Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
  • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
  • G16H20/00—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance
  • G16H20/10—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to drugs or medications, e.g. for ensuring correct administration to patients
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M5/00—Devices for bringing media into the body in a subcutaneous, intra-vascular or intramuscular way; Accessories therefor, e.g. filling or cleaning devices, arm-rests
  • A61M5/14—Infusion devices, e.g. infusing by gravity; Blood infusion; Accessories therefor
  • A61M5/142—Pressure infusion, e.g. using pumps
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q10/00—Administration; Management
  • G06Q10/08—Logistics, e.g. warehousing, loading or distribution; Inventory or stock management
  • G06Q10/087—Inventory or stock management, e.g. order filling, procurement or balancing against orders
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
  • G06Q—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES; SYSTEMS OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR ADMINISTRATIVE, COMMERCIAL, FINANCIAL, MANAGERIAL OR SUPERVISORY PURPOSES, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • G06Q20/00—Payment architectures, schemes or protocols
  • G06Q20/08—Payment architectures
  • G06Q20/20—Point-of-sale [POS] network systems
  • G06Q20/203—Inventory monitoring
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
  • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
  • G16H20/00—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance
  • G16H20/10—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to drugs or medications, e.g. for ensuring correct administration to patients
  • G16H20/17—ICT specially adapted for therapies or health-improving plans, e.g. for handling prescriptions, for steering therapy or for monitoring patient compliance relating to drugs or medications, e.g. for ensuring correct administration to patients delivered via infusion or injection
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
  • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
  • G16H70/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of medical references
  • G16H70/40—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of medical references relating to drugs, e.g. their side effects or intended usage
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
  • A61M2205/35—Communication
  • A61M2205/3576—Communication with non implanted data transmission devices, e.g. using external transmitter or receiver
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
  • A61M2205/50—General characteristics of the apparatus with microprocessors or computers
  • A61M2205/502—User interfaces, e.g. screens or keyboards
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61M—DEVICES FOR INTRODUCING MEDIA INTO, OR ONTO, THE BODY; DEVICES FOR TRANSDUCING BODY MEDIA OR FOR TAKING MEDIA FROM THE BODY; DEVICES FOR PRODUCING OR ENDING SLEEP OR STUPOR
  • A61M2205/00—General characteristics of the apparatus
  • A61M2205/60—General characteristics of the apparatus with identification means
  • A61M2205/6063—Optical identification systems
  • A61M2205/6072—Bar codes
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
  • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
  • G16H10/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data
  • G16H10/60—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data for patient-specific data, e.g. for electronic patient records
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
  • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
  • G16H10/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data
  • G16H10/60—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data for patient-specific data, e.g. for electronic patient records
  • G16H10/65—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data for patient-specific data, e.g. for electronic patient records stored on portable record carriers, e.g. on smartcards, RFID tags or CD

Definitions

• the present invention is directed to a medication delivery system and in particular, a medication delivery system that reduces potential medication errors by delivering the right dose to the right patient with the right drug at the right time and by the right route.
• An intravenous error may be induced at any time throughout the process of ordering, transcribing, dispensing, and administering a drug.
• an ordering error may occur because an order is illegible, incomplete, or entered on the wrong patient's chart, because a decimal is misplaced or inappropriate, or unacceptable prescription abbreviations are used, or because an inappropriate drug is selected or a patient's allergies are not properly identified.
• Transcription errors may occur because an order was not transcribed, not completely signed off, or incorrectly transcribed onto the Medication Administration Record (MAR). Also, on occasion a patient's allergies are not transcribed or a transcription is illegible. Dispensing errors may occur with respect to the dose, or the identification of the medication or patient.
• An administration error may occur at any time during the course of a patient's care and may concern the patient or drug identification, or the time, dose, or route of drug administration. It is notable that research indicates that 60-80% of intravenous errors are attributed to humans. It follows then that one way to reduce the potential for error is to automate as much as possible the process of drug ordering, transcribing, dispensing, and administering. Information technology may be utilized for automating portions of the drug ordering, transcribing, dispensing, and administration process. For example, the potential for error may be reduced by cross referencing infusion data used to program a pump and also by reviewing data programmed into a pump prior to enabling the pump to operate and also by detecting if programmed data is changed.
