Classifications

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  • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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  • C04B35/00—Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition; Ceramics compositions; Processing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products
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  • C07D217/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing isoquinoline or hydrogenated isoquinoline ring systems with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to carbon atoms of the nitrogen-containing ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D295/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by halogen atoms or nitro radicals
  • C07D295/073—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by halogen atoms or nitro radicals with the ring nitrogen atoms and the substituents separated by carbocyclic rings or by carbon chains interrupted by carbocyclic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D295/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D295/096—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by singly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the oxygen or sulfur atoms separated by carbocyclic rings or by carbon chains interrupted by carbocyclic rings
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
  • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D401/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms

Definitions

• the present invention relates to inhibitors of p38, a mammalian protein kinase involved in cell proliferation, cell death and response to extracellular stimuli.
• the invention also relates to methods for producing these inhibitors.
• the invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the inhibitors of the invention and methods of utilizing those compositions in the treatment and prevention of various disorders.
• MAPK itogen-activated protein kinases
• p38 also known as cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drug binding protein (CSBP) and RK, was isolated from murine pre-B cells that were transfected with the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) receptor, CD14, and induced with LPS.
• LPS lipopolysaccharide
• p38 has since been isolated and sequenced, as has the cDNA encoding it in humans and mouse.
• Activation of p38 has been observed in cells stimulated by stress, such as treatment of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) , UV, anisomycin, or osmotic shock, and by cytokines, such as IL-1 and TNF.
• stress such as treatment of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) , UV, anisomycin, or osmotic shock
• cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF.
• IL-1 and TNF stimulate the production of other proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-8 and have been implicated in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and in post- menopausal osteoporosis [R. B. Kimble et al . , Endocrinol., 136, pp. 3054-61 (1995)].
• IL-6 and IL-8 proinflammatory cytokines
• IL-6 and IL-8 have been implicated in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and in post- menopausal osteoporosis [R. B. Kimble et al . , Endocrinol., 136, pp. 3054-61 (1995)].
• p38 along with other MAPKs, have a role in mediating cellular response to inflammatory stimuli, such as leukocyte accumulation, macrophage/monocyte activation, tissue resorption, fever, acute phase responses and neutrophilia.
• MAPKs such as p38
• MAPKs have been implicated in cancer, thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, immunodeficiency disorders, autoimmune diseases, cell death, allergies, osteoporosis and neurodegenerative disorders.
• Inhibitors of p38 have also been implicated in the area of pain management through inhibition of prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 induction.
• Other diseases associated with 11-1, IL-6, IL-8 or TNF overproduction are set forth in WO 96/21654.
• Others have already begun trying to develop drugs that specifically inhibit MAPKs.
• PCT publication WO 95/31451 describes pyrazole compounds that inhibit MAPKs, and, in particular, p38.
• the present invention addresses this problem by providing compounds that demonstrate strong inhibition of p38.
• each of Qi and Q 2 are independently selected from a phenyl or 5-6 membered aromatic heterocyclic ring system, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic ring system comprising aromatic carbocyclic rings, aromatic heterocyclic rings or a combination of an aromatic carbocyclic ring and an aromatic heterocyclic ring.
• a heterocyclic ring system or a heterocyclic ring contains 1 to 4 heteroatoms, which are independently selected from N, 0, S, SO and S0 2 .
• the rings that make up Qi are substituted with 1 to 4 substituents, each of which is independently selected from halo; C 1 -C 3 alkyl optionally substituted with NR' 2/ OR', C0 2 R' or CONR' 2 ; 0- (C1-C3) -alkyl optionally substituted with NR' 2 , OR', C0 2 R' or CONR' 2 ; NR' 2 ; OCF 3 ; CF 3 ; N0 2 ; C0 2 R' ; CONR' ; SR' ; S (0 2 ) N (R' ) 2 ; SCF 3 ; CN; N(R' )C(0)R 4 ; N (R' ) C (0) OR 4 ; N (R' ) C (0) C (0) R 4 ; N(R' )S (0 2 )R 4 ; N(R')R 4 ; N(R 4 ) 2 ; OR 4 ; 0C(0)R 4 ; 0P(0) 3 H
• Q is selected from phenyl or a 5-6 member aromatic heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with 1- 3 substituents, each of which is independently selected from halogen; C 1 -C 3 alkyl optionally substituted with NR' 2 , OR', C0 2 R' , C0NR' 2 , or 0-P(0 3 )H 2 ; 0- (C 2 -C 3 ) -alkyl optionally substituted with NR' 2 , OR', C0 2 R' , C0NR' 2 , or OP(0 4 )H 2 ; 0CF 3 ; CF 3 ; OR 4 ; 0-C0 2 R 4 ; 0-P(0 3 )H 2 ; C0 2 R' ; CONR'; SR' ; S(0 2 )N(R') 2 ; SCF 3 ; CN; N(R')C(0)R 4 ; N (R' ) C (0) OR 4 ; N(R' )C(0)
• R' is selected from hydrogen; (C 1 -C 3 ) -alkyl; (C 2 -C 3 ) -alkenyl or alkynyl; phenyl or phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, methoxy, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, methyl or ethyl; or a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring system optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, methoxy, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, methyl or ethyl.
• R is selected from 5-8 membered aromatic or non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring systems each optionally substituted with R' , R 4 , -C(0)R', -C(0)R 4 , -C(0)OR or -J; or an 8-10 membered bicyclic ring system comprising aromatic carbocyclic rings, aromatic heterocyclic rings or a combination of an aromatic carbocyclic ring and an aromatic heterocyclic ring each optionally substituted with R' , R 4 , -C(0)R', -C(0)R 4 , - C(0)OR 4 or -J.
