WO2010001971A1 - 水素発生用陰極およびその製造方法 - Google Patents
水素発生用陰極およびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2010001971A1 WO2010001971A1 PCT/JP2009/062146 JP2009062146W WO2010001971A1 WO 2010001971 A1 WO2010001971 A1 WO 2010001971A1 JP 2009062146 W JP2009062146 W JP 2009062146W WO 2010001971 A1 WO2010001971 A1 WO 2010001971A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
- C25B11/093—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one noble metal or noble metal oxide and at least one non-noble metal oxide
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
- C25B11/097—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds comprising two or more noble metals or noble metal alloys
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a hydrogen generating cathode used for electrolysis of water or an aqueous solution of an alkali metal compound, and more particularly to a hydrogen generating cathode suitably used for ion exchange membrane salt electrolysis.
- the cathode for hydrogen generation is used in electrolysis for producing hydrogen, chlorine, caustic soda, etc. by electrolyzing water or an aqueous solution of an alkali metal compound (typically alkali metal chloride).
- an alkali metal compound typically alkali metal chloride.
- reduction of energy consumption, specifically, reduction of electrolysis voltage is a major issue.
- the ion exchange membrane method has been the mainstream as an electrolysis method for an aqueous solution of alkali metal chloride such as saline, and various studies have been made so far.
- the electrolysis voltage depends on the theoretically required voltage required for the electrolysis of salt, the overvoltage of the anodic reaction (chlorine generation), the overvoltage of the cathodic reaction (hydrogen generation), and the resistance of the ion exchange membrane.
- the voltage depends on the voltage and the distance between the anode and the cathode.
- DSA D imensionally S table A node
- cathodes with hydrogen generation in recent years, there is a demand for cathodes with low hydrogen overvoltage and durability from the viewpoint of energy saving. Further, it is known that the cathode is exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere by a reverse current when the electrolytic cell is stopped, but it is also required that the reverse current does not cause oxidative degradation. In order to prevent oxidative deterioration of the cathode, measures are taken to pass a weak anticorrosion current before the electrolyzer is stopped. This method of stopping the electrolyzer is economical because it complicates operation and increases the cost of incidental equipment. This should be improved from the viewpoint. Therefore, there is a demand for a cathode that can be stopped without flowing a corrosion-proof current when the electrolytic cell is stopped.
- Typical examples of the catalyst layer for the hydrogen generating cathode include nickel, nickel oxide, an alloy of nickel and tin, a combination of activated carbon and oxide, ruthenium oxide, platinum and the like.
- Examples of the method for producing the hydrogen generating cathode include alloy plating, dispersion / composite plating, thermal decomposition, thermal spraying, and combinations thereof.
- Non-patent Document 1 A cathode for hydrogen generation in which fine particles of granulated nickel oxide are plasma sprayed to form a nickel oxide layer on a nickel substrate has been developed and put into practical use (Non-patent Document 1).
- This cathode has a feature that it is extremely resistant to oxidative degradation due to current because the catalyst itself is an oxide, and therefore, no anticorrosion current is required when the electrolytic cell is stopped.
- Raney nickel has a very large effective area, so it can achieve a low hydrogen overvoltage.
- Raney nickel has the property of being easily oxidized, but by introducing a hydrogen storage alloy, it has been devised to prevent oxidation due to the reverse current generated when the electrolytic cell is stopped.
- a cathode made of ruthenium oxide As a cathode using a noble metal, a cathode made of ruthenium oxide has been proposed. This cathode has a very low hydrogen overvoltage as a cathode for hydrogen generation in an alkali metal aqueous solution.
- ruthenium oxide is oxidized and deteriorated by a reverse current, and it is essential to pass a corrosion-proof current when the electrolytic cell is stopped.
- Patent Document 2 A technique for forming an electrode catalyst layer having a coating made of ruthenium oxide formed by a thermal decomposition method, nickel, and a rare earth metal having a hydrogen storage capability on a metal substrate has also been proposed.
- the introduction of a hydrogen storage alloy has been devised to prevent oxidation due to a reverse current generated when electrolysis is stopped (Patent Document 2).
- Patent Document 3 proposes a hydrogen generation cathode made of platinum and cerium oxide.
- Patent Document 4 proposes a hydrogen generating cathode made of an alloy of platinum and nickel. Both of these cathodes have shown excellent performance as cathodes for hydrogen generation in an alkali metal aqueous solution, but studies have been made to further improve the cost.
- Patent Document 5 proposes a hydrogen generating cathode made of platinum and iridium oxide. However, the crystallinity of iridium oxide is low and the resistance to reverse current is insufficient, and this hydrogen generating cathode has not yet been commercialized.
- Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-140680 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 11-158678 JP 2000-239882 A JP 2005-330575 A JP 57-13189 A
- An object of the present invention is to provide a hydrogen generation cathode that has a low hydrogen overvoltage and that has excellent durability with respect to a reverse current generated when the electrolytic cell is stopped, and that has excellent durability. is there.
- iridium oxide is an electrochemically stable material that does not undergo dissolution or structural change at a potential from the hydrogen generation potential to the oxygen generation potential. .
- iridium oxide is an electrochemically stable material that does not undergo dissolution or structural change at a potential from the hydrogen generation potential to the oxygen generation potential.
- platinum by supporting platinum with iridium oxide as a skeleton, physical dropout due to electrolysis can be suppressed as compared with a cathode for hydrogen generation using platinum alone, and further, by increasing the crystallinity of iridium oxide as a skeleton. , Discovered that physical loss can be further prevented.
- the cathode for hydrogen generation formed using the above materials has a low hydrogen overvoltage, reverse current generated when the electrolytic cell is stopped, and iron ions contained in the electrolyte.
- the present invention has been completed by finding out that it has resistance to rust and is also economically superior. That is, the present invention is as follows.
- a hydrogen generation cathode having a conductive substrate and a catalyst layer formed on the conductive substrate, the catalyst layer containing crystalline iridium oxide, platinum and an iridium-platinum alloy Cathode for hydrogen generation.
- the ratio of the number of moles of platinum element to the total number of moles of iridium element and platinum element present in the catalyst layer (Pt / (Ir + Pt)) is 20 to 50 atm% (1) or (1)
- An electrolytic cell for electrolysis of alkali metal chloride comprising the hydrogen generating cathode according to any one of (1) to (3) above.
- a method for producing the hydrogen generating cathode according to any one of (1) to (3) above A coating step of coating a coating liquid containing an iridium compound and a platinum compound on a conductive substrate; A film forming step of drying the coating solution to form a coating film; A method for producing a hydrogen generating cathode, comprising: a pyrolysis step of heating and thermally decomposing the coating film; and an electrolysis step of electrolyzing the coating film after the thermal decomposition.
- a method for producing the hydrogen generating cathode according to any one of (1) to (3) above A coating step of applying a coating solution containing an iridium compound, a platinum compound, a divalent or higher organic acid, and an organic compound having two or more hydroxyl groups for esterification with the organic acid on a conductive substrate; A method for producing a cathode for hydrogen generation, comprising: a film forming step of drying the coating solution to form a coating film; and a thermal decomposition step of thermally decomposing the coating film by heating.