• One system for collecting data and managing patient care is disclosed in U.S. Patent No.
• the system may include a pharmacy computer, a nursing station computer, and bedside computers that may be connected to clinical devices such as infusion pumps.
• the various computers are connected together via a local area network.
• the computers have memory for storing certain information relating to a patient's care and information can be inputted into the computers.
• the pharmacy computer will compare information communicated from the bedside computer to information stored in the pharmacy computer. If the comparison satisfies a predetermined condition, the pharmacy computer downloads clinical device operating parameters to the bedside computer.
• the bedside computer programs the clinical device to operate in accordance with the downloaded operating parameters.
• the comparison of data is only performed by the pharmacy computer. This system requires several computers as a computer is required at each bedside in order to program the clinical device.
• U.S. Patent 5,317,506 (Coutre et al.), entitled “Infusion Fluid Management System.”
• the '506 patent is directed at a pharmacy management system and an infusion pumping system in combination for managing and analyzing prescribed infusion programs.
• patient and IN container information is provided in machine readable format. This information is read by a bar code reader attached to the pump.
• the pump has a processor that is programmed to compare the patient information to the IN container information.
• This system requires, therefore, that each pump be programmed (or reprogrammed) to compare the patient data to medication data. Also, if an allergy check is desired, the pump must also be programmed with a patient's allergies.
• the system of the '506 patent does not provide for an ancillary check on the pump programming data and operational instructions.
• Information is input into the pump without any prior check for accuracy or completeness and there is no separate system in place for reviewing programmed and operational information to ensure that it is not inaccurate, imprecise, and/or improper.
• a need remains for a system that provides a check on patient and pump data prior to pump programming, automatically transmits checked infusion data to the pump, is easily configurable, reconfigurable, and mobile in application, and can verify and check that data programmed into the pump and pump operational data remain correct and unchanged.
• the present invention is provided to solve these and other problems.
• the present invention is directed to a medication delivery system, in particular, a medication delivery system that reduces potential medication errors by delivering the right dose to the right patient with the right drug at the right time and by the right route.
• the system can also be configured for solely monitoring.
• a medication delivery system having features of the present invention comprises a medical container holding a prescribed medication to be delivered to a patient, a tag adapted to be worn by the patient, a handheld computing device, and an electronic medication delivery device.
• Data on the medication is contained in a first label on the medication container.
• the first label also contains the instruction on how the medication is delivered to the patient, including the appropriate settings for an electronic medication delivery device for delivering the medication to the patient.
• Patient data is contained in a second label on the tag worn by the patient.
• the medication data, medication delivery instruction, and patient data are provided in machine readable formats.
• the handheld computing device reads the medication data and the medication delivery instruction on the medication container and the patient data on the patient tag.
• the handheld computing device stores the information obtained and performs a matching check to confirm that the medication data matches with the patient data. Upon a confirmed match, it transmits the medication delivery instruction to the electronic medication delivery device, which downloads the instruction, programs the delivery device, and prompts an operator to begin delivering the medication to the patient according to the downloaded instruction.
• the medication delivery device can be a general medical device such as a device for monitoring data.
• the medication container is an IN bag
• the prescribed medication is an IN drug
• the patient tag is a bracelet worn by the patient
• the handheld computing device is a personal digital assistant (PDA)
• the electronic medication delivery device is a programmable infusion pump.
• the medication data, medication delivery instruction, and the patient data are provided as two-dimensional bar codes to be read by a bar code scanner incorporated into the personal digital assistant.
• the communication between the personal digital assistant to the electronic infusion pump is via infrared transmission.
• the programmable pump may further comprise an adapter which facilitates the communication between the PDA and the infusion pump, and reviews data programmed into the pump and pump operational parameters.
• the system of the present invention may also be configured to deliver multiple medications.
• the present invention is also directed to a method of medication delivery to reduce medication errors according to the features disclosed in the invention.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic view disclosing functional relationships between components of one embodiment of the present invention
• FIGS. 2-34 are examples of displays provided on a computing device in accord with one embodiment of the present invention
• FIG. 35 is a flow chart showing several steps for scanning a single medication
• FIGS. 36(a) - 36(c) are flow charts showing several steps for scanning two medications.
