WO2009128289A1 - リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質、二次電池用正極及びリチウムイオン電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質、二次電池用正極及びリチウムイオン電池 Download PDFInfo
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- C01G53/50—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [MnO2]n-, e.g. Li(NixMn1-x)O2, Li(MyNixMn1-x-y)O2
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery, and relates to a positive electrode active material, a positive electrode for a secondary battery, and a lithium ion battery that have high crystallinity and secure high capacity.
- This lithium secondary battery is composed of three basic elements: a positive electrode and a negative electrode, and a separator holding an electrolyte interposed between these electrodes.
- a positive electrode and a negative electrode an active material, a conductive material, a binder, and, if necessary, a slurry in which a plasticizer is mixed and dispersed in a dispersion medium are supported on a current collector such as a metal foil or a metal mesh.
- typical examples of the positive electrode active material include complex oxides of lithium and transition metals, particularly cobalt complex oxides, nickel complex oxides, and manganese complex oxides.
- Patent Document 4 it is described that the Li / metal ratio is 0.97 to 1.03, and a discharge capacity of 200 mAh / g can be obtained. However, in this case, the initial charge capacity is about 150 mAh / g if the voltage is cut at 4.3 V because the charge end voltage is as high as 4.7 V.
- the initial characteristics, cycle characteristics, and internal resistance of a battery vary greatly depending on the crystal structure of the material. Even if it has a layered structure, it has a problem that it leads to deterioration of battery characteristics due to a locally mixed spinel structure or the like. Therefore, identification of the crystal structure is important.
- XRD X-ray diffraction method
- the peak intensity ratio between the spinel structure and the hexagonal structure is specified in the Raman spectrum analysis of the chemical formula LiCoMA 2 (0.95 ⁇ Li ⁇ 1.0, A includes O, F, S, P).
- the main peak is a spinel structure peak and not a layered structure, it cannot be said that sufficient characteristics are obtained.
- the lithium secondary battery material has characteristics superior to those of the prior art, but further improvements are required for sinterability and battery characteristics.
- a layered lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide as a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery is considered promising because of its high capacity and high safety compared to lithium cobaltate and lithium manganate.
- the lattice constant is only described with an approximate width.
- the positive electrode active materials for lithium ion batteries having a LiaNixMnyCozO 2 composition the following patent documents (see Patent Documents 6-9) exist that define the lattice constant.
- Patent Document 6 describes that a lithium nickel manganese cobalt based composite oxide for a lithium secondary battery positive electrode material has a lattice constant in the range of 2.855 ⁇ ⁇ a ⁇ 2.870 ⁇ and 14.235 ⁇ ⁇ c ⁇ 14.265 ⁇ . ing.
- Patent Document 7 describes that in a layered lithium nickel composite oxide, the bulk density is 2.0 g / cc or more, the median diameter of secondary particles is 9-20 ⁇ m, and the BET specific surface area is 0.5-1 m 2 / g. ing.
- Patent Document 8 describes that the lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide has an a-axis lattice constant of 2.895 to 2.925 ⁇ and a c-axis lattice constant of 14.28 to 14.38 ⁇ . Further, Patent Document 9 describes that the lithium-containing transition metal composite oxide has an a-axis lattice constant of 2.830 to 2.890 ⁇ and a c-axis lattice constant of 14.150 to 14.290 ⁇ .
- layered lithium nickel manganese cobalt composite oxide as a positive electrode active material for lithium ion batteries is a promising material because it has higher capacity and higher safety than lithium cobaltate and lithium manganate.
- the composition and crystallinity have not been fully elucidated.
- the present invention investigates the relationship between the ratio of cobalt (Co), which is considered to be mainly involved in the crystal structure, and the lattice constant in the above composition, defines this, and thereby has high crystallinity, high Providing a positive electrode active material having high capacity and high safety, and by using this material, it is an object to obtain a positive electrode for a lithium ion battery that is capable of ensuring the characteristics and safety of the lithium ion battery. Is.
- the present invention provides the following inventions.
- the vertical axis is the molar volume Vm estimated from the lattice constant calculated from the (018) plane and the (113) plane
- the Co ratio z (mol%) in the metal component is the horizontal axis.
