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• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
  • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/335—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin
  • A61K31/35—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/351—Heterocyclic compounds having oxygen as the only ring hetero atom, e.g. fungichromin having six-membered rings with one oxygen as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with another ring
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P13/00—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system
  • A61P13/12—Drugs for disorders of the urinary system of the kidneys
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P17/00—Drugs for dermatological disorders
  • A61P17/02—Drugs for dermatological disorders for treating wounds, ulcers, burns, scars, keloids, or the like
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/02—Ophthalmic agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/04—Anorexiants; Antiobesity agents
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/06—Antihyperlipidemics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
  • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
  • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/12—Antihypertensives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07H—SUGARS; DERIVATIVES THEREOF; NUCLEOSIDES; NUCLEOTIDES; NUCLEIC ACIDS
  • C07H15/00—Compounds containing hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to hetero atoms of saccharide radicals
  • C07H15/20—Carbocyclic rings
  • C07H15/203—Monocyclic carbocyclic rings other than cyclohexane rings; Bicyclic carbocyclic ring systems

Definitions

• Type II diabetes Approximately 100 million people worldwide suffer • from type II diabetes (NIDDM) , which is characterized by hyperglycemia due to excessive hepatic glucose production and peripheral insulin resistance, the root causes for which are as yet unknown. Hyperglycemia is considered to be the major risk factor for the development of diabetic complications, and is likely to contribute directly to the impairment of insulin secretion seen in advanced NIDDM. Normalization of plasma glucose in NIDDM patients would be predicted to improve insulin action, and to offset the development of diabetic complications. An inhibitor of the sodium-dependent glucose transporter SGLT2 in the kidney is expected to aid in the normalization of plasma glucose levels, and perhaps body weight, by enhancing glucose excretion. Hyperglycemia is a hallmark of type II diabetes
• the instant invention provides a process for producing crystalline 2:1 or 1:1 complexes between either the (D) or (L) enantiomer of natural amino acids and amorphous C-aryl glucoside compounds of formula I wherein
• R ' R 2 and R 2a are independently hydrogen, OH, OR 5 , alkyl, -OCHF 2 , -0CF 3 , -SR 5 or halogen;
• R and R are independently hydrogen, OH, OR 5b , alkyl, cycloalkyl, CF 3 , -OCHF 2 , -OCF 3 , halogen, -CONR 6 R 6a , -C0 2 R 5c , -C0 2 H, -COR 6b , -CH(0H)R 5c , -CH(OR 5d )R 6d , -CN, -NHC0R 5e , -NHS0 2 R 5f , -NHS0 2 Aryl, -SR 5g , -SOR 5h , -S0 2 R 5i , -S0 2 Aryl, or a five, six or seven membered heterocycle which may contain 1 to 4 heteroatoms in the ring which are N, 0, S, SO, and/or S0 2 , or R 3 and R 4 together with the carbons to which they are attached form an annelated five, six or seven membered carbocycle or
• R 5 , R 5a , R 5b , R 5c , R 5d , R 5e , R 5f , R 5g , R 5h and R 5i are independently alkyl;
• the instant invention provides a means to convert compounds of formula I from viscous oils and amorphous solids to tractible crystalline solids that can be 1) conveniently isolated and transferred, 2) recrystallized to constant reproducible purity, and 3) formulated to provide pharmaceutical compositions that can be administered as tablets or in solution for treating or delaying the progression or onset of diabetes, especially type I and type II diabetes, including complications of diabetes, including retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy and delayed wound healing, and related diseases such as insulin resistance (impaired glucose homeostasis) , hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood levels of fatty acids or glycerol, obesity, hyperlipidemia including hypertriglyceridemia, Syndrome X, atherosclerosis and hypertension, and for increasing high density lipoprotein levels, wherein a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula I as an amino acid complex is administered to a human patient in need of treatment.
• insulin resistance paired glucose homeostasis
• hyperglycemia hyperinsulinemia
• a method for treating diabetes and related diseases as defined above and hereinafter wherein a therapeutically effective amount of a combination of a complex of either the (D) or (L) enantiomer of natural amino acids with a compound of structure I and another type of antidiabetic agent and/or another type of therapeutic agent such as a hypolipidemic agent is administered to a human patient in need of treatment .