• R is (C 1 -C 4 ) -straight or branched alkyl optionally substituted with N(R' ) 2 , OR', C0 2 R' , CON(R') 2 , or S0 2 N(R 2 ) 2 ; or a 5-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system optionally substituted with N(R' , OR', C0 2 R' , CON(R') 2 , or S0 2 N(R 2 ) 2 .
• R is selected from hydrogen; (C 1 -C3) -alkyl optionally substituted with R ; (C 2 -C 3 ) -alkenyl or alkynyl
• R each optionally substituted with R ; phenyl or phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, methoxy, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, methyl or ethyl; or a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring system optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, methoxy, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, methyl or ethyl.
• W is selected from N(R 2 )S0 2 -N(R 2 ) 2 ; N(R 2 )S0 2 -
• W is selected from N (R 2 ) -S0 2 -Q 2 ; N (R 2 ) -C0 2 -Q 2 ; N(R 2 )-C(0)-Q 2 ; N(R 2 ) (Q 2 ); C(0)-Q 2 ; C0 2 -Q 2 ; C (0) N (R 2 ) (Q 2 ) ; C(R 2 ) 2 Q 2 .
• Each R is independently selected from hydrogen, -R 2 , -N(R 2 ) 2 , -OR 2 , SR 2 , -C(0)-N(R 2 ) 2 , -S (0 2 ) -N (R 2 ) 2 , -C(0)-OR 2 or -C(0)R wherein two adjacent R are optionally bound to one another and, together with each Y to which they are respectively bound, form a 4-8 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring.
• Y is N or C.
• Z is CH, N, C(0CH 3 ), C(CH 3 ), C(NH 2 ), C(0H) or C(F) .
• U is selected from R or W .
• V is selected from -C ( 0) NH 2 , -P (O) (NH 2 ) 2 , or
• A, B, and C are independently selected from -0-
• J is a (C 1 -C 4 ) straight chain or branched alkyl derivative substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from D, -T-C(0)R', or -OP0 3 H 2 .
• T is either 0 or NH.
• G is either NH 2 or OH.
• the invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising the p38 inhibitors of this invention. These compositions may be utilized in methods for treating or preventing a variety of disorders, such as cancer, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, destructive bone disorders, proliferative disorders, infectious diseases, viral diseases and neurodegenerative diseases. These compositions are also useful in methods for preventing cell death and hyperplasia and therefore may be used to treat or prevent reperfusion/ischemia in stroke, heart attacks, and organ hypoxia. The compositions are also useful in methods for preventing thrombin-induced platelet aggregation. Each of these above-described methods is also part of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• each of Qi and Q 2 are independently selected from a phenyl or 5-6 membered aromatic heterocyclic ring system, or a 8-10 membered bicyclic ring system comprising aromatic carbocyclic rings, aromatic heterocyclic rings or a combination of an aromatic carbocyclic ring and an aromatic heterocyclic ring.
• the rings that make up Qi are substituted with
• Q 2 ' is selected from phenyl or a 5-6 member aromatic heterocyclic ring optionally substituted with 1- 3 substituents, each of which is independently selected from halogen; C 1 -C 3 alkyl optionally substituted with NR' 2/ OR', C0 2 R' , CONR' 2 , or 0-P(0 3 )H 2 ; 0- (C 2 -C 3 ) -alkyl optionally substituted with NR' 2 , OR', C0 2 R' , CONR' 2 , or OP(0 3 )H 2 ; OCF 3 ; CF 3 ; OR 4 ; 0-C0 2 R 4 ; 0-P(0 3 )H 2 ; C0 2 R' ; CONR'; SR' ; S(0 2 )N(R') 2 ; SCF 3 ; CN; N(R')C(0)R 4 ; N (R' ) C (0) OR 4 ; N(R' )C(0)C
• R' is selected from hydrogen; (C 1 -C 3 ) -alkyl; (C 2 -C 3 ) -alkenyl or alkynyl; phenyl or phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, methoxy, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, methyl or ethyl; or a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring system optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, methoxy, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, methyl or ethyl.
• R is selected from 5-8 membered aromatic or non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring systems each optionally substituted with R' , R 4 , -C(0)R', -C(0)R 4 , -C(0)0R 4 or -J; or an 8-10 membered bicyclic ring system comprising aromatic carbocyclic rings, aromatic heterocyclic rings or a combination of an aromatic carbocyclic ring and an aromatic heterocyclic ring each optionally substituted with R' , R 4 , -C(0)R', -C(0)R 4 , - C(0)OR 4 or -J.
• R 4 is (C 1 -C 4 ) -straight or branched alkyl optionally substituted with N(R' ) 2 , OR', C0 2 R' , C0N(R') 2 , or S0 ? N(R 2 ) 2 ; or a 5-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system optionally substituted with N(R')., OR', C0 2 R' , CON(R') 2 , or S0 2 N(R 2 ) 2 .
• R 5 is selected from hydrogen; (C 1 -C 3 ) -alkyl optionally substituted with R ; (C 2 -C3) -alkenyl or alkynyl
• R each optionally substituted with R ; phenyl or phenyl substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, methoxy, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, methyl or ethyl; or a 5-6 membered heterocyclic ring system optionally substituted with 1 to 3 substituents independently selected from halo, methoxy, cyano, nitro, amino, hydroxy, methyl or ethyl.