- the ratio of the number of moles of platinum element to the total number of moles of iridium element and platinum element present in the coating solution (Pt / (Ir + Pt)) is 20 to 50 atm% (5) or ( A method for producing a cathode for hydrogen generation as described in 6).
- a cathode for hydrogen generation that can be used for electrolysis of an aqueous solution of an alkali metal compound, particularly suitable for a zero gap electrolytic cell, has low hydrogen overvoltage, excellent durability, and is generated when the electrolytic cell is stopped.
- a hydrogen generating cathode excellent in resistance to reverse current and resistance to iron ions contained in an electrolytic solution.
- the X-ray diffraction patterns before the electrolysis test of the hydrogen generation cathodes obtained in Examples 1 to 3 are shown.
- the horizontal axis represents the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ), and the vertical axis represents the intensity.
- the X-ray diffraction patterns before and after the electrolytic test of the cathode for hydrogen generation obtained in Example 1 are shown, the horizontal axis is the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ), and the vertical axis is the intensity.
- the X-ray diffraction pattern before the electrolysis test of the cathode for hydrogen generation obtained in Example 1 and Example 4 is shown, the horizontal axis is the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ), and the vertical axis is the intensity.
- the X-ray diffraction diagram after the electrolysis test of the cathode for hydrogen generation obtained in Example 4 (after energization for 170 hours and after energization for 550 hours) is shown, the horizontal axis is the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ), and the vertical axis is the intensity.
- the X-ray diffraction patterns of the hydrogen generation cathodes obtained in Comparative Examples 2 to 5 before the electrolysis test are shown, with the horizontal axis representing the diffraction angle (2 ⁇ ) and the vertical axis representing the intensity.
- Example 6 and Comparative Example 7 and Comparative Example 8 The change of the overvoltage of the cathode for hydrogen generation obtained in Example 6 and Comparative Example 7 and Comparative Example 8 is shown, the horizontal axis is the relative value of the platinum element mass in the catalyst layer, and the vertical axis is the hydrogen overvoltage.
- the present invention relates to a hydrogen generating cathode having a conductive substrate and a catalyst layer formed on the conductive substrate, wherein crystalline iridium oxide, platinum and iridium-platinum alloy are contained in the catalyst layer.
- a cathode for hydrogen generation is provided.
- the catalyst layer of the hydrogen generating cathode of the present invention contains crystalline iridium oxide, platinum and iridium-platinum alloy.
- the catalyst layer means a layer formed on a conductive substrate and having a function of reducing hydrogen overvoltage.
- An electric current is applied to the hydrogen generating cathode of the present invention when used for electrolysis of an alkali metal compound.
- crystalline iridium oxide and platinum are present when a current is applied, at least a part of them is alloyed by the application of the current.
- An iridium-platinum alloy formed by alloying crystalline iridium oxide and platinum is present in the catalyst layer when a current is applied when using a cathode for hydrogen generation (when alloying is started by applying a current when using a cathode) As long as it is included).
- the iridium-platinum alloy may be formed in advance by electrolysis of the catalyst layer during the production of the hydrogen generation cathode, or after the production of the hydrogen generation cathode and during the electrolysis of the alkali metal compound at the time of use. Or both of them.
- the main catalyst component for reducing the overvoltage in the catalyst layer of the cathode for hydrogen generation of the present invention is platinum and an iridium-platinum alloy.
- the catalyst layer has a structure in which crystalline iridium oxide serves as a skeleton and platinum is supported thereon or an iridium-platinum alloy. Therefore, according to the present invention, the surface area of the catalyst is large, and a low hydrogen overvoltage can be obtained even with a small amount of platinum.
- the presence of the iridium-platinum alloy can be confirmed by the fact that the diffraction peak angle of metallic platinum is shifted to the higher angle side in the X-ray diffraction measurement.
- the full width at half maximum means the width between the angles at which the diffraction intensity takes half the value of the peak top in the X-ray diffraction peak, as is well known to those skilled in the art of X-ray diffraction measurement.
- the platinum in the catalyst layer is preferably amorphous platinum.
- An iridium-platinum alloy is successfully formed by electrolysis in a combination of crystalline iridium oxide and amorphous platinum.
- amorphous platinum means platinum in which no clear platinum peak is observed in X-ray diffraction.
- iridium oxide serves as a skeleton, so that the higher the crystallinity of iridium oxide, the less weight loss of the catalyst layer due to electrolysis and the resistance to reverse current.
- the full width at half maximum is 0.47 ° or less, the crystallinity of iridium oxide is higher, so that the surface area of iridium oxide is increased and the platinum utilization rate is improved.
- the lower limit of the full width at half maximum is not particularly limited. However, since the dispersibility of iridium oxide and platinum is good and an iridium-platinum alloy is easily formed, the full width at half maximum is preferably 0.10 ° or more.
- the full width at half maximum can be calculated by analysis software attached to the X-ray diffractometer.
- the ratio of the number of moles of platinum element to the total number of moles of iridium element and platinum element present in the catalyst layer is preferably 20 to 50 atm%.
- the ratio is 20 atm% or more, the amount of iridium-platinum alloy formed by electrolysis is large, and the loss of the catalyst layer due to electrolysis can be suppressed more favorably.
- the said ratio is 50 atm% or less, the quantity of the crystalline iridium oxide used as frame
- the ratio (Pt / (Ir + Pt)) is more preferably 20 to 45 atm%.
- the thickness of the catalyst layer is preferably 0.5 to 5 ⁇ m, more preferably 1 to 3 ⁇ m. As the thickness of the catalyst layer increases, the period during which a low overvoltage can be maintained becomes longer, but the above range is preferable from the viewpoint of economy.
- the conductive substrate for example, nickel, nickel alloy, stainless steel or the like can be used.
- stainless steel is used in a high-concentration alkaline aqueous solution, in consideration of elution of iron and chromium and the fact that the electrical conductivity of stainless steel is about 1/10 that of nickel, as a conductive base material Is preferably nickel.
- the shape of the conductive substrate is not particularly limited, and an appropriate shape can be selected depending on the purpose, and a perforated plate, an expanded shape, a so-called woven mesh produced by knitting a nickel wire, or the like is preferably used.
- a perforated plate, an expanded shape, a so-called woven mesh produced by knitting a nickel wire, or the like is preferably used.
- about the shape of an electroconductive base material there exists a suitable specification with the distance of the anode and cathode in an electrolytic cell.
- a perforated plate or an expanded shape is used.
- a woven mesh knitted with a thin line is used. Used.
- the present invention it is preferable to relieve the residual stress during processing by annealing the conductive substrate in an oxidizing atmosphere.
- irregularities are formed using a steel grid, alumina powder, etc., and then the surface area is increased by acid treatment. It is preferable to make it.