- a positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery positive electrode material 2) The average particle diameter of the oxide powder is 5 ⁇ m to 10 ⁇ m, the specific surface area is 1.0 m 2 / g to 1.6 m 2 / g, and the tap density is 1.5 to 2.0.
- the positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery positive electrode material according to claim 1. 3) A positive electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery using the positive electrode active material described in 1) or 2) above. 4) A lithium ion secondary battery using the positive electrode of 3) above.
- the present invention provides a positive electrode active material having high crystallinity, high capacity, and high safety by defining the relationship between the ratio of cobalt (Co), which is considered to be mainly involved in the crystal structure, and the lattice constant in the above composition.
- This positive electrode active material By using this positive electrode active material, the characteristics and safety of the lithium ion battery can be more effectively ensured.
- a lithium-containing transition metal oxide is used as a positive electrode active material of a lithium ion battery.
- lithium cobaltate (LiNiO 2 ), lithium nickelate (LiNiO 2 ), lithium manganate (LiMn 2 O 4 ), etc. improved characteristics (higher capacity, cycle characteristics, storage characteristics, reduced internal resistance) These are combined to improve the charge / discharge characteristics) and safety.
- a ternary material LiaNixMnyCozO 2 (1.0 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.3, 0.8 ⁇ x + y + z ⁇ 1.0) having a layered structure is used as the positive electrode active material of the lithium ion battery of the present invention.
- the crystal structure is a structure belonging to the layered R3m.
- the a value representing the ratio of Li to all metals is more than 1.0 and less than 1.3. This is because it is difficult to maintain a stable crystal structure below 1.0, and a high capacity cannot be secured above 1.3.
- the (x + y + z) value representing the molar ratio of all metals is in the range of more than 0.8 and less than 1.1. If it is 0.8 or less, the amount of oxygen is large and it is difficult to secure the capacity, and if it is 1.1 or more, oxygen deficiency occurs and it is difficult to ensure safety.
- the molar volume (Vm) in this crystal structure can be calculated from the X-ray diffraction pattern obtained using CuK ⁇ rays by utilizing the following formula.
- a represents an a-axis lattice constant
- c represents a c-axis lattice constant.
- Vm 0.17906 x a x a x c
- the lattice constant (a, c) can be obtained from the relational expression between the hexagonal interplanar spacing and the lattice constant.
- data on the high angle side is used.
- data on the (018) plane and the (113) plane are used.
- the Co ratio z in the metal component can be expressed by the following calculation formula using x, y, and z in the above chemical formula.
- Vm 21.276-0.0117z (Upper limit)
- Vm 21.164-0.0122z (lower limit) It is difficult to ensure the capacity in the region exceeding the upper limit, and it is difficult to ensure the safety in the region below the lower limit. Therefore, the above range is important.
- the half widths of the (018) plane and the (113) plane are both 0.200 ° or less. Preferably it is 0.180 degrees or less. Outside the range, the crystallinity is poor and it is difficult to ensure a high capacity. Furthermore, in the powder characteristics, it is preferable that the average particle diameter is 5 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less, the specific surface area is 1.0 m 2 / g or more and 1.8 m 2 / g or less, and the tap density is 1.5 or more and 2.0 or less.
- the average particle size is 6 ⁇ m or more and 9 ⁇ m or less
- the specific surface area is 1.1 m 2 / g or more and 1.6 m 2 / g or less
- the tap density is 1.6 or more and 2.0 or less.
- the positive electrode for lithium ion batteries can be produced using these positive electrode active materials.
- a lithium ion battery can be obtained using this positive electrode.
- Example 1-8 A carbonate as a precursor was prepared by a wet method using a metal salt solution of Ni, Mn, and Co and lithium carbonate. This was dried and then oxidized to produce a positive electrode material having the composition shown in Table 1.
- Table 1 Sample No. 1 to Sample No. 8 and Examples 1 to 8 are shown, respectively.
- the Li, Ni, Mn, and Co contents were measured by ICP, and the Co ratio was determined by the Co content relative to the total of each metal content excluding Li.
- the lattice constant was determined from the spacing between the (018) plane and the (113) plane in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern using CuK ⁇ rays, and the molar volume was calculated.
- Example 1 is the Z: Co ratio (mol%), and the vertical axis is Vm: molar volume (CC / mol).