• FIGS. 37-39 are additional examples of displays provided on a computing device in accord with one embodiment of the present invention.
• FIG. 1 shows a schematic view disclosing functional relationships between components of one embodiment of the present invention.
• a medication delivery system is generally disclosed and referred to with the reference numeral 20.
• the medication delivery system 20 generally comprises a medication container 26, a tag 24 adapted to be worn by a patient, a handheld computing device 22, and a medical device 30, which in one preferred embodiment, is a medication delivery device 30.
• the medication delivery system 20 can be configured to deliver medication in several different arrangements including parenteral and intravenous (e.g., non-oral) delivery.
• the medication container 26 holds a prescribed medication 27.
• Information regarding the medication which includes data on the medication and the specific instruction of delivering the medication to the patient is contained in a first label 28 on the medication container 26.
• the information is provided in machine readable format.
• Patient data is contained in a second label 29 on the tag 24 which is worn by the patient. This is typically in the form of a patient identification bracelet.
• the handheld computing device 22 reads the medication data, medication delivery instruction, and patient data through a first information input device 36 integrated into the handheld computing device 22.
• the handheld computing device 22 stores the information and performs a matching check to confirm that the medication data match with the patient data, and that the medication is intended for the patient as prescribed. If the matching is confirmed, the handheld computing device 22 prompts the operator to manually confirm the match and to transmit and download the medication delivery instruction, via a first communication device 32, to the electronic medication delivery device 30, which receives the information by a second communication device 38 integrated with or connected to the medication delivery device 30.
• the medication delivery device 30 then prompts the operator to start delivering the medication 27 according to the instruction downloaded from the handheld computing device 22.
• the medication 27 is delivered to the patient via a catheter 37.
• the catheter 37 contains a label 39 to uniquely identify the catheter 37.
• the label 39 of the catheter 37 preferably a bar code label, also contains information regarding the catheter such as the type of catheter (e.g. central venous catheter, peripheral catheter, or epidural
• the prescribed medication 27 in the present invention is typically a fluid, which includes both liquid formulations and gases.
• a preferred liquid formulation is an intravenous parenteral formulation.
• parenteral liquid formulations suitable in the present invention are intrathecal, epidural, intra-arterial and the like.
• gas medications include the inhaled anesthetic gases such as sevoflurane, halothane, and enflurane.
• More than one medication may be delivered at the same time with the system 20. If more than one medication is being delivered, the medications may be held in the same container or separate containers. In intravenous infusions, it is common that additional medication(s) may be delivered as a piggyback. When multiple containers are used, each container is connected to a separate pump channel 33 on the delivery pump 30.
• Each pump channel 33 contains a label 31 with information to uniquely identify the channel.
• the label 31 for the pump channel 33 is preferably a bar code label.
• the handheld device will communicate the information read from the channel label 31 to the pump 30 so that the appropriate channel is activated.
• each pump channel 33 also has its own second communication device 38 to receive information from the handheld computing device 22. Any information to be downloaded to a particular pump channel 33 from the handheld device 22 has to match with the unique pump channel identification so that only the appropriate information is downloaded to the correct pump channel 33.
• the medication container 26 in the present invention depends on the prescribed medication 27. Each medication has its own requirements on the specific container in which it is packaged. Examples of the container 26 include but are not limited to flexible plastic IN bags, plastic bottles, glass bottles, plastic syringes, glass syringes, and glass vials, and elastomeric devices.
• the first label 28 is preferably generated by the pharmacist preparing the medication who also attaches the first label 28 onto the medication container 26.
• the first label 28 can be generated by a drug manufacturer, such as the National Data Corporation (NDC) in the form of a NDC label.
• the information includes data on the medication 27 and instruction on how the medication 27 is to be delivered by the medication delivery device 30.
• the medication data may include but is not limited to: patient name, patient identification number, physician name, order number, date, drug name, drug amount, diluent amount, and route of administration.
• the delivery instruction which is to be transmitted and downloaded to the medication delivery device 30 may include but is not limited to: delivery rate, delivery volume, dose, dose time, duration of delivery, and duration of therapy.