• W is selected from N (R 2 ) S0 2 -N(R 2 ) 2 ; N(R)S0 2 - N(R 2 )(R 3 ); N(R 2 )C(0)-OR 2 ; N (R 2 ) C (0) -N (R 2 ) 2 ; N(R 2 )C(0)- N(R 2 ) (R 3 ); N(R 2 )C(0)-R 2 ; N(R 2 ) 2 ; C(0)-R 2 ; CH(OH)-R 2 ; C(O)- N(R 2 ) 2 ; C(0)-OR 2 ; J; or (C ⁇ -C 4 ) straight or branched alkyl optionally substituted with N(R' ) 2, OR', C0 2 R' , CON(R') 2 , R 3 , S0 2 N(R) 2 , OC(0)R 2 , OC(0)R', OC(0)N(R 2 ) 2 , -N(R 4 )(R
• W is selected from N (R 2 ) -S0 2 -Q 2 ; N (R 2 ) -C0 2 -Q ;
• Each R is independently selected from hydrogen
• Y is N or C.
• Z is CH, N, C (OCH 3 ) , C ( CH 3 ) , C (NH
• U is selected from R or W.
• V is selected from -C(0)NH 2 , -P(O) (NH 2 ) 2 , or -S0 2 NH 2 .
• A,B, and C are independently selected from -0-, -CHR'-, -CHR 4 -, -NR'-, -NR 4 - or -S-.
• J is a (C ⁇ -C 4 ) straight chain or branched alkyl derivative substituted with 1-3 substituents selected from D, -T-C(0)R', or -0P0 3 H 2 .
• T is either 0 or NH.
• G is either NH 2 or OH.
• Qi is selected from phenyl or pyridyl containing 1 to 3 substituents, wherein at least one of said substituents is in the ortho position and said substituents are independently selected from chloro, fluoro, bromo, -CH 3 , -OCH 3 , -OH, -CF 3 , -OCF 3 , -0(CH 2 ) 2 CH 3 , NH 2/ 3,4- methylenedioxy, -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -NH-S (0) 2 -phenyl, -NH-C (0) 0-CH 2 - 4-pyridine, -NH-C (0) CH 2 -morpholine, -NH-C (0) CH 2 -N (CH 3 ) 2 , -NH-C(0)CH 2 -piperazine, -NH-C (0) CH 2 -pyrrolidine,
• Qi is selected from 2-fluoro- 6-trif luoromethylphenyl, 2, 6-dif luorophenyl, 2,6- dichlorophenyl, 2-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl, 2-chloro-4- a inophenyl, 2, 6-dichloro-4-aminophenyl, 2, 6-dichloro-3- a inophenyl, 2, 6-dimethyl-4-hydroxyphenyl, 2-methoxy-3, 5- dichloro-4-pyridyl, 2-chloro-4,5 methylenedioxy phenyl, or 2-chloro-4- (N-2-morpholino-acetamido) phenyl .
• Q is phenyl, pyridyl or naphthyl containing 0 to 3 substituents, wherein each substituent is independently selected from chloro, fluoro, bromo, methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, -OCH 3 , -OH, -NH 2 , -CF 3 -OCF 3 , -SCH 3 , -OCH 3 , -C(0)OH, -C(0)OCH 3 , -CH ? NH 2 , -N(CH 3 ) 2 , -CH 2 -pyrrolidine and -CH 2 OH.
• Q 2 is selected from phenyl, 2-isopropylphenyl, 3,4- dimethylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl, 3-fluorophenyl, 2- methylphenyl, 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl, 3-chlorophenyl, 2- carbo ethoxylphenyl, 2-carboxyphenyl, 2-methyl-4- chlorophenyl, 2-bromophenyl, 2-pyridyl, 2- ethylenehydroxyphenyl, 4-fluorophenyl, 2-methyl-4- fluorophenyl, 2-chloro-4-fluorphenyl, 2, 4-difluorophenyl, 2-hydroxy-4-fluorphenyl, 2-methylenehydroxy-4- fluorophenyl, 1-naphthyl, 3-chloro-2-methylenehydroxy, 3- chloro-2-methyl, or 4-fluoro-2-methyl .
• Y is C.
• each Y is C and the R and U attached to each Y component is selected from hydrogen or methyl.
• W is a 0-4 atom chain terminating in an alcohol, amine, carboxylic acid, ester, amide, or heterocycle.
• W OH , H ⁇ " ⁇ .
• W is selected from:
• each Y is C, and W and/or U is not hydrogen.
• X is NH 2 or N(CH 3 ) 2 ;
• X is OH, NH 2 , or N(CH 3 ) 2
• X is OH, NH 2 , N(CH 3 ) 2 ,
• the present invention provides methods of producing the above- identified inhibitors of p38 of the formulae (la), (lb), (lc), (Id) and (Ie).
• Representative synthesis schemes for formula (la) are depicted below.
• Schemes 1-3 illustrate the preparation of compounds in which W is either an amino, carboxyl or an aldehyde function. In each case the particular moiety may be modified through chemistry well known in the literature.
• the final amino compounds D and N (schemes 1 and 4 respectively) may be acylated, sulfonylated or alkylated to prepare compounds within the scope of W.
• the LI and L2 groups on the initial materials are meant to represent leaving groups ortho to the nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring.
• compound A may be 2, 6-dichloro-3 nitro pyridine
• W is selected from amino- derivatized compounds such as N (R 2 ) S0 2 -N (R 2 ) 2 ; N(R 2 )S0 2 - N(R ) (R 3 ); N(R )C(0)-OR 2 ; N (R 2 ) C (0) -N (R 2 ) 2 ; N(R 2 )C(0)- N(R') (R 3 ); N(R )C(0)-R 2 ; or N(R Z ) 2 .
• amino- derivatized compounds such as N (R 2 ) S0 2 -N (R 2 ) 2 ; N(R 2 )S0 2 - N(R ) (R 3 ); N(R )C(0)-OR 2 ; N (R 2 ) C (0) -N (R 2 ) 2 ; N(R 2 )C(0)- N(R') (R 3 ); N(R )C(0)-R 2 ; or N(R Z ) 2 .
• the Q2 ring is introduced utilizing one of many reactions know in the art which result in the production of biaryl compounds.
