used.
- Ir complex for example, FIr (pic) that emits blue light [iridium (III) bis [(4,6-difluorophenyl) -pyridinate-N, C 2 ] picolinate], green light is emitted.
- Pt complex examples include 2,3,7,8,12,13,17, 18-octaethyl-21H, 23H-forminplatinum (PtOEP) that emits red light.
- PtOEP 23H-forminplatinum
- the phosphorescent material can be a small molecule or a dendrite species, such as an iridium nucleus dendrimer. Moreover, these derivatives can also be used conveniently.
- a host material is included in addition to the phosphorescent material.
- the host material may be a low molecular compound or a high molecular compound, and a dendrimer or the like can also be used.
- Examples of the low molecular weight compound include CBP (4,4′-bis (9H-carbazol-9-yl) biphenyl), mCP (1,3-bis (9-carbazolyl) benzene), CDBP (4,4′- Bis (carbazol-9-yl) -2,2′-dimethylbiphenyl), etc.
- the polymer compound the polymer or oligomer of the present invention may be used, and polyvinylcarbazole, polyphenylene, polyfluorene, etc. can be used, and derivatives thereof Can also be used.
- the light emitting layer may be formed by a vapor deposition method or a coating method.
- a solution containing a phosphorescent material and, if necessary, a host material is used, for example, an ink jet method, a casting method, a dipping method, a relief printing, an intaglio printing, an offset printing, a flat printing, a relief printing. It can be carried out by applying on a desired substrate by a known method such as a printing method such as reverse offset printing, screen printing or gravure printing, or spin coating method.
- the coating method as described above is usually carried out in a temperature range of ⁇ 20 to + 300 ° C., preferably 10 to 100 ° C., particularly preferably 15 to 50 ° C.
- a light source such as a low pressure mercury lamp, a medium pressure mercury lamp, a high pressure mercury lamp, an ultrahigh pressure mercury lamp, a metal halide lamp, a xenon lamp, a fluorescent lamp, a light emitting diode, or sunlight can be used for the light irradiation.
- the solvent used in the above solution is not particularly limited.
- the heat treatment after coating can be performed on a hot plate or in an oven, and a temperature range of 0 to + 300 ° C., preferably 20 to 250 ° C., more preferably 50 to 200 ° C., and further preferably 70 to 150 ° C. Can be implemented.
- the lifetime of the organic electronic device is reduced due to problems such as insufficient progress of the curing reaction at low temperatures and residual solvent. At high temperatures, it becomes difficult to produce an organic electronic element on a resin substrate. Moreover, it is preferable for the hardening reaction after application
- the layer (polymerization layer) formed using the mixture containing the organic electronics material of the present invention is specifically a coating containing the organic electronics material of the present invention by the coating method described in the thin film formation method.
- the polymerization reaction of the polymerizable substituent of the polymer or oligomer is advanced by light irradiation or heat treatment, and the solubility of the coating layer is changed (cured), that is, insolubilized. is there.
- the thermal stability of the layer can be improved by proceeding the polymerization reaction of the polymerizable substituent of the polymer or oligomer and changing (curing) the solubility of the coating layer.
- the charge transporting compound used in the polymerization layer is preferably a polymer or oligomer containing a repeating unit having a hole transporting property from the viewpoint of film uniformity.
- the organic thin film can be used as a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, a light emitting layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer of an organic EL device.
- a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an electron transport layer, and an electron injection layer are preferable.
- any one layer may be an organic thin film (polymerized layer), and a plurality or all of the layers may be polymerized layers.
- the thickness of these layers is not particularly limited, but from the viewpoint of reducing the influence of unevenness of the substrate or the lower layer and reducing the influence of dust or the like adhering to the surface of the substrate or the lower layer, the hole injection layer, the hole In the case of the transport layer, the electron injection layer, and the electron transport layer, the thickness is preferably 10 to 100 nm, more preferably 15 to 90 nm, and still more preferably 20 to 80 nm.
- the thickness is less than 10 nm, the unevenness of the substrate or the lower layer cannot be filled, which may cause a short circuit between layers that are not adjacent to each other, or may be easily affected by dust or the like on the surface of the substrate or the lower layer.
- it is thicker than 100 nm, it tends to cause a decrease in light extraction efficiency and an increase in driving voltage.
- the light emitting layer it is preferably 10 to 200 nm, more preferably 15 to 190 nm, and preferably 20 to 180 nm. If it is thinner than this, sufficient light emission intensity cannot be obtained, and if it is thicker than this, the driving voltage tends to increase.
- the organic thin film (polymerization layer) is more preferably laminated adjacent to the light emitting layer containing a phosphorescent material. This is because the phosphorescent material has little effect on the light emission efficiency and deterioration, and the light emission efficiency and device life of the device can be improved.
- the cathode material is preferably a metal or metal alloy such as Li, Ca, Mg, Al, In, Cs, Ba, Mg / Ag, LiF, and CsF.
- anode As the anode, a metal (for example, Au) or other material having metal conductivity, for example, an oxide (for example, ITO: indium oxide / tin oxide), a conductive polymer (for example, a polythiophene-polystyrene sulfonic acid mixture (for example, PEDOT: PSS)) can also be used.
- a metal for example, Au
- an oxide for example, ITO: indium oxide / tin oxide
- a conductive polymer for example, a polythiophene-polystyrene sulfonic acid mixture (for example, PEDOT: PSS)
- PEDOT polythiophene-polystyrene sulfonic acid mixture
- Examples of the electron transport layer and the electron injection layer include phenanthroline derivatives (for example, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP)), bipyridine derivatives, nitro-substituted fluorene derivatives, diphenylquinone derivatives.
- phenanthroline derivatives for example, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP)
- bipyridine derivatives for example, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP)
- bipyridine derivatives for example, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP)
- BCP 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline
- Thiopyran dioxide derivatives heterocyclic tetracarboxylic anhydrides such as naphthaleneperylene, carbodiimides, fluorenylidenemethane derivatives, anthraquinodimethane and anthrone derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives (2- (4-biphenylyl) -5 -(4-t-butylphenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole (PBD)), aluminum complexes (for example, tris (8-hydroxyquinolinato) aluminum (III) (Alq 3 )) and the like.
- heterocyclic tetracarboxylic anhydrides such as naphthaleneperylene, carbodiimides, fluorenylidenemethane derivatives, anthraquinodimethane and anthrone derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives (2- (4-biphenylyl) -5 -(4-t-butylphenyl-1,3,4-
- thiadiazole derivatives in which the oxygen atom of the oxadiazole ring is substituted with a sulfur atom, and quinoxaline derivatives having a quinoxaline ring known as an electron-withdrawing group can also be used.
- Polymers or oligomers can also be used.
- the emission color in the organic EL device of the present invention is not particularly limited, but the white light-emitting device is preferable because it can be used for various lighting devices such as home lighting, interior lighting, clocks, and liquid crystal backlights.
- a plurality of light emitting colors can be simultaneously emitted and mixed using a plurality of light emitting materials.
- White luminescence is obtained.
- a combination of a plurality of emission colors is not particularly limited. However, a combination of three emission maximum wavelengths of blue, green, and red, a complementary color relationship such as blue and yellow, yellow green and orange is used. The thing containing two light emission maximum wavelengths is mentioned. The emission color can be controlled by adjusting the type and amount of the phosphorescent material.
- the display element of the present invention is characterized by including the above-described organic EL element of the present invention.
- a color display element can be obtained by using the organic EL element of the present invention as an element corresponding to each pixel of red, green, and blue (RGB).
- Image formation includes a simple matrix type in which individual organic EL elements arranged in a panel are directly driven by electrodes arranged in a matrix, and an active matrix type in which thin film transistors are arranged and driven in each element.
- the former is simple in structure but has a limit on the number of vertical pixels and is used for displaying characters.
- the latter is used for high-quality displays because the drive voltage is low and the current is small, and a bright high-definition image is obtained.
- the lighting device of the present invention is characterized by including the organic EL element of the present invention described above. Furthermore, the display device of the present invention is characterized by including a lighting device and a liquid crystal element as a display means.
- the illumination device of the present invention described above may be used as a backlight (white light source), and a display device using a liquid crystal element as a display unit, that is, a liquid crystal display device may be used.
- This configuration is a configuration in which only the backlight is replaced with the illumination device of the present invention in a known liquid crystal display device, and a known technique can be diverted to the liquid crystal element portion.
- the aqueous layer was extracted three times with n-hexane, combined with the first separated organic layer, and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.
- the solvent was distilled off with an evaporator, and 1,6-dibromohexane was distilled off under reduced pressure (3 to 10 mmHg, 110 ° C.) to obtain 3- (6-bromohexyloxymethyl) -3-ethyloxetane as a colorless oil. (25.0 g, yield 89.7%).
- the reaction formula of the above reaction is shown below.
- Oligomer synthesis example 3 The same method as in Oligomer Synthesis Example 2 except that the added monomer was replaced with monomer 1 (0.4 mmol), monomer 3 (2.0 mmol), monomer 4 (0.8 mmol), and monomer B (1.2 mmol). Oligomer 3 was synthesized. Molecular weights and yields are listed in Table 1.
- Oligomer 4 was synthesized in the same manner as in oligomer synthesis example 2, except that the added monomer was replaced with monomer 1 (0.7 mmol), monomer 3 (1.75 mmol), and monomer B (1.4 mmol). Molecular weights and yields are listed in Table 1.
- Oligomer synthesis example 5 The same method as in Oligomer Synthesis Example 2 except that the added monomer was replaced with monomer 1 (0.6 mmol), monomer 3 (1.8 mmol), monomer 4 (0.3 mmol), and monomer B (1.2 mmol). Oligomer 5 was synthesized. Molecular weights and yields are listed in Table 1.
- Oligomer 6 was synthesized in the same manner as in oligomer synthesis example 2, except that the added monomer was replaced with monomer 1 (0.9 mmol), monomer 3 (2.1 mmol), and monomer B (1.5 mmol). Molecular weights and yields are listed in Table 1.
