TWI443900B - A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery, a positive electrode for a secondary battery, and a lithium ion battery - Google Patents
A positive electrode active material for a lithium ion battery, a positive electrode for a secondary battery, and a lithium ion battery Download PDFInfo
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Description
本發明係關於一種鋰離子電池用之正極活性物質,且關於一種結晶性高、可確保高容量之安全性高之正極活性物質、及二次電池用正極以及鋰離子電池。
近年來,作為高能量密度電池,非水系之鋰二次電池的需要急速增高。該鋰二次電池,係由正極、負極、以及將存在於該等電極間之電解質加以保持的隔板等三個基本要素所構成。
正極及負極,係以如下方式被使用:於金屬箔或金屬網等集電器上載持活性物質、導電材、結合材,以及視需要於分散介質中混合分散有可塑劑之漿料。
該等之中,作為正極活性物質,係以鋰與過渡金屬之複合氧化物,特別是以鈷系複合氧化物、鎳系複合氧化物、錳系複合氧化物為代表。該等鋰複合氧化物,一般係將作為本體之元素之化合物(Mn、Fe、Co、Ni等之碳酸鹽、氧化物)與鋰化合物(碳酸鋰等),以既定比例混合,將其藉由熱處理(氧化處理)而合成(參照專利文獻1、專利文獻2、專利文獻3)。
該等之中,特別提出Ni:Mn:Co=1:1:1組成之三元系正極材料(參照專利文獻4)。於該專利文獻4,記載Li/金屬比為0.97~1.03,可得放電容量200mAh/g。然而,於該場合,充電結束電壓為4.7V之高電壓,故若以4.3V切斷電壓,則初期放電容量為150mAh/g。
一般而言,電池之初期特性、循環特性或內部電阻,係隨材料之結晶構造而有很大的不同。即使具有層狀構造,由於局部性混合存在之尖晶石結構等,會有造成電池特性劣化之問題。
因此,結晶構造之鑑定為重要,而於該結晶構造之鑑定,自以往主要係使用XRD(X射線繞射法)。然而,由於峰值位置相近等理由,而難以辨別相之混在。
因此,有人提出將正極活性物質進行以拉曼分光之規定(參照專利文獻5)。於該專利文獻5,於化學式LiCoMA2
(0.95≦Li≦1.0,A包含O、F、S、P)之拉曼光譜分析中,雖規定有尖晶石構造與六方晶構造之峰值強度比,但主峰為尖晶石構造的波峰,非層狀構造,故無法得到充分之特性。
如上述,鋰二次電池材料,與以往技術相比雖具有優異特性,但燒結性及電池特性仍需進一步的改善。
又,作為鋰離子電池用正極活性物質之層狀之鋰鎳錳鈷複合氧化物,與鈷酸鋰或錳酸鋰相比為高容量且安全性高,故被認為有發展潛力。然而,關於其之組成與結晶性之記述少,特別是關於晶格常數,僅記載大概的範圍。
於LiaNixMnyCozO2
組成之鋰離子電池用正極活性物質,關於晶格常數之規定,存在有以下之專利文獻(專利文獻6-9)。
例如,專利文獻6記載了於鋰二次電池正極材料用鋰鎳錳鈷系複合氧化物中,晶格常數為2.855≦a≦2.870、14.235≦c≦14.265之範圍。專利文獻7記載了於層狀鋰鎳系複合氧化物中,容積密度為2.0g/cc以上、二次粒子之中位直徑為9~20μm、BET比表面積為0.5~1m2
/g。專利文獻8記載了於含鋰之過渡金屬複合氧化物中,a軸之晶格常數為2.895~2.925、c軸之晶格常數為14.28~14.38。再者,專利文獻9記載了於含鋰之過渡金屬複合氧化物中,a軸之晶格常數為2.830~2.890、c軸之晶格常數為14.150~14.290。
然而,於該等雖記載有a軸之晶格常數、c軸之晶格常數之規定,但進一步的組成與莫耳容積之記載則無,故於確保鋰離子電池之特性、確保安全性方面,有不充分的問題。
專利文獻1:日本專利特開平1-294364號公報
專利文獻2:日本專利特開平11-307094號公報
專利文獻3:日本專利特開2005-285572號公報
專利文獻4:日本專利特開2003-59490號公報
專利文獻5:日本專利特開2005-44785號公報
專利文獻6:日本專利特開2006-253119號公報
專利文獻7:日本專利4003759號公報
專利文獻8:日本專利特開2002-145623號公報
專利文獻9:日本專利特開2003-068298號公報