• One example may be the reaction of an aryl lithium compound with the pyridine intermediate A.
• an arylmetalic compound such as an aryl stannane or an aryl boronic acid may be reacted with the aryl halide portion
• a QI substituted derivative such as a phenyl acetonitrile derivative may be treated with a base such as sodium hydride, sodium amide, LDA, lithium hexamethyldisilazide or any number of other non-nucleophilic bases to deprotonate the position alpha to the cyano group, which represents a masked amide moiety.
• a base such as sodium hydride, sodium amide, LDA, lithium hexamethyldisilazide or any number of other non-nucleophilic bases to deprotonate the position alpha to the cyano group, which represents a masked amide moiety.
• This anion is then contacted with intermediate B to form C.
• the nitrile or equivalent group of intermediate C is then hydrolyzed to form the amide and the nitro group is subjected to reducing conditions to form the amine intermediate D.
• Intermediate D is then used to introduce various functionality defined by W through chemistry such as acylation, sulfonylation or alkylation reactions well known in the literature. Depending on the regiochemistry of the first two steps of this procedure, the first two steps may need to be reversed.
• W is selected from carboxyl-derivatized compounds such as C(0)-R 2 ; CH(OH)-R 2 ; C(0)-N(R 2 ) 2 ; or C(O)- OR 2 .
• Scheme 2 generally follows the procedures described for Scheme 1 except that a carboxyl intermediate such as E is the starting material.
• the first two steps mirror Scheme 1, and, as mentioned for Scheme 1, may be reversed depending on the regiochemistry of specific examples.
• Intermediate G is formed from these first two steps and this material may be hydrolyzed as mention to for the carboxyl intermediate H.
• the carboxyl group may then be modified according to well- known procedures from the literature to prepare analogs with defined W substituents such as acylations, amidations and esterifications .
• W is selected from (C 1 -C 4 ) straight or branched alkyl optionally substituted with N(R') 2 / OR', C0 2 R' , CON(R') 2 , or S0 2 N(R 2 ) 2 ; or a 5-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system optionally substituted with N(R' ) 2, OR', C0 2 R' , CON(R') 2 , or S0 2 N(R 2 ) 2 ; provided that W is not an R 3 substituted Ci alkyl.
• a pyridine derivative is metalated and quenched with one of many known electrophiles which can generate an aldehyde, to form intermediate I.
• the aldehyde can then be masked to form the dimethyl acetal J.
• This intermediate is then carried on as described in scheme 1 and 2 to introduce the QI and Q2 substituents, to produce intermediate L.
• these two steps may be interchanged depending on specific regiochemistry.
• the masked aldehyde of L may then be deprotected and utilized to form compounds with the defined W substitution using well know chemistry such as alkylations and reductive aminations .
• the steps for these schemes parallel 1-3 with the exception that the alkylation utilizing a phenyl acetonitrile is replaced with a reaction with a QI amine derivative such as a substituted aniline derivative.
• the amide portion of the molecule is then introduced in an acylation reaction with, for example, chlorosulfonyl isocyanate.
• W is selected from amino- derivatized groups such as N (R 2 ) S0 2 -N (R 2 ) 2 ; N(R 2 )S0 2 - N(R ? ) (R 3 ); N(R 2 )C(0)-OR 2 ; N (R 2 ) C (0) -N (R 2 ) 2 ; N(R 2 )C(0)- N(R 2 ) (R 3 ); N(R 2 )C(0)-R 2 ; or N(R 2 ) 2 .
• amino- derivatized groups such as N (R 2 ) S0 2 -N (R 2 ) 2 ; N(R 2 )S0 2 - N(R ? ) (R 3 ); N(R 2 )C(0)-OR 2 ; N (R 2 ) C (0) -N (R 2 ) 2 ; N(R 2 )C(0)- N(R 2 ) (R 3 ); N(R 2 )C(0)-R 2 ; or N
• intermediate B (from scheme 1) is treated with, for example, an aniline derivative in the presence of a base such as potassium carbonate. Additionally, a palladium catalyst may be utilized to enhance the reactivity of this general type of reaction, if needed.
• the resulting amine derivative is then acylated to form intermediate M.
• the nitro group of M is then reduced to form N and the amino group may then be derivatized as described for scheme 1.
• the steps involved in the introduction of the QI and Q2 substituents may be interchanged depending on the specific regiochemistry of specific compounds.
• W is selected from carboxyl-derivatized groups such as C(0)-R 2 ; CH(OH)-R 2 ; C(0)-N(R 2 ) 2 ; or C(O)-
• W is selected from (C 1 -C 4 ) straight or branched alkyl optionally substituted with N(R') 2 , OR', C0 2 R' , CON(R') 2 , R 3 , or S0 2 N(R 2 ) 2 ; or a 5-6 membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring system optionally substituted with N(R' ) 2 , OR', C0 2 R' , CON(R') 2 , or
• schemes 5 and 6 generally follow the procedures mentioned above.
• One having skill in the art will recognize schemes 1-6 may be used to synthesize compounds having the general formula of (lb), (lc), (Id) and (Ie).
• the activity of the p38 inhibitors of this invention may be assayed in vi tro, in vivo or in a cell line.
• vi tro assays include assays that determine inhibition of either the kinase activity or ATPase activity of activated p38.
• Alternate in vi tro assays quantitate the ability of the inhibitor to bind to p38 and may be measured either by radiolabelling the inhibitor prior to binding, isolating the inhibitor/p38 complex and determining the amount of radiolabel bound, or by running a competition experiment where new inhibitors are incubated with p38 bound to known radioligands .
• Cell culture assays of the inhibitory effect of the compounds of this invention may determine the amounts of TNF, IL-1, IL-6 or IL-8 produced in whole blood or cell fractions thereof in cells treated with inhibitor as compared to cells treated with negative controls. Level of these cytokines may be determined through the use of commercially available ELISAs.
