WO2016080518A1 - 非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質粒子粉末とその製造方法、および非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質粒子粉末とその製造方法、および非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- C01G45/1242—Manganates or manganites with a manganese oxidation state of Mn(III), Mn(IV) or mixtures thereof of the type [Mn2O4]-, e.g. LiMn2O4, Li[MxMn2-x]O4
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- C01G45/1207—Permanganates ([MnO]4-) or manganates ([MnO4]2-)
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode active material particle powder for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a method for producing the same, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- lithium ion secondary batteries having features of high charge / discharge voltage and large charge / discharge capacity have attracted attention.
- LiMn 2 O 4 having a spinel structure
- LiCoO 2 having a layered rock salt structure
- LiCo 1-x Ni x O 2 LiNiO 2 and the like
- LiCoO 2 is excellent in that it has a high voltage and a high capacity.
- the supply amount of the cobalt raw material is small, the manufacturing cost increases, and the viewpoint of environmental safety of the used battery after use is high. There is also a problem from.
- lithium manganate having a spinel structure (basic composition: LiMn 2 O 4 ) is capable of suppressing a rise in cost due to a large supply amount, and uses good manganese suitable for the environment. Research is fostering.
- the Li diffusion path is two-dimensional, whereas in the spinel structure positive electrode active material, the Li diffusion path is three-dimensional. It is expected as a positive electrode active material for secondary batteries for stationary applications.
- the obtained lithium manganate particle powder has an octahedral structure which is a self-shaped cubic spinel structure, and elution of Mn Is likely to occur.
- a secondary battery using such a positive electrode active material has a problem that storage characteristics at high temperatures are poor.
- Patent Documents 1 to 4 Various researches and developments have been made on problems in non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries using such a spinel-type positive electrode active material made of lithium manganate.
- the present invention has been made to solve such a problem, and provides a positive electrode active material particle powder for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery excellent in rate characteristics, a method for producing the same, and a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery.
- the purpose is to provide.
- the positive electrode active material particle powder for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a lithium manganate particle powder having a cubic spinel structure that is mainly composed of Li and Mn and is a space group of Fd-3m.
- the secondary particles are formed in a state where the primary particles are aggregated, and the average secondary particle diameter (D50) of the secondary particles in the aggregated state is in the range of 4 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less. In 80% or more of the number of primary particles exposed on the surface, the primary particles have a polyhedral shape having at least one (110) plane adjacent to two (111) planes.
- the positive electrode active material particle powder for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to the above aspect is excellent in rate characteristics. For this reason, it is suitable as a positive electrode active material of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery excellent in rate characteristics.
- FIG. (A) is a SEM image which shows the external appearance of the aggregation secondary particle which concerns on Example 1
- (b) is a SEM image which shows the external appearance of the aggregation secondary particle which concerns on the comparative example 1.
- FIG. (A) is the SEM image which expanded a part of external appearance of the aggregation secondary particle which concerns on Example 1
- (b) is a figure which shows the structure of the primary particle typically.
- (A) is the SEM image which expanded a part of external appearance of the aggregation secondary particle which concerns on the comparative example 1
- (b) is a figure which shows the structure of the primary particle typically.
- 6 is an SEM image showing the appearance of aggregated secondary particles according to Comparative Example 2.
- FIG. 2 is an X-ray diffraction (XRD) diagram of aggregated secondary particles according to Example 1.
- FIG. It is a figure which shows typically the manufacturing method of the aggregated secondary particle which concerns on embodiment.
- 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery 100 according to an embodiment.
- (A) is a characteristic view which shows the rate characteristic of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery which concerns on each of Example 1 and the comparative example 1
- (b) is a characteristic figure which shows a high temperature storage characteristic. It is a figure which shows typically the diffusion channel of Li in a [110] direction.
- the crystal of the cubic manganese spinel is likely to be a self-shaped octahedral shape composed of the (111) plane and its equivalent plane.
- the crystal plane growth rate of the plane equivalent to the (111) plane is higher than the crystal plane growth rate of other crystal planes (for example, the (100) plane, the (110) plane, the (221) plane, and the plane equivalent thereto). It is thought that it is small. For this reason, in order to minimize the crystal plane growth rate of the entire crystal, it is considered that an octahedral crystal composed of a plane equivalent to the (111) plane is likely to be formed.