如上述,作為鋰離子電池用正極活性物質之層狀之鋰鎳錳鈷複合氧化物,與鈷酸鋰或錳酸鋰相比為高容量而安全性高,故被認為係具有發展潛力之物質,但關於其之組成與結晶性,則未充分被解明。有鑒於此點,本發明之課題在於,於上述組成中,調查被認為主要與結晶構造相關之鈷(Co)之比率與晶格常數的關係,並加以規定,藉此,提供一種結晶性高、高容量且具有高安全性之正極活性物質,藉由使用該材料,可得到更可確保鋰離子電池之特性、確保安全性之鋰離子電池用正極。
有鑒於上述課題,本發明係提供以下之發明。
1) 一種鋰離子電池正極材用正極活性物質,其特徵在於:係由具有層狀構造之以LiaNixMnyCozO2
(1.0<a<1.3,0.8<x+y+z<1.1)所表示之含有鋰之鎳錳鈷複合氧化物所構成,於使用CuKα線之粉末X射線繞射圖形中,以由(018)面與(113)面所計算之晶格常數所推定之莫耳容積Vm為縱軸、以金屬成分中之Co比率z(莫耳%)為橫軸之區域中,其關係係位於以Vm=21.276-0.0117z為上限、Vm=21.164-0.0122z為下限之範圍內,且(018)面與(113)面之半寬皆為0.200°(度)以下。
2) 如上述1)所記載之鋰離子電池用正極活性物質,其中,該氧化物粉體之平均粒徑為5μm以上10μm以下,比表面積為1.0m2
/g以上1.6m2
/g以下,敲緊密度(tap density)為1.5以上2.0以下。
3) 一種鋰離子二次電池用正極,其係使用有上述1)或2)所記載之正極活性物質。
4) 一種鋰離子二次電池,其係使用有上述3)所記載之正極。
本發明,於上述組成中,藉由規定推測主要與結晶構造相關之鈷(Co)之比率與晶格常數,可得結晶性高、高容量且具有高安全性之正極活性物質,藉由使用該正極活性物質,具有更可有效確保鋰離子電池之特性及安全性之優異效果。
鋰離子電池之正極活性物質,係使用含有鋰之過渡金屬氧化物。具體而言,係鈷酸鋰(LiCoO2
)、鎳酸鋰(LiNiO2
)、錳酸鋰(LiMnO2
)等,為了改善特性(高容量化、循環特性、保存特性、減低內部電阻、充放電特性)或提高安全性而將該等複合化。
本發明之鋰離子電池之之正極活性物質,係使用具有層狀構造之三元系材料LiaNixMnyCozO2
(1.0<a<1.3,0.8<x+y+z<1.1)。
發明人等,對該具有層狀構造之材料,詳細探討使用CuKα線之X射線繞射圖形的結果發現,於可得高容量且安全性優異之材料的情況下,由(018)面與(113)面所計算之晶格常數所推定之莫耳容積、與三元系材料之Co比率具有一定之關聯,且平均粒徑、比表面積、敲緊密度必須位於既定之範圍。
具體而言,結晶構造係歸屬於層狀R3m之構造。又,表示Li相對於總金屬之比率的a值係超過1.0未滿1.3。其原因在於,於1.0以下會難以保持安定之結晶構造,於1.3以上則無法確保高容量。
再者,表示總金屬之莫耳比之(x+y+z)值係於超過0.8、未滿1.1之範圍。其原因在於,於0.8以下氧量會較多而難以確保容量,於1.1以上則產生缺氧而難以確保安全性。
該結晶構造中之莫耳容積(Vm),可由使用CuKα線所得之X射線繞射圖形,應用以下之式來計算。此處,a表示a軸之晶格常數、c表示c軸之晶格常數。
Vm=0.17906×a×a×c
又,晶格常數(a、c),可由六方晶系之面間隔與晶格常數之關係式求得。更詳細之晶格常數係使用高角側之數據,而此處係使用(018)面與(113)面之數據。又,(018)面係位於2θ=64.0~64.4°,(113)面係位於2θ=67.8~68.2°。
金屬成分中之Co比率z,若使用上述化學式之x、y、z則可藉以下之計算式表示。
z=z×100/(x+y+z)
將該Vm與z作圖,當其係可確保高容量與高安全性之材料時,可發現Vm與z之相關關係,而得知Vm與z在以Vm為縱軸、z為橫軸之區域內位於下述式所定義之範圍。
Vm=21.276-0.0117z(上限)
Vm=21.164-0.0122z (下限)
於超過上限之區域會難以確保容量,於低於下限之區域則難以確保安全性。因此,上述之範圍具有重要之意義。
關於結晶性,(018)面與(113)面之半寬,以皆為0.200°以下較佳。更佳為0.180°以下。於範圍外則結晶性差,而難以確保高容量。
再者,於粉體特性,較佳為平均粒徑為5μm以上10μm以下,比表面積為1.0m2
/g以上1.8m2
/g以下,敲緊密度為1.5以上2.0以下。更佳為,平均粒徑為6μm以上9μm以下,比表面積為1.1m2
/g以上1.6m2
/g以下,敲緊密度為1.6以上2.0以下。若脫離該等範圍,則塗佈性會惡化、難以確保高容量、同時亦對安全性造成影響。
再者,使用該等正極活性物質,可製作鋰離子電池用之正極。又,使用該正極可製得鋰離子電池。
實施例
