US9673837B2 - Increasing capacity in wireless communications - Google Patents

Increasing capacity in wireless communications Download PDF

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US9673837B2
US9673837B2 US13/504,699 US200913504699A US9673837B2 US 9673837 B2 US9673837 B2 US 9673837B2 US 200913504699 A US200913504699 A US 200913504699A US 9673837 B2 US9673837 B2 US 9673837B2
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tti
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data
bits
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Yisheng Xue
Mingxi Fan
Jiye Liang
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Qualcomm Inc
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Qualcomm Inc
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    • H03M13/00—Coding, decoding or code conversion, for error detection or error correction; Coding theory basic assumptions; Coding bounds; Error probability evaluation methods; Channel models; Simulation or testing of codes
    • H03M13/03—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words
    • H03M13/23—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words using convolutional codes, e.g. unit memory codes
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    • H03M13/03—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words
    • H03M13/23—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words using convolutional codes, e.g. unit memory codes
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    • H04L1/1822—Automatic repetition systems, e.g. Van Duuren systems involving configuration of automatic repeat request [ARQ] with parallel processes
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    • H04L1/1867—Arrangements specially adapted for the transmitter end
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    • H04W52/04—TPC
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    • H03M13/05—Error detection or forward error correction by redundancy in data representation, i.e. code words containing more digits than the source words using block codes, i.e. a predetermined number of check bits joined to a predetermined number of information bits
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    • H04L5/0044—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path allocation of payload
    • H04L5/0046—Determination of how many bits are transmitted on different sub-channels
    • Y02B60/50—

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to digital communications, and more specifically, to techniques for reducing transmission power and improving the capacity of wireless digital communications systems.
  • Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication such as voice, packet data, and so on. These systems may be based on code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), or other multiple access techniques.
  • CDMA code division multiple access
  • TDMA time division multiple access
  • FDMA frequency division multiple access
  • such systems can conform to standards such as Third-Generation Partnership Project 2 (3gpp2, or “cdma2000”), Third-Generation Partnership (3gpp, or “W-CDMA”), or Long Term Evolution (“LTE”).
  • 3gpp2 Third-Generation Partnership Project 2
  • W-CDMA Third-Generation Partnership (3gpp, or “W-CDMA”
  • LTE Long Term Evolution
  • Transmissions from a transmitter to a receiver often employ a degree of redundancy to guard against errors in the received signals.
  • information bits corresponding to a transport channel may be processed using fractional-rate symbol encoding and symbol repetition (or puncturing).
  • Such encoded symbols may be further multiplexed with encoded symbols from one or more other transport channels, grouped into sub-segments known as slots, and transmitted over the air.
  • symbol redundancy techniques may allow accurate recovery of the information bits in the presence of noise over the channel, such techniques also represent a premium in the overall system transmission power when signal reception conditions are good. Such a premium may undesirably reduce the system capacity, i.e., the number of users the system can reliably support at any given time.
  • An aspect of the present disclosure provides a method comprising: multiplexing at least two transport channels to generate a composite channel; transmitting symbols corresponding to the composite channel during a first allotted transmission time interval (TTI); receiving an acknowledgment message (ACK) for at least one of the transport channels during the transmitting the symbols; and puncturing the symbols corresponding to the at least one of the acknowledged transport channels for the remainder of the first TTI.
  • TTI transmission time interval
  • ACK acknowledgment message
  • Another aspect of the present disclosure provides an apparatus comprising: a multiplexing module configured to multiplex at least two transport channels to generate a composite channel; a transmitter configured to transmit symbols corresponding to the composite channel during a first allotted transmission time interval (TTI); a receiver configured to receive an acknowledgment message (ACK) for at least one of the transport channels during the transmitting the symbols; and a puncturing module configured to puncture the symbols corresponding to the at least one of the acknowledged transport channels for the remainder of the first TTI.
  • TTI transmission time interval
  • ACK acknowledgment message
  • Yet another aspect of the present disclosure provides an apparatus comprising: means for multiplexing at least two transport channels to generate a composite channel; means for transmitting symbols corresponding to the composite channel during a first allotted transmission time interval (TTI); means for receiving an acknowledgment message (ACK) for at least one of the transport channels during the transmitting the symbols; and means for puncturing the symbols corresponding to the at least one of the acknowledged transport channels for the remainder of the first TTI.
  • TTI transmission time interval
  • ACK acknowledgment message
  • Yet another aspect of the present disclosure provides a computer-readable storage medium storing instructions for causing a computer to: multiplex at least two transport channels to generate a composite channel; transmit symbols corresponding to the composite channel during a first allotted transmission time interval (TTI); receive an acknowledgment message (ACK) for at least one of the transport channels during the transmitting the symbols; and puncture the symbols corresponding to the at least one of the acknowledged transport channels for the remainder of the first TTI.
