JP2019525436A - 高電圧二次電池用のカソード活物質 - Google Patents
高電圧二次電池用のカソード活物質 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2019525436A JP2019525436A JP2019510819A JP2019510819A JP2019525436A JP 2019525436 A JP2019525436 A JP 2019525436A JP 2019510819 A JP2019510819 A JP 2019510819A JP 2019510819 A JP2019510819 A JP 2019510819A JP 2019525436 A JP2019525436 A JP 2019525436A
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- active material
- cathode active
- sulfate
- cathode
- metal
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Links
- 239000006182 cathode active material Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 101
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 33
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052733 gallium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 40
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 claims description 39
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052723 transition metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011163 secondary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011164 primary particle Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004649 carbonic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003891 oxalate salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 159000000021 acetate salts Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002708 enhancing effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 31
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 31
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 23
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 23
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 238000004833 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 7
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910002099 LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010406 cathode material Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000002848 electrochemical method Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000009616 inductively coupled plasma Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 5
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910015643 LiMn 2 O 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulphide Chemical compound [S-2] UCKMPCXJQFINFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 4
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L hydroxy(oxo)manganese;manganese Chemical compound [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000003467 sulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 4
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 3
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 3
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910014689 LiMnO Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000006229 carbon black Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910002091 carbon monoxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010277 constant-current charging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006870 function Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000002639 sodium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000002194 synthesizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Carbonate Chemical compound [O-]C([O-])=O BVKZGUZCCUSVTD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229940126062 Compound A Drugs 0.000 description 1
- NLDMNSXOCDLTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Heterophylliin A Natural products O1C2COC(=O)C3=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C3C3=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=C3C(=O)OC2C(OC(=O)C=2C=C(O)C(O)=C(O)C=2)C(O)C1OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 NLDMNSXOCDLTTB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910011777 Li2 S Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910003286 Ni-Mn Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910002098 Ni-doped LiMn2O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000003991 Rietveld refinement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002522 Wood fibre Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000001242 acetic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000002776 aggregation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004220 aggregation Methods 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002950 deficient Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000593 degrading effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011888 foil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009830 intercalation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002687 intercalation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000625 lithium cobalt oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K lithium iron phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Fe+2].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O GELKBWJHTRAYNV-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 229910002102 lithium manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido(oxo)cobalt Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Co]=O BFZPBUKRYWOWDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;oxido-oxo-(oxomanganiooxy)manganese Chemical compound [Li+].[O-][Mn](=O)O[Mn]=O VLXXBCXTUVRROQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007774 longterm Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001437 manganese ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003446 memory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000000 metal hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000004692 metal hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052976 metal sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006864 oxidative decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011236 particulate material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052566 spinel group Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002344 surface layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- -1 theoretically Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000101 thioether group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910002101 transition metal-doped LiMn2O4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002025 wood fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G45/00—Compounds of manganese