- Oligomer synthesis example 7 The same method as in Oligomer Synthesis Example 2 except that the added monomer was replaced with monomer 1 (0.75 mmol), monomer 3 (2.25 mmol), monomer 4 (0.5 mmol), and monomer B (1.25 mmol). Oligomer 7 was synthesized. Molecular weights and yields are listed in Table 1.
- the oligomer 8 was synthesized in the same manner as in the oligomer synthesis example 2 except that the added monomer was replaced with the following monomer 5 (0.7 mmol), the following monomer 3 (1.75 mmol), and the monomer B (1.4 mmol). .
- the oligomer 9 was synthesized in the same manner as in the oligomer synthesis example 2 except that the added monomer was replaced with the following monomer 6 (0.6 mmol), the following monomer 3 (2.1 mmol), and the monomer B (1.8 mmol). .
- the oligomer 10 was synthesized in the same manner as in the oligomer synthesis example 2 except that the added monomer was replaced with the following monomer 7 (0.7 mmol), the following monomer 3 (1.75 mmol), and the monomer B (1.4 mmol). .
- the oligomer 11 was synthesized in the same manner as in the oligomer synthesis example 2 except that the added monomer was replaced with the following monomer 8 (0.6 mmol), the following monomer 3 (2.1 mmol), and monomer B (1.8 mmol). .
- oligomer 12 was synthesized in the same manner as in the oligomer synthesis example 2 except that the added monomer was replaced with the following monomer 1 (0.7 mmol), the following monomer 9 (1.75 mmol), and the monomer B (1.4 mmol). . Molecular weights and yields are listed in Table 2.
- Oligomer 13 was synthesized in the same manner as in oligomer synthesis example 2 except that the added monomer was replaced with monomer 1 (0.9 mmol), monomer 9 (2.1 mmol), and monomer B (1.5 mmol). Molecular weights and yields are listed in Table 2.
- the oligomer 15 was synthesized in the same manner as in the oligomer synthesis example 2 except that the added monomer was replaced with the following monomer 7 (0.7 mmol), the following monomer 11 (1.75 mmol), and the monomer B (1.4 mmol). .
- Oligomer 11 was synthesized in the same manner as in oligomer synthesis example 2, except that the added monomer was replaced with monomer 12 (0.6 mmol), monomer 13 (2.1 mmol), and monomer B (1.8 mmol).
- Oligomer synthesis example 17 The same method as in Oligomer Synthesis Example 2 except that the added monomer was replaced with monomer 6 (0.75 mmol), monomer 9 (2.25 mmol), monomer 14 (0.5 mmol), and monomer B (1.25 mmol). Thus, oligomer 14 was synthesized.
- the resulting precipitate was filtered with suction and washed with methanol-water (9: 1). The resulting precipitate was dissolved in toluene and reprecipitated from methanol. The resulting precipitate was suction filtered, dissolved in toluene, triphenylphosphine, polymer-bound on styrene-divine benzene copolymer (200 mg from 100 mg of polymer, polymer), and stirred overnight. After completion of the stirring, triphenylphosphine, polymer-bound on styrene-divine benzene copolymer and insoluble matter were removed by filtration, and the filtrate was concentrated by a rotary evaporator.
- Comparative Oligomer 1 (Comparative oligomer 1: no polymerizable substituent) Comparative Oligomer 1 was prepared in the same manner as in Oligomer Synthesis Example 2 except that the added monomer was replaced with the following monomer 1 (0.7 mmol), the following monomer 3 (1.75 mmol), and the following monomer 16 (1.4 mmol). Synthesized.
- Comparative Example Oligomer 2 No branched structure 1
- Comparative oligomer 2 was prepared in the same manner as in oligomer synthesis example 2 except that the added monomer was replaced with the following monomer 3 (2.0 mmol), the following monomer 4 (1.6 mmol), and the following monomer B (0.8 mmol). Synthesized.
- Comparative Example Oligomer 3 No branched structure 2
- a comparative oligomer 3 was synthesized in the same manner as in the oligomer synthesis example 2 except that the added monomer was the following monomer 17 (2.0 mmol), the following monomer 15 (1.6 mmol), and the following monomer B (0.8 mmol). did.
- the oligomer according to the present invention is polymerized at low temperature and insolubilization proceeds, it is suitable for a resin substrate having low heat resistance and large thermal expansion.
- a multilayer structure can be produced on a resin substrate, and a high-performance organic electronics element can be produced at low cost.
- ⁇ Preparation of an organic EL element an example in which the hole transport layer is a polymerization layer (organic thin film)>
- a PEDOT: PSS dispersion liquid (AI4083 LVW142, manufactured by Stark Vitec Co., Ltd.) was spin-coated at 1500 min ⁇ 1 on a glass substrate patterned with a width of 1.6 mm of ITO, and 200 ° C./10 minutes in air on a hot plate.
- a hole injection layer (40 nm) was formed by heating and drying. Subsequent experiments were performed in a dry nitrogen environment.
- a coating solution in which the oligomer A (4.5 mg) obtained above, the photoinitiator (0.13 mg) as the ionic compound 1, and toluene (1.2 ml) were mixed on the hole injection layer was 3000 min ⁇ 1.
- a metal halide lamp was used to irradiate light (3 J / cm 2 ), and it was cured by heating at 180 ° C. for 60 minutes on a hot plate to form a hole transport layer (40 nm).
- the obtained glass substrate was transferred into a vacuum evaporator, and CBP + Ir (piq) 3 (40 nm), BAlq (10 nm), Alq 3 (30 nm), LiF (film thickness 0.5 nm), Al (film thickness 100 nm) ).
- the substrate is moved into a dry nitrogen environment without opening to the atmosphere, and the sealing glass and ITO substrate in which 0.4 mm of counterbore is added to 0.7 mm non-alkali glass are coated with a photocurable epoxy resin. Sealing was performed by using them together to produce a polymer organic EL device having a multilayer structure. Subsequent operations were performed in the atmosphere at room temperature (25 ° C.).
- the luminance was measured with Topcon BM-7 while applying a constant current, and the time for the luminance to be halved from the initial luminance (1000 cd / m 2 ) was measured to be 50 hours.
- Example 1 An organic EL device was produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the hole transport layer was not formed. When a voltage was applied to this organic EL element, red light emission was observed at 4 V, the current efficiency at a luminance of 1000 cd / m 2 was 4.1 cd / A, and the efficiency of Example 1 was 1.2 times higher. It was. When the lifetime characteristics were measured, the luminance was reduced by half in 4 hours, and the lifetime of Example 1 was 13 times longer.
- Example 2 ⁇ Preparation of an organic EL element: Example in which the hole transport layer is a polymerization layer (organic thin film) (only low-temperature curing heat treatment)> A coating solution in which the oligomer 13 (4.5 mg) obtained above, an initiator (same as in Example 1) (0.45 mg), and toluene (1.2 ml) were mixed on the hole injection layer was prepared at 3000 min ⁇ 1 . After spin coating, an element was fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the hole transport layer (40 nm) was formed by heating at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes on a hot plate to cure.
- the hole transport layer 40 nm
- ⁇ Preparation of an organic EL element an example in which the hole injection layer is a polymerization layer>
- Example 3 Coating obtained by mixing the oligomer A (4.5 mg) photoinitiator obtained above (same as in Example 1) (0.13 mg) and toluene (500 ⁇ l) on a glass substrate patterned with a width of 1.6 mm of ITO. The solution was spin coated at 3000 min ⁇ 1 . The subsequent operation was performed in a dry nitrogen environment.
- Example 4 ⁇ Preparation of an organic EL element: an example in which the hole injection layer is a polymer layer> This example was performed in a dry nitrogen environment. Oligomer 5 (4.5 mg) obtained above, initiator (same as in Example 1) (0.45 mg), and toluene (1.2 ml) were mixed on a glass substrate patterned with a width of 1.6 mm of ITO. The coating solution was spin-coated at 3000 min ⁇ 1 and then cured by heating on a hot plate at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a hole transport layer (40 nm). Produced.
- Example 5 ⁇ Production of white organic EL element and lighting device>
- a hole injection layer 40 nm was formed using PEDOT: PSS dispersion, and a polymerization layer (hole transport layer) was formed using oligomer A and a photoinitiator (same as Example 1). Formed.
- Example 2 A white organic EL element and a lighting device were produced in the same manner as in Example 5 except that the polymerization layer was not formed.
- Example 5 From the comparison between Example 5 and Comparative Example 2 above, it can be seen that the white organic EL element and the lighting device can be stably driven by inserting the polymerization layer in the present invention.
- Example 6 Evaluation of polymerizability
- a coating solution in which a toluene solution (400 ⁇ l) of the following compound 1 (4.5 mg) and an ethyl acetate solution (100 ⁇ l) of the following ionic compound 1 (0.45 g) were mixed was spin-coated on a quartz plate at 3000 rpm.
- the polymerization reaction was carried out by heating at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes on a hot plate. After heating, the quartz plate was immersed in a mixed solvent of toluene: ethyl acetate (4: 1) for 1 minute for washing.
- Example 7 The remaining film ratio was measured by the same method as in Example 6 except that the heating temperature on the hot plate was 180 ° C.
- Example 8 The remaining film ratio was measured in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the following ionic compound 2 was used in place of the ionic compound 1.
- Example 9 The remaining film ratio was measured by the same method as in Example 8 except that the heating temperature on the hot plate was 180 ° C.
- Table 4 summarizes the results of evaluating the remaining film ratio at 120 ° C. and 180 ° C. using each ionic compound. It can be seen that when the ionic compound according to the present invention is used, the effect proceeds at a lower temperature than when a conventional onium salt type curing agent is used.
- Example 10 A coating solution in which a toluene solution (400 ⁇ l) of compound 1 (4.5 mg) and an ethyl acetate solution (100 ⁇ l) of ionic compound 1 (0.45 g) were mixed on a glass substrate patterned with a width of 1.6 mm of ITO. It spin-coated on the glass substrate at 3000 rpm. Subsequent experiments were performed in a dry nitrogen environment. Subsequently, it was cured by heating at 180 ° C. for 10 minutes on a hot plate to form a hole injection layer (40 nm).