- the cathode for hydrogen generation of the present invention is produced by any method capable of forming a combination of crystalline iridium oxide and platinum and / or an iridium-platinum alloy produced by alloying them as a catalyst layer on a conductive substrate. It can. Specifically, various known methods such as a thermal decomposition method, an electrolytic plating method, an electroless plating method, a dispersion plating method, a vapor deposition method, and a plasma spraying method can be applied. Of these, the thermal decomposition method is preferable from the viewpoint of industrial productivity. Hereinafter, the preferable aspect which manufactures the cathode for hydrogen generation of this invention by a thermal decomposition method is demonstrated.
- the present invention is a method of producing the above-described hydrogen generating cathode of the present invention, A coating step of applying a coating solution containing an iridium compound, a platinum compound, a divalent or higher organic acid, and an organic compound having two or more hydroxyl groups for esterification with the organic acid on a conductive substrate; There is also provided a method for producing a hydrogen generating cathode, comprising a film forming step of drying the coating solution to form a coating film, and a thermal decomposition step of thermally decomposing the coating film by heating.
- the present invention also provides a method for producing the above-described hydrogen generating cathode of the present invention, A coating step of coating a coating liquid containing an iridium compound and a platinum compound on a conductive substrate; A film forming step of drying the coating solution to form a coating film; There is also provided a method for producing a cathode for generating hydrogen, comprising a pyrolysis step of heating and thermally decomposing the coating film, and an electrolysis step of electrolyzing the coating film after the thermal decomposition.
- the coating liquid used in the method for producing a cathode for hydrogen generation of the present invention is typically a mixture of an iridium compound solution and a platinum compound solution.
- the iridium compound solution include iridium chloride, ammine complex, nitrate, hydroxide salt and the like.
- the platinum compound solution include solutions of platinum chloride, ammine complex, nitrate, hydroxide salt and the like. Two or more iridium compounds and platinum compounds may be combined.
- an iridium chloride solution is preferable in that the iridium concentration in the coating solution can be increased, and as the platinum compound solution, a dinitrodiammine platinum solution is preferable.
- the solvent of the solution may be water, an organic solvent such as alcohol, or a mixture thereof.
- the ratio of the number of moles of platinum element to the total number of moles of iridium element and platinum element (Pt / (Ir + Pt)) in the coating solution is preferably 20 to 50 atm%.
- the ratio is 20 atm% or more, the amount of iridium-platinum alloy formed by electrolysis is large, and the loss of the catalyst layer due to electrolysis can be suppressed more favorably.
- the said ratio is 50 atm% or less, the quantity of the iridium oxide used as frame
- the ratio (Pt / (Ir + Pt)) is more preferably 20 to 45 atm%.
- the total concentration of iridium element and platinum element present in the coating solution is not particularly limited, but is preferably in the range of 10 g / L to 200 g / L, more preferably 50 in view of the coating thickness per coating solution. It is in the range of ⁇ 120 g / L.
- the crystalline iridium oxide and platinum in the catalyst layer or the iridium-platinum alloy in which these are alloyed can be obtained by, for example, the following method (A) or method (B) using the coating solution as described above. it can.
- Method (A) A coating solution containing an iridium compound and a platinum compound is prepared.
- the coating solution is applied onto a conductive substrate made of, for example, nickel or a nickel alloy, dried to form a coating film, and then the coating film is heated. Decompose.
- the coating film after pyrolysis is composed of crystalline iridium oxide and platinum (preferably amorphous platinum).
- an iridium-platinum alloy is formed.
- a cathode for hydrogen generation in which a catalyst layer containing at least one of a combination of crystalline iridium oxide and platinum and an iridium-platinum alloy can be manufactured.
- the electrolysis may be performed at the time of producing the hydrogen generating cathode, but can also be performed when the hydrogen generating cathode is used, that is, at the time of hydrogen generation.
- Method (B) A coating solution in which an organic compound having two or more valent organic acids and an organic compound having two or more functional groups (specifically, hydroxyl groups) for esterification with the organic acid is added to a solution containing an iridium compound and a platinum compound. This is coated on a conductive substrate made of, for example, nickel or a nickel alloy, and dried to form a coating film, and then the coating film is thermally decomposed to thereby produce crystalline iridium oxide and platinum. And a cathode for hydrogen generation in which a catalyst layer containing at least one of an iridium-platinum alloy is formed.
- the divalent or higher valent organic acid that can be used in the present invention typically has a functional group that forms a chelate complex with a metal cation to stabilize the metal cation.
- the functional group that forms a chelate complex with a metal cation include a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, and an amino group.
- an organic compound having two or more hydroxyl groups for esterification reaction with the organic acid that can be used in the present invention causes an esterification reaction with a functional group showing acidity of the organic acid, for example, a carboxyl group.
- an organic compound having two or more hydroxyl groups for causing an esterification reaction with an organic acid having a valence of 2 or more and an organic acid having a valence of 2 or more cause an esterification reaction one after another to produce a polymer.
- the iridium compound and platinum compound that can be used in the present invention are considered to be dispersed and stabilized by chelate coordination.
- the type of the organic acid and the organic compound is particularly limited Instead, any organic acid and an organic compound having two or more hydroxyl groups for esterification with the organic acid can be used.
- examples of the divalent or higher valent organic acid include citric acid, isocitric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and glycerin.
- the hydroxyl group of the organic compound having two or more hydroxyl groups for esterification with a divalent or higher organic acid may be an alcoholic hydroxyl group or a phenolic hydroxyl group. More specifically, for example, a dihydric or higher alcohol, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, Examples include 2,3-butanediol, catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone and the like.
- the content of the divalent or higher organic acid in the coating solution is 0.01 to 1. mol in terms of a molar ratio where the total number of moles of iridium and platinum is 1, in order to satisfactorily exert the effects of the present invention. A range of 0 is preferred. When the molar ratio is 0.01 or more, the effect of the present invention is good, and when it is 1.0 or less, a decrease in physical strength due to a large amount of voids in the catalyst layer can be suppressed. .
- the molar ratio is more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 0.9, still more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 0.8.
- the content of the organic compound having two or more hydroxyl groups for ester reaction with a divalent or higher-valent organic acid in the coating solution is 0.00 when the total number of moles of iridium element and platinum element is 1.
- a range of 01 to 2.0 is preferred.
- the molar ratio is more preferably in the range of 0.05 to 1.5, still more preferably in the range of 0.1 to 1.0.
- the formation of the iridium-platinum alloy strengthens the bond between the crystalline iridium oxide particles serving as the skeleton, thereby preventing the catalyst from falling off due to electrolysis. High durability can be obtained. Further, by forming the alloy, it is possible to avoid oxidative deterioration of the catalyst layer due to the reverse current generated when the electrolytic cell is stopped, and to obtain a hydrogen generating cathode with high resistance to the reverse current with less catalyst falling off.
- a coating solution containing an iridium compound and a platinum compound is coated on the conductive substrate.
- the coating solution contains a divalent or higher valent organic acid and an organic compound having two or more hydroxyl groups for esterification with the organic acid.
- Various known methods can be used as a method of applying the coating liquid onto the conductive substrate.