• R 1 is hydrogen, halogen, lower alkoxy, or lower alkyl and R 4 is lower alkyl, R 5a O, -OCHF 2 , -SR 5g , -SOR 5h , -S0 2 R 5i , or OH. It is preferred that R 1 be linked para to the glucoside bond and the R 4 substituent be linked at the para position.
• compounds of formula I can be prepared by treatment of compounds of formula II with a Lewis acid such BBr 3 , BC1 3 , or BCl 3 -Me 2 S in a solvent such as CH 2 C1 2 at -78°.
• a solvent such as EtSH containing BF 3 -Et 2 0, at 20°.
• silanes such as Et 3 SiH in a solvent such as MeCN or CH 2 C1 2 containing a Lewis acid such as BF 3 -Et 2 0 or TFA at -30° to +60°.
• Compounds ( of formula I where R 4 is CH(OR 5h )R 6d can be prepared by treatment of compounds of formula I where R 4 is COR 6b sequentially with 1) an acetylating agent such as Ac 2 0 in a solvent such as pyridine alone or CH 2 C1 2 containing 1.5 equivalents of a base such as Et 3 N, 2) a reducing agent such as NaBH 4 in a solvent such as EtOH, 3) an alkylating agent such as R 5h Br or R 5h I in the presence of a base such as NAH in a solvent such as DMF, and 4) alkaline ester hydrolysis conditions such as LiOH in a 2:3:1 mixture of THF/MeOH/H 2 0.
• an acetylating agent such as Ac 2 0 in a solvent such as pyridine alone or CH 2 C1 2 containing 1.5 equivalents of a base such as Et 3 N
• a reducing agent such as NaBH 4 in a solvent such as EtOH
• a reducing agent such as Et 3 SiH in a solvent such as MeCN or CH 2 C1 2 or mixtures thereof containing a catalyst such as BF 3 -Et 2 0.
• silanes such as Et 3 SiH or i-Pr 3 SiH in a solvent such as MeCN containing a Lewis acid such as BF 3 -Et 2 0 at -30°.
• lower alkyl as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes both straight and branched chain hydrocarbons containing 1 to 8 carbons
• alkyl and alk as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes both straight and branched chain hydrocarbons containing 1 to 20 carbons, preferably 1 to 10 carbons, more preferably 1 to 8 carbons, in the normal chain, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4- dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2, 2, 4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, the various branched chain isomers thereof, and the like as well as such groups including 1 to 4 substituents such as halo, for example F, Br
• cycloalkyl as employed herein alone or as part of another group includes saturated or partially unsaturated (containing 1 or 2 double bonds) cyclic hydrocarbon groups containing 1 to 3 rings, including monocyclicalkyl, bicyclicalkyl and tricyclicalkyl, containing a total of 3 to 20 carbons forming the rings, preferably 3 to 10 carbons, forming the ring and which may be fused to 1 or 2 aromatic rings as described for aryl, which include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl and cyclododecyl, cyclohexenyl,
• any of which groups may be optionally substituted with 1 to 4 substituents such as halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylamido, alkanoylamino, oxo, acyl, arylcarbonylamino, amino, nitro, cyano, thiol and/or alkylthio and/or any of the alkyl substituents.
• substituents such as halogen, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxy, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, alkylamido, alkanoylamino, oxo, acyl, arylcarbonylamino, amino, nitro, cyano, thiol and/or alkylthio and/or any of the alkyl substituents.
• alkanoyl as used herein alone or as part of another group refers to alkyl linked to a carbonyl group.
