WO2003078694A1 - Electrode for generation of hydrogen - Google Patents
Electrode for generation of hydrogen Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003078694A1 WO2003078694A1 PCT/JP2003/003423 JP0303423W WO03078694A1 WO 2003078694 A1 WO2003078694 A1 WO 2003078694A1 JP 0303423 W JP0303423 W JP 0303423W WO 03078694 A1 WO03078694 A1 WO 03078694A1
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- compound
- electrode
- coating layer
- hydrogen generation
- cathode
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/052—Electrodes comprising one or more electrocatalytic coatings on a substrate
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/075—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound
- C25B11/081—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of a single catalytic element or catalytic compound the element being a noble metal
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
- C25B11/093—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one noble metal or noble metal oxide and at least one non-noble metal oxide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
- C25B9/19—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms
- C25B9/23—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof with diaphragms comprising ion-exchange membranes in or on which electrode material is embedded
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/36—Hydrogen production from non-carbon containing sources, e.g. by water electrolysis
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/25—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component and including a second component containing structurally defined particles
- Y10T428/254—Polymeric or resinous material
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electrode for electrolysis, and more particularly to an electrode for hydrogen generation which is suitably used for salt electrolysis using an ion exchange membrane method and exhibits a low overvoltage for a long period of time.
- the biggest challenge is to reduce energy consumption.
- a detailed analysis of the voltage in the ion-exchange membrane salt electrolysis method shows that in addition to the theoretically required voltage, the voltage due to the membrane resistance of the ion-exchange membrane, the overvoltage between the anode and cathode, and the voltage between the anode and cathode of the electrolytic cell An example is a voltage depending on the distance.
- the electrode overvoltage is controlled by the insoluble electrode having a coating of a platinum group oxide called a so-called DSA (Dimension Stable Anode) under the normal operating conditions.
- DSA Dission Stable Anode
- the overvoltage has been reduced to less than 5 OmV, and no further improvement has been reached.
- JP-B 6-33481 and JP-B 6-33492 use a composite of platinum and cerium as an electrode coating to increase the resistance to poisoning of iron. ing.
- JP-A-11-140680 an electrode coating layer mainly composed of ruthenium oxide is formed on a metal substrate, and a porous and low-active protective layer is further formed on the surface to improve the durability of the electrode. Let me.
- an electrode coating layer having a coating made of a ruthenium oxide, nickel and a rare earth metal having a hydrogen absorbing ability formed on a metal substrate by a thermal decomposition method is formed, and an electrolytic cell is formed. Electrolytic oxidation is prevented by maintaining the cathode at the hydrogen storage potential against the reverse current during shutdown.
- JP-A-11-229170 an electrodeposition layer of nickel in which ruthenium oxide is dispersed is provided, and the surface thereof is covered with a conductive oxide made of titanium oxide to improve the resistance to poisoning by mercury. .
- the inside of the coating layer is made porous, the surface area is increased, the resistance to impurities in the aluminum alloy is improved, and a cathode having a low overvoltage is formed.
- the present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and has an object to provide a cathode having stable quality, low overvoltage, and excellent durability by a pyrolysis method suitable for mass production. I do.
- the present inventors have proposed an active cathode according to the above-mentioned object.
- the following experimental results were found in the course of the research.
- the compounds of lanthanum, cerium and yttrium have poor activity of generating hydrogen themselves, but their oxides change from particulate to acicular during electrolysis, and the acicular form is ruthenium oxide or ruthenium water. It has the effect of holding the coating layer made of Japanese material and has the effect of suppressing the physical falling off of the coating layer.
- the present inventors have conducted studies based on the above findings to produce a cathode that can achieve the above object, and found that a stable crystal structure as a coating layer under the generation of reducing hydrogen Have found a technology that can be produced by thermal decomposition in an oxidizing atmosphere, and have completed the present invention. As a result, it has become possible to provide a cathode which is less restricted in manufacturing, has lower manufacturing costs, and can maintain a low overvoltage for one long term.
- the present invention is as follows.
- Hydrogen generation including a coating layer of a composition that can be obtained by thermally decomposing a mixture formed on a conductive substrate and containing at least one platinum group compound in the presence of an organic acid Electrodes.
- An electrode for hydrogen generation comprising a coating layer of a composition obtained by thermally decomposing a mixture containing at least one of the compounds in the presence of an organic acid.
- An electrode for hydrogen generation comprising a conductive base material and a coating layer thereon, wherein the coating layer contains 1 to 20 mol of oxalic acid and 1 to 20 mol of lanthanum per 1 mol of a metal component of a ruthenium compound.
- An electrode for hydrogen generation which is a composition obtainable by thermally decomposing a mixture of at least one selected from the group consisting of a compound, a cerium compound and a yttrium compound in the range of 1Z20 to 1/2 mol in an oxygen atmosphere.
- a mixture containing at least one kind of platinum group compound and at least one kind selected from the group consisting of a lanthanum compound, a cerium compound, and an yttrium compound is applied on a conductive substrate, and heated in the presence of an organic acid.
- a method for producing an electrode for hydrogen generation that decomposes to form a coating layer on a conductive substrate is applied on a conductive substrate, and heated in the presence of an organic acid.