- a dipping method in which a conductive substrate is immersed in a coating solution a method in which a coating solution is applied to a conductive substrate with a brush, a roll method in which a coating solution impregnated in a sponge-like roll is applied to a conductive substrate, a coating solution, and An electrostatic coating method in which the conductive substrate is charged to the opposite charge and sprayed using a spray or the like is suitable.
- the roll method and the electrostatic coating method are suitably used from the viewpoint of productivity and the point that the catalyst layer can be uniformly coated.
- the coating liquid is dried to form a coating film. It is preferable to perform drying at 200 degrees C or less. When the drying temperature exceeds 200 ° C., the solvent of the applied coating solution is rapidly vaporized, so that the resulting catalyst layer tends to be porous and dropout during electrolysis tends to increase. There is no particular limitation on the drying time, but 5 to 30 minutes is preferable.
- the coating film is heated and pyrolyzed (that is, fired).
- the thermal decomposition can be performed using an electric furnace or the like, for example, in an air atmosphere.
- the heating temperature is preferably 470 ° C. or higher and 600 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 480 ° C. or higher and 600 ° C. or lower.
- iridium chloride which is an example of an iridium compound that can be used in the present invention, has a thermal decomposition temperature of about 450 ° C., and at a temperature of 450 ° C. or lower, thermal decomposition does not proceed well and desired iridium oxide is not formed.
- the heating temperature is preferably 470 ° C. or higher.
- the conductive substrate tends to be softened.
- the heating time may be a time for completing the thermal decomposition of the coating film, and is preferably about 1 to 60 minutes, more preferably 5 to 30 minutes.
- the coating amount per coating solution can be increased, or the concentration of the iridium compound and platinum compound in the coating solution can be increased. If the coating amount is large, unevenness may occur during coating, and the catalyst layer may not be formed uniformly. Therefore, it is preferable to repeat application, drying and thermal decomposition a plurality of times.
- the number of repetitions is preferably 3 to 20 times, more preferably 5 to 15 times.
- the pyrolysis step after the above pyrolysis is performed to form a catalyst layer having a predetermined thickness, post-heating is performed on the coating film in order to more completely pyrolyze the coating film. preferable. Thereby, the catalyst layer can be stabilized.
- the post-heating is usually performed in air, but can be performed in an inert gas atmosphere as necessary.
- the post-heating temperature is preferably in the range of 350 ° C. to 600 ° C., more preferably 400 ° C. to 500 ° C. Alternatively, it may be a temperature similar to the temperature at the time of thermal decomposition, that is, 470 to 600 ° C.
- the post-heating time of the coating film is short, further thermal decomposition of the coating film tends not to proceed well, so that the post-heating is preferably a long time, but in view of productivity, the post-heating time Is preferably from 20 minutes to 3 hours, more preferably from 30 minutes to 2 hours.
- Electrolysis process In the electrolysis step, the coating film after the thermal decomposition is electrolyzed. In the case of using a coating solution containing a divalent or higher valent organic acid and an organic compound having two or more hydroxyl groups for esterification with the organic acid, this electrolysis step may not be performed. You may perform the said electrolysis process as electrolysis of the alkali metal compound at the time of use of the cathode for hydrogen generation.
- the specific method and conditions for electrolysis are time electrolysis in which the progress of the hydrogen generation reaction can be confirmed from the electrode at a current density of 0.1 to 12 kA / m 2 in aqueous caustic soda
- the conditions for performing can be exemplified.
- An iridium-platinum alloy can be formed in the catalyst layer by electrolysis.
- the present invention also provides an electrolytic cell for electrolysis of water or an alkali metal compound (particularly alkali metal chloride) comprising the above-described cathode for hydrogen generation of the present invention.
- an electrolytic cell for electrolysis typically includes an electrolytic solution, a container for containing the electrolytic solution, an anode and a cathode immersed in the electrolytic solution, an ion exchange membrane that separates the anode chamber from the cathode chamber, and both electrodes.
- the cathode for hydrogen generation of the present invention described above is used as the cathode.
- an aqueous sodium chloride solution (saline) and potassium chloride can be used for the anode chamber, and an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and an aqueous potassium hydroxide solution can be used for the cathode chamber.
- the material of the anode for example, a material in which ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide and titanium oxide are formed on a titanium base material (so-called DSA) can be used.
- the ion exchange membrane for example, “Acipex” (registered trademark) F6801 (manufactured by Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation) can be used. Since the electrolytic cell for electrolysis of the present invention includes a cathode having good resistance to reverse current, an apparatus for preventing reverse current is not necessary. Therefore, in the electrolytic cell for electrolysis of the present invention, the electrolysis operation is easy.
- the full width at half maximum was calculated by analysis software attached to the X-ray diffractometer.
- anode so-called DSA in which ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide and titanium oxide were formed on a titanium base material was used. Electrolysis was performed in a state where the anode cell and the cathode cell were separated by an ion exchange membrane sandwiched by a rubber gasket made of EPDM (ethylene propylene diene).
- ion exchange membrane As the ion exchange membrane, “Aciplex” (registered trademark) F4203 (manufactured by Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation) was used. The anode and the ion exchange membrane were brought into close contact, and a gap of 2 mm was provided between the cathode and the ion exchange membrane.
- the solution concentration in the cathode tank was adjusted so that the salt water concentration in the anode chamber was 205 g / L and the sodium hydroxide concentration in the cathode chamber was 32 wt%.
- the temperature in the cathode tank was adjusted so that the temperature in the electrolytic cell was 90 ° C.
- the electrolysis was carried out for 1 week at a constant current density of 4 kA / m 2 .
- the hydrogen overvoltage was determined by a current interrupter method 7 days after the start of electrolysis.
- Hydrogen overvoltage was measured. Specifically, the hydrogen overvoltage was determined by subtracting the voltage when the current, which is the voltage due to the structure resistance and liquid resistance, was instantaneously cut off from the voltage of the test cathode with respect to the reference electrode at 4 kA / m 2 .
- test cathode was taken out, washed with pure water all day and night, sufficiently dried at 50 ° C., and then its mass was measured. The mass change before and after electrolysis was calculated from the difference between this and the mass of the test cathode before the test.
- Example 1 As the conductive substrate, a woven mesh substrate in which a fine nickel wire having a diameter of 0.15 mm was knitted with 40 mesh openings was used. Blasting was performed using alumina powder having a weight average particle size of 100 ⁇ m or less, and then acid treatment was performed in 6N hydrochloric acid at room temperature for 5 minutes, followed by washing with water and drying.
- a dinitrodiammine platinum nitric acid solution (Tanaka Kikinzoku, platinum concentration: 100 g / L) and an iridium chloride solution (Tanaka Kikinzoku, iridium concentration: 100 g / L) are mixed with a molar ratio of platinum to iridium of 0.27. : It mixed so that it might be set to 0.73, and the coating liquid was prepared.
- a vat containing the coating solution at the bottom of the coating roll soak the coating solution in the EPDM coating roll, and install a roll on the top so that the roll and the coating solution are always in contact with each other.