- the expression “(111) plane” means that a plane equivalent to the (111) plane is included.
- the description “(110) plane” means that a plane equivalent to the (110) plane is included.
- (101) plane, (011) plane, (- 110) is a total of 12 surface such surface.
- the expression “(111) plane” or “(110) plane” has the meaning of “including equivalent planes” as described above.
- the positive electrode active material particle powder for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery is a lithium manganate particle powder having a cubic spinel structure that is mainly composed of Li and Mn and is a space group of Fd-3m.
- the secondary particles are formed in a state where the primary particles are aggregated, and the average secondary particle diameter (D50) of the secondary particles in the aggregated state is in the range of 4 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less. In 80% or more of the number of primary particles exposed on the surface, the primary particles have a polyhedral shape having at least one (110) plane adjacent to two (111) planes.
- a polyhedral shape having at least one (110) plane adjacent to two (111) planes a polyhedron in which ridges are formed with flat crystal faces butting each other. Represents the shape.
- the “ridges” here need only overlap so that the crystal plane can be understood.
- the positive electrode active material particle powder for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to another aspect has the above-described configuration, when at least one metal element other than Mn, which can replace the Mn (16d) site, is replaced with the metal element.
- the metal element other than Li is Me
- the [Li / (Mn + Me)] ratio is 0.5 or more and 0.65 or less.
- the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to one aspect of the present invention includes a positive electrode element using the positive electrode active material particle powder for a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to any one of the above aspects.
- the manufacturing method of the positive electrode active material particle powder for nonaqueous electrolyte secondary batteries which concerns on 1 aspect of this invention is the mixture which mixed (i) trimanganese tetraoxide, a lithium compound, and a crystal plane growth inhibitor. And (ii) firing the mixture in the range of 700 ° C. to 950 ° C. in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the method for producing a positive electrode active material particle powder for a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery according to another aspect is formed by aggregating primary particles having a crystallite size of 50 nm or more and 150 nm or less as trimanganese tetraoxide in the above method.
- Aggregated manganese trioxide having an agglomerated shape with an average secondary particle diameter (D50) of 3 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less is used.
- a tungsten compound is used as a crystal plane growth inhibitor in the above configuration.
- the crystal plane growth inhibitor may contain a metal compound other than the tungsten compound.
- the positive electrode active material particle powder according to the present embodiment has lithium manganate (stoichiometric composition: space group Fd-3m) having a cubic spinel structure mainly composed of lithium (Li) and manganese (Mn). LiMn 2 O 4 ).
- the positive electrode active material particle powder according to the present embodiment is not limited to the one having the above stoichiometric composition, and as long as the crystal structure is maintained, cations are deficient or excessively present, On the other hand, a composition in which oxygen ions are deficient or excessive may be used.
- a part of Mn is replaced with other metal elements (for example, Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, Zn, Al, Co, Cr, Si, Ti, Sn, V, Sb). It may be partially substituted with one or more cations selected from metal elements that can be substituted at the 16d site.
- other metal elements for example, Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, Zn, Al, Co, Cr, Si, Ti, Sn, V, Sb.
- a tungsten (W) compound is used as a crystal plane growth inhibitor to form a desired shape.
- the W content in the positive electrode active material particle powder is preferably in the range of 0.0007 to 0.006, more preferably 0.0008 to 0.005 in terms of the molar ratio of metal to Mn. Range.
- desirable [Li / (Mn + Me)] ratio is 0.50 or more and 0.65 or less, More preferably, it is 0.53 or more and 0.63 or less.
- the primary particles of the positive electrode active material particle powder according to the present embodiment have shapes as shown in FIGS. 1 (a) and 2 (a). That is, as shown in FIG. 2B, the positive electrode active material particle powder according to the present embodiment has a primary particle shape in which at least one (110) surface adjacent to two (111) surfaces is at least one.
- the polyhedral shape is one or more.
- the positive electrode active material particle powder according to the present embodiment does not show an octahedron having a cubic spinel structure and a shape close thereto.
- the octahedral particles which are self-shaped lithium manganate, have a (111) plane as a result because the (111) plane is slower than the growth rate of other crystal planes in the process of crystal growth. For this reason, by adopting a method of suppressing crystal growth other than the (111) plane as a method of controlling the particle shape, it is possible to leave a crystal plane that normally disappears in the course of crystal growth. Become.