- the two upper and lower lines in FIG. 1 are the range of the conditions of the present invention, and it can be seen that eight circles corresponding to Example 1 to Example 8 are plotted.
- the average particle size was 50% in the particle size distribution by the laser diffraction method, the specific surface area was the BET value, and the tap density was the density after 200 taps.
- This positive electrode material, conductive material and binder are weighed at a ratio of 85: 8: 7, and the binder and the material dissolved in an organic solvent (N-methylpyrrolidone) are mixed into a slurry to form an slurry on the Al foil. And dried and pressed to obtain a positive electrode.
- an organic solvent N-methylpyrrolidone
- Vm 2.276 ⁇ 0.0117z is the upper limit
- half of the (018) plane and the (113) plane are described in the invention of claim 1 of the present application. It can be seen that satisfying the condition that the value ranges are both 0.200 ° or less is a primary requirement.
- the average particle diameter of the oxide powder is 5 ⁇ m or more and 10 ⁇ m or less
- the specific surface area is 1.0 m 2 / g or more and 1.6 m 2 / g or less
- the tap density is Needless to say, the condition of 1.5 or more and 2.0 or less is a more desirable condition.
- the positive electrode active material for the lithium ion battery positive electrode material of the present invention has a molar volume Vm estimated from the lattice constant calculated from the (018) plane and the (113) plane in the powder X-ray diffraction pattern using CuK ⁇ rays.
- Vm molar volume
- both the (018) plane and the (113) plane have a half width of 0.200 ° or less, the positive electrode active material having high crystallinity, high capacity and high safety can be obtained. Therefore, it is useful as a material for a lithium secondary battery.
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Abstract
Description
正極及び負極として、活物質、導電材、結合材及び、必要に応じて可塑剤を分散媒に混合分散させたスラリーを金属箔や金属メッシュ等の集電体に担持させて使用されている。
このような中で、特にNi:Mn:Co=1:1:1組成の三元系正極材料が提案されている(特許文献4参照)。この特許文献4の場合、Li/金属比が0.97~1.03であり、放電容量200mAh/gを得ることができると記載されている。しかしこの場合、充電終止電圧が4.7Vと高電圧であることによるもので4.3Vで電圧をカットすれば、初期放電容量は150mAh/g程度である。
このため、結晶構造の同定が重要となるが、この結晶構造の同定には、従来XRD(X線回折法)が主に用いられてきた。しかし、ピーク位置が近い等の理由で、相の混在を見極めることが困難であった。
このようなことから、正極活物質をラマン分光による規定をおこなう提案がある(特許文献5参照)。この特許文献5では、化学式LiCoMA2(0.95≦Li≦1.0、AにはO、F、S、Pを含む)のラマンスペクトル分析において、スピネル構造と六方晶構造のピーク強度比を規定しているが、メインピークがスピネル構造のピークとなっており、層状構造ではないので、十分な特性が得られているとは言いがたい。