- a toluene solution (1.0) of a mixture of polymer 1 (75 parts by mass), polymer 2 (20 parts by mass), and polymer 3 (5 parts by mass) represented by the following structural formula is formed on the hole injection layer. (Mass%) was spin-coated at 3000 rpm and heated on a hot plate at 80 ° C. for 5 minutes to form a polymer light emitting layer (film thickness 80 nm).
- the hole injection layer and the light emitting layer could be laminated without dissolving each other.
- N is an integer of 1 or more.
- the obtained glass substrate was transferred into a vacuum vapor deposition machine, and electrodes were formed on the light emitting layer in the order of Ba (film thickness: 3 nm) and Al (film thickness: 100 nm).
- electrodes were formed on the light emitting layer in the order of Ba (film thickness: 3 nm) and Al (film thickness: 100 nm).
- the substrate is moved into a dry nitrogen environment without opening to the atmosphere, and a sealing glass with 0.4 mm counterbore in 0.7 mm non-alkali glass and an ITO patterned glass substrate are combined with a photocurable epoxy. Sealing was performed by laminating using a resin, to produce a polymer organic EL element having a multilayer structure. Subsequent experiments were performed in the atmosphere at room temperature (25 ° C.).
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Abstract
Description
しかし、水溶性のPEDOT:PSSを使用すると薄膜中に残存する水分を除去する必要があるが、これが困難であり、有機エレクトロニクス素子の特性を劣化させる原因となる。また水分の除去の為に、高温、長時間の乾燥が必要になり、樹脂基材への有機エレクトロニクス素子の作製が困難であったり、減圧条件などプロセスに大きな制限が生じたりする。
しかし、このような方法では使用できる溶媒が下層を溶解しないものに限定される為、材料の選択の幅が少なくなるという問題がある。また、上層形成時にある程度の下層の侵食が生じる。
さらに、特許文献2には、PEDOT:PSS上にインターレイヤー層と呼ばれる層を導入した3層構造の素子が開示されている。
さらに、非特許文献2~4、特許文献3にはこのような課題を克服するために、シロキサン化合物やオキセタン基、ビニル基などの重合反応を利用して化合物の溶解度を変化させ、薄膜を溶剤に対して不溶化する方法が開示されている。
重合反応を開始させる契機としては、加熱または光照射と加熱の併用が一般的に用いられ、十分な重合反応を起こさせるには、120℃以上の温度で加熱することが必要である(非特許文献4、非特許文献5)。
ここで、有機EL素子の製造コスト低減、フレキシブルな有機EL素子の作製には安価で柔軟性のある樹脂の基板を適用する必要があるが、このような基板は高温によって軟化、分解あるいは変質してしまうため、前記重合反応を起こさせる方法を利用することができない問題点があった。
特許文献7には、イオン化合物が開示されているが、これは前述の光開始剤と同様の構造であり、有機EL素子特性への影響などが懸念される。また、架橋や積層などの記述はない。
特許文献8には、高分子発光体とイオン対とを含有する高分子発光体組成物の開示がある。これによると特定構造のイオン対を有することで寿命が一層長い発光素子が得られるとの記載があるが、電荷注入・輸送に関する記述がない。また、架橋や積層などの記述はない。
また、本発明者らは、鋭意検討した結果、一般的な光開始剤で使われているヨードニウムやスルフォニウムではない、特定の対カチオンを有するイオン化合物と電荷輸送化合物を含むことで、駆動電圧の低減や安定した長時間駆動が可能であることができることを見出し、本発明を完成させるに至った。
(1)3方向以上に分岐する構造を有し、かつ少なくとも一つの重合性置換基を有するポリマー又はオリゴマーを含むことを特徴とする有機エレクトロニクス材料。
(式中、Arは、それぞれ独立に2価の連結基を表し、炭素数2~30個のアリーレン基、もしくはヘテロアリーレン基を表す。Wは、3価の連結基を表し、前記アリーレン基またはヘテロアリーレン基からさらに水素原子1個を除いた原子団であり置換基を有していてもよい。Yは、それぞれ独立に2価の連結基を表す。Zは、炭素原子、ケイ素原子、リン原子のいずれかを表す。)
(式中、Rはそれぞれ独立に水素原子、置換基を有していてもよい炭素数1~22個の直鎖、環状もしくは分岐アルキル基、または置換基を有していてもよい炭素数2~30個のアリール基もしくはヘテロアリール基を表す。)
(式中、A1,A2はそれぞれ独立に3価の連結基、A3,A4はそれぞれ独立に4価の連結基を表し、L1~L10はそれぞれ独立に2価の連結基を表し、Xmは2価の連結基を表し、nは1以上の整数を表し、mは、1または1からnまでの整数を表す。)
(式中、Ar1~Ar20は、それぞれ独立に炭素数2~30個のアリール基もしくはヘテロアリール基、または、置換もしくは非置換のアリーレン基、ヘテロアリーレン基を表す。ここで、アリール基とは芳香族炭化水素から水素原子1個を除いた原子団であり、ヘテロアリール基とは、ヘテロ原子を有する芳香族化合物から水素原子1個を除いた原子団を表す。Rはそれぞれ独立に-R1、-OR2、-SR3、-OCOR4、-COOR5、-SiR6R7R8または一般式(2a)~(4a)(ただし、R1~R8は、水素原子、炭素数1~22個の直鎖、環状もしくは分岐アルキル基、または炭素数2~30個のアリール基もしくはヘテロアリール基を表す。)を表す。ここで、アリーレン基とは芳香族炭化水素から水素原子2個を除いた原子団であり、ヘテロアリーレン基とは、ヘテロ原子を有する芳香族化合物から水素原子2個を除いた原子団である。Xは前記Rのうち、水素原子を1つ以上有する基から、さらに1つの水素原子を除去した基を表す。)
また、本発明によれば、駆動電圧の低減や安定した長時間駆動が可能な有機エレクトロニクス素子を作製しうる、塗布法で低温硬化が可能な有機エレクトロニクス材料と、それを用いた多層化有機エレクトロニクス素子、有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子、表示素子及び照明装置を提供することが可能となった。イオン化合物と電荷輸送化合物を含有させることにより、駆動電圧低減や安定した長時間駆動が可能な有機エレクトロニクス素子、特に有機EL素子を提供することができる。
本発明に係るポリマー又はオリゴマーは、十分な重合反応を進行させるための温度を下げる観点から、3方向以上に分岐した構造を有する。また、この分岐した構造はポリマー又はオリゴマーのガラス転移温度を高くすることができ、ポリマー又はオリゴマーの耐熱性向上にも寄与する。
(式中、Rはそれぞれ独立に水素原子、炭素数1~22個の直鎖、環状もしくは分岐アルキル基、または炭素数2~30個のアリール基もしくはヘテロアリール基を表す。ここで、アリール基とは、芳香族炭化水素から水素原子一個を除いた原子団であり、置換基を有していてもよく、ヘテロアリール基とは、ヘテロ原子を有する芳香族化合物から水素原子1個を除いた原子団であり、置換基を有していてもよい。)
また、本発明におけるポリマー又はオリゴマーは正孔又は電子の輸送能を発現するために少なくとも1つの「電荷輸送基」を含むことが好ましい。ここで、上記「電荷輸送基」とは、ポリマー又はオリゴマーに正孔または電子を輸送する機能を持たせる置換基のことであり、以下、その詳細について述べる。
(上記一般式において、Rは、それぞれ独立に、水素原子、ハロゲン原子、炭素数1~22個の直鎖、環状もしくは分岐アルキル基、アルケニル基、アルキニル基、アルコキシ基または炭素数2~30個のアリール基もしくはヘテロアリール基を表す。ここで、アリール基とは、芳香族炭化水素から水素原子一個を除いた原子団であり、置換基を有していてもよく、ヘテロアリール基とは、ヘテロ原子を有する芳香族化合物から水素原子1個を除いた原子団であり、置換基を有していてもよい。また、隣接するR同士が結合して環を形成していてもよい。Arは、それぞれ独立に炭素数2~30個のアリーレン基、もしくはヘテロアリーレン基を表す。アリーレン基とは芳香族炭化水素から水素原子2個を除いた原子団であり置換基を有していてもよく、例えば、フェニレン、ビフェニル-ジイル、ターフェニル-ジイル、ナフタレン-ジイル、アントラセン-ジイル、テトラセン-ジイル、フルオレン-ジイル、フェナントレン-ジイル等が挙げられる。ヘテロアリール基とは、ヘテロ原子を有する芳香族化合物から水素原子2個を除いた原子団であり置換基を有していてもよく、例えば、ピリジン-ジイル、ピラジン-ジイル、キノリン-ジイル、イソキノリン-ジイル、アクリジン-ジイル、フェナントロリン-ジイル、フラン-ジイル、ピロール-ジイル、チオフェン-ジイル、オキサゾール-ジイル、オキサジアゾール-ジイル、チアジアゾール-ジイル、トリアゾール-ジイル、ベンゾオキサゾール-ジイル、ベンゾオキサジアゾール-ジイル、ベンゾチアジアゾール-ジイル、ベンゾトリアゾール-ジイル、ベンゾチオフェン-ジイル等が挙げられる。)
また、本発明におけるポリマー又はオリゴマーは、重合反応により硬化して溶剤への溶解度を変化させる観点から、「重合置換基」を少なくとも1つ有することが好ましい。ここで、上記「重合性置換基」とは、重合反応を起こすことにより2分子以上の分子間で結合を形成可能な置換基のことであり、以下、その詳細について述べる。
また、重合性置換基は、100℃前後の温度でも十分な溶解度変化させ不溶化した膜を作製できる観点から、ポリマー又はオリゴマー1分子に対して3つ以上導入されていることが好ましい。当該重合性置換基は、その数が多ければ多いほど低温硬化に寄与するが、あまりに多すぎると正孔輸送性に悪影響を及ぼすため、そのことを考慮して重合性置換基を導入することが好ましい。
(式中、A1,A2はそれぞれ独立に3価の連結基、A3,A4はそれぞれ独立に4価の連結基を表し、L1~L10はそれぞれ独立に2価の連結基を表し、Xmは2価の連結基を表し、nは1以上の整数を表し、mは、1または1からnまでの整数を表す。)