- octahedral particles which are self-shaped lithium manganate, are (111) in the process of crystal growth. Since the plane is slower than the growth rate of other crystal planes, it is consequently composed of the (111) plane (FIG. 3B).
- the positive electrode active material particle powder according to the present embodiment as long as the rate characteristics are excellent as a nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, primary particles intersect with each other, a crystal plane is shared, or It may include those in which other primary particles are grown from a part of the surface of the primary particles, and those in which a part of the shape is missing.
- the two (111) planes shown in FIG. 2B are used in 75% or more, preferably 80% or more of the number of primary particles visible on the surface of the aggregated secondary particles as shown in FIG. As long as it has at least one polyhedral shape (110).
- the average primary particle size in the positive electrode active material particle powder according to the present embodiment is 0.3 ⁇ m or more and 5 ⁇ m or less, preferably 0.4 ⁇ m or more and 4 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably Is 0.5 ⁇ m or more and 3 ⁇ m or less.
- the average secondary particle diameter (D50) is in the range of 4 ⁇ m to 20 ⁇ m.
- the secondary battery is excellent in high temperature characteristics.
- the average primary particle diameter is observed using a scanning electron microscope SEM-EDX with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer [manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation], and the average value is obtained from the SEM image. I read.
- the average secondary particle size (D50) a volume-based average particle size measured by a wet laser method using a laser type particle size distribution measuring device Microtrac HRA [manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.] was adopted.
- Specific surface area by BET method The specific surface area by the BET method of the positive electrode active material particle powder according to the present embodiment is in the range of 0.1 m 2 / g to 1.2 m 2 / g.
- the specific surface area by the BET method is smaller than 0.1 m 2 / g, it is considered that the growth of primary particles proceeds excessively, and therefore the stability is lowered.
- the specific surface area by the BET method exceeds 1.2 m 2 / g, the primary particles become too small (when the average primary particle size is less than the desired average particle size) or become aggregated secondary particles, or aggregates The shape as secondary particles cannot be maintained, and the characteristics as the positive electrode active material become unstable.
- the specific surface area by the BET method preferably 0.15 m 2 / g or more 0.8 m 2 / g or less of the range, more preferably in the range below 0.2 m 2 / g or more 0.75 m 2 / g .
- the positive electrode active material particle powder according to the present embodiment has a lattice constant in the range of 0.8185 nm to 0.8225 nm.
- the SEM image has a polyhedral shape having at least one (110) plane adjacent to two (111) planes. Aggregated particles.
- the X-ray diffraction was measured using SmartLab (manufactured by Rigaku Corporation) (radiation source: CuK ⁇ ), and the measurement conditions were 10 ° to 90 ° at 2 ⁇ / ⁇ of 0.02 ° step (1 .2 sec. Hold scan) at intervals of 0.02 °.
- Si standard powder was used as an internal standard substance, and calculation was performed using the Rietveld method.
- step S1 First, a lithium compound, trimanganese tetroxide, and a crystal plane growth inhibitor are mixed with a ball mill (step S1).
- Li 2 CO 3 is used as an example of the lithium compound in the present embodiment.
- manganese trioxide as a manganese compound, aggregated manganese trioxide (Mn 3 O 4 ) formed by agglomerating fine primary particles is used.
- the primary particle diameter depending on the crystallite size is 50 nm or more and 150 nm or less, desirably 60 nm or more and 140 nm or less, and the average secondary particle diameter is desirably 3 ⁇ m or more and 20 ⁇ m or less.
- the crystallite size of trimanganese tetraoxide was calculated from the powder X-ray diffraction result using the Rietveld method.
- X-ray diffraction measurement was performed using SmartLab (manufactured by Rigaku Corporation) (radiation source: CuK ⁇ ), and the measurement conditions were 10 ° to 90 ° at 2 ⁇ / ⁇ of 0.02 ° step (1.2 sec. .. hold scan) in increments of 0.02 °.
- WO 3 which is a tungsten compound is used as an example of the crystal plane growth inhibitor.
- a tungsten compound other than WO 3 or a compound that functions as a crystal plane growth inhibitor other than the tungsten compound is also possible.
- the addition amount of the tungsten compound as the crystal plane growth inhibitor is 0.07 mol% or more and 0.6 mol% or less in terms of W with respect to Mn.