- the amount of at least one selected from the group consisting of a lanthanum compound, a cerium compound, and a lithium compound, relative to 1 mol of the metal component of the platinum group conjugate, is in the range of 1/20 to 1Z2 mol.
- the electrode of the present invention is mainly used as an active cathode in the alkaline electrolysis of the ion exchange membrane method. Further, the active cathode of the present invention is suitably used particularly for a chloralkali electrolytic cell using a zero-gap ion exchange membrane method, maintains a low overvoltage over a long period of time, has excellent durability, and has excellent durability when the electrolytic cell is stopped. Since the elution from the electrode is small, it is possible to prevent the ion exchange membrane from deteriorating.
- FIG. 1 is an X-ray diffraction chart before and after electrolysis of a coating layer made of a thermally decomposed product of ruthenium chloride and oxalic acid of Example 1. .
- Figure 2 is a R u C 1 3 + C e C 1 3 + oxalic X-ray diffraction chart of the front-to-back of the covering layer composed of the pyrolysis product of an acid of Example 3.
- FIG. 3 is a transmission electron micrograph of a cross section of the cathode coating layer after energization in Example 3.
- Figure 4 is a X-ray diffraction Chiya one preparative view of front-to-back of the coating layer composed of the pyrolysis product of R u C 1 3 of Comparative Example 1.
- Figure 5 is a R u C l 3 + C e C l X -ray diffraction Chiya one preparative view of front-to-back of the coating layer composed of the pyrolysis product of 3 in Comparative Example 2.
- the conductive substrate is used in a high-concentration alkaline aqueous solution, stainless steel may be used. However, iron and chromium are eluted and the electric conductivity is lower than that of nickel.
- the shape of the substrate is not particularly limited, an appropriate shape can be selected depending on the purpose, and a perforated plate, an expanded shape, a so-called woven mesh formed by knitting a nickel wire, or the like is suitably used.
- the shape of the base material has suitable specifications depending on the distance between the anode and the cathode. If the substrate has a finite distance, a perforated plate or expanded shape is used, and a so-called zero-gap electrolytic cell where the membrane and the electrode are in contact In the case of, a woven mesh made of thin wires is used.
- These substrates are annealed in an oxidizing atmosphere due to residual stress during processing, It is preferable to reduce the residual stress.
- the acid inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid are preferably used.
- sulfuric acid is preferably used in terms of handling.
- the acid treatment is preferably performed at a temperature of 60 to 90 ° C. using a sulfuric acid solution of 10 to 50% by weight for 1 to 8 hours.
- the pretreatment of the base material it is preferable to apply an aqueous solution containing 0.001 to 1% of a surfactant on the base material, dry the base material, and then apply a coating solution described below.
- This pretreatment improves the wettability of the substrate surface and the unevenness, and the coating solution is evenly applied to the inside of the unevenness. It is considered that there is an effect of being formed and increasing the surface area, and an effect of improving the adhesion between the electrode active material as the electrode coating layer and the electrode substrate.
- the surfactant used in the above pretreatment may be any of anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants, but nonionic surfactants' 1 to freshener are preferably used.
- the amount of the surfactant may be a small amount, and an aqueous solution having a concentration of 0.1 to 0.01% is preferably used.
- a ruthenium compound selected from a Pt compound, an Ir compound, a Ru compound, an Rh compound, a Pd compound and an Os compound is most preferable.
- the platinum group compound used as a component of the coating solution may be in any form of chloride, sulfate, or nitrate, but chloride is preferred because of ease of thermal decomposition and availability of raw material salts. Used.
- the metal concentration of the platinum group compound is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 1 OSOO g ZL, more preferably in the range of 50 to 120 g / L, in consideration of the coating thickness of the coating layer per time. preferable.
- the lanthanum compound, the cerium compound, and the yttrium compound may be in any form, but are preferably metal salts such as nitrates, sulfates, and hydrochlorides, and more preferably heat. Chloride salts are preferably used because of ease of decomposition and availability of raw material salts.
- the substance having an effect of creating a reducing atmosphere during thermal decomposition is a substance containing carbon such as oxalic acid, formic acid, acetic acid, or citric acid, and oxalic acid is preferably used. As oxalic acid, dihydrate and dihydrate are present in the form thereof, and dihydrate is preferably used because raw materials are easily available.
- An organic acid is added to a mixture solution containing a platinum group compound and at least one selected from the group consisting of a lanthanum compound, a cerium compound, and a yttrium compound, or the organic acid is added to the mixture solution.
- Organic acids may be present in the furnace during pyrolysis without the addition. However, it is desirable to mix with a platinum group compound and at least one compound selected from the group consisting of lanthanum compounds, cerium compounds and yttrium compounds.
- Other solutions may be added to the mixture solution. The mixture may remain partially in solution as a precipitate. Examples of such a solution include water, various alcohols such as propyl alcohol, butyl alcohol, and aryl alcohol, and other solvents that dissolve or suspend a mixture thereof. Most preferably, the solution is an aqueous solution or suspension in water.
- the organic acid is preferably in the range of 1/20 to 2 mol
- the cerium is preferably in the range of 1Z20 to 1/2 mol, relative to 1 mol of the metal component of the platinum group compound. .