• the medication delivery instruction may further include: primary rate, primary volume-to-be-infused (VTBI), piggyback NTBI, piggyback rate or time, primary dose mode, and pump channel identification.
• Optional text information may also be included in the first label 28, such as: patient name, patient identification number, physician name, drug name, diluent name, cautions, expiry, delivery time, location, prepared date, prepared time, and preparer identification.
• the pharmacy that generates the first label preferably includes a pharmacy information system (not shown) having a printer port.
• the printer is connected directly to the printer port.
• the pharmacy information system may also be set-up to generate a print stream that will print a text label that may contain the medication data and delivery instruction.
• the bar code label may be generated with the data derived from the generated print stream wherein the data is encoded onto the bar code label. This can be accomplished using a separate software application.
• the pharmacy information is configured to also communicate the actual medication information to the handheld computing device 22.
• Patient data is contained in the second label 29 on the patient tag 24 adapted to be worn by the patient.
• the patient tag 24 is worn by the patient before the administration of the medication 27.
• the tag 24 is a bracelet to be worn by the patient on the wrist.
• the second label 29 is preferably generated by a hospital administrator based upon information in the hospital administration database.
• Patient data may include but is not limited to: patient name, patient identification number, and allergies.
• Optional text information may also be included in the second label 29, such as: patient name, patient identification number, medical record number, patient type, date of birth, age, sex, date of admit, and allergies.
• the second label 29 contains only the patient identification number. Other detailed patient information is stored in the handheld computing device 22. When the patient identification number is downloaded from the second label 29 into the handheld computing device 22, the detailed patient information is displayed on the handheld computing device 22.
• non-text medication information and patient data in the present invention is provided in machine readable formats.
• machine readable formats are: linear bar codes, two-dimensional bar codes such as the two-dimensional data matrix bar codes, other two-dimensional bar code symbologies, other printed data encoding techniques, smart tag or Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology, magnetic stripe or tape, Optical Character Recognition (OCR), optical hologram, and the like.
• RFID Radio Frequency Identification
• OCR Optical Character Recognition
• the preferred format is the two- dimensional (2D) bar code, such as a 2D data matrix bar code, which provides a large amount of data in a condensed space with a very high readability.
• the 2D bar code is preferably generated by a software interface application that utilizes the print data stream from a pharmacy information system (PIS) and incorporates the appropriate data fields into the 2D bar code.
• PIS pharmacy information system
• a key benefit is the ability to generate bar code labels integrated with text without the support of the pharmacy system vendor.
• a first label 28 on the container 26 can be an RFID label and the second label 29 on the patient tag 24 can be a bar code label.
• the handheld computing device 22 is equipped with: means for reading the prescribed medication data, the medication delivery instruction, and the patient data; means for storing information, and means to communicate with other electronic devices . It reads the medication data, medication delivery instruction, and patient data through the first information input device 36 integrated into the handheld computing device 22. It stores the information and performs a matching check to confirm that the medication data match with the patient data, and that the medication is intended for the patient as prescribed.
• the handheld computing device 22 may also display all or selected information stored. Suitable handheld computing devices include but are not limited to laptop or palmtop computers and personal digital assistants (PDA's).
• PDA personal digital assistants
• the preferred handheld computing device is a PDA such as a PalmTM Handheld, various handheld devices from HandspringTM, and Pocket PC models from Compaq and Hewlett-Packard.
• the first information input device 36 is integrated into the handheld computing device
• the device 36 will correspond to the machine readable format selected for the medication information and patient data.
• Such device includes bar code readers, smart tag readers, magnetic stripe or tape readers, and optical readers.
• the appropriate information input device is a two- dimensional data matrix bar code scanner, such as Symbol's model 2740 bar code scanner.
• This bar code scanner is equipped with a charge coupled device (CCD) imager which can capture signatures or other photographic evidence electronically.
• CCD imager is a complimentary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) device.
• the means for storing data within the handheld device 22 includes, for example, various types of memories, cache, magnetic storage, compact disc, optical storage, and the like.