- the addition amount of the tungsten compound is less than the above range, the function as a crystal plane growth inhibitor cannot be sufficiently obtained.
- the addition amount is more than the above range, the excess tungsten is a positive electrode active material. In the battery using the positive electrode active material, it is considered that the function of the positive electrode active material is hindered and becomes a resistance component, resulting in deterioration of rate characteristics.
- tungsten compound about the addition amount of a tungsten compound, it is desirable to set it as 0.09 mol% or more and 0.6 mol% or less in conversion of W with respect to Mn, and it is more desirable to set it as 0.1 mol% or more and 0.5 mol% or less.
- step S2 the mixture formed by mixing is fired in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- About baking temperature it is the range of 700 to 950 degreeC, More desirably, it is 730 to 900 degreeC.
- step S3 the positive electrode active material particle powder obtained by firing is crushed (step S3) and passed through a mesh sieve having a mesh opening of 45 ⁇ m (step S4), and the positive electrode active material particle powder according to the present embodiment 10 is obtained.
- a substituted metal element compound can be mixed together with a lithium compound, trimanganese tetroxide, and a crystal plane growth inhibitor.
- the substituted metal in this case, at least one metal element other than Mn that can replace the Mn (16d) site can be employed.
- the charge / discharge capacity of the battery can be controlled, and the rate characteristics and high temperature characteristics can be improved.
- substitutional metal elements such as Li, Fe, Ni, Mg, Zn, Al, Co, Cr, Si, Ti, Sn, V, and Sb.
- the metal element is present uniformly in the positive electrode active material particles (is uniformly dissolved).
- the metal element is unevenly distributed inside the particle, it is considered that the stability of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery is reduced.
- Nonaqueous Electrolyte Secondary Battery A configuration of the lithium ion secondary battery 100 according to the present embodiment, which is manufactured using the positive electrode active material particle powder as described above, will be described with reference to FIG.
- a lithium ion secondary battery 100 includes a tablet-like positive electrode element 1 and a negative electrode element 2 that are arranged with a separator 3 interposed therebetween, and are formed in an outer package constituted by a positive electrode case 4 and a negative electrode case 5. It is stored.
- the positive electrode case 4 is electrically connected to the positive electrode element 1
- the negative electrode case 5 is electrically connected to the negative electrode element 2.
- the positive electrode case 4 and the negative electrode case 5 are crimped at the outer edge portions 4e and 5e in a state where the gasket 6 is tightly sandwiched between them.
- Positive electrode element 1 The positive electrode element 1 is formed using the positive electrode active material particle powder 10. Although a known method can be adopted as a specific forming method, it is omitted, but it can be formed by adding and mixing a conductive agent and a binder to the positive electrode active material particle powder 10.
- acetylene black, carbon black, graphite or the like can be employed.
- binder polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, or the like can be used.
- Negative electrode element 2 The negative electrode element 2 is formed using a negative electrode active material such as lithium metal, lithium / aluminum alloy, lithium / tin alloy, or graphite. In the lithium ion secondary battery 100 according to the present embodiment, a 300 ⁇ m thick Li foil is used as an example.
- Electrolytic solution As a solvent in the electrolytic solution, an organic solvent containing at least one of a combination of ethylene carbonate and diethyl carbonate, carbonates such as propylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate, and ethers such as dimethoxyethane is used. Can be adopted.
- lithium hexafluorophosphate or at least one of lithium salts such as lithium perchlorate and lithium tetrafluoroborate can be adopted, and this electrolyte can be used as a solvent. It is used after dissolving.
- the lithium ion secondary battery 100 which concerns on this Embodiment is made into the coin cell of 2032 size as an example.
- the initial discharge capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery 100 is 80 mAh / g or more and 120 mAh / g or less. When the initial discharge capacity is less than 80 mAh / g, the battery capacity is low and not practical. Moreover, when larger than 120 mAh / g, sufficient stability as a battery characteristic cannot be ensured.
- the initial discharge capacity of the lithium ion secondary battery 100 is desirably 85 mAh / g or more and 115 mAh / g or less.
- the rate characteristic is desirably 95% or more, and more desirably 96% or more.
- the capacity recovery rate is desirably 96% or more, and more desirably 96.3% or more.
- the rate characteristics can be improved.