  • TTI transmission time interval
  • ACK acknowledgment message
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a wireless cellular communications system in which the techniques of the present disclosure may be applied.
  • FIG. 2A is a diagram of the signal processing at a Node B for a downlink data transmission in accordance with the W-CDMA standard.
  • FIG. 2B is a diagram of a frame and slot format for the downlink data physical channel (DPCH), as defined by the W-CDMA standard.
  • DPCH downlink data physical channel
  • FIG. 2C is a diagram of a corresponding frame and slot format for the uplink data physical channel (DPCH), as defined by the W-CDMA standard.
  • DPCH uplink data physical channel
  • FIG. 2D is a diagram of signal processing that may be performed at a UE for downlink data reception, in accordance with the W-CDMA standard.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates timing diagrams associated with a prior art signaling scheme for W-CDMA.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a scheme for early termination of transmissions for systems operating according to the W-CDMA standard.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an early decoding scheme for a TTI according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6A illustrates an ACK signaling scheme for early termination according to the W-CDMA standard.
  • FIG. 6B illustrates an exemplary diagram of a frame and slot format for transmission of an ACK on the downlink in a W-CDMA system.
  • FIG. 6C illustrates an exemplary diagram of a frame and slot format for transmission of an ACK on the uplink in a W-CDMA system.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of processing performed at a Node B for early termination of downlink transmissions in response to receiving an ACK from the UE.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a simplified diagram of a prior art scheme for transmission of a single full-rate AMR frame including class A, B, and C AMR bits over a W-CDMA interface.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a scheme for transmitting a full-rate AMR frame over a W-CDMA interface according to the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a system employing a tail-biting convolutional code.
  • FIGS. 11A-11D describe an example radio network operating according to UMTS in which the principles of the present disclosure may be applied.
  • FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a table that may be maintained at a Node B that prioritizes early decoding attempts for the UE's communicating with the Node B on the uplink.
  • a communications channel includes a downlink (also known as a forward link) for transmissions from a Node B 160 to a UE 106 and an uplink (also known as a reverse link) for transmissions from a UE 106 to a Node B 160 .
  • a Node B is also referred to as a base transceiver system (BTS), an access point, or a base station.
  • BTS base transceiver system
  • the UE 106 is also known as an access station, a remote station, a mobile station or a subscriber station.
  • the UE 106 may be mobile or stationary.
  • a UE 106 may be any data device that communicates through a wireless channel or through a wired channel, for example using fiber optic or coaxial cables.
  • a UE 106 may further be any of a number of types of devices including but not limited to PC card, compact flash, external or internal modem, or wireless or wireline phone.
  • Modern communications systems are designed to allow multiple users to access a common communications medium.
  • Numerous multiple-access techniques are known in the art, such as time division multiple-access (TDMA), frequency division multiple-access (FDMA), space division multiple-access, polarization division multiple-access, code division multiple-access (CDMA), and other similar multiple-access techniques.
  • the multiple-access concept is a channel allocation methodology which allows multiple users access to a common communications link.
  • the channel allocations can take on various forms depending on the specific multi-access technique.
  • FDMA systems the total frequency spectrum is divided into a number of smaller sub-bands and each user is given its own sub-band to access the communications link.
  • CDMA systems each user is given the entire frequency spectrum for all of the time but distinguishes its transmission through the use of a code.
  • FIG. 2A is a diagram of the signal processing at a Node B for a downlink data transmission in accordance with the W-CDMA standard. While signal processing of the downlink is specifically described with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B , corresponding processing performed on the uplink will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art, and exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure in both the downlink and the uplink are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • the upper signaling layers of a W-CDMA system support data transmission on one or more transport channels to a specific terminal, with each transport channel (TrCH) being capable of carrying data for one or more services.
  • These services may include voice, video, packet data, and so on, which are collectively referred to herein as “data.”
  • the data for each transport channel is processed based on one or more transport formats selected for that transport channel.
  • Each transport format defines various processing parameters such as a transmission time interval (TTI) over which the transport format applies, the size of each transport block of data, the number of transport blocks within each TTI, the coding scheme to be used, and so on.
  • the TTI may be specified as 10 milliseconds (ms), 20 ms, 40 ms, or 80 ms.
  • Each TTI can be used to transmit a transport block set having a number of equal-sized transport blocks, as specified by the transport format for the TTI.
  • the transport format can dynamically change from TTI to TTI, and the set of transport formats that may be used for the transport channel is referred to as the transport format set.
  • each transport block is used to calculate a set of cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bits at block 212 .