• lower alkenyl as used herein by itself or as part of another group refers to straight or branched chain radicals of 2 to 8 carbons
• alkenyl as used herein by itself or as part of another group refers to straight or branched chain redicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12 carbons, and more preferably 2 to 8 carbons in the normal chain, which include one to six double bonds in the normal chain, such as vinyl, 2-propenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 4-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl, 2-hexenyl, 3-hexenyl, 2-heptenyl, 3-heptenyl, 4-heptenyl, 3-octenyl, 3-nonenyl, 4-decenyl, 3-undecenyl, 4-do
• lower alkynyl refers to straight or branched chain radicals of 2 to 8 carbons
• alkynyl refers to straight or branched chain radicals of 2 to 20 carbons, preferably 2 to 12 carbons and more preferably 2 to 8 carbons in the normal chain, which include one triple bond in the normal chain, such as 2-propynyl, 3-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 4- pentynyl, 3-pentynyl, 2-hexynyl, 3-hexynyl, 2-heptynyl, 3-heptynyl, 4-heptynyl, 3-octynyl, 3-nonynyl, 4- decynyl, 3-undecynyl, 4-dodecynyl and the like, and which may be optionally substituted with 1 to 4
• arylakyl alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl groups as described above having an aryl substituent.
• alkyl groups as defined above have single bonds for attachment to other groups at two different carbon atoms, they are termed “alkylene” groups and may optionally be substituted as defined above for “alkyl”.
• alkenyl groups as defined above and alkynyl groups as defined above, respectively, have single bonds for attachment at two different carbon atoms, they are termed “alkenylene groups” and “alkynylene groups”, respectively, and may optionally be substituted as defined above for “alkenyl” and “alkynyl”.
• Suitable alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene groups (CH 2 ) m or (CH 2 ) P (where p is 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 5, and m is 1 to 5, preferably 1 to 3, which includes alkylene, alkenylene or alkynylene groups) as defined herein, may optionally include 1, 2, or 3 substituents which include alkyl, alkenyl, halogen, cyano, hydroxy, alkoxy, amino, thioalkyl, keto, C 3 -C ⁇ cycloalkyl, alkylcarbonylamino or alkylcarbonyloxy.
• Examples of (CH 2 ) m or (CH 2 ) P , alkylene, alkenylene and alkynylene include -CH 2 - , -CH 2 CH 2 - ,
• heteroaryl refers to a 5- or 6- membered aromatic ring which includes 1, 2, 3 or 4 hetero atoms such as nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, and such rings fused to an aryl, cycloalkyl, heteroaryl or cycloheteroalkyl ring (e.g., benzothiophenyl or indolyl) , and includes possible N-oxides.
• the heteroaryl group may optionally include 1 to 4 substituents such as any of the the alkyl substituents set out above. Examples of heteroaryl groups include the following:
• rosiglitazone SKB
• pioglitazone Takeda
• Mitsubishi's MCC-555 Dislosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,594,016
• Glaxo-Welcome ' s GL-262570 englitazone
• CP- 68722, Pfizer englitazone
• darglitazone CP-86325, Pfizer
• isaglitazone MIT/J&J
• JTT-501 JPNT/P&U
• L-895645 Merck
• R-119702 Sankyo/WL
• NN-2344 Dr. Reddy/NN
• YM-440 Yamanouchi
• squalene synthetase inhibitors suitable for use herein include the terpenoid pyrophosphates disclosed by P. Ortiz de Montellano et al, J. Med. Chem., 1977, 20, 243-249, the farnesyl diphosphate analog A and presqualene pyrophosphate (PSQ- PP) analogs as disclosed by Corey and Volante, J. Am. Chem. Soc, 1976, 98, 1291-1293, phosphinylphosphonates reported by McClard, R.W. et al, J.A.C.S., 1987, 109, 5544 and cyclopropanes reported by Capson, T.L., PhD dissertation, June, 1987, Dept. Med. Chem. U of Utah, Abstract, Table of Contents, pp 16, 17, 40-43, 48-51, Summary.
• the 'dose administered must be carefully adjusted according to age, weight and condition of the patient, as well as the route of administration, dosage form and regimen and the desired result.
• a preferred oral dosage form such as tablets or capsules, will contain the MTP inhibitor in an amount of from about 1 to about 500 mg, preferably from about 2 to about 400 mg, and more preferably from about 5 to about 250 mg, one to four times daily.
• the beta 3 adrenergic agonist which may be optionally employed in combination with complexes of either the (D) or (L) enantiomer of natural amino acids with compounds of formula I may be AJ9677 (Takeda/Dainippon), L750355 (Merck), or CP331648 (Pfizer) or other known beta 3 agonists as disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,541,204, 5,770,615, 5,491,134, 5,776,983 and 5,488,064, with AJ9677, L750,355 and CP331648 being preferred.