- a manganese compound, a lithium compound, and a crystal plane growth inhibitor are homogeneously mixed, and a temperature of 700 ° C. or higher and 950 ° C. or lower in an oxidizing atmosphere (for example, in air).
- an oxidizing atmosphere for example, in air
- Example 1 The positive electrode active material particle powder according to Example 1 was manufactured as follows.
- lithium carbonate Li 2 CO 3
- W Tungsten oxide WO 3
- the composition of the positive electrode active material particle powder according to Example 1 is Li 1.10 Mn 1.89 W 0.006 O 4 .
- the positive electrode active material particle powder according to this example has two (111) planes when attention is paid to the primary particles as shown in FIG. 1 (a) and FIG. 2 (a). And agglomerated particles having a polyhedral shape having one or more (110) faces adjacent to each other.
- the obtained positive electrode active material particle powder had an average primary particle size of about 0.8 ⁇ m and an average secondary particle size (D50) of 14.2 ⁇ m.
- a lithium ion secondary battery was produced as follows.
- metallic lithium having a thickness of 300 ⁇ m punched to 16 mm ⁇ was used.
- electrolytic solution a solution in which EC and DMC in which 1 mol / L LiPF 6 was dissolved was mixed at a volume ratio of 1: 2 was used.
- the lithium ion secondary battery according to this example is a 2032 type coin cell.
- Example 2 As shown in Table 1, in the positive electrode active material particle powder according to Example 2, the addition amount of W was changed to 0.10 mol% with respect to Example 1. Others are the same.
- the composition of the positive electrode active material particle powder according to Example 2 is Li 1.10 Mn 1.90 W 0.002 O 4 .
- Example 3 The positive electrode active material particle powder according to Example 3 was manufactured as follows.
- the composition of the positive electrode active material particle powder according to Example 3 is Li 1.08 Mn 1.84 Al 0.07 W 0.006 O 4 .
- Example 4 The positive electrode active material particle powder according to Example 4 was manufactured as follows.
- trimanganese tetraoxide (Mn 3 O 4 ) having a crystallite size of 92 nm and an average secondary particle diameter of 10.5 ⁇ m, lithium carbonate (Li 2 CO 3 ), magnesium oxide (MgO ) And tungsten oxide (WO 3 ) made 0.30 mol% with respect to the number of moles of Mn of trimanganese tetraoxide with respect to W at a ratio of Li / (Mn + Mg + W) 0.55.
- calcination was performed in an air atmosphere at 830 ° C. for 3 hours to produce lithium manganate particles.
- the positive electrode active material particle powder according to Example 4 has a composition of Li 1.07 Mn 1.87 Mg 0.05 W 0.006 O 4 .
- Comparative Example 1 As shown in Table 1, in the production of the positive electrode active material particle powder according to Comparative Example 1, W which is a crystal plane growth inhibitor was not added.
- the composition of the positive electrode active material particle powder according to Comparative Example 1 is Li 1.10 Mn 1.90 O 4 .
- Comparative Example 2 As shown in Table 1, in the production of the positive electrode active material particle powder according to Comparative Example 2, with respect to Example 1, 0.05 mol% with respect to the number of moles of Mn of trimanganese tetraoxide with respect to W did. Other manufacturing conditions are the same as in the first embodiment.
- the composition of the positive electrode active material particle powder according to Comparative Example 2 is Li 1.10 Mn 1.90 W 0.001 O 4 .
- Comparative Example 3 As shown in Table 1, in the production of the positive electrode active material particle powder according to Comparative Example 3, with respect to Example 1 above, 0.70 mol% with respect to the number of moles of Mn of trimanganese tetraoxide with respect to W did. Other manufacturing conditions are the same as in the first embodiment.
- the composition of the positive electrode active material particle powder according to Comparative Example 3 is Li 1.10 Mn 1.89 W 0.014 O 4 .
- Capacity recovery rate Regarding the capacity recovery rate showing high temperature characteristics, the battery was charged to 4.3 V at a current density of 0.1 C (CC-CV; constant current and constant voltage), and then discharged to 3.0 V (CC; constant current). The discharge capacity at this time is “a”.
- the battery was charged again to 4.3 V at a current density of 0.1 C (CC-CV)
- the lithium ion secondary battery was removed from the charging / discharging device, and left in a constant temperature bath at 60 ° C. for 6 weeks.