  • CRC cyclic redundancy check
  • the CRC bits are attached to the transport block and are used by a receiving terminal for block error detection.
  • the one or more CRC coded blocks for each TTI are then serially concatenated together at block 214 . If the total number of bits after concatenation is greater than the maximum size of a code block, then the bits are segmented into a number of (equal-sized) code blocks.
  • the maximum code block size is determined by the particular coding scheme (e.g., convolutional, Turbo, or no coding) selected for use for the current TTI, which is specified by the transport format. Each code block is then coded with the selected coding scheme or not coded at all at block 216 to generate coded bits.
  • coding scheme e.g., convolutional, Turbo, or no coding
  • Rate matching is then performed on the coded bits in accordance with a rate-matching attribute assigned by higher signaling layers and specified by the transport format at block 218 .
  • bits are repeated or punctured (i.e., deleted) such that the number of bits to be transmitted matches the number of available bit positions.
  • unused bit positions are filled with discontinuous transmission (DTX) bits at block 220 .
  • the DTX bits indicate when a transmission should be turned off and are not actually transmitted.
  • the rate-matched bits for each TTI are then interleaved in accordance with a particular interleaving scheme to provide time diversity at block 222 .
  • the interleaving is performed over the TTI, which can be selected as 10 ms, 20 ms, 40 ms, or 80 ms.
  • the bits within the TTI are segmented and mapped onto consecutive transport channel frames at block 224 .
  • Each transport channel frame corresponds to the portion of the TTI that is to be transmitted over a (10 ms) physical channel radio frame period (or simply, a “frame”).
  • W-CDMA data to be transmitted to a particular terminal is processed as one or more transport channels at a higher signaling layer.
  • the transport channels are then mapped to one or more physical channels assigned to the terminal for a communication (e.g., a call).
  • a downlink dedicated physical channel (downlink DPCH) is typically assigned to each terminal for the duration of a communication.
  • the downlink DPCH is used to carry the transport channel data in a time-division multiplexed manner along with control data (e.g., pilot, power control information, and so on).
  • the downlink DPCH may thus be viewed as a multiplex of a downlink dedicated physical data channel (DPDCH) and a downlink dedicated physical control channel (DPCCH), as described below.
  • the transport channel data is mapped only to the DPDCH, while the DPCCH includes the physical layer signaling information.
  • the transport channel frames from all active transport channel processing sections 210 are serially multiplexed into a coded composite transport channel (CCTrCH) at block 232 .
  • DTX bits may then be inserted into the multiplexed radio frames such that the number of bits to be transmitted matches the number of available bit positions on one or more “physical channels” to be used for the data transmission at block 234 . If more than one physical channel is used, then the bits are segmented among the physical channels at block 236 .
  • the bits in each frame for each physical channel are then further interleaved to provide additional time diversity at block 238 .
  • the interleaved bits are then mapped to the data portions (e.g., DPDCH) of their respective physical channels at block 240 .
  • the bits of the physical channel are spread using orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) codes at block 242 , modulated at block 243 , and subsequently segmented into physical channel radio frames 244 a , 244 b , etc.
  • OVSF orthogonal variable spreading factor
  • the spreading factor (SF) employed may be chosen based on how many bits are to be transmitted in a frame.
  • a “composite channel” may be defined as any transmission (e.g., DPCH TX) that contains data multiplexed from two or more transport channels.
  • FIG. 2B is a diagram of a frame and slot format for the downlink data physical channel (DPCH), as defined by the W-CDMA standard.
  • the data to be transmitted on the downlink DPCH is partitioned into radio frames, with each radio frame being transmitted over a (10 ms) frame that comprises 15 slots labeled as slot 0 through slot 14 .
  • Each slot is further partitioned into a number of fields used to carry user-specific data, signaling, and pilot, or a combination thereof.
  • each slot includes data fields 420 a and 420 b (Data 1 and Data 2 ), a transmit power control (TPC) field 422 , a transport format combination indicator (TFCI) field 424 , and a pilot field 426 .
  • Data fields 420 a and 420 b are used to send user-specific data.
  • the TPC field 422 is used to send power control information to direct the terminal to adjust its uplink transmit power either up or down to achieve the desired uplink performance while minimizing interference to other terminals.
  • TFCI field 424 is used to send information indicative of the transport format of the downlink DPCH and a downlink shared channel DSCH, if any, assigned to the terminal. Pilot field 426 is used to send a dedicated pilot.
  • FIG. 2C is a diagram of a corresponding frame and slot format for the uplink data physical channel (DPCH), as defined by the W-CDMA standard.
  • DPCH uplink data physical channel
  • each slot includes a data field 280 (Data), a pilot field 282 , a transport format combination indicator (TFCI) field 284 , a feedback information field (FBI) 286 , and a transmit power control (TPC) field 288 .