- C01G45/12—Manganates manganites or permanganates
- C01G45/1221—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof
- C01G45/1242—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof of the type [Mn2O4]-, e.g. LiMn2O4, Li[MxMn2-x]O4
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/006—Compounds containing, besides nickel, two or more other elements, with the exception of oxygen or hydrogen
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Nickelates
- C01G53/42—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
- C01G53/44—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese
- C01G53/54—Nickelates containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2 containing manganese of the type [Mn2O4]-, e.g. Li(NixMn2-x)O4, Li(MyNixMn2-x-y)O4
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/136—Electrodes based on inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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- C01P2002/30—Three-dimensional structures
- C01P2002/32—Three-dimensional structures spinel-type (AB2O4)
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- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
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- C01P2002/50—Solid solutions
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- C01P2002/52—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants
- C01P2002/54—Solid solutions containing elements as dopants one element only
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
- C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
- C01P2002/85—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by XPS, EDX or EDAX data
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/11—Powder tap density
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/12—Surface area
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
- C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
- C01P2006/40—Electric properties
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Abstract
Description
(a)最終生成物中の金属と硫酸塩のモル比によって決定される適切なモル比で金属および硫黄を含有する出発材料を混合および/または共沈させるステップと;
(b)ステップ(a)の混合物を700℃〜1200℃の温度で熱処理して、カソード活物質を得るステップと
を含む、方法に関する。
(a1)出発材料を金属前駆体の形で混合および/または共沈させるサブステップと;
(a2)ステップ(a1)の混合物を300℃〜1200℃の温度で熱処理して、中間体を得るサブステップと;
(a3)ステップ(a2)の中間体を硫酸塩前駆体と混合して、ステップ(a)の混合物を得るサブステップと
を含む。
電気化学的試験は、薄い複合正極および金属リチウム負極を使用して、2032型コイン電池(半電池)において実現した。薄い複合正極は、84重量%のカソード活物質(例1、2、および3に従って調製)を、NMP(N−メチル−ピロリドン)中で8重量%のSuper C65カーボンブラック(Timcal)および8重量%のPVdFバインダー(ポリビニリデンジフルオリド、Sigma Aldrich)と完全に混合してスラリーを形成することによって製造した。このスラリーを、160μmのギャップを有するドクターブレードを使用して、炭素を被覆したアルミニウム箔上に広げ、80℃で2時間乾燥させてフィルムを形成した。乾燥させたフィルムから、直径14mmの、リチウム正極活物質充填量約7mgの電極を切り出し、油圧ペレットプレス(直径20mm;3トン)でプレスし、アルゴン充填グローブボックス内で120℃にて真空下で10時間乾燥させた。
共沈させたNi、Mn−炭酸塩(Ni:0.5、Mn:1.5)1162.47gの形の前駆体およびLi2CO3190.65gをエタノールと混合して、粘稠なスラリーを形成する。スラリーをペイントシェーカーで3分間振とうして、粒子材料を完全に脱凝集および混合させる。スラリーをトレイに注ぎ、80℃で放置して乾燥させた。乾燥させた材料をペイントシェーカーで1分間振とうすることによってさらに脱凝集させて、自由流動性の均質な粉末混合物を得る。
共沈させたNi、Mn−炭酸塩(Ni:0.5、Mn:1.5)2258.66gの形の前駆体およびLiOH394.78gを1時間乾式混合する。
Ni、Mn−炭酸塩中に異なる硫黄不純物レベルを有する前駆体をベースとする2種のカソード活物質を同様に調製する。共沈させたNi、Mn−炭酸塩(Ni:0.5、Mn:1.5)30gの形の前駆体およびLiOH5.1gを乾式混合して、自由流動性の均質な粉末混合物を得る。2種の粉末混合物を、マッフル炉において窒素流と共に730℃で3時間焼結させる。
Claims (17)
- カソードが4.4V超 vs. Li/Li+で完全にまたは主に動作するように構成された高電圧二次電池用のカソード活物質であって、容量減衰低減化合物として硫酸塩を含む酸化物である、カソード活物質。
- 前記カソード活物質中の硫黄含有量が、1000〜16000ppmである、請求項1に記載のカソード活物質。
- 前記カソード活物質がリチウムを含む、請求項1または2に記載のカソード活物質。
- 前記カソード活物質が、組成LixMyMn2−yO4−v(SO4)zを有し、ここで、0.9≦x≦1.1、0.4≦y≦0.5、0<z≦0.1、0≦v≦zであり、Mが、Ni、Mg、Ti、V、Cr、Fe、Co、Cu、Zn、Al、Ga、Rb、Ge、Mo、Nb、Zr、Si、およびそれらの組合せからなる群から選択される遷移金属である、請求項1〜3のいずれか一つに記載のカソード活物質。
- 前記遷移金属MがNiである、請求項4に記載のカソード活物質。
- 平均一次粒子サイズが、50nm超、好ましくは100nm超、最も好ましくは200nm超である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一つに記載のカソード活物質。
- 前記カソード活物質二次粒子のd50が、1〜50μm、好ましくは3〜25μmであり、前記二次粒子の粒子サイズ分布が、d90対d10の比が8未満であることを特徴とする、請求項1〜6のいずれか一つに記載のカソード活物質。
- 前記カソード活物質の表面積が、0.5m2/g未満、好ましくは0.3m2/g未満、最も好ましくは0.2m2/g未満である、請求項1〜7のいずれか一つに記載のカソード活物質。
- 前記カソード活物質のタップ密度が、2g/cm3超、好ましくは2.2g/cm3超、最も好ましくは2.35g/cm3超である、請求項1〜8のいずれか一つに記載のカソード活物質。
- 前記二次粒子の表面が、前記物質の平均組成と比較して硫酸塩が豊富である、請求項1〜9のいずれか一つに記載のカソード活物質。
- 前記カソードが、4.4V超 vs. Li/Li+で完全にまたは主に動作する、請求項4〜10のいずれか一つに記載のカソード活物質を含む二次電池。
- 組成LixMyMn2−yO4−v(SO4)zを有する、高電圧二次電池用のカソード活物質を調製する方法であって、0.9≦x≦1.1、0.4≦y≦0.5、0<z≦0.1、0≦v≦zであり、Mが、Ni、Mg、Ti、V、Cr、Fe、Co、Cu、Zn、Al、Ga、Rb、Ge、Mo、Nb、Zr、Si、およびそれらの組合せからなる群から選択される遷移金属であり、前記カソード活物質が、容量増大化合物(capacity enhancing compound)として硫酸塩を含み、前記方法が、
(a)最終生成物中の金属と硫酸塩のモル比によって決定される適切なモル比で金属および硫黄を含有する出発材料を混合および/または共沈させるステップと;
(b)ステップ(a)の混合物を700℃〜1200℃の温度で熱処理して、前記カソード活物質を得るステップと
を含む、方法。 - ステップ(a)が、
(a1)出発材料を金属前駆体の形で混合および/または共沈させるステップと;
(a2)ステップ(a1)の混合物を300℃〜1200℃の温度で熱処理して、中間体を得るステップと;
(a3)ステップ(a2)の前記中間体を硫酸塩前駆体と混合して、ステップ(a)の前記混合物を得るステップと
を含む、請求項12に記載の方法。 - 前記出発材料が、金属前駆体を1種もしくは複数種の酸化物、1種もしくは複数種の水酸化物、1種もしくは複数種の炭酸塩、1種もしくは複数種の硝酸塩、1種もしくは複数種の酢酸塩、1種もしくは複数種のシュウ酸塩、またはそれらの組合せの形で含む、請求項13に記載の方法。
- 前記硫酸塩前駆体が、金属がLi、Ni、もしくはMn、またはそれらの組合せである金属硫酸塩を含むか、あるいは前記硫酸塩前駆体が、SO4を含み、かつSO4 2−のみを最終生成物中に残す化合物である、請求項12〜14のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- ステップ(b)が、酸素に富む雰囲気中で約700℃〜約1200℃の温度で行われる、請求項12〜15のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- ステップ(a2)が、還元雰囲気中で約300℃〜約1200℃の温度で行われる、請求項12〜16のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
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