- a PVC roller was installed to apply the coating solution to the conductive substrate. Before the coating solution dried, the conductive substrate was quickly passed between two EPDM sponge rolls, and the coating solution collected at the intersection of the meshes of the conductive substrate was removed. Then, after drying at 50 ° C. for 10 minutes to form a coating film, the coating film was thermally decomposed by heating and baking at 500 ° C. for 10 minutes using a muffle furnace (KM-600, manufactured by Advantech). . This roll coating, drying and thermal decomposition were repeated 12 times each. Furthermore, post-heating was performed at 500 ° C. for 1 hour in an air atmosphere to prepare a test cathode.
- the X-ray diffraction measurement, the ion exchange membrane method salt electrolysis test and the reverse current resistance test were carried out by the methods described above.
- An X-ray diffraction pattern before the ion exchange membrane method salt electrolysis test is shown in FIG. 1, and X-ray diffraction patterns before and after the ion exchange membrane method salt electrolysis test are shown in FIG. Table 1 shows the results of the salt exchange electrolysis test using the ion exchange membrane method.
- the catalyst layer before the electrolysis test is crystalline iridium oxide. And amorphous platinum.
- the X-ray diffraction peak after the electrolysis test is from the diffraction peak angle 2 of metal platinum to the diffraction peak angle 3 side of metal iridium, that is, the high angle side.
- Table 1 shows the results of the above-described salt exchange electrolysis test using the ion exchange membrane method.
- the hydrogen overvoltage at 4 kA / m 2 was 89 mV, and a cathode with a low hydrogen overvoltage was obtained.
- the weight loss of the cathode after the test compared to before the test was 4.0 mg, and a cathode with high resistance to the reverse current was obtained.
- test cathode was used and the tolerance evaluation with respect to the iron ion in electrolyte solution was performed.
- a small cell described below was used, and the voltage between the anode and the cathode was measured.
- the test cathode was cut into a size of 95 mm in length and 110 mm in width, and was bent at a right angle of about 2 mm on four sides.
- a mat knitted with nickel fine wire is placed on a nickel expanded metal current collector fixed to the cathode cell, and the folded test cathode is placed on the current collector and mat side. Covered.
- the four corners of the test cathode were fixed to the current collector with a string made of Teflon (registered trademark).
- Electrolysis was performed in a state where the anode cell and the cathode cell were separated by an ion exchange membrane sandwiched by a rubber gasket made of EPDM (ethylene propylene diene).
- an ion exchange membrane As an ion exchange membrane, “Aciplex” (registered trademark) F6801 (manufactured by Asahi Kasei Chemicals Corporation) was used. Electrolysis was performed with the anode, ion exchange membrane, and cathode in close contact (zero gap electrolysis).
- the solution concentration in the positive and negative electrode tank was adjusted so that the salt water concentration in the anode chamber was 205 g / L and the sodium hydroxide concentration in the cathode chamber was 32 wt%.
- the temperature in the cathode tank was adjusted so that the temperature in the electrolytic cell was 90 ° C.
- iron chloride was added to the cathode chamber to adjust the iron ion concentration in the cathode chamber to 1 ppm, and electrolysis was continued for 90 days.
- another small cell was electrolyzed under the same electrolysis conditions except that iron chloride was not added to the cathode chamber.
- the iron ion concentration in the cathode chamber when no iron chloride was added was 0.1 ppm or less. Since the voltage difference between the two immediately before the start of iron ion addition was 0 and the voltage difference between the two after continuing electrolysis for 90 days was 6 mV, the test cathode should not be affected by iron ions. Is clear.
- Example 2 A dinitrodiammine platinum nitric acid solution (made by Tanaka Kikinzoku, platinum concentration: 100 g / L) and an iridium chloride solution (manufactured by Tanaka Kikinzoku, iridium concentration: 100 g / L) have a molar ratio of platinum to iridium of 0.4: 0.
- An electrode was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the coating solution was prepared by mixing so as to be 6.
- the catalyst layer before the electrolysis test is made of crystalline iridium oxide. It turns out that it consists of amorphous platinum.
- Example 3 A cathode was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that pyrolysis was performed at 470 ° C. for 10 minutes, and further post-heating was performed at 470 ° C. for 1 hour.
- the catalyst layer before the electrolysis test is made of crystalline iridium oxide. It turns out that it consists of amorphous platinum.
- Example 4 As the conductive base material, a woven mesh base material in which a nickel fine wire having a wire diameter of 0.15 mm was knitted with 40 mesh openings was used. The substrate was blasted with alumina powder having a weight average particle size of 100 ⁇ m or less. Thereafter, the substrate was immersed in 6N hydrochloric acid for 5 minutes to perform etching, washing with water and drying.
- iridium chloride solution having a iridium concentration of 100 g / L (Tanaka Kikinzoku) and a dinitrodiammine platinum nitric acid solution having a platinum concentration of 100 g / L (Tanaka Kikinzoku)
- iridium and platinum contained in the coating solution
- the solution was prepared so that the molar ratio was 0.73: 0.27.
- citric acid monohydrate in an amount of 0.36 when the total number of moles of iridium and platinum is 1, and ethylene glycol in an amount of 0.72 are added.
- a coating solution was obtained.
- Table 1 shows the results of conducting an ion exchange membrane salt electrolysis test using this cathode. As shown in Table 1, a cathode with a low hydrogen overvoltage was obtained in this example.
- FIG. 3 shows the X-ray diffraction pattern of the test cathode measured before the salt exchange electrolysis test using the ion exchange membrane method.
- a diffraction peak 4 of iridium-platinum alloy was observed at a position shifted from the diffraction peak angle 2 of metallic platinum to the diffraction peak angle 3 side of metallic iridium, that is, the position shifted to the high angle side. It can be seen that the cathode produced in this example had formed an iridium-platinum alloy before energization.
- FIGS. 4 (a) and 4 (b) show the X-ray diffraction pattern of the test cathode measured after the ion exchange membrane method salt electrolysis test.
- (A) shows the diffraction pattern after 170 hours of electrolysis
- (b) shows the diffraction pattern after 550 hours of electrolysis. Regardless of the electrolysis time, the diffraction line intensity of iridium oxide and the diffraction line intensity of iridium-platinum alloy are not changed.
- Example 5 Using a iridium chloride solution having an iridium concentration of 100 g / L and a dinitrodiammine platinum nitric acid solution having a platinum concentration of 100 g / L, a solution having a molar ratio of iridium to platinum of 0.73: 0.27 was prepared. . Thereafter, citric acid in an amount of 0.36 when the total number of moles of iridium and platinum was 1, and ethylene glycol in an amount of 0.72 were added. Using this as a coating solution, the coating solution was applied onto a Ni woven mesh substrate, dried at 150 ° C., and then pyrolyzed at 500 ° C.
- This operation cycle consisting of coating, drying, and thermal decomposition was repeated 12 times, and thereafter, after heating in a nitrogen atmosphere at 500 ° C. for 60 minutes, a cathode was produced.
- Table 1 shows the results of conducting an ion exchange membrane salt electrolysis test using this cathode. As shown in Table 1, a cathode with a low hydrogen overvoltage was obtained in this example.