  • FBI field 286 may support feedback for use in, e.g., closed-loop transmit diversity.
  • FIG. 2D is a diagram of signal processing that may be performed at a UE for downlink data reception, in accordance with the W-CDMA standard.
  • W-CDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
  • the signal processing shown in FIG. 2D is complementary to that shown in FIG. 2A .
  • the symbols for a physical channel radio frame may be received at block 250 .
  • the symbols are demodulated at block 251 and despread at block 252 .
  • Extraction of the symbols corresponding to the data channel is performed at block 253 .
  • the symbols of each frame for each physical channel are de-interleaved at block 254 , and the de-interleaved symbols from all physical channels are concatenated at block 255 . Removal of DTX bits is performed at block 256 .
  • the symbols are then demultiplexed into various transport channels at block 258 .
  • the radio frames for each transport channel are then provided to a respective transport channel processing section 260 .
  • each transport channel processing section 260 the transport channel radio frames are concatenated into transport block sets at block 262 .
  • Each transport block set includes one or more transport channel radio frames depending on the respective TTI.
  • the symbols within each transport block set are de-interleaved at block 264 , and non-transmitted symbols are removed at block 266 .
  • Inverse rate matching (or de-rate matching) is then performed to accumulate repeated symbols and insert “erasures” for punctured symbols at block 268 .
  • Each coded block in the transport block set is then decoded at block 270 , and the decoded blocks are concatenated and segmented into one or more transport blocks at block 272 .
  • Each transport block is then checked for error using the CRC bits attached to the transport block at block 274 .
  • the decoding of coded blocks at block 270 may commence only after all physical channel radio frames of the corresponding TTI are received.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates timing diagrams associated with a prior art signaling scheme for W-CDMA. It will be appreciated that the signaling scheme shown in FIG. 3 may describe either the downlink or the uplink.
  • DPCH slots of TrCH's A, B, and C are transmitted at 300 .
  • Each transport channel has a TTI of 20 ms, each spanning 30 slots, each slot having a slot identification number (slot ID#) 0 to 29 .
  • the slots of the DPCH are received at 310 .
  • all 30 slots of a TTI are received before attempting to decode a corresponding transport channel. For example, slot ID#'s 0 through 29 of TTI # 0 are received before attempting to decode any of TrCH's A, B, and C at 330 .
  • TrCH's A, B, and C are successfully decoded at 340 . Note while decoding of TrCH's A, B, and C is performed, the transmitted symbols for TTI # 1 may concurrently be received at the receiver.
  • early decoding and termination techniques for W-CDMA as described hereinbelow may allow a communications system to operate more efficiently and save transmission power, thereby increasing system capacity.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a scheme for early termination of transmissions for systems operating according to the W-CDMA standard. Note the exemplary embodiment is shown for illustrative purposes only, and is not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to systems based on W-CDMA. One of ordinary skill in the art will also appreciate that specific parameters such as number and transport format of transport channels, slot or frame timings, slot intervals and timings at which decoding attempts are made, etc., are shown for illustrative purposes only, and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure.
  • DPCH slots of TrCH's A, B, and C are transmitted at 400 .
  • the transmitted slots are received at 410 by a receiver.
  • not all slots of a TTI need to be received before attempting to decode a corresponding transport channel(s).
  • a decoding attempt of TrCH A of TTI # 0 occurs at 421 , after receiving slot ID# 19 of TTI # 0 .
  • TrCH A is successfully decoded at 422 .
  • TrCH B occurs at 423 , after receiving slot ID# 24 , and TrCH B is thereafter successfully decoded following a decoding time TD B at 424 .
  • TrCH C A decoding attempt of TrCH C occurs at 425 , after receiving slot ID# 29 , and TrCH C is thereafter successfully decoded following a decoding time TD C .
  • TD A , TD B , and TD C Note while specific time intervals are shown for TD A , TD B , and TD C in FIG. 4 , it will be appreciated that the present techniques may be applied to accommodate any arbitrary decoding times.
  • TrCH's A and B correspond to only a portion of the total slots for the entire TTI
  • “early” decoding of the entire TTI using only the received slots may nevertheless be attempted on TrCH's A and B.
  • Such early decoding attempts may have a substantial chance of decoding success due to, e.g., redundancy in the received symbols introduced by fractional rate encoding and/or repetition, e.g., at blocks 216 and 218 of FIG. 2A , and/or time- or other-dimensional diversity achieved via interleaving at blocks 222 and 238 of FIG. 2A .
  • an acknowledgment message (ACK) for TrCH A is sent to the DPCH transmitting side (TX) at 431 .