- the lithium ion secondary battery is taken out and attached to a charging / discharging device, discharged to 3.0 V at 0.1 C (CC), charged to 4.3 V at 0.1 C (CC-CV), and then The battery was discharged to 3.0V (CC).
- the discharge capacity at this time is “b”.
- Example 3 containing Al in the composition
- Example 4 containing Mg in the composition showed a high value of 97% or more.
- FIG. 8B shows capacity recovery rates of Example 1 and Comparative Example 1. As shown in FIG. 8B, it can be seen that the capacity recovery rate (high temperature storage characteristics) was improved by about 2 points depending on the presence or absence of the addition of W which is a crystal plane growth inhibitor.
- the positive electrode active material particles for non-aqueous electrolyte secondary batteries according to Examples 1 to 4 have a cubic spinel structure that is mainly composed of Li and Mn and is a space group of Fd-3m, and primary particles are aggregated.
- D50 average secondary particle diameter
- the polyhedral shape having at least one (110) plane adjacent to the two (111) planes of the primary particles makes it possible to obtain an effect of excellent rate characteristics. .
- Example 3 Li and Al were employed as the replacement metal elements, and in Example 4, Li and Mg were employed as the replacement metal elements, but the replacement metal elements are not limited thereto.
- one part of Mn is replaced with one or more cations selected from metal elements that can be substituted with 16d sites such as Fe, Ni, Zn, Co, Cr, Si, Ti, Sn, V, and Sb. Partial replacement may be used.
- W is used as an example of the crystal plane growth inhibitor used in the production of the positive electrode active material particle powder, but the present invention is not limited to this. As described above, any material that can suppress crystal growth on the (110) plane can be employed.
- a coin-type lithium ion secondary battery is adopted as an example of the nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the present invention can also be applied to a cylindrical nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, a rectangular nonaqueous electrolyte secondary battery, and the like.
- the anode element, the separator, and the electrolytic solution can be appropriately changed.
- the present invention is useful for realizing a non-aqueous electrolyte secondary battery excellent in rate characteristics.
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Abstract
Description
本発明者等は、本発明に至る過程で、次のような検討を行った。
本発明者等は、レート特性の向上にはLiの脱離・挿入がスムーズに行われ、そのためには結晶骨格の安定性や特定結晶面からのLi拡散をさせることが重要であると考えた。一般的には、結晶の(111)面はLiやMnなどの元素が密集しており、Liの出入りを阻害することがあると考えられる。