以下,基於實施例及比較例進行說明。又,本實施例係僅為一例,並不限制於該例。亦即,其包含本發明之技術思想所含之其他樣態或變形。
(實施例1-8)
以使用Ni、Mn、Co之金屬鹽溶液與碳酸鋰之濕式法製作前驅物之碳酸鹽。將其乾燥後,進行氧化處理,製作表1之組成之正極材料。於該表1,試樣No.1至試樣No.8,分別以實施例1至8表示。
Li、Ni、Mn、Co含量係以ICP測定,Co比率係以相對於Li以外之各金屬含量之合計之Co含量來求得。晶格常數係由使用CuKα線之粉末X射線繞射圖形中之(018)面與(113)面之面間隔求得,並計算莫耳容積Vm。又,測定(018)面與(113)面之半寬,將該等結果同樣地示於表1。
表1之試樣No.1至試樣No.8所示之條件,係滿足本申請案之申請專利範圍第1項所記載之「以Vm=21.276-0.0117z為上限、Vm=21.164-0.0122z為下限之範圍內,且(018)面與(113)面之半寬皆為0.200°以下」之條件。上述之「以Vm=21.276-0.0117z為上限、Vm=21.164-0.0122z為下限之範圍」,為了易於了解,於圖1顯示該範圍。圖1之橫軸係z:Co比率(莫耳%)、縱軸係Vm:莫耳容積(cc/莫耳)。圖1中之上下2條線內為本發明之條件的範圍,可知相當於實施例1至實施例8之8個○已標繪於圖中。
再者,平均粒徑,係雷射繞射法之粒度分布中之50%徑,比表面積係BET值,敲緊密度係敲緊200次後之密度。以85:8:75之比例秤量該正極材料、導電材及黏合劑,於溶解有黏合劑之有機溶劑(N-甲基吡咯烷酮)中,將材料與導電材加以混合以漿料化,再塗佈於A1箔上乾燥後壓製為正極。又,導電材及黏合劑,可使用周知之一般材料,故於此處無特別標示。
接著,製作以Li作為相對電極之評價用之2032型硬幣型電池(coin cell),使用溶解有1M-LiPF6
之EC-DMC(1:1)作為電解液,以充電條件4.3V、放電條件3.0V進行充放電。初期容量之確認,係以0.1C之充放電確認。
將該結果整理示於表2。表2所示之安全性,係將如上所製作之硬幣型電池充電至4.3V後,由電池將正極材取出,以DSC(示差掃描熱分析儀)進行分析,比較發熱起始溫度,而評價安全性。
將與以往之具有層狀構造之LiCoO2
比較的結果,同樣地示於表2。表2所示之評價結果,係以○(較安全)、△(與以往相等)、×(較以往差)來評價。
如表2所示之結果可得知,實施例1至實施例8(試樣No.1至試樣No.8),其安全性皆為○,安全性較以往更提昇了。又,關於容量,皆為148mAh/g以上,甚至有達190mAh/g。於該場合,與以往相比安全性亦更提昇。因此,可知實施例所示者,皆為作為鋰離子電池正極材用正極活性物質之優異物質。
又,關於表2所示之試樣,其平均粒徑、比表面積、敲緊密度,皆係選擇滿足本申請案請求項2所記載之條件者,而即使脫離請求項2之條件的±20%左右,容量與安全性之變化亦不大。亦即,充放電容量超過140mAh/g,安全性較以往提昇(○)、或與以往相等(△)。
由以上可知,本申請案請求項1之發明所記載之滿足「於以Vm=21.276-0.0117z為上限、Vm=21.164-0.0122z為下限之範圍內,且(018)面與(113)面之半寬皆為0.200°(度)以下」之條件,係第一重要之要件。
然而,本申請案之請求項2所記載之氧化物粉體之平均粒徑為5μm以上10μm以下、比表面積為1.0m2
/g以上1.6m2
/g以下、敲緊密度為1.5以上2.0以下之條件,係更佳之條件。
(比較例1-9)
使用Ni、Mn、Co之氧化物與碳酸鋰,將各原料混合加以粉碎後,噴霧乾燥以進行氧化處理而得正極材料。將該正極材料以與實施例同樣方式進行處理,並進行相同之評價。將莫耳容積、半寬(018)、半寬(113)示於表3。表3所記載之條件,皆與實施例1-8所記載之條件相同。
表3與後述表4所示之試樣No.9至試樣No.17所示者,係分別對應於比較例1至比較例9。
又,於表4顯示試樣No.9至試樣No.17之平均粒徑、比表面積、敲緊密度。又,亦同樣地顯示容量與安全性。
又,於圖1所示之「以Vm=21.276-0.0117z為上限、Vm=21.164-0.0122z為下限之範圍」之外側,存在有比較例1-9(試樣No.9至試樣No.17),可知相當於比較例1至比較例9之9個□已標繪於圖中。
如上述表3、表4及圖1可得知,雖存在有充放電容量高之150mAh/g(試樣No.11)與145mAh/g(試樣No.12),但於該場合,安全性皆差。除此之外,皆為140mAh/g以下,可知容量低、且安全性亦較以往更差。
由以上可知,比較例1至比較例9(試樣No.9至試樣No.17),安全性皆為△或×,安全性係與以往相等或較差。又,容量亦與以往相等或較差。