  • the ACK may serve to notify the DPCH TX that the corresponding transport channel has been correctly decoded based on the already transmitted slots, and that further transmission of the remaining slot(s) of the transport channel may be unnecessary.
  • the DPCH TX terminates slot transmission of TrCH A for the remainder of TTI # 0 , starting with slot ID# 24 . Transmission of TrCH A recommences at the start of the next TTI, TTI # 1 .
  • the DPCH TX terminates slot transmission of TrCH B starting with slot ID# 28 in response to receiving an ACK for TrCH B sent at 432 , and recommences transmission of TrCH B at the start of the next TTI, TTI # 1 .
  • the total time from: a) receiving a slot at the DPCH RX designated for a decoding attempt, to b) sending an ACK to terminate transmissions at the DPCH TX includes the time intervals TD A and T_ACK as described hereinabove, and may be determined by, e.g., the available computational resources for decoding. In an exemplary embodiment, such total time may be designed to be 3 slots.
  • the time intervals separating decoding attempts for each transport channel may be chosen as a design parameter. For example, a decoding attempt for any particular transport channel may be made every one, two, or any number of slots. Alternatively, decoding attempts for any transport channel may be made aperiodically throughout the duration of the TTI. It will be appreciated that increasing the frequency of decoding attempts will generally increase the likelihood that a transport channel is decoded at the earliest possible opportunity, at the cost of greater required computational bandwidth. In an exemplary embodiment, decoding attempts of one or more transport channels may be performed every 3 slots, or 2 ms.
  • decoding attempts of a transport channel may be offset in time from decoding attempts of another transport channel. For example, in FIG. 4 , the decoding attempt of TrCH A is performed after receiving slot ID# 19 , while the decoding attempt of TrCH B is performed after receiving slot ID# 24 .
  • This may advantageously allow a single decoder to be reused for decoding attempts of multiple transport channels, by serially allocating the use of the decoder in time to the two transport channels.
  • greater decoding resources e.g., two or more independent Viterbi decoders
  • decoding attempts of different transport channels may be performed in parallel, e.g., decoding attempts of two or more transport channels may be concurrently performed after receiving the same slot.
  • Such exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • a separate ACK is sent for early termination of each transport channel.
  • a single ACK may signal early termination of more than one transport channel, as agreed upon by transmitter and receiver.
  • Such alternative exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • ACK channels for individual transport channels may be multiplexed in time, e.g., using a DPCCH portion of a transmission from the DPCH RX 410 to the DPCH TX 400 , or in code, e.g., by allocating a separate Walsh code for each transport channel. Possible ACK signaling mechanisms in W-CDMA are described later herein.
  • FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an early decoding scheme for a TTI according to the present disclosure. Note FIG. 5 is shown for illustrative purposes only, and is not intended to restrict the scope of the present disclosure to any particular exemplary embodiments shown.
  • the symbols received up to slot ID# n are processed.
  • processing may include blocks 252 - 258 as described with reference to FIG. 2D , e.g., de-spreading, second de-interleaving, transport channel de-multiplexing, etc.
  • processing may further include transport channel-specific processing such as blocks 262 - 268 described with reference to FIG. 2D , e.g., first de-interleaving, inverse rate matching, etc.
  • n may be incremented at block 525 , and reception of symbols for the next slot may proceed at block 510 .
  • decoding attempts may be performed on a per-transport channel basis for one or more transport channels, as described with reference to blocks 530 - 560 .
  • One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the techniques may be applied to any configuration of one or more transport channels.
  • a decoding attempt should be performed for TrCH X 1 . If so, then operation proceeds to block 540 . 1 .
  • the determination of whether decoding should be attempted may be based on the slot ID# of a slot that has been just received. For example, a decoding attempt for TrCH X 1 may be made every 1, 2, or more slots starting with a first slot ID# x.
  • decoding attempts for one transport channel may be offset from decoding attempts for other transport channels, as earlier described herein. Other schemes for determining whether decoding attempts should be performed will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the present disclosure.
  • decoding is performed for the symbols of TrCH X 1 processed, e.g., at block 520 , up to slot ID# n.
  • decoding success may be determined based on whether a decoded CRC of one or more transport blocks of the transport channel is correctly verified. It will be appreciated that for transport channels having transport formats not specifying the use of a CRC, other metrics may be used to determine decoding success, e.g., an energy metric as computed by a decoder for the decoded block. If the decoding was a success, then operation proceeds to block 560 . 1 , else operation returns to block 530 . 1 .
  • an ACK is transmitted for TrCH X 1 at the next available opportunity.
  • the mechanism for ACK transmission may utilize the techniques described hereinbelow with reference to FIGS. 6A, 6B, and 6C .