また、前記L1~L10又はXmで表される2価の連結基、としては、既述の一般式(4)又は(7)中のYの説明において例示した2価の基、又は電子輸送性基の説明において例示した2価の基が好ましい。
本発明で用いるポリマー又はオリゴマーは、種々の当業者公知の合成法により製造できる。例えば、芳香族環を有するモノマー同士をカップリングさせることで、ポリマーまたはオリゴマーを製造する場合には、ヤマモト(T. Yamamoto)らのBull. Chem. Soc. Jap.、51巻、7号、2091頁(1978)およびゼンバヤシ(M. Zembayashi)らのTetrahedron. Lett., 47巻4089頁(1977)に記載されている方法e、スズキ(A. Suzuki)によりSynthetic Communications, Vol.11, No.7, p.513 (1981)において報告されている方法、ブッフバルト(S. L. Buchwald)やハートウィッグ(J. F. Hartwig)らのTetrahedron Lett., 21巻3609頁(1995)に記載されている方法、ミギタ(T. Migita)、コスギ(M. Kosugi)やスティル(J. K. Stille)らのAngew. Chem. Int. Ed. Engl.25号508頁(1986)に記載されている方法を用いることができるが、特に限定はされない。スズキらの反応は、芳香族ボロン酸(boronic acid)誘導体と芳香族ハロゲン化物の間でPd触媒クロスカップリング反応(通常、「鈴木反応」と呼ばれる)を起こさしめるものであり、対応する芳香族環同士を結合する反応に用いることにより、本発明で用いるポリマー又はオリゴマーを簡便に製造することができる点で好ましい。
また、本発明におけるポリマー又はオリゴマーの数平均分子量は、1,000以上1,000,000以下であることが好ましく、2,000以上、800,000以下であることがより好ましい。さらに好ましくは、3,000以上、600,000である。分子量が1,000未満であると結晶化しやすく製膜安定性が低下する傾向があり、1,000,000を越えると溶剤への溶解度が低下して塗布作業性に劣る、インク組成物を作製するのが困難になる傾向がある。なお、ポリマー又はオリゴマーの数平均分子量は、ゲル浸透クロマトグラフィーを用いて、ポリスチレン換算で測定したときの数平均分子量のことである。
本発明の有機エレクトロニクス材料は、上記ポリマー又はオリゴマーの他に、重合性置換基を重合させるために、さらに重合開始剤を含んでいることが好ましい。この重合開始剤としては、熱、光、マイクロ波、放射線、電子線の印加およびこれらの併用によって、重合可能な置換基を重合させる能力を発現するものであればよく、特に限定されないが、放射線照射、光照射または加熱によって重合を開始させるものであることが好ましく、光照射によって重合を開始させるもの(以後、光開始剤と記す)、加熱によって重合を開始させるもの(以後、熱開始剤と記す)であることが重合を簡便に開始できる観点からより好ましい。光開始剤としては、200nmから800nmの光照射、熱開始剤としては300℃以下の加熱によって重合可能な置換基を重合させる能力を発現するものであればよく、特に限定されないが、例えば、重合可能な置換基がオキセタン基の場合には、対カチオンと対アニオンからなるイオン性化合物が反応性の観点から好ましく、以下その詳細について述べる。
対カチオンとしては、H+、カルベニウムイオン、アンモニムイオン、アニリニウムイオン、ピリジニウムイオン、イミダゾリウムイオン、ピロリジニウムイオン、キノリニウムイオン、イモニウムイオン、アミニウムイオン、オキソニウムイオン、ピリリニウムイオン、クロメニリウム、キサンチリウムイオン、ヨードニウムイオン、スルホニウムイオン、ホスホニウムイオン、トロピリウムイオン、遷移金属を有するカチオンなどがあげられ、反応性の観点からH+、カルベニウムイオン、アニリニウムイオン、アミニウムイオン、ヨードニウムイオン、スルホニウムイオン、ホスホニウムイオン、トロピリウムイオンが好ましい。
対アニオンとしては、従来公知のアニオンであればいかなるものでもよく、例えば、F-、Cl-、Br-、I-などのハロゲンイオン;OH-;ClO4 -;FSO3 -、ClSO3 -、CH3SO3 -、C6H5SO3 -、CF3SO3 -などのスルホン酸イオン類;HSO4 -、SO4 2-などの硫酸イオン類;HCO3 -、CO3 2-などの炭酸イオン類;H2PO4 -、HPO4 2-、PO4 3-などのリン酸イオン類;PF6 -、PF5OH-などのフルオロリン酸イオン類、[(CF3CF2)3PF3]-、[(CF3CF2CF2)3PF3]-、[((CF3)2CF)3PF3]-、[((CF3)2CF)2PF4]-、[((CF3)2CFCF2)3PF3]-および[((CF3)2CFCF2)2PF4]-などのフッ素化アルキルフルオロリン酸イオン類;(CF3SO2)3C-、(CF3SO2)2N-などのフルオロアルカンスルホニルメチド、イミドイオン類、BF4 -、B(C6F5)4 -、B(C6H4CF3)4 -などのホウ酸イオン類、SbF6 -、SbF5OH-などのフルオロアンチモン酸イオン類、あるいはAsF6-、AsF5OH-などのフルオロヒ素酸イオン類、AlCl4 -、BiF6があげられるが、有機エレクトロニクス素子の駆動電圧の低減、前述のカチオンと組合わせたときに、低温硬化が可能な重合開始剤となることから、PF6 -、PF5OH-などのフルオロリン酸イオン類、[(CF3CF2)3PF3]-、[(CF3CF2CF2)3PF3]-、[((CF3)2CF)3PF3]-、[((CF3)2CF)2PF4]-、[((CF3)2CFCF2)3PF3]-および[((CF3)2CFCF2)2PF4]-などのフッ素化アルキルフルオロリン酸イオン類;(CF3SO2)3C-、(CF3SO2)2N-などのフルオロアルカンスルホニルメチド,イミドイオン類、BF4 -、B(C6F5)4 -、B(C6H4CF3)4 -などのホウ酸イオン類、SbF6 -、SbF5OH-などのフルオロアンチモン酸イオン類が好ましい。
本発明におけるドーパントとは、本発明のポリマー又はオリゴマーに添加することでドーピング効果を発現させて電荷の輸送性を向上しうるものであればよく、特に制限はない。ドーピング効果には、ドーパントが電子受容体として働くp型ドーピング、ドーパントが電子供与体として働くn型ドーピングがあるが、本発明におけるドーパントはp型ドーピング、n型ドーピングのいずれを発現させるドーパントでもよい。正孔輸送性の向上にはp型ドーピング、電子輸送性の向上にはn型ドーピングを行うことが好ましい。また、ドーパント種の数に限定はなく、複数のドーパントを混合して添加してもよい。
本発明の有機エレクトロニクス材料は、単独で有機エレクトロニクス素子の機能材料として使用することができる。また、本発明の有機エレクトロニクス材料は、単独で有機EL素子の正孔注入層、正孔輸送層、電子ブロック層、発光層、正孔ブロック層、電子輸送層、電子注入層として使用することができる。さらに、種々の添加剤を添加させた状態でも有機エレクトロニクス素子や有機EL素子に使用することができる。添加剤としては、例えば、有機EL素子の発光層に用いるのであれば前記重合開始剤およびドーパントの他、IrやPtなどの中心金属を含む金属錯体、発光色素などが、正孔注入層、正孔輸送層、電子ブロック層、電子輸送層、電子注入層に用いるのであれば、前記ドーパントの他、酸化剤、還元剤、酸化防止剤、還元防止剤、安定剤等を添加してもよい。
本発明のインク組成物は、既述の本発明の有機エレクトロニクス材料を含むことを特徴としている。以下その詳細について述べる。本発明のインク組成物とは、前記有機エレクトロニクス材料と該材料を溶解あるいは分散しうる溶媒とを含んでいればよく、その他の添加剤、例えば重合禁止剤、安定剤、増粘剤、ゲル化剤、難燃剤、酸化防止剤、還元防止剤、酸化剤、還元剤、表面改質剤、乳化剤、消泡剤、分散剤、界面活性剤などを含んでいてもよい。溶媒としては、水やメタノール、エタノール、イソプロピルアルコール等のアルコール、ペンタン、ヘキサン、オクタン等のアルカン、シクロヘキサン等の環状アルカン、ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン、メシチレン、テトラリン、ジフェニルメタン等の芳香族溶媒、エチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、エチレングリコールジエチルエーテル、プロピレングリコール-1-モノメチルエーテルアセタート等の脂肪族エーテル、1,2-ジメトキシベンゼン、1,3-ジメトキシベンゼン、アニソール、フェネトール、2-メトキシトルエン、3-メトキシトルエン、4-メトキシトルエン、2,3-ジメチルアニソール、2,4-ジメチルアニソール等の芳香族エーテル、酢酸エチル、酢酸n-ブチル、乳酸エチル、乳酸n-ブチル等の脂肪族エステル、酢酸フェニル、プロピオン酸フェニル、安息香酸メチル、安息香酸エチル、安息香酸プロピル、安息香酸n-ブチル等の芳香族エステル、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド等のアミド系溶媒、その他、ジメチルスルホキシド、テトラヒドロフラン、アセトン、クロロホルム、塩化メチレンなどが挙げられるが、好ましくは芳香族溶媒、脂肪族エステル、芳香族エステル、脂肪族エーテル、芳香族エーテルである。
本発明の有機薄膜は、既述の本発明の有機エレクトロニクス材料又はインク組成物を用いて作製される。例えば、インクジェット法、キャスト法、浸漬法、凸版印刷、凹版印刷、オフセット印刷、平板印刷、凸版反転オフセット印刷、スクリーン印刷、グラビア印刷等の印刷法、スピンコーティング法などの公知の方法で所望の基体上に塗布した後、光照射や加熱処理等によりポリマーまたはオリゴマーの重合反応を進行させ、塗布層の溶解度を変化(硬化)させることによって作製することができる。このような作業を繰り返すことで塗布法により形成される有機エレクトロニクス素子や有機EL素子の多層化を図ることが可能となる。
本発明の第2の態様による有機エレクトロニクス材料は、少なくとも、イオン化合物と、電荷輸送性ユニットを有する化合物(以下、電荷輸送性化合物と呼ぶ)とを含有する有機エレクトロニクス材料であって、前記イオン化合物が、対カチオンと対アニオンからなり、前記対カチオンが、H+、炭素カチオン、窒素カチオン、酸素カチオン、遷移金属を有するカチオンのいずれか1種または2種以上であることを特徴とする。
本発明の第2の態様による有機エレクトロニクス材料は、特定の対カチオンを有するイオン化合物と電子輸送性化合物とを含むことにより、当該材料を用いた有機エレクトロニクス素子の駆動電圧の低減や、安定した長時間駆動が可能となる。
以下に先ず、対カチオンについて説明する。
(炭素カチオン)
炭素カチオンとして、第一級炭素カチオン、第二級炭素カチオン、第三級炭素カチオンが例示される。このなかで、第二級炭素カチオン、第三級炭素カチオンが材料の安定性と後述のアニオンと組合わせたときに、低温で硬化が可能な重合開始剤となることから好ましく、第三級炭素カチオンがもっとも好ましい。また、トリフェニルカルボニウムカチオン、トリ(メチルフェニル)カルボニウムカチオン、トリ(ジメチルフェニル)カルボニウムカチオンなどが例示される。