• a software application is utilized to guide the nurse clinician through the process of checking the prescription against the patient and the handheld computing device 22 displays whether the data is incompatible, unreadable, incomplete, or amiss for some other reason. If the data is complete and compatible, the handheld computing device 22 is programmed to prompt the operator to transmit and download the medication delivery instruction to the medication delivery device 30. The transmission and downloading is via the first communication device 32 integrated into the handheld computing device 22 for reception by the second communication device 38 integrated into or connected to the medication delivery device 30.
• the preferred technology for such transmission is infrared transmission in which the first communication device 32 is an infrared transceiver and the pump adapter 34 and second communication device 38 are infrared transceivers in communication with the medication delivery device 30.
• Alternate methods of communication include wireless communication such as IEEE 802.11, Bluetooth® communication, radio frequency communication, optical communication or wired communication.
• the medical device 30 can be a number of different devices.
• the medical device 30 can be a monitoring device programmed with alarm limits etc.
• the medication device 30 is a medication delivery device 30.
• the medication delivery device 30 also depends on the prescribed medication 27 being administered to the patient.
• electronic IN infusion pumps or syringe pumps are suitable for intravenous parenteral drugs while inhaled gases can be administered via a ventilator or respirator.
• the delivery device 30 includes a main processor for controlling operation, including a display and user interface. It is programmable automatically and remotely through a remote input device, such as the handheld computing device 22 of this invention.
• the delivery device 30 further comprises a programmable adapter 34 for facilitating the communication, preferably via an infrared transceiver, between the handheld computing device 22 and the medication delivery device 30.
• the adapter 34 is programmed for reviewing delivery device programming data.
• the adapter 34 includes hardware and a processor programmed for receiving the prescription data from the handheld computing device 22, determining whether the received prescription data is consistent with operational data input directly to the medication delivery device 30, and enabling the delivery device 30 for operation.
• the adapter processor is programmed to guard against incorrect initial programming of the delivery device 30 or incorrect changes in delivery device settings by monitoring the operation of the delivery device 30 and determining whether there is a rate, dose, or drug mismatch or whether the drug is of an incorrect concentration. If the adapter 34 detects an incorrect parameter at the delivery device 30, either at the start or during the operation of the delivery device, it sends an alarm signal to alert the operator of the incorrect parameter. In one embodiment, the alarm signal is sent to the handheld computing device 22.
• the adaptor 34 may be further programmed to transmit delivery device configuration data and manually programmed delivery device operation data to and receive delivery rate information from the handheld computing device 22. It is understood that a delivery device may have integrated programming and communicating capabilities wherein the adapter 34 is unnecessary.
• the delivery device 30 determines either a STOP or RUN delivery status signal based upon the operational data of delivery device 30. If the status signal is RUN (i.e., the data matches), the delivery device 30 periodically compares delivery device operational data, including delivery rate data, with the medication delivery instruction contained in the first label 28 on the medical container 26 during the drug delivery process. In this embodiment, the device 30 or adapter 34 is programmed to provide an alarm signal if the operational data changes during the process to a point where the data does not match the delivery device control data provided by the handheld computing device 22. If the status signal is STOP, the adapter 34 provides an alarm signal. If the adapter 34 receives a STOP status signal, it does not compare delivery device and patient data.
• the status signal is RUN (i.e., the data matches)
• the delivery device 30 periodically compares delivery device operational data, including delivery rate data, with the medication delivery instruction contained in the first label 28 on the medical container 26 during the drug delivery process.
• the device 30 or adapter 34 is programmed to provide an alarm signal if
• a green light signal is preferably provided and the adapter 34 continues to run. If the adapter 34 determines that the delivery device and patient data do not match, a red light and alarm are activated. In one embodiment, the adapter 34 sends the alarm signal to the PDA 22.
• the system discussed above can be programmed to include Neofax information, drug facts and comparisons, American Society of Health-System Pharmacists, and other features such as a dose calculator. Further, a log file of actual infusion data may be kept by the delivery device 30, the adapter 34, or the handheld computing device 22.
• Further embodiments may include incorporating oral medications into the patient information data read by the handheld computing device 22, electronic charting (Medication Administration), inputting outcome analysis (e.g., actual pump delivered data, pain scaling, infusion timing data), electronic image capture (e.g., such as for wound care and catheter care), and remote alarm notification to a nurse (via wireless communication).