- Example 1 A cathode was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 except that only the chloroplatinic acid solution (Tanaka Kikinzoku, platinum concentration: 100 g / L) was used as the coating solution.
- the ion exchange membrane method salt electrolysis test was carried out by the method described above. Table 2 shows the results of the ion exchange membrane salt electrolysis test.
- Example 2 A cathode was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that only the iridium chloride solution (Tanaka Kikinzoku, iridium concentration: 100 g / L) was used as the coating solution.
- Example 3 A cathode was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the pyrolysis and post-heating temperatures were changed from 500 ° C. to 400 ° C., respectively.
- Example 4 A cathode was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the pyrolysis and post-heating temperatures were changed from 500 ° C. to 450 ° C., respectively.
- Example 5 A chloroplatinic acid solution (Tanaka Kikinzoku, platinum concentration: 100 g / L) and an iridium chloride solution (Tanaka Kikinzoku, iridium concentration: 100 g / L) have a molar ratio of platinum to iridium of 0.39: 0.61. Then, a coating solution was prepared. Further, thermal decomposition was performed at 450 ° C. for 10 minutes, and after the thermal decomposition, post-heating was performed at 450 ° C. for 1 hour. Except for these, the cathode was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1.
- Example 6 A cathode was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that only the ruthenium chloride solution (Tanaka Kikinzoku, ruthenium concentration: 100 g / L) was used as the coating solution.
- ruthenium chloride solution Tanaka Kikinzoku, ruthenium concentration: 100 g / L
- the result of the ion exchange membrane method salt electrolysis test was a hydrogen overvoltage of 82 mV at 4 kA / m 2 .
- the weight loss of the cathode after the test compared to before the test was 11.5 mg. It was found that when the catalyst layer was produced only with the ruthenium chloride solution, the weight loss was large and the resistance against reverse current was not sufficient.
- Example 6 A dinitrodiammine platinum nitric acid solution (Tanaka Kikinzoku, platinum concentration: 100 g / L) and an iridium chloride solution (Tanaka Kikinzoku, iridium concentration: 100 g / L) have a molar ratio of platinum to iridium of 0.27: 0. It mixed so that it might become 73.
- Cathodes were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the number of repetitions of the cycle consisting of roll coating, drying and thermal decomposition was varied to produce test cathodes having different catalyst layer masses. As in Example 1, it was found from the X-ray diffraction peak after the electrolytic test that an iridium-platinum alloy was formed.
- the cathode obtained in this example exhibited a low hydrogen overvoltage even when the amount of platinum used was small.
- the horizontal axis is the relative amount value when the platinum element mass in the catalyst in the rightmost plot in Example 6 is 1, and the vertical axis is the current density of 4 kA / m 2. This is the hydrogen overvoltage at the time.
- the platinum element relative amount value in the catalyst is 1 (hydrogen overvoltage value is 83 mV), 0.75 (hydrogen overvoltage 87 mV), 0.39 (hydrogen overvoltage 89 mV),.
- a woven mesh substrate in which a fine nickel wire having a diameter of 0.15 mm was knitted with 40 mesh openings was used.
- the substrate was blasted with alumina powder having a weight average particle size of 100 ⁇ m or less, then acid-treated in 6N hydrochloric acid at room temperature for 5 minutes, washed with water and dried.
- electrolytic reduction was carried out at 88 ° C. and 32 wt% caustic soda at a current density of 1.0 kA / m 2 for 5 minutes to conduct a salt electrolysis test.