窒素カチオンとして、NH4 +、第一級窒素カチオン、第二級窒素カチオン、第三級窒素カチオン、第四級窒素カチオンが例示される。ここで、第一級窒素カチオンとはN+が水素原子3つと結合し、その他の結合が水素以外の原子と結合した化合物を示し、第二級窒素カチオンとはN+が水素原子2つと結合し、その他の結合が水素以外の原子と結合した化合物を示し、第三級窒素カチオンとはN+が水素原子1つと結合し、その他の結合が水素以外の原子と結合した化合物を示し、第四級アンモニウムカチオンとはN+が水素以外の原子と結合した化合物を示す。
また、1-エチル-1-メチル-ピロリジニウム、1-ブチル-1-メチル-ピロリジニウム等のピロリジニウムが挙げられる。
このなかで、第三級窒素カチオン、第四級窒素カチオンが安定性と後述のアニオンと組合わせたときに、低温で硬化が可能な開始剤となることから好ましく、第三級窒素カチオンがもっとも好ましい。
酸素カチオンとして、トリメチルオキソニウム、トリエチルオキソニウム、トリプロピルオキソニウム、トリブチルオキソニウム、トリヘキシルオキソニウム、トリフェニルオキソニウム、ピリリニウム、クロメニリウム、キサンチリウムが例示される。
遷移金属を有するカチオンとしては、例えば、(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η6-トルエン)Cr+、(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η6-キシレン)Cr+、(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η6-1-メチルナフタレン)Cr+、(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η6-クメン)Cr+、(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η6-メシチレン)Cr+、(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η6-ピレン)Cr+、(η5-フルオレニル)(η6-クメン)Cr+、(η5-インデニル)(η6-クメン)Cr+、ビス(η6-メシチレン)Cr2+、ビス(η6-キシレン)Cr2+、ビス(η6-クメン)Cr2+、ビス(η6-トルエン)Cr2+、(η6-トルエン)(η6-キシレン)Cr2+、(η6-クメン)(η6-ナフタレン)Cr2+、ビス(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)Cr+、ビス(η5-インデニル)Cr+、(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η5-フルオレニル)Cr+および(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η5-インデニル)Cr+などのCr化合物、更に(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η6-トルエン)Fe+、(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η6-キシレン)Fe+、(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η6-1-メチルナフタレン)Fe+、(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η6-クメン)Fe+、(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η6-メシチレン)Fe+、(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η6-ピレン)Fe+、(η5-フルオレニル)(η6-クメン)Fe+、(η5-インデニル)(η6-クメン)Fe+、ビス(η6-メシチレン)Fe2+、ビス(η6-キシレン)Fe2+、ビス(η6-クメン)Fe2+、ビス(η6-トルエン)Fe2+、(η6-トルエン)(η6-キシレン)Fe2+、(η6-クメン)(η6-ナフタレン)Fe2+、ビス(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)Fe2+、ビス(η5-インデニル)Fe+、(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η5-フルオレニル)Fe+および(η5-シクロペンタジエニル)(η5-インデニル)Fe+などのFe化合物が挙げられる。
本発明に使用する対アニオンについて説明する。
アニオンとしては、従来公知のアニオンであればいかなるものでもよく、例えば、F-、Cl-、Br-、I-などのハロゲンイオン;OH-;ClO4 -;FSO3 -、ClSO3 -、CH3SO3 -、C6H5SO3 -、CF3SO3 -などのスルホン酸イオン類;HSO4 -、SO4 2-などの硫酸イオン類;HCO3 -、CO3 2-などの炭酸イオン類;H2PO4 -、HPO4 2-、PO4 3-などのリン酸イオン類; PF6 -、PF5OH-などのフルオロリン酸イオン類、[(CF3CF2)3PF3]-、[(CF3CF2CF2)3PF3]-、[((CF3)2CF)3PF3]-、[((CF3)2CF)2PF4]-、[((CF3)2CFCF2)3PF3]-および[((CF3)2CFCF2)2PF4]-などのフッ素化アルキルフルオロリン酸イオン類;BF4 -、B(C6F5)4 -、B(C6H4CF3)4 -などのホウ酸イオン類;AlCl4 -;BiF6、SbF6 -、SbF5OH-などのフルオロアンチモン酸イオン類、あるいはAsF6 -、AsF5OH-などのフルオロヒ素酸イオン類が挙げられる。
PF6 -、PF5OH-などのフルオロリン酸イオン類、[(CF3CF2)3PF3]-、[(CF3CF2CF2)3PF3]-、[((CF3)2CF)3PF3]-、[((CF3)2CF)2PF4]-、[((CF3)2CFCF2)3PF3]-および[((CF3)2CFCF2)2PF4]-などのフッ素化アルキルフルオロリン酸イオン類;BF4 -、B(C6F5)4 -、B(C6H4CF3)4 -などのホウ酸イオン類;AlCl4 -;BiF6、SbF6 -、SbF5OH-などのフルオロアンチモン酸イオン類が好ましい。
本発明で使用されるイオン化合物は、前述の対カチオンと対アニオンからなる。この組み合わせは特に限定されないが、有機エレクトロニクス素子の長寿命化と、前述のアニオンと組み合わせたときに、低温で硬化が可能な開始剤として使用し得る観点から、カルボニウムカチオンとPF6 -、PF5OH-などのフルオロリン酸イオン類;BF4 -、B(C6F5)4 -、B(C6H4CF3)4 -などのホウ酸イオン類、SbF6 -、SbF5OH-などのフルオロアンチモン酸イオン類の組み合わせ、アニリニウムとPF6 -、PF5OH-などのフルオロリン酸イオン類;BF4 -、B(C6F5)4 -、B(C6H4CF3)4 -などのホウ酸イオン類、SbF6 -、SbF5OH-などのフルオロアンチモン酸イオン類の組合せが好ましく、カルボニウムカチオンとB(C6F5)4 -、B(C6H4CF3)4 -などのホウ酸イオン類、SbF6 -、SbF5OH-などのフルオロアンチモン酸イオン類の組合せ、アニリニウムとB(C6F5)4 -、B(C6H4CF3)4 -などのホウ酸イオン類、SbF6 -、SbF5OH-などのフルオロアンチモン酸イオン類の組合せがより好ましい。
具体的にはトリフェニルカルボニウムカチオンとSbF6 -の塩、トリフェニルカルボニウムカチオンとB(C6F5)4 -の塩、N,N-ジメチルアニリニウムとSbF6 -の塩、N,N-ジメチルアニリニウムとB(C6F5)4 -の塩が挙げられる。
イオン化合物は、単独で用いても良いし、任意の割合で2種以上を混合しても良い。
本発明において「電荷輸送性ユニット」とは、正孔または電子を輸送する能力を有した原子団であり、以下、その詳細について述べる。
上記電荷輸送性ユニットは、正孔または電子を輸送する能力を有していればよく、特に限定されないが、芳香環を有するアミンやカルバゾール、チオフェンであることが好ましく、例えば、下記一般式(1a)~(7a)で表される部分構造を有することが好ましい。
(式中、Ar1~Ar20は、それぞれ独立に炭素数2~30個のアリール基もしくはヘテロアリール基、または、置換もしくは非置換のアリーレン基、ヘテロアリーレン基を表す。ここで、アリール基とは芳香族炭化水素から水素原子1個を除いた原子団であり、ヘテロアリール基とは、ヘテロ原子を有する芳香族化合物から水素原子1個を除いた原子団、またはRを表す。Rはそれぞれ独立に-R1、-OR2、-SR3、-OCOR4、-COOR5、-SiR6R7R8または一般式(2a)~(4a)(ただし、R1~R8は、水素原子、炭素数1~22個の直鎖、環状もしくは分岐アルキル基、または炭素数2~30個のアリール基もしくはヘテロアリール基を表す。)を表す。ここで、アリーレン基とは芳香族炭化水素から水素原子2個を除いた原子団であり、ヘテロアリーレン基とは、ヘテロ原子を有する芳香族化合物から水素原子2個を除いた原子団である。Xは前記Rのうち、水素原子を1つ以上有する基から、さらに1つの水素原子を除去した基を表す。)
本発明に用いられる溶媒は、クロロホルム、塩化メチレン、ジクロロエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、トルエン、キシレン、メシチレン、アニソール、フェネトール、アセトン、メチルエチルケトン、酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル、酢酸エチル、酢酸n-ブチル、乳酸エチル、乳酸n-ブチル、γブチロラクトン、エチルセロソルブアセテート、酢酸フェニル、プロピオン酸フェニル、安息香酸メチル、安息香酸エチル、安息香酸プロピル、安息香酸n-ブチルジフェニルメタン、ジフェニルエーテル、N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド、N,N-ジメチルアセトアミド、エチレングリコールジメチルテトラリン等を挙げることができる。これらは何れか一種を単独で用いてもよく、二種以上を任意の組み合わせ及び比率で用いてもよい。
イオン化合物は、電荷輸送性化合物を100質量部としたとき、0.01質量部から50質量部が好ましく、0.05質量部から25質量部が好ましく、0.1質量部から20質量部が特に好ましい。イオン化合物の配合割合が0.01質量部未満であると駆動電圧の低下効果が得られず、50質量部を超えると駆動電圧が上昇する傾向がある。
イオン化合物は、重合開始剤と電子受容体の機能を兼ねている。これらを単独で使用してもよいし、複数を併用してもよい。また、本発明の範囲外の重合開始剤や電子受容体を含んでいてもよい。また、必要に応じて架橋材や発光材を含んでもよい。
本発明の有機エレクトロニクス材料を用いて有機エレクトロニクス素子等に用いられる各種の層を形成するためには、例えば、本発明の有機エレクトロニクス材料を含む溶液を、例えば、インクジェット法、キャスト法、浸漬法、凸版印刷、凹版印刷、オフセット印刷、平板印刷、凸版反転オフセット印刷、スクリーン印刷、グラビア印刷等の印刷法、スピンコーティング法などの公知の方法で所望の基体上に塗布した後、光照射や加熱処理等により重合反応を進行させ、塗布層の溶解度を変化(硬化)させることによって行うことができる。このような作業を繰り返すことで塗布法により形成される有機エレクトロニクス素子や有機EL素子の多層化を図ることが可能となる。