  • FIG. 6A illustrates an ACK signaling scheme for early termination according to the W-CDMA standard.
  • one or more ACK bits are provided to an on-off keying (OOK) modulation block 610 .
  • a power adjustment factor PO ACK is multiplied with the modulated ACK symbols at 612 .
  • One or more TPC bits are provided to a quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) block 620 , and the modulated TPC symbols are multiplied by a power adjustment factor PO TPC at 622 .
  • QPSK quadrature phase-shift keying
  • pilot bits DP are provided to a QPSK block 630 , and the modulated TPC symbols are multiplied by a power adjustment factor PO DP at 632 .
  • the power-adjusted symbols are provided to a multiplexing block 614 , which outputs a waveform wherein the symbols are multiplexed to generate a DPCCH symbol stream.
  • the symbols may be multiplexed in time, or code, etc.
  • control bits not shown may also be processed and multiplexed onto the DPCCH symbol stream, e.g., TFCI bits, etc.
  • data source bits are provided to a data source bits processing block 640 .
  • block 640 may perform operations described with reference to blocks 212 - 242 of FIG. 2A .
  • the processed bits are provided to a QPSK modulation block 642 to generate a DPDCH symbol stream.
  • the DPCCH and DPDCH symbol streams are in turn multiplexed by a multiplexer 650 to generate the symbols for the DPCH.
  • the number of symbols allocated to the dedicated pilot bits DP may be correspondingly reduced, i.e., the ACK may be multiplexed with DP in time.
  • the power offset PO DP applied to DP may be correspondingly increased.
  • the scheme shown in FIG. 6A may be applied to downlink transmissions according to the W-CDMA standard.
  • the ACK message shown may be transmitted by, e.g., a UE on an uplink, and received by a Node B on the uplink to terminate the Node B's downlink transmissions of one or more transport channels to the UE.
  • FIG. 6B illustrates an exemplary diagram of a frame and slot format for transmission of an ACK on the downlink in a W-CDMA system.
  • the ACK transmission shown may be used on the downlink for early termination of uplink transmissions.
  • the ACK is shown multiplexed in time with the pilot portion in the downlink DPCCH.
  • the power allotted to the ACK portion may be fixed at a predefined offset relative to, e.g., the pilot portion, to ensure a satisfactory error rate for ACK reception on the downlink.
  • the pilot portion may be omitted altogether, and the ACK may be provided in the time interval otherwise allocated to the pilot.
  • Such alternative exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 6C illustrates an exemplary diagram of a frame and slot format for transmission of an ACK on the uplink in a W-CDMA system.
  • the ACK transmission shown may be used for early termination of downlink transmissions.
  • the ACK may again be multiplexed with the pilot, e.g., e.g., in time or in code, on the DPCCH of an uplink frame.
  • an ACK may be separately provided on a separate channel independent of the DPCCH and DPDCH of an uplink frame.
  • a separate code channel may be assigned to an ACK.
  • multiple ACK's may be, e.g., multiplexed in code (by providing a separate code channel for each ACK) or multiplexed in time on a single code channel.
  • Such alternative exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • any portion of the time intervals allocated to transmission of control symbols may be replaced by ACK messaging symbols for any pre-designated slot or slots.
  • the power allocated to such control symbols may be correspondingly upwardly adjusted to compensate for any decrease in total energy of the control symbols pilot due to the ACK messaging.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of processing performed at a Node B for early termination of downlink transmissions in response to receiving an ACK from the UE.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of processing performed at a Node B for early termination of downlink transmissions in response to receiving an ACK from the UE.
  • Similar techniques may be adopted by the UE for early termination of uplink transmissions in response to receiving an ACK from the Node B.
  • Such alternative exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • an ACK reception module 710 at the Node B receives an ACK sent from a UE, wherein the ACK indicates that one or more of TrCH's A, B, and C have been correctly received by the UE.
  • the ACK reception module 710 determines the transport channel that the ACK corresponds to, and signals those transport channels to a selective TrCH puncturing module 720 .
  • the selective TrCH puncturing module 720 is configured to puncture those bits corresponding to the acknowledged (ACK'ed) transport channels at the output of the second interleaving block 238 . It will be appreciated that the process of puncturing may include replacing bits designated for transmission with “erasure” or “discontinuous transmission” (DTX) bits.
  • the output stream of the selective puncturing module 720 is provided to the physical channel mapping block 240 for further downlink processing, as previously described herein with reference to FIG. 2A .
  • the selective puncturing module 720 may be pre-programmed to identify which bits output by the second interleaving block 238 correspond to a particular transport channel, and may incorporate knowledge of, e.g., the first and second interleaving parameters, rate matching parameters, encoding, etc., of all the transport channels available.