- the amount of the organic acid is less than 1 mol per 1 mol of the metal component of the platinum group compound, the effect of preventing reduction of the organic acid in the coating layer is not sufficient. At that time, precipitation or the like occurs.
- the molar ratio of the organic acid to 1 mol of ruthenium is 1Z10 to 1 mol, and that of cerium is 1/8 to 1/4.
- a method of applying a mixture containing at least one compound selected from the group consisting of an organic acid, a platinum group compound, and a lanthanum compound, a cerium compound and a yttrium compound onto a conductive substrate a method of coating the substrate with a coating solution Dipping method to immerse in the coating solution A brush, a sponge-shaped roll impregnated with a coating solution and applying the coating solution, and an electrostatic coating method in which the coating solution and the substrate are charged to opposite charges and sprayed using a spray or the like.
- a roll method and an electrostatic coating method are preferably used because productivity and uniform application of a coating liquid to the electrode surface are preferred.
- Thermal decomposition is a reaction that heats a precursor of a mixture to promote decomposition.
- it refers to a reaction that decomposes a metal salt into a metal and a gaseous substance.
- the metal salt is chloride, it is decomposed into metal and chlorine gas.
- the metal salt is nitric acid compound, it is decomposed into metal and nitrogen or NOX gas. Decomposes into sulfur and SOX gas.
- Metals on the other hand, depend on their atmosphere, but in an oxygen atmosphere, many metals tend to combine with oxygen to form oxides.
- the term “in an oxygen atmosphere” means an atmosphere containing oxygen, and most preferably in air in terms of production cost.
- the thermal decomposition is performed.
- the temperature is preferably in the range of 450 to 600 ° C. At a temperature lower than 450 ° C, the rate of thermal decomposition of the mixture is slow, and at a temperature higher than 600 ° C, the nickel substrate softens rapidly.
- the temperature range of 500 to 550 ° C is most preferable.
- the time for the thermal decomposition is preferably long in order to sufficiently perform the thermal decomposition, but once in order to prevent the thermally decomposed product from being completely oxidized, and from the viewpoint of the productivity of the electrode, once.
- the thermal decomposition time per unit is preferably 5 to 60 minutes, more preferably 10 to 30 minutes.
- the thermal decomposition forms a coating layer on the conductive substrate.
- the required thickness of the coating layer is obtained by repeating the cycle of coating, drying, and pyrolysis as required.
- the thicker the coating layer the longer the thicker, the longer the period during which a low overvoltage can be maintained, but from the viewpoint of economy, it is preferably 1 to 5 m.
- the coating weight is preferably 6 g to 30 g per m 2 of apparent surface area, more preferably 2 to 3 ⁇ m, That The coating amount is 1 2 to 1 8 g per an apparent surface area of lm 2.
- the thickness of the coating layer per time is about 0.1 to 0.7 / _t m, and more preferably, 0.2 to 0.4 ⁇ m.
- the coating layer is fired for a long time to stabilize the coating layer in order to completely perform thermal decomposition of the coating layer.
- the temperature range is 500 to 65 ° C, preferably 500 to 550 ° C. If the time for performing the thermal decomposition of the coating layer is short, the thermal decomposition of the coating layer does not sufficiently proceed. Therefore, the time for the thermal decomposition is about 30 minutes to 8 hours, preferably 1 hour to 3 hours.
- a mixture containing at least one platinum group compound (preferably ruthenium compound) and at least one member selected from the group consisting of a lanthanum compound, a cerium compound, and a lithium compound is thermally decomposed in the presence of an organic acid.
- the composition obtained as described above is provided as a coating layer on a conductive substrate.
- the effect of the organic acid is that it is easily reduced in a reducing atmosphere of hydrogen generation, and the generation of highly crystalline oxides that easily undergo structural changes is small. Even when used, there is little structural change in the structure and it is durable.
- the X-ray diffraction measurement of the coating layer itself is small before and after electrolysis. Even when firing in an oxygen atmosphere containing a large amount of oxygen, the generation of oxides that are easily reduced in a hydrogen atmosphere during actual use of electrolysis is small. Therefore, it is considered that a composition distinctly different from that thermally decomposed in the absence of the organic acid was formed on the conductive substrate.
- Substances preferably cerium compounds selected from the group consisting of lanthanum compounds, cerium compounds, and yttrium compounds themselves have poor hydrogen generation activity, but their oxides are reduced to particles in an environment where hydrogen is generated.
- the shape changes into a needle shape, and the needle shape plays a role of holding the coating layer of the platinum group compound, and has an effect of suppressing physical falling off of the coating layer.
- the coating layer has the effect of suppressing the formation of platinum group oxides and the effect of changing the morphology during electrolysis due to the poorly active compounds of lanthanum oxide, cerium oxide, and oxidized sodium.
- the structure is stable even in an atmosphere, prevents physical falling off of the coating layer, and maintains a low hydrogen overvoltage for a long time.
- the amount of acid dilutium contained in the coating layer is determined by the following method.
- a sample having a coating layer formed on a nickel base material is placed in a sample holder of an X-ray diffractometer, and measurement is performed using a Co bulb or a Cu bulb.