• the handheld computing device 22 may be programmed to maintain a log file of patient infusion regimens and commumcate the log files through its docking station to an information management system for reporting to the Medication Administration Record (MAR).
• MAR Medication Administration Record
• Other data which can be captured from the first label 28 on the medication container 26 containing medication information and transferred to the MAR includes container identification, dates of preparation and expiration of the medication, cautions, ordering physician, and prescribed administration route.
• the handheld computing device 22 may further be programmed with patient allergy data and drug compatibility charts. In this embodiment, the handheld computing device 22 determines whether the patient is allergic to the prescribed medication or has been administered a medication previously which is not compatible with the present prescribed medication. As shown in FIG. 39, the handheld computing device 22 is programmed to provide an appropriate warning or discontinue the programming routine if warranted. Detailed operation of one of many possible embodiments for a series of screen displays on the handheld computing device 22 is shown in FIGS. 2 to 34.
• the prescribed medication 27 is an IN drug
• the medication container 26 is an IV bag
• the patient tag 24 is a bracelet worn at the wrist of the patient
• the handheld computing device 22 is a PDA
• the medication delivery device 30 is a programmable electronic IV infusion pump equipped with a programmable adapter 34 (see e.g. FIG. 1).
• the medication data, medication delivery instruction, and the patient data are provided as two-dimensional data matrix bar codes to be read by a bar code scanner incorporated into the personal digital assistant 22.
• the communication between the PDA 22 and the electronic infusion pump 30 is via infrared transmission from an infrared transceiver integrated into the PDA 22 and an infrared transceiver 38 connected to the infusion pump 30 via an RS-232 connection.
• FIG. 2 shows an initialization screen of a PDA display 40 having a patient icon 42, an IV icon 44, and a pump icon 46.
• the initialization screen is generally the first screen displayed on the PDA 22 for programming the system 20 with new patient and medication data.
• an operator may enter a patient information mode by tapping or touching the patient icon 42, an IV information mode by tapping or touching the IV icon 44, or a pump mode by tapping or touching the pump icon 46.
• the patient information screen may include a numerical screen identifier field 50 (a field that may be present on all screens).
• the numerical screen identifier 001 corresponds to the patient information screen.
• the patient information screen includes a patient information summary field 48 and a patient icon 42 for proceeding to screen 002.
• Screen 002 is illustrated in FIG. 4, and includes a display for patient ID bracelet scan soft-key display 52(a) and 52(b).
• Screen 002 also includes a help icon and a cancel button. Touching the cancel button returns a user to the patient information screen of FIG. 3. Touching the help icon presents an operator with a bracelet scan help screen (numerical identifier 015), an example of which is shown in FIG. 17. If the patient bracelet scan was successful, the PDA 22 provides a bracelet scan display as shown in FIG. 5, which includes a scan information section 58.
• the scan information in this display includes the patient identification number, patient name, patient location, medical record number, date of birth, age, date of admission, sex, and the name of the primary physician. Other information can be displayed as desired.
• the bracelet scan display also includes an IV icon 60 for proceeding to the IV scan page.
• the patient label 29 on the patient bracelet 24 only contains the patient identification number.
• Detailed patient information is stored in the PDA 22.
• the PDA 22 The PDA
• the PDA displays the screen as shown in FIG. 6.
• This screen includes a soft-key display 62(a) and 62(b) for reinitiating a scan, a help icon 64 for jumping to an unsuccessful scan help page such as that shown in FIG. 21, and a cancel button
• FIG. 7 shows an IV container scan initiation display.
• the display has a soft-key display
• a cancel button 72 is also included for returning to the bracelet scan successful display shown in FIG. 5.
• the operator positions the PDA 22 appropriately and depresses either button associated with the soft-key 68(a) or 68(b)
• the PDA 22 provides an IV scan display as shown in FIGS. 8(a) and 8(b), which includes a scan information section 74.
• the scan information in these display pages includes patient identification number, patient name, patient location, patient weight, order number, bag identification number, medication identification, volume, and rate, medication preparer's name and the date and time the preparation was completed, the expiration time and date, the delivery time and date, the administration route.
• the display could also include an identification of the individual that hung the IV and the date and time the IV was hung.