• the thyroid receptor beta compound which may be optionally employed in combination with complexes of either the (D) or (L) enantiomer of natural amino acids with compounds of formula I may be a thyroid receptor ligand as disclosed in W097/21993 (U. Cal SF) , WO99/00353 (KaroBio) and GB98/284425 (KaroBio) , with compounds of the KaroBio applications being preferred.
• the anorectic agent which may be optionally employed in combination with complexes of either the (D) or (L) enantiomer of natural amino acids with compounds of formula I may be dexamphetamine, phentermine, phenylpropanolamine or mazindol, with dexamphetamine being preferred.
• the various anti-obesity agents described above may be employed in the same dosage form with complexes of either the (D) or (L) enantiomer of natural amino acids with compounds of formula I or in different dosage forms, in dosages and regimens as generally known in the art or in the PDR.
• anti-platelet agent examples include abciximab, ticlopidine, eptifibatide, dipyridamole, aspirin, anagrelide, tirofiban and/or clopidogrel.
• EtOAc/hexane eluted nonpolar impurities; 1:3 EtOAc/hexane eluted the desired beta C-arylglucoside (23g) which formed a white solid upon isolation.
• the desired product (poorly soluble in iPrOH) formed a third phase intermediate in density between the iPrOH and aq layer (pH ⁇ 8 with precipitated salts)
• the iPrOH layer was separated and the volatiles removed using a rotary evaporater. Both this residue and the oily product layer were dissolved in EtOAc. After three EtOAc extractions of the aqueous layer, the combined EtOAc layers were washed with brine, dried over NaS0 4 prior to removal of the volatiles. By HPLC, the conversion of phenol to desired product was 95%.
• the crude product was purified by chromatography using 1:7 EtOAc to elute 18g of the tetrabenzylated difluoromethyl ether.
• Part I compound 1 prepared by dissolution in 0.3 mL of ethanol upon heating to 55°, was transferred to a stirred 50° solution comprised of (L) -phenylalanine (22 mg, 0.13 mmol) in 0.9 mL H 2 0. After mixing was complete, stirring was stopped and the solution was allowed to cool to 20° over 6 hr. (Seed crystals can be added to aid crystal formation.) After 24 hr small white needles were isolated by filtration, washed 3x with cold 25% ethanol/H 2 0, and air dried.
• Copious gas began to evolve as the reaction progressively became homogeneous when stirred for 3 hr. (Warming to ⁇ 35° accelerates this process.) Filtration through a glass frit to remove of any residual solid and subsequent concentration using a rotary evaporator yielded the desired acid chloride as a viscous golden oil.
• Part E compound 3 prepared by dissolution in 7 mL of ethanol upon heating to 60°, was quickly transferred to a stirred 80° solution comprised of (L) -phenylalanine (2.23 g, 0.13 mmol) and 89.2 mL of H 2 0. After mixing was complete, stirring was continued at 80° until the solution was clear. The stirred solution was cooled to ⁇ 60° over ⁇ 10 min whereupon a milky white suspension began to form. Upon each 2° drop in temperature, seed crystals were added in small amounts to promote crystalization which normally began at 52°. The suspension was then cooled to 40° and stirred for 4 hr.
• Seed crystals for the 1:1 proline/glucoside complex were prepared by stirring the 2:1 proline/glucoside complex (300 mg ) described in Example 5 in MeOH (1 mL) for 72 hr at 20°. The resulting slurry was filtered using centrifugation to provide a solid with m.p. of 162- 163°.
• Anisotropically refined atoms are given in the form of the isotropic equivalent displacement parameter defined as:
• anisotrop ⁇ displacement parameter is : exp [-2PI2(h2a2 ⁇ (l,D + 2b2 ⁇ (2,2) + 12c20(3,3) + 2hkab ⁇ (l,2) + 2hlac ⁇ (l,3)
• Atom x y z B (A2) H Hllll - -00..009911 -0.037 0.249 3.9*

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