- Comparative Example 8 A cathode was prepared and evaluated in the same manner as Comparative Example 7 except that the heating and firing temperature was 500 ° C.
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Abstract
Description
導電性基材上に、イリジウム化合物と白金化合物とを含む塗布液を塗布する塗布工程、
該塗布液を乾燥させて塗布膜を形成する膜形成工程、
該塗布膜を加熱して熱分解させる熱分解工程、ならびに
該熱分解の後の塗布膜を電解する電解工程
を含む、水素発生用陰極の製造方法。
導電性基材上に、イリジウム化合物、白金化合物、2価以上の有機酸、および該有機酸とエステル化反応させるための水酸基を2つ以上有する有機化合物を含む塗布液を塗布する塗布工程、
該塗布液を乾燥させて塗布膜を形成する膜形成工程、ならびに
該塗布膜を加熱して熱分解させる熱分解工程
を含む、水素発生用陰極の製造方法。
本発明の水素発生用陰極は、導電性基材上に、触媒層として、結晶性酸化イリジウムおよび白金の組合せ、ならびに/またはこれらの合金化によって生じるイリジウム-白金合金を形成できる任意の方法で製造できる。具体的には、熱分解法、電解メッキ法、無電解メッキ法、分散メッキ法、蒸着法、プラズマ溶射法などの公知の様々な方法が適用可能である。中でも、工業生産性などの面から、熱分解法が好ましい。以下、本発明の水素発生用陰極を熱分解法で製造する好ましい態様について説明する。
導電性基材上に、イリジウム化合物、白金化合物、2価以上の有機酸、および該有機酸とエステル化反応させるための水酸基を2つ以上有する有機化合物を含む塗布液を塗布する塗布工程、
該塗布液を乾燥させて塗布膜を形成する膜形成工程、ならびに
該塗布膜を加熱して熱分解させる熱分解工程
を含む、水素発生用陰極の製造方法も提供する。
導電性基材上に、イリジウム化合物と白金化合物とを含む塗布液を塗布する塗布工程、
該塗布液を乾燥させて塗布膜を形成する膜形成工程、
該塗布膜を加熱して熱分解させる熱分解工程、ならびに
該熱分解の後の塗布膜を電解する電解工程
を含む、水素発生用陰極の製造方法も提供する。
イリジウム化合物と白金化合物とを含む塗布液を調製し、例えばニッケル、ニッケル合金などより成る導電性基材上へ該塗布液を塗布し、乾燥して塗布膜を形成した後、該塗布膜を熱分解する。この熱分解後の塗布膜は、結晶性酸化イリジウムと白金(好ましくは非晶質白金)とから構成される。この熱分解後塗布膜を電解することにより、イリジウム-白金合金が形成される。これにより、結晶性酸化イリジウムと白金との組合せ、およびイリジウム-白金合金のうち少なくともいずれかを含む触媒層が形成された水素発生用陰極を製造できる。上記電解は、水素発生用陰極の作製時に行ってもよいが、水素発生用陰極の使用時すなわち水素発生時の電解であることもできる。
イリジウム化合物と白金化合物を含む溶液に、2価以上の有機酸、および該有機酸とエステル化反応させるための官能基(具体的には水酸基)を2つ以上有する有機化合物を添加して塗布液を調製し、これを例えばニッケル、ニッケル合金などより成る導電性基材上へ塗布し、乾燥させて塗布膜を形成させた後、該塗布膜を熱分解することによって、結晶性酸化イリジウムと白金との組合せ、およびイリジウム-白金合金のうち少なくともいずれかを含む触媒層が形成された水素発生用陰極を製造できる。
塗布工程においては、イリジウム化合物と白金化合物とを含む塗布液を導電性基材上に塗布する。塗布液は、1態様では2価以上の有機酸、および該有機酸とエステル化反応させるための水酸基を2つ以上有する有機化合物を含む。塗布液を導電性基材上に塗布する方法としては、公知の様々な手法を用いることが可能である。導電性基材を塗布液に浸漬するディップ法、導電性基材に塗布液を刷毛で塗る方法、スポンジ状のロールに含浸させた塗布液を導電性基材に塗布するロール法、塗布液と導電性基材とを反対の電荷に帯電させてスプレーなどを用いて噴霧を行う静電塗布法などが好適である。特に、生産性の点と触媒層が均一に塗布できる点とからロール法および静電塗布法が好適に用いられる。
膜形成工程においては、上記の塗布液を乾燥させて塗布膜を形成する。乾燥は200℃以下で行うことが好ましい。乾燥温度が200℃を超えると、塗布された塗布液の溶媒が急激に気化するため、得られる触媒層がポーラスとなり、電解時の脱落が大きくなる傾向がある。乾燥時間に特に制限はないが、5~30分が好ましい。
熱分解工程においては、上記の塗布膜を加熱して熱分解(すなわち焼成)させる。熱分解は、電気炉などを用いて、例えば空気雰囲気中で行うことができる。加熱温度は470℃以上600℃以下が好ましく、480℃以上600℃以下がより好ましい。例えば、本発明で使用できるイリジウム化合物の例である塩化イリジウムの熱分解温度は約450℃程度であり、450℃以下の温度では、熱分解が良好に進まず、所望の酸化イリジウムの形成がしにくいことを考慮し、加熱温度は470℃以上が好ましい。一方、600℃超の温度では、例えばニッケルまたはニッケル合金より成る導電性基材を用いる場合に導電性基材が軟化しやすい傾向がある。加熱時間は塗布膜の熱分解が完了する時間であればよく、好ましくは1~60分程度であり、さらに好ましくは5~30分である。
電解工程では、上記熱分解後の塗布膜を電解する。なお2価以上の有機酸、および該有機酸とエステル化反応させるための水酸基を2つ以上有する有機化合物を含む塗布液を用いる場合には、この電解工程を行わなくてもよい。上記電解工程は、水素発生用陰極の使用時のアルカリ金属化合物の電解として行なってもよい。水素発生用陰極の製造時に電解工程を行なう場合、電解の具体的な方法および条件としては苛性ソーダ水溶液中、電流密度0.1~12kA/m2で電極より水素発生反応の進行が確認できる時間電解を行う条件を例示できる。電解によって、触媒層中にイリジウム-白金合金を形成できる。
本発明は、上述した本発明の水素発生用陰極を備える、水またはアルカリ金属化合物(特にアルカリ金属塩化物)の電気分解用電解槽も提供する。電気分解用電解槽の構成としては当業者に一般的なものを採用できる。電気分解用電解槽は、典型的には、電解液、該電解液を収容するための容器、電解液中に浸漬された陽極および陰極、陽極室と陰極室とを隔てるイオン交換膜ならびに両電極を接続する電源を備え、該陰極として上述した本発明の水素発生用陰極を用いる。電解液としては、例えば陽極室には塩化ナトリウム水溶液(食塩水)、塩化カリウム、陰極室には水酸化ナトリウム水溶液、水酸化カリウム水溶液などを使用できる。陽極の材質としては、例えばチタン基材上に酸化ルテニウム、酸化イリジウムおよび酸化チタンが形成されたもの(いわゆるDSA)などを使用できる。イオン交換膜としては、例えば「Aciplex」(登録商標)F6801(旭化成ケミカルズ社製)などを使用できる。本発明の電気分解用電解槽は、逆電流に対する良好な耐性を有する陰極を備えるため、逆電流を防止するための装置が必要ない。よって本発明の電気分解用電解槽においては電解運転操作が容易である。
CuKα線(λ=1.54184Å)によるX線回折装置(UltraX18、リガク社製)を用いて、加速電圧50kV、加速電流200mA、走査軸が2θ/θ、ステップ間隔が0.02°、スキャンスピード2.0°/min、測定範囲は2θ=20~60°の範囲を測定した。
小型電解セルを用いてイオン交換膜法食塩電解試験を実施し、水素過電圧、および試験前後の質量変化を測定した。試験陰極を48mm×58mmのサイズに切り出し、小型電解セルにニッケルビスで固定するために2箇所の穴をあけ、ニッケル製エキスパンド基材の上に試験陰極を固定した。PFA(テトラフルオロエチレン・パーフルオロアルキルビニルエーテル共重合体)被覆白金線の白金部分を約1mm露出させたものを、陰極面のイオン交換膜に面する側に固定して基準電極として用いた。陽極としては、チタン基材上に酸化ルテニウム、酸化イリジウムおよび酸化チタンが形成された、いわゆるDSAを用いた。EPDM(エチレンプロピレンジエン)製のゴムガスケットによってイオン交換膜をはさんで陽極セルと陰極セルとを隔てた状態で電気分解を行った。イオン交換膜としては「Aciplex」(登録商標)F4203(旭化成ケミカルズ社製)を使用した。陽極とイオン交換膜とは密着させ、陰極とイオン交換膜との間は2mmあけた。陽極室の塩水濃度205g/L、陰極室の水酸化ナトリウム濃度32wt%となるように陽陰極タンク内の溶液濃度を調整した。また、電解セル内の温度が90℃になるように、陽陰極タンク内の温度を調節した。電解電流密度は4kA/m2の一定で1週間電解を行った。水素過電圧は、電解開始7日後にカレントインターラプター法により求めた。カレントパルスジェネレーター(北斗電工社製、HC114)を電解用整流器として用い、瞬間的に電流を遮断して、その波形をアナライジングレコーダーなどで観測し、参照電極との間の液抵抗を除いて、水素過電圧を測定した。具体的には、4kA/m2での参照電極に対する試験陰極の電圧から、構造抵抗、液抵抗による電圧である電流を瞬時に遮断したときの電圧を差し引いて、水素過電圧を求めた。