また、リチウムイオン電池用正極活物質として層状のリチウムニッケルマンガンコバルト複合酸化物は、コバルト酸リチウムやマンガン酸リチウムと比較して高容量で安全性が高いことから有望視されている。しかしながら、その組成と結晶性についての記述は少なく、特に格子定数については、おおよその幅で記載されているのみである。
LiaNixMnyCozO2組成のリチウムイオン電池用正極活物質において、格子定数を規定したものには、以下の特許文献(特許文献6-9参照)が存在する。
しかしながら、これらはa軸の格子定数、c軸の格子定数を規定する記載はあるが、さらに組成とモル容積まで踏み込んだ記載はないので、リチウムイオン電池の特性確保、安全性確保の面では、十分ではないという問題がある。
1)層状構造を有しているLiaNixMnyCozO2(1.0<a<1.3、0.8<x+y+z<1.1)で表されるリチウム含有ニッケルマンガンコバルト複合酸化物からなり、CuKα線を使用した粉末X線回折パターンでの(018)面と(113)面とから計算される格子定数より推定されるモル容積Vmを縦軸とし、金属成分中のCo比率z(モル%)を横軸とした領域において、その関係がVm=21.276-0.0117zを上限とし、Vm=21.164-0.0122zを下限とする範囲内にあり、かつ(018)面と(113)面の半値幅がともに0.200°(度)以下であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン電池正極材用正極活物質。
2)前記酸化物粉体の平均粒径が5μm以上10μm以下であり、比表面積が1.0m2/g以上1.6m2/g以下であり、タップ密度が1.5以上2.0以下であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のリチウムイオン電池正極材用正極活物質。
3)上記1)又は2)記載の正極活物質を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池用正極。
4)上記3)の正極を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池。
本願発明のリチウムイオン電池の正極活物質として、層状構造を有する三元系材料LiaNixMnyCozO2(1.0<a<1.3、0.8<x+y+z<1.0)を使用するものである。
発明者らは、この層状構造を有する材料について、CuKα線を使用したX線回折パターンを詳細に検討した結果、高容量で安全性に優れる材料が得られた場合には、(018)面と(113)面とから計算される格子定数より推定されるモル容積と三元系材料のCo比率に一定の相関があること、さらに平均粒径、比表面積、タップ密度を所定の範囲とすべきことを見出した。
さらに、全金属のモル比を表す(x+y+z)値は0.8を超え、1.1未満の範囲とする。0.8以下では酸素量が多く容量確保が困難となり、1.1以上では酸素欠損が生じて安全性を確保しにくくなるからである。
この結晶構造におけるモル容積(Vm)は、CuKα線を使用して得られるX線回折パターンから、以下の式を活用して計算できる。ここで、aはa軸の格子定数、cはc軸の格子定数を示す。
Vm=0.17906×a×a×c
金属成分中のCo比率zは上記化学式のx、y、zを用いると以下の計算式で表すことができる。
z=z×100/(x+y+z)
このVmとzとをプロットすると、高容量と高い安全性が確保できる材料である場合には、Vmとzに相関関係が見出され、Vmを縦軸に、zを横軸にとった領域内で下記の式で定義される範囲になることが分かった。
Vm=21.276-0.0117z (上限)
Vm=21.164-0.0122z (下限)
上限を超える領域では容量の確保が困難となり、下限を下回る領域では安全性の確保が困難となる。したがって、上記の範囲は、重要な意味を持つものである。
さらに、粉体特性において、平均粒径が5μm以上10μm以下であり、比表面積が1.0m2/g以上1.8m2/g以下であり、タップ密度が1.5以上2.0以下であることが好ましい。望ましくは、平均粒径が6μm以上9μm以下であり、比表面積が1.1m2/g以上1.6m2/g以下であり、タップ密度が1.6以上2.0以下である。これらの範囲を逸脱すると、塗布性が悪化し、高容量を確保しにくくなるとともに、安全性にも影響を与える。
さらに、これらの正極活物質を用いて、リチウムイオン電池用の正極を作製できる。また、この正極を用いてリチウムイオン電池を得ることができる。
Ni、Mn、Coの金属塩溶液と炭酸リチウムを使用した湿式法によって前駆体である炭酸塩を作製した。これを乾燥後、酸化処理して、表1の組成の正極材料を作製した。この表1において、試料No.1から試料No.8まで、それぞれ実施例1から8までを示す。
Li、Ni、Mn、Co含有量はICPで測定し、Co比率はLiを除く各金属含有量の合計に対するCo含有量で求めた。格子定数はCuKα線を使用した粉末X線回折パターンにおける(018)面と(113)面での面間隔から求め、モル容積を計算した。また、(018)面と(113)面での半値幅を測定し、これらの結果を、同様に表1に示した。