  • the ACK reception module 710 and the selective TrCH puncturing module 720 may readily be modified to accommodate fewer or more transport channels than shown in FIG. 7 .
  • the selective TrCH puncturing module 720 need not be provided after the second interleaver 710 , and may instead be provided anywhere in the signal processing chain, as long as the bits corresponding to the particular TrCH ACK'ed are correctly selected. Such alternative exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • the early termination techniques described herein may be applied to voice communications using the adaptive multi-rate (AMR) speech codec according to the W-CDMA standard.
  • AMR adaptive multi-rate
  • a speech codec is often employed to encode a voice transmission using one of a plurality of variable encoding rates.
  • the encoding rate may be selected based on, e.g., the amount of speech activity detected during a particular time interval.
  • speech transmissions may be encoded using an adaptive multi-rate (AMR) codec, which encodes speech using one of a plurality of different bit rates or “AMR modes.”
  • AMR codec may support any of a plurality of full-rate (“FULL”) bit-rates ranging from 4.75 kbps (or kilobits per second) to 12.2 kbps, and for periods of silence, a silence indicator (“SID”) bit-rate of 1.8 kbps, and frames of discontinuous transmission (DTX or “NULL”) of 0 kbps.
  • FULL full-rate
  • SID silence indicator
  • NULL frames of discontinuous transmission
  • full-rate AMR bits may be further partitioned into “class A bits” that are most sensitive to error, “class B bits” that are less sensitive to error, and “class C bits” that are least sensitive to error.
  • class A, B, and C bits may be assigned to transport channels TrCH A, B, and C, respectively, for transmission over the air using the W-CDMA uplink or downlink interface.
  • the transport formats of TrCH A, B, and C may be defined such that class A bits are afforded the highest level of error protection (e.g., by setting encoding, CRC, and/or rate matching parameters), class B bits less error protection, and class C bits afforded the least error protection.
  • the TTI of each of the AMR transport formats may be defined as 20 ms.
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a simplified diagram of a prior art scheme for transmission of a single full-rate AMR frame including class A, B, and C AMR bits over a W-CDMA interface. It will be appreciated that, for ease of illustration, the processing shown in FIG. 8 omits certain details, e.g., the complete signal processing chain for TrCH's A, B, and C. In an exemplary embodiment, the schemes illustrated in FIGS. 8 and 9 may be applied on the uplink of a W-CDMA system.
  • the AMR class A, B, and C bits are assigned to transport channels A, B, and C, respectively.
  • the bits of each transport channel are provided to corresponding transport channel processing blocks 830 , 832 , and 834 .
  • the transport format for transport channel A (corresponding to the AMR class A bits) specifies a 12-bit CRC for the transport blocks of TrCH A, while transport blocks TrCH's B and C do not contain CRC's.
  • radio frame segmentation is performed at blocks 831 , 833 , and 835 , respectively.
  • bits corresponding to AMR class A are segmented into a portion A 1 for a first radio frame and A 2 for a second radio frame
  • AMR class B bits are segmented into B 1 and B 2
  • AMR class C bits are segmented into C 1 and C 2 .
  • the bits A 1 are multiplexed with B 1 and C 1 to generate a CCTrCH 840 . 1
  • the bits A 2 , B 2 , and C 2 are likewise multiplexed to generate a CCTrCH 840 . 2 .
  • Second interleaving 850 . 1 , 850 . 2 is separately performed for each of the CCTrCH's.
  • the data for each frame is spread using a spreading factor of 64 at 860 . 1 , 860 . 2 to generate frames 1 and 2 .
  • the uplink spreading factor is limited to at least 64.
  • the receiver may attempt early decoding on each of frames 1 and 2 generated according to the scheme shown in FIG. 8 .
  • the likelihood of successfully decoding a full two-frame TTI based on receiving only a first frame, e.g., after receiving 15 slots, may be quite low.
  • Further disclosed herein are techniques to increase the likelihood of successfully decoding a full TTI at the earliest possible time.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a scheme for transmitting a full-rate AMR frame over a W-CDMA interface according to the present disclosure.
  • AMR class A, B, and C bits are assigned to transport channels A, B, and C, respectively.
  • the bits of each transport channel are provided to corresponding transport channel processing blocks 930 , 932 , and 934 .
  • the coding rate of one or more transport channels may be reduced relative to the prior art scheme shown in FIG. 8 , i.e., the number of coded symbols for each information symbol may be increased.
  • segmentation is performed at blocks 931 , 933 , and 935 , respectively, to generate bits A 1 , A 2 , B 1 , B 2 , C 1 , and C 2 at 940 .
  • bits are collectively provided to a 20-ms second interleaver 950 .