立方晶マンガンスピネルの結晶が(111)面およびそれと等価な面で構成させる自形の八面体形状となりやすいのは、(111)面と等価な面の結晶面成長速度が、それ以外の結晶面(例えば、(100)面、(110)面、(221)面およびそれらと等価な面)の結晶面成長速度よりも小さいことが原因と考えられる。このため、結晶全体の結晶面成長速度を最小にするために、(111)面と等価な面で構成された八面体形状の結晶ができやすいものと考えられる。
本発明の一態様に係る非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質粒子粉末は、LiおよびMnを主成分とし、Fd-3mの空間群である立方晶スピネル構造であるマンガン酸リチウム粒子粉末であって、一次粒子が凝集した状態で構成された凝集二次粒子からなり、当該凝集状態の二次粒子の平均二次粒子径(D50)が4μm以上20μm以下の範囲であり、前記二次粒子の表面に露出する一次粒子の個数の80%以上において、一次粒子が2つの(111)面と隣り合っている(110)面が少なくとも1つ以上ある多面体形状をなしていることを特徴とする。
1.正極活物質粒子粉末の構成概略
本実施の形態に係る正極活物質粒子粉末の概略構成について、以下説明する。
本実施の形態に係る正極活物質粒子粉末では、結晶面成長抑制剤としてタングステン(W)化合物を用い形成することにより、所望の形状となっている。正極活物質粒子粉末におけるWの含有量については、Mnに対して該メタル換算のモル比において、0.0007~0.006の範囲とすることが望ましく、より望ましくは0.0008~0.005の範囲である。
本実施の形態に係る正極活物質粒子粉末では、[Li/(Mn+Me)]比を0.5以上のものとすることがより望ましい。これは、化学量論組成がLiMn2O4のものに比べて、さらなる内部抵抗の低減を図ることができ、また結晶構造が強固となり、レート特性に優れた非水電解質二次電池の正極活物質としてより優れた効果を奏する。
本実施の形態に係る正極活物質粒子粉末の一次粒子は、図1(a)および図2(a)に示すような形状を有する。即ち、図2(b)に示すように、本実施の形態に係る正極活物質粒子粉末の形状は、一次粒子の形状で2つの(111)面と隣り合っている(110)面が少なくとも1つ以上である多面体形状である。
先ず、本実施の形態に係る正極活物質粒子粉末における平均一次粒子径は、0.3μm以上5μm以下、望ましくは、0.4μm以上4μm以下、さらに望ましくは、0.5μm以上3μm以下である。
本実施の形態に係る正極活物質粒子粉末のBET法による比表面積は、0.1m2/g以上1.2m2/g以下の範囲である。BET法による比表面積が0.1m2/gよりも小さい場合には、一次粒子同士の成長が過度に進み、そのため安定性の低下を招くものと考えられる。一方、BET法による比表面積が1.2m2/gを超えると、一次粒子が小さくなり過ぎた(望ましくない平均一次粒子径以下となった場合)凝集二次粒子体となってしまったり、凝集二次粒子としての形骸を維持できなくなったり、正極活物質としての特性が不安定になってしまう。
本実施の形態に係る正極活物質粒子粉末の格子定数は、0.8185nm以上0.8225nm以下の範囲である。
本実施の形態に係る正極活物質粒子粉末の製造方法について、図6を用い説明する。
上記のような正極活物質粒子粉末を用いて作製した、本実施の形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池100の構成について、図7を用い説明する。
正極要素1は、上記正極活物質粒子粉末10を用い形成されている。具体的な形成方法については公知の方法を採用することができるため省略するが、正極活物質粒子粉末10に対し、導電剤と結着剤とを添加混合して形成することができる。
負極要素2は、リチウム金属、リチウム/アルミニウム合金、リチウム/スズ合金、グラファイトなどの負極活物質を用い形成されている。本実施の形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池100では、一例として、厚さ300μmのLi箔を用いている。
電解液における溶媒として、炭酸エチレンと炭酸ジエチルの組み合わせや、それ以外に、炭酸プロピレン、炭酸ジメチルなどのカーボネート類や、ジメトキシエタンなどのエーテル類の少なくとも1種を含む有機溶媒を採用することができる。
本実施の形態に係る正極活物質粒子粉末10を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池100では、レート特性の向上を図ることができる。
以下では、具体的な実施例を用いた特性評価結果について、説明する。
実施例1に係る正極活物質粒子粉末は、次のように製造した。
表1に示すように、実施例2に係る正極活物質粒子粉末においては、実施例1に対して、Wの添加量を0.10mol%に変えた。その他については同様である。実施例2に係る正極活物質粒子粉末は、その組成がLi1.10Mn1.90W0.002O4である。
実施例3に係る正極活物質粒子粉末は、次のように製造した。
実施例4に係る正極活物質粒子粉末は、次のように製造した。
表1に示すように、比較例1に係る正極活物質粒子粉末の製造においては、結晶面成長抑制剤であるWの添加を行わなかった。比較例1に係る正極活物質粒子粉末は、その組成がLi1.10Mn1.90O4である。
表1に示すように、比較例2に係る正極活物質粒子粉末の製造においては、上記実施例1に対して、Wに対して四三酸化マンガンのMnのmol数に対し0.05mol%とした。その他の製造条件については、上記実施例1と同様である。比較例2に係る正極活物質粒子粉末は、その組成がLi1.10Mn1.90W0.001O4である。
表1に示すように、比較例3に係る正極活物質粒子粉末の製造においては、上記実施例1に対して、Wに対して四三酸化マンガンのMnのmol数に対し0.70mol%とした。その他の製造条件については、上記実施例1と同様である。比較例3に係る正極活物質粒子粉末は、その組成がLi1.10Mn1.89W0.014O4である。
高温特性を示す容量回復率については、0.1Cの電流密度で4.3Vまで充電し(CC-CV;定電流定電圧)、その後、3.0Vまで放電し(CC;定電流)、そのときの放電容量を“a“とする。