本発明の有機EL素子に用いることができる基板として、ガラス、プラスチック等の種類は特に限定されることはなく、また、透明のものであれば特に制限は無いが、ガラス、石英、光透過性樹脂フィルム等が好ましく用いられる。樹脂フィルムを用いた場合には、有機EL素子にフレキシブル性を与えることが可能であり、特に好ましい。
本発明の有機EL素子は、本発明の第1の態様又は第2の態様の有機エレクトロニクス材料より形成された層(以下、有機薄膜(重合層)ということもある)を有する、換言すると、本発明の有機薄膜を含むことをその特徴とするものである。本発明の有機EL素子は、発光層、陽極、陰極、基板を備えていれば特に限定されず、正孔注入層、電子注入層、正孔輸送層、電子輸送層などの他の層を有していてもよく、発光層、正孔注入層、電子注入層、正孔輸送層、電子輸送層のいずれが本発明の有機薄膜であってもよい。以下、各層について詳細に説明する。
発光層に用いる材料としては、低分子化合物であっても、ポリマーまたはオリゴマーであってもよく、デンドリマー等も使用可能である。ポリマー又はオリゴマーの場合には、溶剤への溶解性が高く、塗布型の製法を適用できるため好ましい。蛍光発光を利用する低分子化合物としては、ペリレン、クマリン、ルブレン、キナクドリン、色素レーザー用色素(例えば、ローダミン、DCM1等)、アルミニウム錯体(例えば、トリス(8-ヒドロキシキノリナト)アルミニウム(III)(Alq3))、スチルベン、これらの誘導体があげられる。蛍光発光を利用するポリマーまたはオリゴマーとしては、ポリフルオレン、ポリフェニレン、ポリフェニレンビニレン(PPV)、ポリビニルカルバゾール(PVK)、フルオレンーベンゾチアジアゾール共重合体、フルオレン-トリフェニルアミン共重合体、及びこれらの誘導体や混合物が好適に利用できる。
燐光材料としては、IrやPtなどの中心金属を含む金属錯体などが好適に使用できる。具体的には、Ir錯体としては、例えば、青色発光を行うFIr(pic)〔イリジウム(III)ビス[(4,6-ジフルオロフェニル)-ピリジネート-N,C2]ピコリネート〕、緑色発光を行うIr(ppy)3〔ファク トリス(2-フェニルピリジン)イリジウム〕(前記の非特許文献4参照)又はAdachi etal.,Appl.Phys.Lett.,78no.11,2001,1622に示される赤色発光を行う(btp)2Ir(acac){bis〔2-(2’-ベンゾ[4,5-α]チエニル)ピリジナート-N,C3〕イリジウム(アセチル-アセトネート)}、Ir(piq)3〔トリス(1-フェニルイソキノリン)イリジウム〕等が挙げられる。
燐光材料は、低分子又はデンドライド種、例えば、イリジウム核デンドリマーが使用され得る。またこれらの誘導体も好適に使用できる。
ホスト材料としては、低分子化合物であっても、高分子化合物であってもよく、デンドリマーなども使用できる。
塗布法により形成する場合、有機EL素子を安価に製造することができ、より好ましい。発光層を塗布法によって形成するには、燐光材料と、必要に応じてホスト材料を含む溶液を、例えば、インクジェット法、キャスト法、浸漬法、凸版印刷、凹版印刷、オフセット印刷、平板印刷、凸版反転オフセット印刷、スクリーン印刷、グラビア印刷等の印刷法、スピンコーティング法などの公知の方法で所望の基体上に塗布することで行うことができる。
また、塗布後の硬化反応は、加熱処理のみでおこなうことが、有機エレクトロニクス素子の長寿命化のために好ましい。
次に、本発明の有機エレクトロニクス材料を含む混合物を用いて形成された層、つまり有機薄膜について詳細に説明する。本発明の有機エレクトロニクス材料を含む混合物を用いて形成された層(重合層)とは、具体的には、本発明の有機エレクトロニクス材料を含む混合物を、前記薄膜の形成方法において説明した塗布法により所望の基体上に塗布した後、光照射や加熱処理などにより、ポリマー又はオリゴマーが有する重合可能な置換基の重合反応を進行させ、塗布層の溶解度を変化(硬化)、つまり不溶化させた層である。上記のように、ポリマー又はオリゴマーが有する重合可能な置換基の重合反応を進行させ、塗布層の溶解度を変化(硬化)させることで、該層の熱的安定性を改善することができる。
陰極材料としては、例えば、Li、Ca、Mg、Al、In、Cs、Ba、Mg/Ag、LiF、CsF等の金属又は金属合金であることが好ましい。
陽極としては、金属(例えば、Au)又は金属導電率を有する他の材料、例えば、酸化物(例えば、ITO:酸化インジウム/酸化錫)、導電性高分子(例えば、ポリチオフェン-ポリスチレンスルホン酸混合物(PEDOT:PSS))を使用することもできる。
電子輸送層、電子注入層としては、例えば、フェナントロリン誘導体(例えば、2,9-ジメチル-4,7-ジフェニル-1,10-フェナントロリン(BCP))、ビピリジン誘導体、ニトロ置換フルオレン誘導体、ジフェニルキノン誘導体、チオピランジオキシド誘導体、ナフタレンペリレンなどの複素環テトラカルボン酸無水物、カルボジイミド、フレオレニリデンメタン誘導体、アントラキノジメタン及びアントロン誘導体、オキサジアゾール誘導体(2-(4-ビフェニルイル)-5-(4-t-ブチルフェニル-1,3,4-オキサジアゾール(PBD))、アルミニウム錯体(例えば、トリス(8-ヒドロキシキノリナト)アルミニウム(III)(Alq3))などが挙げられる。さらに、上記オキサジアゾール誘導体において、オキサジアゾール環の酸素原子を硫黄原子に置換したチアジアゾール誘導体、電子吸引基として知られているキノキサリン環を有するキノキサリン誘導体も用いることができる。また、上記誘導体部分構造を有する本発明に係るポリマー又はオリゴマーも使用することができる。
本発明の有機EL素子における発光色は特に限定されるものではないが、白色発光素子は家庭用照明、車内照明、時計や液晶のバックライト等の各種照明器具に用いることができるため好ましい。
本発明の表示素子は、既述の本発明の有機EL素子を備えたことを特徴としている。
例えば、赤・緑・青(RGB)の各画素に対応する素子として、本発明の有機EL素子を用いることで、カラーの表示素子が得られる。
画像の形成には、マトリックス状に配置した電極でパネルに配列された個々の有機EL素子を直接駆動する単純マトリックス型と、各素子に薄膜トランジスタを配置して駆動するアクティブマトリックス型とがある。前者は、構造は単純ではあるが垂直画素数に限界があるため文字などの表示に用いる。後者は、駆動電圧は低く電流が少なくてすみ、明るい高精細画像が得られるので、高品位のディスプレイ用として用いられる。
丸底フラスコに、3-エチル-3-ヒドロキシメチルオキセタン(50mmol)、4-ブロモベンジルブロミド(50mmol)、n-ヘキサン(200mL)、テトラブチルアンモニウムブロミド(2.5mmol)及び50重量%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液(36g)を加え、窒素下、70℃で6時間加熱攪拌した。
室温(25℃)まで冷却後、水200mLを加え、n-ヘキサンで抽出した。溶媒留去後、シリカゲルカラムクロマトグラフィーと減圧蒸留によって精製し、重合可能な置換基を有するモノマーAを無色油状物として9.51g得た。収率67%。
1H-NMR(300MHz,CDCl3,δppm);0.86(t,J=7.5Hz,3H),1.76(t,J=7.5Hz,2H),3.57(s,2H),4.39(d,J=5.7Hz,2H),4.45(d,J=5.7Hz,2H),4.51(s,2H),7.22(d,J=8.4Hz,2H),7.47(d,J=8.4Hz,2H)。
本合成例の反応式を以下に示す。
1,6-ジブロモヘキサン(73.2g, 0.3mol)、3-エチル-3-ヒドロキシオキセタン(東亞合成, OXT-101)(11.6g, 0.1mol)をn-ヘキサン400mlに溶解し、ここへテトラブチルアンモニウムブロミド(1.62g, 4.9mmol)と45%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液100gを加えて6時間加熱還流を行った。反応終了後、水200mlを加えて有機層を分離し、水層をn-ヘキサンで3回抽出し最初に分けた有機層と合わせ、無水硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥した。エバポレーターで溶媒を留去し、減圧蒸留(3~10mmHg, 110℃)により1,6-ジブロモヘキサンを留去し、無色油状の3-(6-ブロモヘキシルオキシメチル)-3-エチルオキセタンを得た(25.0g, 収率89.7%)。
以上の反応の反応式を以下に示す。
以上の反応の反応式を以下に示す。
窒素雰囲気下のグローブボックス中で、室温下、サンプル管にトリス(ジベンジリデンアセトン)ジパラジウム(73.2mg、80μmol)を秤取り、アニソール(15ml)を加え、30分間攪拌した。同様に、サンプル管にトリス(t-ブチル)ホスフィン(129.6mg、640μmol)を秤取り、アニソール(5ml)を加え、5分間攪拌した。これらの溶液を混合し室温で30分間攪拌し触媒とした。
密閉可能なフッ素樹脂製容器に、モノマー1としてトリス(4-ブロモフェニル)アミン(0.3mmol)、モノマー2として1,4‐ビス(4,4,5,5‐テトラメチル‐1,3‐ジオキサ‐2‐ボラシクロペンタン‐2‐イル)ベンゼン(0.4mmol)、重合可能な置換基を有するモノマーA(0.1mmol)、テトラキストリフェニルホスフィンパラジウム(0.008mmol)、2M炭酸カリウム水溶液(5.3ml)、Aliquat336(0.4mmol)及びアニソール(4ml)を入れ、窒素雰囲気下、密閉容器中、マイクロ波を照射して90℃、2時間加熱撹拌した。
反応溶液をメタノール/水混合溶媒(9:1)に注ぎ、析出したポリマーをろ別した。得られた沈殿を吸引ろ過し、トルエンに溶解し、triphenylphosphine,polymer-bound on styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer(strem chemicals社 、ポリマー100mgに対して200mg)を加えて、一晩撹拌した。撹拌終了後、triphenylphosphine,polymer-bound on styrene-divinylbenzene copolymerと不溶物をろ過して取り除き、ろ液をロータリーエバポレーターで濃縮した。残さをトルエンに溶解した後、メタノール-アセトン(8:3)から再沈殿した。生じた沈殿を吸引ろ過し、メタノール-アセトン(8:3)で洗浄した。得られた沈殿を真空乾燥し、ポリマーを得た。オリゴマーAを得た。得られたオリゴマーAの数平均分子量はポリスチレン換算で4652であった。
本合成例の反応式を以下に示す。
三口丸底フラスコに、下記モノマー1(0.6mmol)、下記モノマー3(1.8mmol)、下記モノマー4(0mmol)、下記モノマーB(1.8mmol)、アニソール(20ml)を加え、さらに調製したPd触媒溶液(2.5ml)を加えた。30分撹拌した後、10%テトラエチルアンモニウム水酸化物水溶液(12ml)を加えた。すべての溶媒は30分以上窒素バブルにより脱気した後、使用した。この混合物を2時間加熱・還流した。ここまでの全ての操作は窒素気流下で行った。