• An in vivo assay useful for determining the inhibitory activity of the p38 inhibitors of this invention are the suppression of hind paw edema in rats with Mycobacteri um butyri cum-induced adjuvant arthritis. This is described in J.C. Boehm et al., J. Med. Chem.,
• the p38 inhibitors of this invention may also be assayed in animal models of arthritis, bone resorption, endotoxin shock and immune function, as described in A. M. Badger et al., J.
• p38 inhibitors or pharmaceutical salts thereof may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions for administration to animals or humans.
• These pharmaceutical compositions which comprise an amount of p38 inhibitor effective to treat or prevent a p38-mediated condition and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, are another embodiment of the present invention.
• p38-mediated condition means any disease or other deleterious condition in which p38 is known to play a role. This includes conditions known to be caused by IL-1, TNF, IL-6 or IL-8 overproduction.
• Such conditions include, without limitation, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, destructive bone disorders, proliferative disorders, infectious diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, allergies, reperfusion/ischemia in stroke, heart attacks, angiogenic disorders, organ hypoxia, vascular hyperplasia, cardiac hypertrophy, thrombin-induced platelet aggregation, and conditions associated with prostaglandin endoperoxidase synthase-2.
• Inflammatory diseases which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, asthma, allergies, and adult respiratory distress syndrome.
• Autoimmune diseases which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Graves' disease, autoimmune gastritis, diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmune neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, atopic dermatitis, chronic active hepatitis, myasthenia gravis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn' s disease, psoriasis, or graft vs. host disease.
• Destructive bone disorders which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, osteoporosis, osteoarthritis and multiple myeloma-related bone disorder.
• Proliferative diseases which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, metastatic melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and multiple myeloma.
• Angiogenic disorders which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include solid tumors, ocular neovasculization, infantile haemangiomas .
• Infectious diseases which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, sepsis, septic shock, and Shigellosis .
• Viral diseases which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, acute hepatitis infection (including hepatitis A, hepatitis B and hepatitis C) , HIV infection and CMV retinitis.
• Neurodegenerative diseases which may be treated or prevented by the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cerebral ischemias or neurodegenerative disease caused by traumatic injury.
• "p38-mediated conditions” also include ischemia/reperfusion in stroke, heart attacks, myocardial ischemia, organ hypoxia, vascular hyperplasia, cardiac hypertrophy, and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.
• p38 inhibitors of the instant invention are also capable of inhibiting the expression of inducible pro-inflammatory proteins such as prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase-2 (PGHS-2), also referred to as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) . Therefore, other "p38-mediated conditions” which may be treated by the compounds of this invention include edema, analgesia, fever and pain, such as neuromuscular pain, headache, cancer pain, dental pain and arthritis pain.
• PGHS-2 prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase
• the diseases that may be treated or prevented by the p38 inhibitors of this invention may also be conveniently grouped by the cytokine (IL-1, TNF, IL-6,
• an IL-1-mediated disease or condition includes rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, stroke, endotoxemia and/or toxic shock syndrome, inflammatory reaction induced by endotoxin, inflammatory bowel disease, tuberculosis, atherosclerosis, muscle degeneration, cachexia, psoriatic arthritis, Reiter's syndrome, gout, traumatic arthritis, rubella arthritis, acute synovitis, diabetes, pancreatic ⁇ -cell disease and Alzheimer's disease.
• TNF-mediated disease or condition includes, rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatoid spondylitis, osteoarthritis, gouty arthritis and other arthritic conditions, sepsis, septic shock, endotoxic shock, gram negative sepsis, toxic shock syndrome, adult respiratory distress syndrome, cerebral malaria, chronic pulmonary inflammatory disease, silicosis, pulmonary sarcoisosis, bone resorption diseases, reperfusion injury, graft vs.
• TNF-mediated diseases also include viral infections, such as HIV, CMV, influenza and herpes; and veterinary viral infections, such as lentivirus infections, including, but not limited to equine infectious anemia virus, caprine arthritis virus, visna virus or maedi virus; or retrovirus infections, including feline immunodeficiency virus, bovine immunodeficiency virus, or canine immunodeficiency virus.
• viral infections such as HIV, CMV, influenza and herpes
• veterinary viral infections such as lentivirus infections, including, but not limited to equine infectious anemia virus, caprine arthritis virus, visna virus or maedi virus; or retrovirus infections, including feline immunodeficiency virus, bovine immunodeficiency virus, or canine immunodeficiency virus.
• IL-8 mediated disease or condition includes diseases characterized by massive neutrophil infiltration, such as psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, cardiac and renal reperfusion injury, adult respiratory distress syndrome, thrombosis and glomerulonephritis .
• the compounds of this invention may be used topically to treat or prevent conditions caused or exacerbated by IL-1 or TNF.
• Such conditions include inflamed joints, eczema, psoriasis, inflammatory skin conditions such as sunburn, inflammatory eye conditions such as conjunctivitis, pyresis, pain and other conditions associated with inflammation.
• pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention may also be employed in compositions to treat or prevent the above-identified disorders.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention include those derived from pharmaceutically acceptable inorganic and organic acids and bases.
• Suitable acid salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, formate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2- naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, nitrate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylpropionate, phosphate, picrate, pivalate,
• Salts derived from appropriate bases include alkali metal (e.g., sodium and potassium), alkaline earth metal (e.g., magnesium), ammonium and N- (Cl-4 alkyl) 4+ salts.
• alkali metal e.g., sodium and potassium
• alkaline earth metal e.g., magnesium
• ammonium e.g., ammonium
• N- (Cl-4 alkyl) 4+ salts e.g., sodium and potassium
• This invention also envisions the quaternization of any basic nitrogen-containing groups of the compounds disclosed herein. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products may be obtained by such quaternization.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in these pharmaceutical compositions include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.