レート特性については、25℃の環境下で3.0V-4.3Vにおいて、充電を0.1Cで行い(CC-CV)、各放電を0.1C、10Cで放電させた(CC)とき、0.1Cの放電容量を“c”とし、10Cの放電容量を“d”とする。
先ず、表2に示すように、レート特性については、比較例1および比較例2が94.1%、比較例3が93.2%であったのに対して、実施例1~4の何れもが高い数値を示した。図8(a)に示すように、実施例1が比較例1に対して約3ポイント高い数値を示した。
次に、表2に示すように、容量回復率については、比較例1が94.9%であったのに対して、実施例1が96.9%、実施例2が96.6%、実施例3が97.3%、実施例4が97.2%と高い数値となった。特に、組成中にAlを含む実施例3、および組成中にMgを含む実施例4では、97%以上の高い値となった。
実施例1~4に係る非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質粒子粉末では、LiおよびMnを主成分とし、Fd-3mの空間群である立方晶スピネル構造を備え、一次粒子が凝集した状態で構成された凝集二次粒子からなり、当該凝集状態の二次粒子の平均二次粒子径(D50)が4μm以上20μm以下の範囲であり、前記二次粒子の表面に露出する一次粒子の個数の80%以上において、一次粒子が2つの(111)面と隣り合っている(110)面が少なくとも1つ以上ある多面体形状をなしていることにより、レート特性に優れるという効果を得ることができる。
上記実施例3では置換金属元素としてLiとAlを採用し、実施例4では置換金属元素としてLiとMgを採用したが、置換金属元素はこれに限定されるものではない。例えば、Mnの一部を、Fe、Ni、Zn、Co、Cr、Si、Ti、Sn、V、Sbなどの16dサイトに置換し得る金属元素の中から選ばれる1種以上の陽イオンで一部置換したものとしてもよい。
2 負極要素
3 セパレータ
4 正極ケース
5 負極ケース
6 ガスケット
10 正極活物質粒子粉末
100 リチウムイオン二次電池
Claims (6)
- LiおよびMnを主成分とし、Fd-3mの空間群である立方晶スピネル構造であるマンガン酸リチウム粒子粉末であって、
一次粒子が凝集した状態で構成された凝集二次粒子からなり、当該凝集状態の二次粒子の平均二次粒子径(D50)が4μm以上20μm以下の範囲であり、前記二次粒子の表面に露出する前記一次粒子の個数の80%以上において、前記一次粒子が2つの(111)面と隣り合っている(110)面が少なくとも1つ以上ある多面体形状をなしている
ことを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質粒子粉末。 - Mn(16d)サイトを置換し得る、Mn以外の少なくとも一種以上の金属元素を置換した場合に、その金属元素の内のLi以外の金属元素をMeとするとき、[Li/(Mn+Me)]比が0.5以上0.65以下である
ことを特徴とする請求項1記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質粒子粉末。 - 請求項1または請求項2の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質粒子粉末を用いた正極要素を備える
ことを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池。 - 四三酸化マンガンと、リチウム化合物と、結晶面成長抑制剤とを混合して混合物を形成し、
前記混合物を、酸化性雰囲気下で700℃以上950℃以下の範囲で焼成する
ことを特徴とする非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質粒子粉末の製造方法。 - 前記四三酸化マンガンとして、結晶子サイズが50nm以上150nm以下である一次粒子が凝集して構成された平均二次粒子径(D50)が3μm以上20μm以下である凝集形状を有する四三酸化マンガンを用いる
ことを特徴とする請求項4記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質粒子粉末の製造方法。 - 前記結晶面成長抑制剤として、タングステン化合物を用いる
ことを特徴とする請求項4記載の非水電解質二次電池用正極活物質粒子粉末の製造方法。
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- 2015-11-20 CA CA2967926A patent/CA2967926A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Publication number | Publication date |
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EP3223345A4 (en) | 2018-07-18 |
KR20170084229A (ko) | 2017-07-19 |
JP6428192B2 (ja) | 2018-11-28 |
US10892483B2 (en) | 2021-01-12 |
CN107004850A (zh) | 2017-08-01 |
US10446843B2 (en) | 2019-10-15 |
KR102447787B1 (ko) | 2022-09-27 |
US20170331106A1 (en) | 2017-11-16 |
US20190393500A1 (en) | 2019-12-26 |
TW201626632A (zh) | 2016-07-16 |
CA2967926A1 (en) | 2016-05-26 |
CN107004850B (zh) | 2021-03-19 |
EP3223345A1 (en) | 2017-09-27 |
JP2016100173A (ja) | 2016-05-30 |
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