反応終了後、有機層を水洗し、有機層をメタノール-水(9:1)に注いだ。生じた沈殿を吸引ろ過し、メタノール-水(9:1)で洗浄した。得られた沈殿をトルエンに溶解し、メタノールから再沈殿した。得られた沈殿を吸引ろ過し、トルエンに溶解し、triphenylphosphine,polymer-bound on styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer(strem chemicals社 、ポリマー100mgに対して200mg)を加えて、一晩撹拌した。撹拌終了後、triphenylphosphine,polymer-bound on styrene-divinylbenzene copolymerと不溶物をろ過して取り除き、ろ液をロータリーエバポレーターで濃縮した。残さをトルエンに溶解した後、メタノール-アセトン(8:3)から再沈殿した。生じた沈殿を吸引ろ過し、メタノール-アセトン(8:3)で洗浄した。得られた沈殿を真空乾燥し、ポリマーを得た。分子量は、溶離液にTHFを用いたGPC(ポリスチレン換算)により測定した。分子量及び収率は表1に記載した。
添加したモノマーを、モノマー1(0.4mmol)、モノマー3(2.0mmol)、モノマー4(0.8mmol)、モノマーB(1.2mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー3を合成した。分子量及び収率は表1に記載した。
添加したモノマーを、モノマー1(0.7mmol)、モノマー3(1.75mmol)、モノマーB(1.4mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー4を合成した。分子量及び収率は表1に記載した。
添加したモノマーを、モノマー1(0.6mmol)、モノマー3(1.8mmol)、モノマー4(0.3mmol)、モノマーB(1.2mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー5を合成した。分子量及び収率は表1に記載した。
添加したモノマーを、モノマー1(0.9mmol)、モノマー3(2.1mmol)、モノマーB(1.5mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー6を合成した。分子量及び収率は表1に記載した。
添加したモノマーを、モノマー1(0.75mmol)、モノマー3(2.25mmol)、モノマー4(0.5mmol)、モノマーB(1.25mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー7を合成した。分子量及び収率は表1に記載した。
添加したモノマーを、下記モノマー5(0.7mmol)、下記モノマー3(1.75mmol)、モノマーB(1.4mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー8を合成した。GPC(ポリスチレン換算)により測定した分子量はMw=64000、Mn=15900であり、収率は56.9%であった。
添加したモノマーを、下記モノマー6(0.6mmol)、下記モノマー3(2.1mmol)、モノマーB(1.8mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー9を合成した。GPC(ポリスチレン換算)により測定した分子量はMw=18900、Mn=4200であり、収率は67.2%であった。
添加したモノマーを、下記モノマー7(0.7mmol)、下記モノマー3(1.75mmol)、モノマーB(1.4mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー10を合成した。GPC(ポリスチレン換算)により測定した分子量はMw=12700、Mn=3600であり、収率は51.2%であった。
添加したモノマーを、下記モノマー8(0.6mmol)、下記モノマー3(2.1mmol)、モノマーB(1.8mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー11を合成した。GPC(ポリスチレン換算)により測定した分子量はMw=14000、Mn=2700であり、収率は51.2%であった。
添加したモノマーを、下記モノマー1(0.7mmol)、下記モノマー9(1.75mmol)、モノマーB(1.4mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー12を合成した。分子量及び収率は表2に記載した。
添加したモノマーを、モノマー1(0.9mmol)、モノマー9(2.1mmol)、モノマーB(1.5mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー13を合成した。分子量及び収率は表2に記載した。
添加したモノマーを、モノマー1(0.75mmol)、モノマー9(2.25mmol)、モノマー10(0.5mmol)、モノマーB(1.25mmol)にした以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー14を合成した。分子量及び収率は表2に記載した。
添加したモノマーを、下記モノマー7(0.7mmol)、下記モノマー11(1.75mmol)、モノマーB(1.4mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー15を合成した。GPC(ポリスチレン換算)により測定した分子量はMw=9100、Mn=2500であり、収率は42.7%であった。
添加したモノマーを、モノマー12(0.6mmol)、モノマー13(2.1mmol)、モノマーB(1.8mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー11を合成した。GPC(ポリスチレン換算)により測定した分子量はMw=17800、Mn=4500であり、収率は48.7%であった。
添加したモノマーを、モノマー6(0.75mmol)、モノマー9(2.25mmol)、モノマー14(0.5mmol)、モノマーB(1.25mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法でオリゴマー14を合成した。GPC(ポリスチレン換算)により測定した分子量はMw=20700、Mn=3300であり、収率は56.1%であった。
三口丸底フラスコに、下記モノマー6(0.6mmol)、下記モノマー15(2.1mmol)、モノマーB(1.9mmol)、アニソール(20ml)を加え、さらに調製したPd触媒溶液(5.0ml)を加えた。30分撹拌した後、NaOBu(5.0mmol)を加えた。すべての溶媒は30分以上窒素バブルにより脱気した後、使用した。この混合物を6時間加熱・還流した。ここまでの全ての操作は窒素気流下で行った。
反応終了後、有機層を水洗し、有機層をメタノール-水(9:1)に注いだ。生じた沈殿を吸引ろ過し、メタノール-水(9:1)で洗浄した。得られた沈殿をトルエンに溶解し、メタノールから再沈殿した。得られた沈殿を吸引ろ過し、トルエンに溶解し、triphenylphosphine,polymer-bound on styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer(strem chemicals社 、ポリマー100mgに対して200mg)を加えて、一晩撹拌した。撹拌終了後、triphenylphosphine,polymer-bound on styrene-divinylbenzene copolymerと不溶物をろ過して取り除き、ろ液をロータリーエバポレーターで濃縮した。残さをトルエンに溶解した後、メタノール-アセトン(8:3)から再沈殿した。生じた沈殿を吸引ろ過し、メタノール-アセトン(8:3)で洗浄した。得られた沈殿を真空乾燥し、GPC(ポリスチレン換算)により測定した分子量はMw=23000、Mn=4600であり、収率は65.1%であった。
添加したモノマーを、下記モノマー1(0.7mmol)、下記モノマー3(1.75mmol)、下記モノマー16(1.4mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法で比較オリゴマー1を合成した。GPC(ポリスチレン換算)により測定した分子量はMw=77000、Mn=12400であり、収率は65.5%であった。
添加したモノマーを、下記モノマー3(2.0mmol)、下記モノマー4(1.6mmol)、下記モノマーB(0.8mmol)に代えた以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法で比較オリゴマー2を合成した。GPC(ポリスチレン換算)により測定した分子量はMw=10200、Mn=6700であり、収率は60.8%であった。
添加したモノマーを、下記モノマー17(2.0mmol)、下記モノマー15(1.6mmol)、下記モノマーB(0.8mmol)にした以外は、オリゴマー合成例2と同様の方法で比較オリゴマー3を合成した。GPC(ポリスチレン換算)により測定した分子量はMw=2800、Mn=1600であり、収率は13.2%であった。
オリゴマ(4.5mg)のトルエン溶液(400μl)と下記化学式で表されるイオン化合物1(0.45g)のトルエン溶液(100μl)を混合した塗布溶液を、3000rpmで石英板上にスピンコートした。ついで、ホットプレート上で、90℃で10分間加熱して重合反応を行った。加熱後にトルエン溶媒に石英板を1分間浸漬し、洗浄をおこなった。洗浄前後のUV-visスペクトルにおける吸収極大(λmax)の吸光度(Abs)の比から、残膜率を測定した。
残膜率(%)=洗浄後Abs/洗浄前Abs×100
[実施例1]
ITOを1.6mm幅にパターンニングしたガラス基板上に、PEDOT:PSS分散液(シュタルク・ヴィテック社製、AI4083 LVW142)を1500min-1でスピン塗布し、ホットプレート上で空気中200℃/10分加熱乾燥して正孔注入層(40nm)を形成した。以後の実験は乾燥窒素環境下で行った。
正孔輸送層を形成しなかった以外は、実施例1と同様にして有機EL素子を作製した。この有機EL素子に電圧を印加したところ、4Vで赤色発光が観測され、輝度1000cd/m2における電流効率は4.1cd/Aであり、実施例1の方が1.2倍高い効率が得られた。また寿命特性を測定したところ、4時間で輝度が半減し、実施例1の方が13倍長寿命であった。
<有機EL素子の作製:正孔輸送層が重合層(有機薄膜)である例(低温硬化 熱処理のみ)>
正孔注入層上に上記で得たオリゴマー13(4.5mg)、開始剤(実施例1と同じ)(0.45mg)、トルエン(1.2ml)を混合した塗布溶液を、3000min-1でスピンコートした後、ホットプレート上で120℃、10分間加熱して硬化させ、正孔輸送層(40nm)を形成した以外は、実施例1と同様に素子を作製した。この有機EL素子のITOを正極、Alを陰極として電圧を印加したところ、4.0Vで赤色発光が観測され、輝度1000cd/m2における電流効率は5.0cd/Aであった。また寿命特性を測定したところ、140時間で輝度が半減した。
[実施例3]
ITOを1.6mm幅にパターンニングしたガラス基板上に、上記で得たオリゴマーA(4.5mg)光開始剤(実施例1と同じ)(0.13mg)、トルエン(500μl)を混合した塗布溶液を、3000min-1でスピンコートした。以後の操作は乾燥窒素環境下で行った。
また、輝度が初期輝度(1000cd/m2)から半減する時間を測定したところ、80時間であった。
正孔注入層を従来のPEDOT:PSS分散液より形成した比較例1に比べ、効率は1.3倍、寿命は20倍であった。
<有機EL素子の作製:正孔注入層が重合層である例 低温硬化 熱処理のみ >