表1の試料No.1から試料No.8までに示す条件は、本願請求項1に記載する「Vm=21.276-0.0117zを上限とし、Vm=21.164-0.0122zを下限とする範囲内にあり、かつ(018)面と(113)面の半値幅がともに0.200°以下である」という条件を満たすものである。上記の「Vm=21.276-0.0117zを上限とし、Vm=21.164-0.0122zを下限とする範囲」については、分かり易くするために、図1にその範囲を示した。図1の横軸は、Z:Co比率(モル%)であり、縦軸は、Vm:モル容積(CC/モル)である。図1における上下の2本の線内が、本願発明の条件の範囲であり、実施例1から実施例8に相当する8個の〇がプロットされているのが分かる。
次に、対極をLiとした評価用の2032型コインセルを作製し、電解液に1M-LiPF6をEC-DMC(1:1)に溶解したものを用いて、充電条件を4.3V、放電条件を3.0Vで充放電を行った。初期容量の確認は、0.1Cでの充放電で確認した。
この結果を、表2にまとめた。表2に示す安全性については、上記のとおり作製したコインセルを4.3Vまで充電した後、セルから正極材を取り出し、DSC(示差走査熱量計)による分析を行い、発熱開始温度を比較して、安全性を評価したものである。
従来の層状構造を有するLiCoO2と比較した場合の結果を、同様に表1に示す。表1に示す評価結果は、○(より安全)、△(従来と同等)、×(それ以下)とした。
なお、表2に示す試料については、平均粒径、比表面積、タップ密度はいずれも、本願請求項2に記載する条件を満たしているものを選択したが、請求項2の条件から、±20%程度の逸脱であれば、容量と安全性の変化はそれほど大きくはなかった。すなわち、充放電容量は140mAh/gを超えており、安全性は、従来よりも向上した(○)か、又は従来と同等(△)であった。
しかし、本願の請求項2の発明において記載する、酸化物粉体の平均粒径が5μm以上10μm以下であり、比表面積が1.0m2/g以上1.6m2/g以下であり、タップ密度が1.5以上2.0以下である条件は、より望ましい条件であることは言うまでもない。
Ni、Mn、Coの酸化物と炭酸リチウムを使用して、各原料を混合し粉砕した後、噴霧乾燥して酸化処理し正極材料を得た。この正極材料を実施例と同様に処理し、同様の評価を行った。モル容積、半値幅(018)、半値幅(113)を表3に示す。表3に記載する条件は、いずれも実施例1-8に記載する条件と同様のものである。
表3と後述する表4に示す試料No.9から試料No.17に示すものは、それぞれ比較例1から比較例9に対応するものである。
また、表4には、試料No.9から試料No.17の平均粒径、比表面積、タップ密度を示す。また、容量と安全性についても、同様に示す。
なお、図1に示す「Vm=21.276-0.0117zを上限とし、Vm=21.164-0.0122zを下限とする範囲」の外側に、比較例1-9(試料No.9から試料No.17)が存在し、比較例1から比較例9に相当する9個の□がプロットされているのが分かる。
以上から、比較例1から比較例9(試料No.9からNo.17)については、いずれも安全性は△か×であり、安全性が従来と同等か又は劣っていた。また、容量についても従来並か又は劣っていた。
以上の実施例と比較例の対比から、本願発明の実施例に示すものは、いずれもリチウムイオン電池正極材用正極活物質として優れた物質であることが分かる。
Claims (4)
- 層状構造を有しているLiaNixMnyCozO2(1.0<a<1.3、0.8<x+y+z<1.1)で表されるリチウム含有ニッケルマンガンコバルト複合酸化物からなり、CuKα線を使用した粉末X線回折パターンでの(018)面と(113)面とから計算される格子定数より推定されるモル容積Vmを縦軸とし、金属成分中のCo比率z(モル%)を横軸とした領域において、その関係がVm=21.276-0.0117zを上限とし、Vm=21.164-0.0122zを下限とする範囲内にあり、かつ(018)面と(113)面の半値幅がともに0.200°以下であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン電池正極材用正極活物質。
- 前記酸化物粉体の平均粒径が5μm以上10μm以下であり、比表面積が1.0m2/g以上1.6m2/g以下であり、タップ密度が1.5以上2.0以下であることを特徴とする請求項1記載のリチウムイオン電池正極材用正極活物質。
- 請求項1又は2記載の正極活物質を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池用正極。
- 請求項3の正極を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CN102007626B (zh) | 2014-10-15 |
US20110031437A1 (en) | 2011-02-10 |
TWI443900B (zh) | 2014-07-01 |
TW200945652A (en) | 2009-11-01 |
US9059465B2 (en) | 2015-06-16 |
EP2264814A1 (en) | 2010-12-22 |
EP2264814A4 (en) | 2016-08-17 |
JP2014041831A (ja) | 2014-03-06 |
JP5669068B2 (ja) | 2015-02-12 |
JPWO2009128289A1 (ja) | 2011-08-04 |
KR101257585B1 (ko) | 2013-04-23 |
KR20100133421A (ko) | 2010-12-21 |
CN102007626A (zh) | 2011-04-06 |
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