由以上之實施例與比較例之對比可知,本申請案發明之實施例所示者,皆為作為鋰離子電池正極材用正極活性物質之優異物質。
本發明之鋰離子電池正極材用正極活性物質,於使用CuKα線之粉末X射線繞射圖形中之以由(018)面與(113)面所計算之晶格常數所推定之莫耳容積Vm為縱軸、以金屬成分中之Co比率z(莫耳%)為橫軸之區域中,其之關係,係於以Vm=21.276-0.0117z為上限、Vm=21.164-0.0122z為下限之範圍內,且(018)面與(113)面之半寬皆為0.200°以下,藉此,具有可製得結晶性高、高容量且具有高安全性之正極活性物質的優異效果,故適用為鋰二次電池用材料。
圖1,顯示以莫耳容積Vm為縱軸、Co比率z(莫耳%)為橫軸之區域中,以Vm=21.276-0.0117z為上限、Vm=21.164-0.0122z為下限的範圍,且標繪有實施例及比較例之條件之圖。
Claims (4)
- 一種鋰離子電池正極材用正極活性物質,其特徵在於,係由具有層狀構造之以LiaNixMnyCozO2 (1.0<a<1.3,0.8<x+y+z<1.1)所表示之含有鋰之鎳錳鈷複合氧化物所構成,於使用CuK α線之粉末X射線繞射圖形中,以由(018)面與(113)面所計算之晶格常數所推定之莫耳容積Vm為縱軸、以金屬成分中之Co比率z(莫耳%)為橫軸之區域中,其關係係位於以Vm=21.276-0.0117z為上限、Vm=21.164-0.0122z為下限之範圍內,且(018)面與(113)面之半寬皆為0.200°以下。
- 如申請專利範圍第1項之鋰離子電池正極材用正極活性物質,其中,該氧化物粉體之平均粒徑為5μm以上10μm以下,比表面積為1.0m2 /g以上1.6m2 /g以下,敲緊密度為1.5以上2.0以下。
- 一種鋰離子二次電池用正極,其係使用有申請專利範圍第1或2項之鋰離子電池用正極活性物質。
- 一種鋰離子二次電池,其係使用有申請專利範圍第3項之鋰離子二次電池用正極。
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-
2009
- 2009-02-20 EP EP09733443.7A patent/EP2264814A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2009-02-20 CN CN200980113548.4A patent/CN102007626B/zh active Active
- 2009-02-20 WO PCT/JP2009/052976 patent/WO2009128289A1/ja active Application Filing
- 2009-02-20 US US12/936,476 patent/US9059465B2/en active Active
- 2009-02-20 KR KR1020107022651A patent/KR101257585B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2009-02-20 JP JP2010508129A patent/JP5669068B2/ja active Active
- 2009-02-24 TW TW98105748A patent/TWI443900B/zh active
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TW200945652A (en) | 2009-11-01 |
CN102007626B (zh) | 2014-10-15 |
WO2009128289A1 (ja) | 2009-10-22 |
US20110031437A1 (en) | 2011-02-10 |
JP2014041831A (ja) | 2014-03-06 |
KR20100133421A (ko) | 2010-12-21 |
JPWO2009128289A1 (ja) | 2011-08-04 |
KR101257585B1 (ko) | 2013-04-23 |
US9059465B2 (en) | 2015-06-16 |
EP2264814A4 (en) | 2016-08-17 |
CN102007626A (zh) | 2011-04-06 |
JP5669068B2 (ja) | 2015-02-12 |
EP2264814A1 (en) | 2010-12-22 |
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