逆電流に対する耐性の評価は下記の手順で行った。試験陰極を3cm×3cmに切り出し、電解セルにニッケル製のネジで固定した。対極には白金板を使用し、60℃、32wt%水酸化ナトリウム水溶液中で電解電流密度8kA/m2で72時間、試験陰極が水素を発生させるよう正電解を行った後、逆電流の電流密度0.05kA/m2で2時間の逆電解を行い、さらに電解電流密度8kA/m2で24時間の正電解を行った。試験後に試験陰極を取り出し、一昼夜純水で水洗し、50℃で充分に乾燥させた後に質量を測定した。これと試験前の試験陰極の質量との差から、電解前後の質量変化を算出した。
導電性基材として、直径0.15mmのニッケルの細線を40メッシュの目開きで編んだウーブンメッシュ基材を用いた。重量平均粒径100μm以下のアルミナ粉を用いてブラストし、次に、6Nの塩酸中にて室温で5分間酸処理した後、水洗、乾燥した。
ジニトロジアンミン白金硝酸溶液(田中貴金属製、白金濃度:100g/L)と塩化イリジウム溶液(田中貴金属製、イリジウム濃度:100g/L)とを、白金とイリジウムとのモル比が0.4:0.6となるように混合して塗布液を調製したこと以外、実施例1と同様に電極を作製および評価した。
470℃で10分間の熱分解を行い、さらに熱分解後に470℃で1時間の後加熱を行ったこと以外、実施例1と同様に陰極を作製および評価した。
導電性基材として、線径0.15mmのニッケル細線を40メッシュの目開きで編んだウーブンメッシュ基材を用いた。重量平均粒子径100μm以下のアルミナ粉を用いて該基材をブラストした。その後、該基材を6N塩酸中に5分間浸してエッチング、水洗、乾燥を行った。
イリジウム濃度が100g/Lの塩化イリジウム酸溶液と、白金濃度が100g/Lのジニトロジアンミン白金硝酸溶液とを用いて、イリジウムと白金とのモル比が0.73:0.27の溶液を調製した。この後、イリジウムと白金との合計モル数を1としたときに0.36のモル比となる量のクエン酸、および0.72のモル比となる量のエチレングリコールを添加した。これを塗布液として用い、Niウーブンメッシュ基材上へ該塗布液を塗布し、150℃で乾燥後、500℃で熱分解を行った。この塗布・乾燥・熱分解からなる操作サイクルを12回繰り返した後、窒素雰囲気下で500℃、60分間後加熱を行って陰極を作製した。この陰極を使用し、イオン交換膜法食塩電解試験を行った結果を表1に示す。表1に示すように、本実施例では水素過電圧の低い陰極が得られた。
塩化白金酸溶液(田中貴金属製、白金濃度:100g/L)のみを塗布液としたこと以外、実施例1と同様に陰極を作製した。前述の方法により、イオン交換膜法食塩電解試験を実施した。表2にイオン交換膜法食塩電解試験結果を示す。
塩化イリジウム溶液(田中貴金属製、イリジウム濃度:100g/L)のみを塗布液としたこと以外、実施例1と同様に陰極の作製および評価を行った。
熱分解および後加熱の温度をそれぞれ500℃から400℃に変更したこと以外、実施例1と同様に陰極の作製および評価を行った。
熱分解および後加熱の温度をそれぞれ500℃から450℃に変更した以外、実施例1と同様に陰極の作製および評価を行った。
塩化白金酸溶液(田中貴金属製、白金濃度:100g/L)と塩化イリジウム溶液(田中貴金属製、イリジウム濃度:100g/L)とを、白金とイリジウムとのモル比が0.39:0.61となるように混合し、塗布液を調製した。また、450℃で10分間の熱分解を行い、さらに熱分解後に450℃で1時間の後加熱を行った。これら以外、実施例1と同様に陰極の作製および評価を行った。
塩化ルテニウム溶液(田中貴金属製、ルテニウム濃度:100g/L)のみを塗布液としたこと以外、実施例1と同様に陰極の作製および評価を行った。
ジニトロジアンミン白金硝酸溶液(田中貴金属製、白金濃度:100g/L)と塩化イリジウム溶液(田中貴金属製、イリジウム濃度:100g/L)とを、白金とイリジウムとのモル比が0.27:0.73となるように混合した。ロール塗布、乾燥および熱分解からなるサイクルを繰り返す回数を様々に変化させて、異なる触媒層質量の試験陰極を作製したこと以外、実施例1と同様に陰極を作製および評価した。なお、実施例1と同様に、電解試験後のX線回折ピークからイリジウム-白金合金が形成されていることが分かった。
導電性基材として、直径0.15mmのニッケルの細線を40メッシュの目開きで編んだウーブンメッシュ基材を用いた。該基材を、重量平均粒径100μm以下のアルミナ粉を用いてブラストし、次に、6Nの塩酸中にて室温で5分間酸処理した後、水洗、乾燥した。
加熱焼成温度を500℃で実施した以外は比較例7と同様に陰極の作製および評価を行った。
2 金属白金の回折ピーク
3 金属イリジウムの回折ピーク
4 イリジウム-白金合金の回折ピーク
Claims (11)
- 導電性基材と前記導電性基材の上に形成された触媒層とを有する水素発生用陰極であって、前記触媒層中に結晶性酸化イリジウム、白金およびイリジウム-白金合金を含む水素発生用陰極。
- 前記結晶性酸化イリジウムが、X線回折測定において2θ=34.70°を含む角度領域に観測されかつ半値全幅0.47°以下である回折ピークを与える、請求項1に記載の水素発生用陰極。
- 前記触媒層中に存在するイリジウム元素と白金元素との合計モル数に対する前記白金元素のモル数の比(Pt/(Ir+Pt))が20~50atm%である、請求項1または2に記載の水素発生用陰極。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の水素発生用陰極を備える、アルカリ金属塩化物の電気分解用電解槽。
- 請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の水素発生用陰極を製造する方法であって、
導電性基材上に、イリジウム化合物と白金化合物とを含む塗布液を塗布する塗布工程、
前記塗布液を乾燥させて塗布膜を形成する膜形成工程、
前記塗布膜を加熱して熱分解させる熱分解工程、ならびに
前記熱分解の後の塗布膜を電解する電解工程
を含む、水素発生用陰極の製造方法。 - 請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の水素発生用陰極を製造する方法であって、
導電性基材上に、イリジウム化合物、白金化合物、2価以上の有機酸、および前記有機酸とエステル化反応させるための水酸基を2つ以上有する有機化合物を含む塗布液を塗布する塗布工程、
前記塗布液を乾燥させて塗布膜を形成する膜形成工程、ならびに
前記塗布膜を加熱して熱分解させる熱分解工程
を含む、水素発生用陰極の製造方法。 - 前記塗布液中に存在するイリジウム元素と白金元素との合計モル数に対する前記白金元素のモル数の比(Pt/(Ir+Pt))が20~50atm%である、請求項5または6に記載の水素発生用陰極の製造方法。
- 前記塗布工程、前記膜形成工程および前記熱分解工程からなるサイクルを複数回繰り返す、請求項5~7のいずれか1項に記載の水素発生用陰極の製造方法。
- 前記熱分解工程において、前記熱分解を470℃以上600℃以下の温度で行う、請求項5~8のいずれか1項に記載の水素発生用陰極の製造方法。
- 前記膜形成工程において、前記塗布液の乾燥を200℃以下の温度で行う、請求項5~9のいずれか1項に記載の水素発生用陰極の製造方法。
- 前記熱分解工程において、前記熱分解の後に不活性ガス雰囲気下で塗布膜を後加熱する、請求項5~10のいずれか1項に記載の水素発生用陰極の製造方法。
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US12/999,453 US8425740B2 (en) | 2008-07-03 | 2009-07-02 | Cathode for hydrogen generation and method for producing the same |
EP09773549.2A EP2292811B1 (en) | 2008-07-03 | 2009-07-02 | Cathode for hydrogen generation and method for producing the same |
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