- the intensities of the strongest peaks of ruthenium oxide and nickel are compared. Specifically, the peak area is determined by multiplying the peak height by the half width, and the peak intensity ratios are compared.
- the half width indicates a diffraction line width at a peak intensity ratio of 50% higher.
- the strength ratio between ruthenium oxide and nickel of the base material is preferably 5Z100 or less, more preferably 1/1000 or less. If the strength ratio of ruthenium oxide to nickel is greater than 5/100, the content of ruthenium oxide is large, so that ruthenium oxide is reduced in a reducing atmosphere with strong hydrogen generation, resulting in structural changes. And the coating layer will fall off. The reason why the structural change leads to the falling off of the coating layer is not clear, but it is considered that the structural change causes a change in the crystal structure or distortion in the crystal. In fact, in the case of a cathode containing a large amount of ruthenium oxide, it is observed that the coating layer has been peeled off when observed with an electron microscope after energization.
- the overvoltage of the hydrogen generating cathode electrode on which the coating layer is formed is measured by the following method.
- the anode uses a so-called DSA consisting of ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, and titanium oxide on a titanium substrate.
- the anode and cathode cells use rubber gaskets made of EPDM (ethylene propylene), and are ion-exchanged.
- EPDM ethylene propylene
- the electrolysis is performed with the membrane interposed.
- the ion exchange membrane is not particularly limited, it is preferable to use an ion exchange membrane “Acip1ex” (registered trademark) manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation for salt electrolysis.
- a current pulse generator is used as a rectifier for electrolysis, current is flowed at a specified current density, momentarily cut off, and its waveform is observed with an analyzer, such as an analyzer recorder. Calculate the overvoltage of the electrode except for the liquid resistance of.
- Electrolysis conditions current density 3 k A / m 2 or 4 k A / m ", brine concentration in the anode chamber 2 0 5 g / L, Al force in the cathode chamber Li concentration 3 2 wt%, the electrolyte temperature 9 0 ° C
- measure the cathode overvoltage 30 days after the start of electrolysis To change the weight of the coating, remove the screws on the electrode after electrolysis and wash thoroughly with water. After drying, determine the weight and compare before and after electrolysis.
- the smaller dimension of the aperture of the substrate is 3 mm
- the dimension of the larger aperture of the substrate is 4.5 mm
- the feed pitch during expansion is 0.7 mm
- the sheet thickness A nickel expanded substrate having a thickness of 0.1 mm was fired in air at 400 for 3 hours to form an oxide film on the surface. Thereafter, blasting was performed using alumina powder having a weight average particle diameter of 100 or less, so that irregularities were formed on the surface of the substrate.
- the substrate was acid-treated in 25% by weight sulfuric acid at 90 ° C. for 4 hours to provide fine irregularities on the surface of the substrate.
- Nonion N 210 (trademark: a nonionic surfactant made by NOF Corporation) was added to a solution in which 0.15 g of water was mixed with 200 g of water. The nickel substrate was immersed, taken out of the solution, and air-dried.
- oxalic acid a dihydrate
- ruthenium salt with a metal concentration of 100 gZL in a concentration of 0.5 times the amount of ruthenium, and then at 90 ° C for 24 hours.
- the mixture was stirred to obtain a mixture of lihiruthenium chloride and oxalic acid.
- the nickel base material was immersed in the mixture, dried at 50 ° C for 10 minutes, and baked at 500 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. Thereafter, immersion in a solution containing oxalic acid and ruthenium, drying, and calcination at 500 ° C were repeated 5 times in total, and calcination was performed at 550 for 1 hour.
- the cathode in this state was cut into a size of 48 x 58 mm, attached to a small cell, and overvoltage was evaluated.
- the cathode cut to 48 x 58 mm so that it can be attached and detached was fixed to the rib of the nickel cell body with nickel screws.
- As the reference electrode a PFA-coated platinum wire with the platinum part exposed about 1 mm was used fixed vertically.
- the anode uses a so-called DSA made of ruthenium oxide, iridium iridium, and titanium oxide on a titanium substrate.
- the anode cell and the cathode cell use EPDM rubber gaskets.
- the ion exchange membrane is manufactured by Asahi Kasei. “Acip1ex” (registered trademark) F4203 was used.
- Electric angle ⁇ used a current pulse generator "HC114" (trademark) manufactured by Hokuto Denko Corporation as a rectifier for electrolysis.
- the electrolysis conditions were a current density of 4 kA / m 2 , a saline solution concentration of 205 g ZL in the anode compartment, an aluminum concentration of 32 wt% in the cathode compartment, and an electrolysis temperature of 90 ° C.
- the overvoltage of the cathode was measured 3 days and 30 days after the start of electrolysis. The calculation of the overvoltage of the cathode was performed as follows.
- the cathode voltage E 1 with respect to the platinum wire at a current density of 4 kA / m 2 was measured, and then the voltage E 2 when the current was instantaneously cut off by the force-rent pulse generator “HC114” (trademark).
- E2 is a measured voltage related to structural resistance and liquid resistance. Then, the net overvoltage was calculated as E1-E2.