• ion exchangers alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin
• serum proteins such as human serum albumin
• buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorb
• compositions of the present invention may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.
• parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.
• the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally or intravenously.
• Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may be aqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents.
• the sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally- acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1, 3-butanediol .
• the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution.
• sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides .
• Fatty acids such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically- acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions.
• oils such as olive oil or castor oil
• These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
• a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant such as carboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonly used in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage forms including emulsions and suspensions.
• surfactants such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailability enhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceutically acceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for the purposes of formulation.
• compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.
• carriers commonly used include lactose and corn starch.
• Lubricating agents such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added.
• useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch.
• aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non- irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.
• the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.
• Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.
• Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water.
• the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.
• Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.
• the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.
• compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.
• Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.
• compositions should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01 - 100 mg/kg body weight/day of the inhibitor can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions .
• a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated.
• the amount of inhibitor will also depend upon the particular compound in the composition.
• the invention provides methods for treating or preventing a p38- mediated condition comprising the step of administering to a patient one of the above-described pharmaceutical compositions.
• patient means an animal, preferably a human.
• that method is used to treat or prevent a condition selected from inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, destructive bone disorders, proliferative disorders, infectious diseases, degenerative diseases, allergies, reperfusion/ischemia in stroke, heart attacks, angiogenic disorders, organ hypoxia, vascular hyperplasia, cardiac hypertrophy, and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.
• a condition selected from inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, destructive bone disorders, proliferative disorders, infectious diseases, degenerative diseases, allergies, reperfusion/ischemia in stroke, heart attacks, angiogenic disorders, organ hypoxia, vascular hyperplasia, cardiac hypertrophy, and thrombin-induced platelet aggregation.
• the inhibitors of this invention are used to treat or prevent an IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 or TNF-mediated disease or condition. Such conditions are described above.
• additional drugs which are normally administered to treat or prevent that condition, may be administered together with the inhibitors of this invention.
• chemotherapeutic agents or other anti-proliferative agents may be combined with the p38 inhibitors of this invention to treat proliferative diseases.
• o-Tolylboronic acid (0.34mmol, 46mgs), and 3 0.20mmol, 80mgs) were dissolved in a toluene/ethanol (5/1) mixture.
• Thallium carbonate 0.5, 235mgs
• tetrakis (triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) (lOmgs) was added to the solution and the slurry was allowed to reflux for 30 minutes.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and the organic layer was washed with aqueous acid and base. The organic layer was dried and evaporated in vacuo.
• the resulting material was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel followed by eluting with 5% methanol in methylene chloride to afford 4
• the amino-alcohol (500 mg, 1.43 mmol) , which was prepared in the same manner as 4, was dissolved in dichloromethane. Triethylamine (433 g, 4.29 mmol) was added, followed by acetyl chloride (168 mg, 2.15 mmol) . The mixture was stirred at room temperature for one hour, poured into water, and extracted with dichloromethane. The organic extract was evaporated in vacuo and the residue was dissolved in 10.0 mL of toluene. A 20% solution of phosgene in toluene (5.0 mL) was added and the solution was refluxed for two hours.
• the urea-alcohol (548 mg, 1.4 mmol), which was prepared in the same manner as 6, was dissolved in 5.0 mL of toluene. A 20% solution of phosgene in toluene (5.0 mL) was added and the solution was refluxed for two hours. The solution was cooled and 5.0 mL of concentrated ammonium hydroxide was added, precipitating a white solid. The mixture was poured into water and extracted with toluene. The organic extract was dried (MgS0 4 ) and evaporated in vacuo to afford 284 mg of the carba ate 8 as a white solid.
• the nitrile 12 was mixed with concentrated sulfuric acid and heated to 100°C for several minutes. The mixture was cooled, poured onto ice, and filtered to afford 13.
• chloropyridine 13 One equivalent of the chloropyridine 13 was dissolved in 1, 2-dimethoxyethane. One equivalent of 3- chloro-2-methylphenylboronic acid was added. A solution of one equivalent of sodium carbonate in water was added along with a catalytic amount of tetrakis ( triphenylphosphine) palladium (0) . The mixture was heated to 80°C for several hours. The mixture was poured into water and extracted with a water-immiscible organic solvent. The extract was dried, evaporated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography to afford 14.
• the spectral data for compound 16 is: X H NMR (500 MHz, CDC1 3 ) 6 9.85 (br s, IH) , 7.47 (dd, IH) , 7.42 (d, IH) , 7.27 ( , 5H) , 6.75 (s, IH) , 5.95 (s, IH) , 5.7 (br s, IH) , 3.5 (ABq, 2H) , 2.5-2.3 (m, 10H) , 2.3 (s, 3H) , 1.2 (t, 3H) .
• the polymerase chain reaction product was cloned into the pET-15b vector (Novagen) .
• the baculovirus transfer vector, pVL-(His)6- p38 was constructed by subcloning a Xbal-Bam ⁇ LI fragment of pET15b- (His) 6-p38 into the complementary sites in plasmid pVL1392 (Pharmingen) .
• the plasmid pVL- (His) 6-p38 directed the synthesis of a recombinant protein consisting of a 23- residue peptide (MGSSHHHHHHSSGLVPRGSHMLE, where LVPRGS represents a thrombin cleavage site) fused in frame to the N-terminus of p38, as confirmed by DNA sequencing and by N-terminal sequencing of the expressed protein.
• Monolayer culture of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells (ATCC) was maintained in TNM-FH medium (Gibco BRL) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum in a T-flask at
• Sf9 cells in log phase were co-transfected with linear viral DNA of Autographa calif onica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Pharmingen) and transfer vector pVL- (His)6-p38 using Lipofectin ( Invitrogen) .