• the IV scan display also includes a pump icon 76 for proceeding to the pump page.
• the PDA displays the screen as shown in FIG. 9.
• This screen includes a soft-key display 78(a) and 78(b) for reinitiating a scan.
• a help icon 80 for jumping to the unsuccessful IV scan display shown in FIG.22, and a cancel button 82 are also included.
• the PDA 22 provides the display shown in FIG. 10 or FIG. 11. Both screens advise of the information that is missing and allow the operator to move back to the respective scan initiation page, jump to a respective help page or cancel the programming sequence.
• the respective help pages shown in FIGS. 23 and 24, advise the operator of the problem and the manner of correction.
• the PDA 22 provides the display shown in FIG. 12, allowing the operator to jump back to the display for scarining the patient bracelet label 29 or the IV container label 28.
• This display also has an icon 81 for jumping to the help screen shown in FIG. 25, which explains that the information does not match and the bar codes 28 and 29 should be rescanned.
• the PDA 22 displays a manual confirmation screen as shown in FIG. 13(a). After the operator confirms the data match, the operator, by pushing the button 91, can advance to the medication delivery information screen shown in FIG. 13(b).
• the medication delivery screen in FIG. 13(b) includes soft-keys 83(a) and 83(b). The operator positions the PDA 22 appropriately close to the pump 30 and depresses either button to initiate the transmission of the medication delivery information from the PDA 22 to the pump 30 via the second communication device 38 integrated with or connected to the medication delivery device 30, or via the adapter 34 in embodiments with the adapter 34.
• the PDA medication delivery transmission display also includes a help icon 85 for jumping to the display shown in FIG. 26, which instructs the operator regarding the transmission of prescription information from the PDA 22 to the pump 30, and a cancel icon 87, which return to the IV container scan page as shown in FIG. 8(a).
• FIG. 14 If the medication delivery information was transmitted successfully, the display of FIG. 14 is shown on the PDA 22, and the operator may jump to screen 001 by pressing the continue display icon 93 on the touch-screen, and the PDA 22 will provide the display of FIG. 3, or a similar display depending on the application or other specifics, with information in each field. Examples of displays provided in response to successful transmission of prescription information are shown in FIGS. 16 and 18.
• the PDA 22 will display one of a number of messages indicative of whether an error was detected, and if so the cause of the error. If the infrared transmission was incomplete, the display of FIG. 15(a) is shown on the PDA 22, and the operator may press the activation button 95(a) or 95(b) to retransmit.
• the display also includes a help icon 97 for jumping to the display shown in FIG. 27, which explains potential causes for the transmission error.
• the display further includes a cancel button 99 for returning to the display of FIG. 8. If the PDA 22 transmitted the medication delivery information, but did not receive a confirmation from the pump, the display of FIG. 15(b) will be shown.
• the display of FIG. 15(b) will be shown. The display of FIG.
• FIG. 15(b) includes a help button for jumping to the help display of FIG. 15(c).
• This help display 101 in the display of FIG. 15(b) informs the operator of potential problems that may cause the pump to be non-responsive. The operator may then correct the problem and return to the transmit screen by pressing the "OK" button 103.
• the display of FIG. 15(d) is shown on the PDA 22.
• a help screen is provided (FIG. 15(e)) for instructing the operator to correct a parameter when the help button 109 is depressed. The operator may jump back to the transmission page by pressing the "OK" button 107.
• the PDA 22 reviews the medication delivery information against the patient allergy data and finds that the medication contains an allergy discrepancy for the patient, the transmission error display of FIG. 15(f) will be shown. The operator may jump to the help screen shown in FIG. 15(g) by depressing the help button 113 for a further explanation of the allergy conflict or exit the present programming string by depressing the cancel button 115.
• FIGS. 15(h) and 15(j) show the late and early medication delivery displays, respectively.
• Associated help pages FIGGS. 15(i) and 15(k) may be accessed to display the specifics of the drug delivery attempt time with respect to the prescribed regimen.
• the PDA 22 may also be configured for accessing a patient log.
• a patient log display is shown in FIG. 20.
• This display includes a patient identification field 90 and a patient activity field 92.