- the change in weight before and after electrolysis was determined by removing the screws of the electrode after electrolysis, washing thoroughly with water, drying, measuring the weight, and calculating the change in weight before and after electrolysis.
- the overvoltage after 3 days was 74 mV, and the weight change was Omg. Electrolysis evaluation of this cathode was continued. After 30 days, a cathode having an overvoltage of 73 mV and a weight change of 1 mg was obtained, and a cathode having a low overvoltage and excellent durability was obtained.
- the X-ray diffraction of the cathode sample was measured with a Geigerflex 4036 A2 X-ray diffractometer of Rigaku Denki using a Co bulb. The result is shown in FIG.
- the strongest peak of the nickel substrate was around 52 °, but the peaks of ruthenium oxide were 32 °, 42 °, and 65. It was not observed in the vicinity. After the energization, little change was observed except for the appearance of the peaks of nickel oxide at around 44 ° and 51 °, and no delamination of the coating layer was observed in the electron micrograph after the energization.
- the smaller dimension of the electrode opening SW is 3 mm
- the larger dimension of the electrode opening LW is 4.5 mm
- the feed pitch during expansion is 0.7 mm
- the sheet thickness is 0.
- a 7 mm nickel expanded substrate was baked at 400 ° C. for 3 hours in the air to form an oxide film on the surface. Thereafter, blasting was performed using an alumina powder having a weight average particle diameter of 100 / zm or less, so that irregularities were provided on the substrate surface.
- the substrate was subjected to an acid treatment in 25% by weight sulfuric acid at 90 ° C. for 4 hours to provide fine irregularities on the surface of the substrate.
- Nonion N 210 (trademark, a nonionic surfactant manufactured by NOF Corporation) was mixed at a ratio of 0.15 g to 200 g of water.
- the nickel base material was immersed in the solution, removed from the solution, and air-dried.
- oxalic acid a dihydrate
- ruthenium chloride mixture having a metal concentration of 100 g ZL at a molar ratio shown in Table 1 with respect to 1 mol of ruthenium, and then the ruthenium was further added to the cell.
- Cerium chloride was added at a molar ratio shown in Table 1 with respect to 1 mole, and the mixture was stirred at 90 ° C for 24 hours to prepare a mixture of rutile ruthenium, cerium salt and oxalic acid. did.
- the nickel base material was immersed in the mixture, dried at 50 ° C for 10 minutes, and baked in the air at 500 ° C for 10 minutes.
- the immersion in the mixture, drying, and firing at 500 ° C. were repeated a total of 10 times, and finally firing was performed at 550 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the thickness of the coating layer after firing was 2-3 ⁇ .
- the cathode in this state was cut to 48 ⁇ 58 mm and attached to a small cell to evaluate the overvoltage.
- the cathode pressed to 48 ⁇ 58 mm so that it can be attached and detached was fixed to the rib of the nickel cell body with nickel screws.
- the reference electrode which exposes the platinum part of the PFA-coated platinum wire by about 1 mm, is fixed vertically to the surface in contact with the ion exchange membrane.
- the anode uses so-called DSA consisting of ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, and titanium oxide on a titanium substrate.
- the anode cell and the cathode cell use rubber gaskets made of EPDM (ethylene propylenegen). Asahi Kasei's “Acip 1 ex” (registered trademark) F 4203 was used.
- a power rent pulse generator “HC114” (trademark) manufactured by Hokuto Denko was used as a rectifier for electrolysis.
- the electrolysis conditions were a current density of 3 kA / m 2 , a saline solution concentration of 205 gL in the anode compartment, an aluminum concentration of 32 wt% in the cathode compartment, and an electrolysis temperature of 90 ° C.
- the overvoltage of the cathode was measured 30 days after the start of electrolysis.
- Overvoltage cathode measures the voltage E 1 of the cathode with respect to the reference electrode when the current density 3 kA / m 2, then a current pulse generator HC 1 14, the voltage E 2 at the time of shut off the current instantaneously It was measured. Since E2 is a voltage due to structural resistance and liquid resistance, the net overvoltage was calculated as E1-E2.
- the change in the weight of the coating was calculated from the weight change before the electrolysis and 30 days after the energization, after removing the screws of the electrode after the electrolysis, washing thoroughly with water, and drying and measuring the weight. Table 1 shows the results. table 1
- the overvoltage was low and the amount of reduction in electrode coating was small, that is, a cathode with high durability was obtained.
- the X-ray diffraction of the cathode sample prepared by using the mixture of 1 mol of ruthenium and 1 mol of oxalic acid—1 / 4 mol of Ce in Example 2 was measured by a X-ray diffractometer of Geiger Flex 4036A2 manufactured by Rigaku Corporation. It measured using. Figure 2 shows the measurement results obtained. Before energization, the strongest peak of the nickel substrate was around 52 °, but the peak of ruthenium oxide was not observed around 32 °. After the energization, there was almost no change except for the appearance of nickel oxide peaks around 44 ° and 51 °, and no delamination of the coating layer was observed in the electron micrograph after the energization.
- the cathode coating layer of the sample was peeled off from the nickel expanded base material, the cross section was adjusted, and the sample was observed with a transmission electron microscope.
- Figure 3 shows an electron micrograph.