• the individual recombinant baculovirus clones were purified by plaque assay using 1% low melting agarose.
• the cell mass was harvested 72 hours after infection when the expression level of p38 reached its maximum.
• Frozen cell paste from cells expressing the (His) 6 -tagged p38 was thawed in 5 volumes of Buffer A (50 mM NaH 2 P0 4 pH 8.0, 200 mM NaCl, 2mM ⁇ -Mercaptoethanol, 10% Glycerol and 0.2 mM PMSF). After mechanical disruption of the cells in a microfluidizer, the lysate was centrifuged at 30,000 x g for 30 minutes. The supernatant was incubated batchwise for 3-5 hours at 4°C with TalonTM (Clontech) metal affinity resin at a ratio of 1 ml of resin per 2-4 mgs of expected p38.
• Buffer A 50 mM NaH 2 P0 4 pH 8.0, 200 mM NaCl, 2mM ⁇ -Mercaptoethanol, 10% Glycerol and 0.2 mM PMSF.
• the resin was settled by centrifugation at 500 x g for 5 minutes and gently washed batchwise with Buffer A.
• the resin was slurried and poured into a column (approx. 2.6 x 5.0 cm) and washed with Buffer A + 5 mM imidazole.
• the (His) 6 -p38 was eluted with Buffer A + 100 mM imidazole and subsequently dialyzed overnight at 4°C against 2 liters of Buffer B, (50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 25 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, 5% glycerol, 2mM DTT) .
• Buffer B 50 mM HEPES, pH 7.5, 25 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, 5% glycerol, 2mM DTT
• the His 6 tag was removed by addition of at 1.5 units thrombin (Calbiochem) per mg of p38 and incubation at 20°C for 2-3 hours.
• the thrombin was quenched by addition of 0.2 mM PMSF and then the entire sample was loaded onto a 2 ml benzamidine agarose (American International Chemical) column.
• the flow through fraction was directly loaded onto a 2.6 x 5.0 cm Q-Sepharose (Pharmacia) column previously equilibrated in Buffer B + 0.2 mM PMSF.
• the p38 was eluted with a 20 column volume linear gradient to 0.6M NaCl in Buffer B.
• the eluted protein peak was pooled and dialyzed overnight at 4°C vs.
• Buffer C 50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 5% glycerol, 50 mM NaCl, 2 mM DTT, 0.2 mM PMSF
• the dialyzed protein was concentrated in a Centriprep (Amicon) to 3-4 ml and applied to a 2.6 x 100 cm Sephacryl S-100HR (Pharmacia) column.
• the protein was eluted at a flow rate of 35 ml/hr.
• the main peak was pooled, adjusted to 20 mM DTT, concentrated to 10-80 mgs/ l and frozen in aliquots at -70°C or used immediately.
• EXAMPLE 4 Activation of p38 p38 was activated by combining 0.5 mg/ml p38 with 0.005 mg/ml DD-double mutant MKK6 in Buffer B + lOmM MgCl 2 , 2mM ATP, 0.2mM Na 2 V0 for 30 minutes at 20°C. The activation mixture was then loaded onto a 1.0 x 10 cm MonoQ column (Pharmacia) and eluted with a linear 20 column volume gradient to 1.0 M NaCl in Buffer B. The activated p38 eluted after the ADP and ATP. The activated p38 peak was pooled and dialyzed against buffer B + 0.2mM Na 2 V0 4 to remove the NaCl.
• the dialyzed protein was adjusted to 1. IM potassium phosphate by addition of a 4.0M stock solution and loaded onto a 1.0 x 10 cm HIC (Rainin Hydropore) column previously equilibrated in Buffer D (10% glycerol, 20mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, 2. OmM DTT) + 1.1MK 2 HP0 4 .
• Buffer D 10% glycerol, 20mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, 2. OmM DTT
• the protein was eluted with a 20 column volume linear gradient to Buffer D + 50mM K 2 HP0 4 .
• the double phosphorylated p38 eluted as the main peak and was pooled for dialysis against Buffer B + 0.2mM Na 2 V0 4 .
• the activated p38 was stored at -70°C.
• EGF receptor peptide KRELVEPLTPSGEAPNQALLR, a phosphoryl acceptor in p38-catalyzed kinase reaction (1), was added to each vial to a final concentration of 200 ⁇ M.
• the kinase reaction was initiated with ATP (100 ⁇ M) and the vials were incubated at 30°C. After 30 minutes, the reactions were quenched with equal volume of 10% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) .
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• the phosphorylated peptide was quantified by HPLC analysis. Separation of phosphorylated peptide from the unphosphorylated peptide was achieved on a reverse phase column (Deltapak, 5 ⁇ m, C18 100D, Part no. 011795) with a binary gradient of water and acteonit ⁇ le, each containing 0.1% TFA. IC 5 o (concentration of inhibitor yielding 50% inhibition) was determined by plotting the percent ( % ) activity remaining against inhibitor concentration.
• This assay is carried out m the presence of 10 mM MgCl 2 , 25 mM ⁇ -glycerophosphate, 10% glycerol and 100 mM HEPES buffer at pH 7.6.
• Km for ATP m the ATPase activity of activated p38 reaction is determined in the absence of inhibitor and the presence of two concentrations of inhibitor.
• a stock solution is prepared containing all of the above components and activated p38 (60 nM) . The stock solution is aliquotted into vials. A fixed volume of DMSO or inhibitor m DMSO (final concentration of DMSO reaction was 2.5%) is introduced to each vial, mixed and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. The reaction is initiated by adding various concentrations of
• ADP from ATP Separation of ADP from ATP is achieved on a reversed phase column (Supelcosil, LC-18, 3 ⁇ m, part no. 5-8985) using a binary solvent gradient of following composition: Solvent A - 0.1 M phosphate buffer containing 8 mM tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulfate (Sigma Chemical Co., catalogue no. T-7158), Solvent B - Solvent A with 30% methanol.