本実施例は乾燥窒素環境下で行った。ITOを1.6mm幅にパターンニングしたガラス基板上に、上記で得たオリゴマー5(4.5mg)、開始剤(実施例1と同じ)(0.45mg)、トルエン(1.2ml)を混合した塗布溶液を、3000min-1でスピンコートした後、ホットプレート上で120℃、10分間加熱して硬化させ、正孔輸送層(40nm)を形成した以外は、実施例1と同様に素子を作製した。この有機EL素子のITOを正極、Alを陰極として電圧を印加したところ、3.5Vで赤色発光が観測され、輝度1000cd/m2における電流効率は6.0cd/Aであった。また寿命特性を測定したところ、250時間で輝度が半減した。
[実施例5]
実施例1と同様にして、PEDOT:PSS分散液を用いて正孔注入層(40nm)を、オリゴマーAと光開始剤(実施例1と同じ)を用いて重合層(正孔輸送層)を形成した。
重合層を形成しなかった以外、実施例5と同様にして白色有機EL素子および照明装置を作製した。
(重合性の評価)
下記化合物1(4.5mg)のトルエン溶液(400μl)と下記イオン化合物1(0.45g)の酢酸エチル溶液(100μl)を混合した塗布溶液を、3000rpmで石英板上にスピンコートした。ついで、ホットプレート上で、120℃で10分間加熱して重合反応を行った。加熱後にトルエン:酢酸エチル(4:1)の混合溶媒に石英板を1分間浸漬し、洗浄をおこなった。洗浄前後のUV-visスペクトルにおける吸収極大(λmax)の吸光度(Abs)の比から、残膜率を測定した。
洗浄前:λmax=383nm 、 Abs=0.229
洗浄後:λmax=383nm 、 Abs=0.228
残膜率(%)=洗浄後Abs/洗浄前Abs×100
=0.228/0.229×100=99.6
ホットプレート上での加熱温度を180℃にした以外は、すべて実施例6と同様の方法で残膜率を測定した。
イオン化合物1に代えて、下記イオン化合物2を用いた以外は、すべて実施例6と同様の方法で残膜率を測定した。
ホットプレート上での加熱温度を180℃にした以外は、すべて実施例8と同様の方法で残膜率を測定した。
イオン化合物1に代えて、下記イオン化合物3を用いた以外は、すべて実施例6と同様の方法で残膜率を測定した。
ホットプレート上での加熱温度を180℃にした以外は、すべて比較例3と同様の方法で残膜率を測定した。
イオン化合物1に代えて、下記イオン化合物4を用いた以外は、すべて実施例6と同様の方法で残膜率を測定した。
ホットプレート上での加熱温度を180℃にした以外は、すべて比較例5と同様の方法で残膜率を測定した。
イオン化合物1に代えて、下記イオン化合物5を用いた以外は、すべて実施例6と同様の方法で残膜率を測定した。
ホットプレート上での加熱温度を180℃にした以外は、すべて比較例7と同様の方法で残膜率を測定した。
ITOを1.6mm幅にパターンニングしたガラス基板上に、化合物1(4.5mg)のトルエン溶液(400μl)とイオン化合物1(0.45g)の酢酸エチル溶液(100μl)を混合した塗布溶液を、3000rpmでガラス基板上にスピンコートした。以後の実験は乾燥窒素環境下で行った。ついで、ホットプレート上で180℃で10分間加熱して硬化させ、正孔注入層(40nm)を形成した。
次いで、正孔注入層上に、下記構造式で表されるポリマ1(75質量部)、ポリマ2(20質量部)、ポリマ3(5質量部)からなる混合物の、トルエン溶液(1.0質量%)を3000rpmでスピンコートし、ホットプレート上で80℃、5分間加熱し、ポリマー発光層(膜厚80nm)を形成した。なお、正孔注入層と発光層は互いに溶解することなく積層することができた。
電極形成後、大気開放することなく、乾燥窒素環境中に基板を移動し、0.7mmの無アルカリガラスに0.4mmのザグリを入れた封止ガラスとITOパターニングガラス基板を、光硬化性エポキシ樹脂を用いて貼り合わせることにより封止を行い、多層構造の高分子型有機EL素子を作製した。以後の実験は大気中、室温(25℃)で行った。
イオン化合物1をイオン化合物3に変更した以外は、すべて実施例10と同様の方法で多層構造の高分子型有機EL素子を作製した。この有機EL素子のITOを正極、Alを陰極として電圧を印加したところ、約3.5Vで緑色発光が観測された。輝度5000cd/m2における電流効率は6.9cd/A、駆動電圧は5.9Vであった。また、寿命特性として、電流密度14mA/cm2の定電流を印加し、輝度半減時間を測定したところ、70時間であった。実施例10と比較して、駆動電圧が高く、輝度半減時間も大幅に短かった。
2 陽極
3 正孔注入層
4 陰極
5 電子注入層
6 正孔輸送層
7 電子輸送層
8 基板
Claims (29)
- 3方向以上に分岐する構造を有し、かつ少なくとも一つの重合性置換基を有するポリマー又はオリゴマーを含むことを特徴とする有機エレクトロニクス材料。
- 前記ポリマー又はオリゴマーが少なくとも1つの電荷輸送基を含むことを特徴とする請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料。
- 前記ポリマー又はオリゴマーが少なくとも1つの重合性置換基を含むことを特徴とする請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料。
- 前記重合性置換基が、前記ポリマー又はオリゴマーの末端に導入されていることを特徴とする請求項5に記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料。
- 前記ポリマー又はオリゴマー1分子に対して重合性置換基が3つ以上導入されていることを特徴とする請求項5又は6に記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料。
- 前記重合性置換基が、オキセタン基、エポキシ基、ビニル基、アクリレート基、及びメタクリレート基のうちのいずれかであることを特徴とする請求項5~7のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料。
- 前記ポリマー又はオリゴマーの数平均分子量が、1,000以上1,000,000以下であることを特徴とする請求項1~9いずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料。
- 前記ポリマー又はオリゴマーの多分散度が1.0より大きいことを特徴とする請求項1~10いずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料。
- さらに、ドーパントを含むことを特徴とする請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料。
- さらに、重合開始剤を含むことを特徴とする請求項1~12のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料。
- 前記重合開始剤が熱重合開始剤である請求項13に記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料。
- 前記重合開始剤がイオン性化合物である請求項13に記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料。
- 前記重合開始剤がドーパントとしても機能していることを特徴とする請求項14又は15記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料。
- 請求項1~16のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料を含むインク組成物。
- 請求項1~16のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロニクス材料又は請求項16に記載のインク組成物を用いて作製された有機薄膜。
- 請求項18に記載の有機薄膜を含む有機エレクトロニクス素子。
- 請求項18に記載の有機薄膜を含む有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子。
- 少なくとも基板、陽極、正孔注入層、発光層および陰極を積層してなる有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子であって、前記正孔注入層が、請求項18に記載の有機薄膜からなる層である有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子。
- 少なくとも基板、陽極、正孔輸送層、発光層および陰極を積層してなる有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子であって、前記正孔輸送層が、請求項18に記載の有機薄膜からなる層である有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子。
- 少なくとも基板、陽極、発光層および陰極を積層してなる有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子であって、前記発光層が、請求項18に記載の有機薄膜からなる層である有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子。
- 発光色が白色であることを特徴とする請求項20~23のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子。
- 基板が、フレキシブル基板であることを特徴とする請求項20~24のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子。
- 基板が、樹脂フィルムであることを特徴とする請求項20~25のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子。
- 請求項20~26のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子を備えた表示素子。
- 請求項20~26のいずれか1項に記載の有機エレクトロルミネセンス素子を備えた照明装置。
- 請求項28に記載の照明装置と、表示手段として液晶素子と、を備えた表示装置。
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JP2014131049A (ja) | 2014-07-10 |
EP2439804A1 (en) | 2012-04-11 |
US20210028366A1 (en) | 2021-01-28 |
TW201615687A (zh) | 2016-05-01 |
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US10840451B2 (en) | 2020-11-17 |
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CN102449799B (zh) | 2016-09-28 |
US11737345B2 (en) | 2023-08-22 |
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JP6032262B2 (ja) | 2016-11-24 |
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US20180145257A1 (en) | 2018-05-24 |
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