- the cerium oxide was changed to acicular form in the areas 1 and 2 in Fig. 3, and the acicular particles played the role of holding the coating layer of ruthenium oxide and ruthenium hydrate in step 3. The effect of suppressing the peeling of the coating layer was confirmed.
- Fig. 3 the voids seen between 1 and 3 were created during the preparation of the transmission electron microscope sample, and the state of the acicular particles can be observed well.
- a woven mesh substrate in which a nickel wire having a diameter of 0.15 mm was knitted with 50 mesh openings was fired at 400 ° C. in the air for 3 hours to form an oxide film on the surface. Thereafter, blasting was performed using alumina powder having a weight average particle diameter of 100 // m or less, so that irregularities were formed on the surface of the substrate. Next, the substrate was subjected to acid treatment in 25% by weight sulfuric acid at 90 ° C. for 4 hours to provide fine irregularities on the surface of the substrate.
- Nonion N210 (trademark: a nonionic surfactant manufactured by NOF Corporation) was mixed at a ratio of 0.15 g to 200 g of water.
- the nickel base material was immersed in it, taken out of the solution, and air-dried.
- oxalic acid of dihydrate was added to a mixture of ruthenium chloride having a metal concentration of 100 g / L so as to be 0.5 mol per mol of ruthenium, and then the ruthenium was further added to the cell.
- 0.5 mol per mol of salt was added, and the mixture was stirred at 90 ° C. for one day and night to obtain a mixture containing salted hirhiltanium, salted cerium and oxalic acid. .
- a vat containing the coating liquid is placed at the bottom of the coating roll, the coating liquid is soaked in the coating roll made of EPDM, and a roll is placed on top of it so that the roll is always in contact with the roll.
- a roller made of stainless steel was installed to apply the woven mesh. Before drying, the substrate coated with the coating solution was quickly passed between two EPDM sponge jars to suck and remove the coating solution accumulated at the intersection of the woven mesh. After drying at 50 ° C for 10 minutes, baking was performed at 500 ° C for 10 minutes in air, and roll application, drying, and firing at 500 ° C were repeated a total of 10 times. The firing was performed at 550 ° C for 1 hour.
- the cathode in this state was cut to 48 ⁇ 58 mm and attached to a small cell to evaluate the overvoltage.
- a cathode cut to 48 x 58 mm so that it can be attached and detached is fixed on an uncoated expanded substrate with a thin nickel wire or the like, and then the substrate is plated with nickel screws on the ribs of the nickel cell body. Fixed.
- a reference electrode with the platinum portion of the PFA-coated platinum wire exposed by about 1 mm was fixed vertically to the surface in contact with the ion exchange membrane.
- the anode uses so-called DSA consisting of ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, and titanium oxide on a titanium substrate.
- the anode and cathode cells use rubber gaskets made of EPDM (ethylene propylenegen). "Acip1ex" (registered trademark) F4 2 ⁇ 3 manufactured by Asahi Kasei was used.
- a current pulse generator “HC114” (trademark) manufactured by Hokuto Denko was used as a rectifier for electrolysis.
- the electrolysis conditions were a current density of 3 k AZm 2 , a saline solution concentration of 205 g / L in the anode compartment, an aluminum concentration of 32 wt% in the cathode compartment, and an electrolysis temperature of 90 ° C. 30 days after the start of electrolysis, the overvoltage of the cathode was measured.
- the cathode overvoltage is measured by measuring the cathode voltage E1 with respect to the reference electrode at a current density of 3 kA / m ", and then using the current pulse generator HC114 to instantaneously interrupt the current. The measurement was 2. Since E 2 is a voltage due to structural resistance and liquid resistance, the net overvoltage was calculated as E 1 ⁇ E 2.
- the amount of reduction in coating was determined by removing the screw stopper of the electrode after electrolysis, washing thoroughly with water, drying and measuring the weight, and calculating the weight change before electrolysis and 30 days after energization.
- the overvoltage was 68 mV
- the coating weight loss was 2 mg
- a cathode with low overvoltage and high durability was obtained.
- a cathode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that a 6% hydrochloric acid solution of ruthenium chloride having a metal concentration of 100 g ZL was used.
- the smaller dimension SW of the electrode aperture is 3 mm
- the larger dimension LW of the electrode aperture is 4.5 mm
- the feed pitch during expansion processing is 0.7 mm
- the sheet thickness is 0.
- a 7 mm nickel expanded substrate was baked at 400 ° C for 3 hours in air to form an oxide film on the surface. Thereafter, blasting was performed using an alumina powder having a weight average particle diameter of 100 im or less, so that irregularities were provided on the surface of the base material.
- the substrate was subjected to acid treatment in 25% by weight sulfuric acid at 90 ° C. for 4 hours to provide fine irregularities on the substrate surface.
- the nickel base material was immersed in a solution in which surfactant Nonionic N210 (a nonionic surfactant manufactured by NOF Corporation) was mixed at a ratio of 0.15 g to 200 g of water. It was air-dried after being taken out of the container.
- Nonionic N210 a nonionic surfactant manufactured by NOF Corporation
- the cathode in this state was cut into a size of 48 x 58 mm, attached to a small cell, and overvoltage was evaluated.