• Ki is determined from the rate data as a function of inhibitor and ATP concentrations. p38 inhibitors of this invention will inhibit the ATPase activity of p38.
• Inhibitors were serially diluted m DMSO from a 20 mM stock. At least 6 serial dilutions were prepared. Then 4x inhibitor stocks were prepared by adding 4 ⁇ l of an inhibitor dilution to 1 ml of RPMI1640 medium/10% fetal bovine serum. The 4x inhibitor stocks contained inhibitor at concentrations of 80 ⁇ M, 32 ⁇ M, 12.8 ⁇ M, 5.12 ⁇ M, 2.048 ⁇ M, 0.819 ⁇ M, 0.328 ⁇ M, 0.131 ⁇ M, 0.052 ⁇ M, 0.021 ⁇ M etc. The 4x inhibitor stocks were pre- warmed at 37°C until use.
• Fresh human blood buffy cells were separated from other cells a Vacutamer CPT from Becton & Dickinson (containing 4 ml blood and enough DPBS without Mg 2+/Ca2+ to fill the tube) by centrifugation at 1500 x g for 15 mm.
• Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) located on top of the gradient in the Vacutamer, were removed and washed twice with RPMI1640 medium/10% fetal bovine serum. PBMCs were collected by centrifugation at 500 x g for 10 mm. The total cell number was determined using a Neubauer Cell Chamber and the cells were adjusted to a concentration of 4.8 x 10 cells/ml in cell culture medium (RPMI1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum) .
• whole blood containing an anticoagulant was used directly in the assay.
• 100 ⁇ l of cell suspension or whole blood were placed m each well of a 96-well cell culture plate.
• 50 ⁇ l of the 4x inhibitor stock was added to the cells.
• 50 ⁇ l of a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) working stock solution (16 ng/ml in cell culture medium) was added to give a final concentration of 4 ng/ml LPS m the assay.
• the total assay volume of the vehicle control was also adjusted to 200 ⁇ l by adding 50 ⁇ l cell culture medium.
• the PBMC cells or whole blood were then incubated overnight (for 12-15 hours) at 37° C/5% C02 m a humidified atmosphere.
• IL-lb R & D Systems, Quantikme kits, #DBL50
• TNF- ⁇ BioSource, #KHC3012
• IL-6 Endogen, #EH2-IL6
• IL-8 Endogen, #EH2-IL8
• p38 inhibitors of this invention will also inhibit phosphorylation of EGF receptor peptide, and will inhibit the production of IL-1, TNF and IL-6, as well as IL-8, in LPS-stimulated PBMCs or in whole blood.
• This assay is carried out on PBMCs exactly the same as above except that 50 ⁇ l of an IL-lb working stock solution (2 ng/ml in cell culture medium) is added to the assay instead of the (LPS) working stock solution.
• IL-6 Endogen, #EH2-IL6
• IL-8 Endogen, #EH2-IL8
• PBMCs Human peripheral mononuclear cells
• PBMCs Human peripheral mononuclear cells
• Vacutainer CPT Becton & Dickinson
• 15 x 10 cells are seeded in a 6-well tissue culture dish containing RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 50U/ml penicillin, 50 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin, and 2 mM L-glutamine.
• Compounds are added at 0.2, 2.0 and 20 ⁇ M final concentrations in DMSO.
• LPS is then added at a final concentration of 4 ng/ml to induce enzyme expression.
• the final culture volume is 10 ml/well.
• the cells are harvested by scraping and subsequent centrifugation, the supernatant is removed, and the cells are washed twice in ice-cold DPBS (Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline, BioWhittaker) .
• the cells are lysed on ice for 10 min in 50 ⁇ l cold lysis buffer (20 mM Tris- HCl, pH 7.2, 150 mM NaCl, 1% Triton-X-100, 1% deoxycholic acid, 0.1% SDS, 1 mM EDTA, 2% aprotinin (Sigma), 10 ⁇ g/ml pepstatin, 10 ⁇ g/ml leupeptin, 2 mM PMSF, 1 mM benzamidine, 1 mM DTT) containing 1 ⁇ l Benzonase (DNAse from Merck) .
• the protein concentration of each sample is determined using the BCA assay (Pierce) and bovine serum albumin as a standard.
• each sample is adjusted to 1 mg/ml with cold lysis buffer.
• To 100 ⁇ l lysate an equal volume of 2xSDS PAGE loading buffer is added and the sample is boiled for 5 min.
• Proteins (30 ⁇ g/lane) are size-fractionated on 4- 20% SDS PAGE gradient gels (Novex) and subsequently transferred onto nitrocellulose membrane by electrophoretic means for 2 hours at 100 ⁇ iA in Towbin transfer buffer (25 mM Tris, 192 mM glycine) containing 20% methanol.
• the membrane is pretreated for 1 hour at room temperature with blocking buffer (5% non-fat dry milk in DPBS supplemented with 0.1% Tween-20) and washed 3 times in DPBS/0.1% Tween-20.
• the membrane is incubated overnight at 4°C with a 1: 250 dilution of monoclonal anti-COX-2 antibody (Transduction Laboratories) in blocking buffer.
• the membrane is incubated with a 1:1000 dilution of horseradish peroxidase-conjugated sheep antiserum to mouse Ig (Amersham) in blocking buffer for 1 h at room temperature. Then the membrane is washed again 3 times in DPBS/0.1% Tween-20.
• An ECL detection system (SuperSignalTM CL-HRP Substrate System, Pierce) is used to determine the levels of expression of COX-2.

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