• the patient activity field 92 includes the date and time of activities related to patient infusions listed sequentially. Scroll buttons are provided on the display for progressing to later or earlier times or dates, if applicable. Also, if multiple log pages are existent, an operator may navigate through log pages using previous and next navigation buttons 96(a) and 96(b). If additional log pages do not exist, the PDA displays such a message, as shown in FIG. 28.
• the PDA 22 may also retain a record of daily transactions and download the record to an information system, locally at the nursing station or to the central pharmacy computer system, so as to maintain the MAR record electronically verses manually.
• the PDA is equipped with a 2D bar code reader having a CCD imager and can capture signatures or other photographic evidence electronically.
• the PDA 22 may include software to provide the allergy database, drug compatibility charts, and drug handbooks.
• the PDA 22 may also include display for programming the pump to administer two or more medications simultaneously.
• page 1 of a secondary medication data page FIG. 29(b) shows page 2 of a secondary medication data page.
• the secondary medication pages identify the patient and also include fields for displaying information regarding specifics of the secondary medication, as well as buttons for jumping to the displays that provide for reading the secondary IV label.
• FIGS. 37 and 38 show screen displays associated with a multiple medication configuration. As shown in FIG. 37, the desired medications are selected. In FIG. 38, the primary and secondary medications are selected.
• FIGS. 30(a), 30(b), 31(a), and 31(b) show the displays, and respective help displays, shown when the PDA 22 has not received all of the secondary or primary IV information.
• FIG. 32(a) shows the display provided if the primary and secondary IV information do not correspond to one another.
• FIG. 32(b) shows the corresponding help page.
• FIG. 33 shows a display presented to allow an operator to change the flow rate or volume field data in the PDA 22.
• An operator taps the "PRI MED" button to jump to the primary medication verbal rate change display of FIG. 34(a) and taps the "SEC MED” button to jump to the secondary medication verbal rate change display of FIG. 34(b).
• FIG. 34(c) shows the help display provided for each verbal rate change display.
• FIG. 35 is a flow chart for processing bar code information to a pump using the PDA 22 for programming the pump with one medication.
• FIGS. 36(a) - 36(c) show the flow charts for programming the pump with two medications. Referring to FIG. 36(a), the PDA 22 automatically prompts the operator after two medication bar codes have been scanned.
• the PDA 22 displays a series of option menus for proceeding with either the first or second scanned medication, or returning to the initial screen.
• the PDA 22 prompts the operator to indicate which medication is to be the primary and which is to be the secondary. The operator may also cancel the programming of the pump at any time thorough appropriate button selection.
• the operator may scan the bar code 39 on the catheter 37 by the scanning device 36 on the PDA 22 to confirm that the medication 27 is being delivered to the patient via the correct catheter 37.
• the operator may also scan the bar code 31 on the pump 30 by the scanning device 36 on the PDA 22 to confirm that the proper pump channel is being used if a multichannel pump is utilized.
• the system of the present invention provides a method generally comprising the following steps.
• a medical provider such as a nurse scans the patient bracelet 24 with the PDA 22 and captures the data listed above.
• the nurse then scans the IV bag label with the PDA 22 and captures the corresponding data listed above. Having received the data, the PDA 22 reports a match or mismatch of the patient bracelet 24 data with the IV bag 26 data. If a match is confirmed, the nurse then downloads the data received from the patient bracelet label 29 and the IV bag label 28 to the infusion pump 30 via the second communication device 38 integrated with or connected to the medication delivery device 30, or via the adapter 34 in embodiments with the adapter 34.
• the infusion pump 30 is subsequently enabled to implement that program according to the instruction downloaded from the IV bag label 28.
• the pump 30 or the adapter 34 sounds an alarm if the delivery rate, drug dose, or drug is subsequently altered from the downloaded data.
• medication delivery system in the present invention is significant.
• medication delivery such as IV infusion is driven by a manual set up and verification process, resulting in a significant number of human errors reported each year.
• the described system reduces such errors by verifying that the right drug is given to the right patient, in the right dose at the right time.
• the system further prompts a clinician nurse to verify the right route of delivery, and can be further enabled to identify the correct route by using a bar code or RFID tag on the delivery catheter.

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