- a PFA-coated platinum wire having a platinum portion exposed by about 1 mm was used by being fixed in the vertical direction.
- the anode uses a so-called DSA consisting of ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, and titanium oxide on a titanium substrate, and uses a rubber gasket made of EPDM for the anode cell and the cathode cell.
- Ac ip 1 ex ”(registered trademark) F 4203 was used.
- a power rent pulse generator “HC114” (trademark) manufactured by Hokuto Denko was used as a rectifier for electrolysis.
- the electrolysis conditions were a current density of 4 kAZm 2 , a saline solution concentration of 205 g / L in the anode compartment, an aluminum concentration of 32 wt% in the cathode compartment, and an electrolysis temperature of 90 ° C. Three days after the start of electrolysis, the overvoltage of the cathode was measured.
- the cathode overvoltage was calculated as follows.
- the voltage E 1 of the cathode with respect to the platinum wire at a current density of 4 kAZm 2 was measured.
- the voltage E1 includes the overvoltage of the cathode, the liquid resistance between the reference electrode and the cathode, the resistance of the nickel cell structure, and the contact resistance between the electrode and the rib.
- the voltage E2 when the current was cut off was measured with "HC114".
- the overvoltage of the cathode drops instantaneously, and the voltage E2 becomes the voltage due to the liquid resistance, the structural resistance, and the contact resistance. Therefore, the net overvoltage is E1 ⁇ E2. Calculated.
- the change in weight before and after electrolysis was calculated by removing the screws of the electrode after electrolysis, washing thoroughly with water, drying and measuring the weight, and calculating the change in weight before and after electrolysis.
- the overvoltage was 75 mV and the weight was reduced by 2 Omg.
- the overvoltage was 82 mV and the weight was further increased.
- Fig. 4 shows an X-ray diffraction pattern using a Co bulb.
- the strongest peak of the nickel substrate is around 52 °
- the peak of ruthenium oxide is around 32 °
- the other peaks of ruthenium oxide are 42 ° and 65. Appearing nearby.
- the peak intensity ratio was calculated to be 50Z100, and the content of ruthenium oxide was large.
- a cathode was produced in the same manner as in Example 2-7, except that an aqueous solution of ruthenium chloride at a concentration of 100 g / L and an aqueous solution of salted cerium were used.
- the dimension SW of the nickel substrate with the smaller aperture is 3 mm
- the dimension LW of the larger electrode aperture is 4.5 mm
- the feed pitch during the expansion process is 0.7 mm
- the sheet thickness is 0.7.
- the expanded substrate of 7 mm was baked at 400 in the air for 3 hours to form an oxide film on the surface. Thereafter, plasting was performed using alumina powder having a weight average particle diameter of 100 ⁇ or less, so that irregularities were provided on the substrate surface.
- the substrate was subjected to an acid treatment in 25% by weight sulfuric acid at 90 ° C for 4 hours to provide fine irregularities on the substrate surface.
- Nonion N 210 (trademark: a nonionic surfactant manufactured by NOF Corporation) was mixed in a solution prepared by mixing 0.1 g of water with 200 g of water.
- the Kell substrate was immersed and removed from the solution and air-dried.
- a salt solution was added to an aqueous solution of ruthenium salt having a metal concentration of 100 g ZL so that the ratio of serum was 1 to 4 moles per mole of ruthenium, and the mixture was stirred at 90 ° C for 24 hours a day.
- the nickel substrate was immersed in this solution, dried at 50 ° C for 10 minutes, and baked at 500 ° C for 10 minutes in the air. Thereafter, immersion in the solution, drying and firing at 500 ° C. were repeated a total of 10 times, and firing was performed at 550 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the cathode in this state was cut to 48 ⁇ 58 mm and attached to a small cell to evaluate the overvoltage.
- the cathode was pressed to 48 x 58 mm so that it could be attached and detached, and was fixed to the nickel cell body ribs with nickel screws. '
- a PFA-coated platinum wire having a platinum portion exposed by about 1 mm was used by being fixed vertically on a surface where the electrode was in contact with the ion exchange membrane.
- the anode uses a so-called DSA made of ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, and titanium oxide on a titanium substrate.
- the anode cell and the cathode cell use rubber gaskets made of EPDM.
- the ion exchange membrane is manufactured by Asahi Kasei. “Acip1ex” (registered trademark) F 4203 was used.
- a power rent pulse generator HC114 manufactured by Hokuto Denko was used as a rectifier for electrolysis.
- the electrolysis conditions were a current density of 3 kAZm 2 , a salt water concentration of the anode compartment of 205 g / L, an alkaline concentration of the cathode compartment of 32 wt%, and an electrolysis temperature of 90 ° C. 30 days after the start of electrolysis, the overvoltage of the cathode was measured.
- the measurement of the overvoltage of the cathode was performed as follows. Measure the voltage E 1 of the cathode with respect to the reference electrode at a current density of 3 kA / m 2 , and then use the power rent pulse generator “HC114” (trademark) to instantaneously cut off the current. E2 was measured. Since E 2 is a voltage due to the structural resistance and the liquid resistance, the net overvoltage was calculated as E 1 ⁇ E 2.
- the coating reduction amount was determined by removing the screws of the electrode after electrolysis, washing thoroughly with water, drying and measuring the weight, and calculating from the weight change before electrolysis and 30 days after energization. After 30 days, the overvoltage was 9 ImV and the weight had decreased by 2 Omg.
- FIG. 5 shows X-ray diffraction diagrams of Comparative Example 2 before and after energization using a Co bulb.
- the cathode for electrolysis according to the present invention is suitably used for chloralkali electrolysis, particularly for a zero gear electrolytic cell in which a membrane and a cathode are in contact, and can maintain a low overvoltage for a long period of time. is there.
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (8)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
ES03710454.4T ES2592712T3 (es) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-03-20 | Electrodo para la generación de hidrógeno |
EP03710454.4A EP1486587B1 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-03-20 | Electrode for generation of hydrogen |
KR1020037015052A KR100554588B1 (ko) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-03-20 | 수소 발생용 전극 |
CA002447766A CA2447766C (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-03-20 | Electrode for use in hydrogen generation |
JP2003576681A JP4346070B2 (ja) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-03-20 | 水素発生用電極 |
US10/478,134 US7122219B2 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-03-20 | Electrode for generation of hydrogen |
AU2003221445A AU2003221445A1 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-03-20 | Electrode for generation of hydrogen |
US11/425,686 US7229536B2 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2006-06-21 | Electrode for use in hydrogen generation |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2002077949 | 2002-03-20 | ||
JP2002-077949 | 2002-03-20 |
Related Child Applications (2)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US10/478,134 A-371-Of-International US7122219B2 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-03-20 | Electrode for generation of hydrogen |
US11/425,686 Division US7229536B2 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2006-06-21 | Electrode for use in hydrogen generation |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2003078694A1 true WO2003078694A1 (en) | 2003-09-25 |
Family
ID=28035549
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2003/003423 WO2003078694A1 (en) | 2002-03-20 | 2003-03-20 | Electrode for generation of hydrogen |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
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US (2) | US7122219B2 (ja) |
EP (2) | EP2749671A1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4346070B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100554588B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN1262689C (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2003221445A1 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2447766C (ja) |
ES (1) | ES2592712T3 (ja) |
HU (1) | HUE031807T2 (ja) |
RU (1) | RU2268324C2 (ja) |
TW (1) | TW200304503A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2003078694A1 (ja) |
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JP2009215580A (ja) * | 2008-03-07 | 2009-09-24 | Permelec Electrode Ltd | 水素発生用陰極 |
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US7704909B2 (en) | 2006-10-25 | 2010-04-27 | Chlorine Engineers Corp., Ltd. | Electrode for hydrogen generation and process for preparation thereof |
JP2012102408A (ja) * | 2012-01-23 | 2012-05-31 | Permelec Electrode Ltd | 水素発生用陰極 |
JP2016148074A (ja) * | 2015-02-10 | 2016-08-18 | 旭化成株式会社 | 水素発生用陰極およびその製造方法 |
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- 2003-03-20 US US10/478,134 patent/US7122219B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
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Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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US7704909B2 (en) | 2006-10-25 | 2010-04-27 | Chlorine Engineers Corp., Ltd. | Electrode for hydrogen generation and process for preparation thereof |
US8034221B2 (en) | 2006-10-25 | 2011-10-11 | Chlorine Engineers Corp., Ltd. | Electrode for hydrogen generation and process for preparation thereof |
JP2009215580A (ja) * | 2008-03-07 | 2009-09-24 | Permelec Electrode Ltd | 水素発生用陰極 |
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US8425740B2 (en) | 2008-07-03 | 2013-04-23 | Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation | Cathode for hydrogen generation and method for producing the same |
JP2012102408A (ja) * | 2012-01-23 | 2012-05-31 | Permelec Electrode Ltd | 水素発生用陰極 |
JP2016148074A (ja) * | 2015-02-10 | 2016-08-18 | 旭化成株式会社 | 水素発生用陰極およびその製造方法 |
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CA2447766C (en) | 2008-09-23 |
EP1486587B1 (en) | 2016-08-10 |
CN1262689C (zh) | 2006-07-05 |
EP2749671A1 (en) | 2014-07-02 |
US7122219B2 (en) | 2006-10-17 |
EP1486587A4 (en) | 2005-06-01 |
ES2592712T3 (es) | 2016-12-01 |
CA2447766A1 (en) | 2003-09-25 |
US20060231387A1 (en) | 2006-10-19 |
TWI309265B (ja) | 2009-05-01 |
CN1509345A (zh) | 2004-06-30 |
EP1486587A1 (en) | 2004-12-15 |
KR20040002977A (ko) | 2004-01-07 |
US7229536B2 (en) | 2007-06-12 |
TW200304503A (en) | 2003-10-01 |
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RU2003136762A (ru) | 2005-04-10 |
KR100554588B1 (ko) | 2006-03-03 |
US20040151896A1 (en) | 2004-08-05 |
JPWO2003078694A1 (ja) | 2005-07-14 |
RU2268324C2 (ru) | 2006-01-20 |
AU2003221445A1 (en) | 2003-09-29 |
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