  • the second interleaver 950 is modified from the prior art W-CDMA second interleaver 850 in that the second interleaver 950 is designed to interleave bits over 20 ms rather than 10 ms. This may advantageously distribute the encoded bits of each AMR class more uniformly over an entire TTI, thereby leading to greater likelihood of decoding one or more classes of the AMR bits at an earlier time.
  • Radio frame segmentation 952 is performed at the output of the 20-ms second interleaver 950 to separate the second-interleaved bits into first and second radio frames.
  • the bits are spread at blocks 960 . 1 and 960 . 2 .
  • the spreading at 960 . 1 and 960 . 2 is performed using a spreading factor less than the spreading factor employed at blocks 860 . 1 and 860 . 2 in the prior art AMR transmission scheme. It will be appreciated that reducing the spreading factor allows each frame to accommodate an increased number of bits resulting from, e.g., reducing the coding rate at transport channel processing blocks 930 , 932 , and 934 , as earlier described herein. By simultaneously reducing the coding rate and spreading factor, and further introducing 20-ms second interleaving, it will be appreciated that the likelihood of successful decoding at an earlier time may be improved.
  • FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary embodiment wherein the reduction in coding rate and spreading factor is implemented in conjunction with 20-ms second interleaving, it will be appreciated that in alternative exemplary embodiments, the two features may be implemented separately. It will be further appreciated that the spreading factors referred to in FIGS. 8 and 9 are for illustrative purposes only. In alternative exemplary embodiments, other spreading factors may be readily employed, and such alternative exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • early decoding of TrCH's A, B, and C corresponding to AMR classes A, B, and C may proceed as earlier described herein with reference to FIG. 4 .
  • a first exemplary embodiment also referred to herein as “ET-A”
  • early decoding of the AMR class A bits may be attempted every 3 slots, or 2 ms, starting with any slot received.
  • an ACK for TrCH A may be sent, and transmission of class A bits may be terminated.
  • AMR class B and C bits may continue to be transmitted until the end of the TTI.
  • the transport formats of TrCH's A and B may both specify inclusion of a CRC, and thus early decoding may be attempted on both TrCH's A and B.
  • early decoding attempts of TrCH A may be offset in time from early decoding attempts of TrCH B.
  • decoding attempts of TrCH's A and B may be concurrently performed at a receiver after receiving the same slot.
  • AMR class A, B, and C bits are assigned to TrCH's A, B, and C, respectively
  • alternative exemplary embodiments may employ alternative assignments of AMR classes to transport channels.
  • AMR class A and B bits may be assigned to a single transport channel, e.g., TrCH A
  • AMR class C bits may be assigned to a separate transport channel, e.g., TrCH B.
  • TrCH A transport channel
  • TrCH B transport channel
  • TrCH B separate transport channel
  • a transport format supporting a tail-biting convolutional coding scheme known in the art may be added to those already supported by the W-CDMA standard. It will be appreciated that a tail-biting convolutional code allows the tail bits associated with the convolutional code to be omitted by pre-loading the initial state of the convolutional code shift register with the expected ending state, thereby decreasing the overhead number of bits.
  • FIG. 10 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a system employing a tail-biting convolutional code.
  • bits for a TrCH X are provided to a TrCH/PhCH processing block 1010 .
  • Block 1010 may encode the TrCH X bits using a tail-biting convolutional code encoder 1015 .
  • the tail-biting convolutional code encoder 1015 may be provided as the channel coding block 216 in FIG. 2 .
  • Block 1020 includes a block 1030 that determines whether early decoding should be attempted based on the current slot received. If so, the received symbols are provided to the tail-biting convolutional code decoder 1040 , which implements any of a variety of tail-biting convolutional code decoding schemes known in the art.
  • the decoding is successful. If yes, the TTI is declared successfully declared, and the decoded bits are provided. If no, then operation returns to block 1030 to wait for the next early decoding opportunity.
  • tail bits associated with a conventional convolutional code less data needs to be transmitted over the channel in the case of a tail-biting convolutional code, thereby generating less interference to other users.
  • repeated early decoding attempts of a tail-biting convolutional code may take advantage of the fact that the ending state of a previous early decoding attempt is expected to be equal to the initial state of a subsequent early decoding attempt of the same transport channel, thereby potentially saving computational resources.
  • a transport format for one or more classes of AMR bits may specify that a tail-biting convolutional code be used to encode the class of bits.
  • the transport formats of TrCH A for AMR class A bits and TrCH B for AMR class B bits may both specify the inclusion of a CRC, while the transport formats of TrCH B and TrCH C for AMR class C bits may both specify that a tail-biting convolutional code be used for the encoding scheme.
  • the transport formats of TrCH A for AMR class A bits and TrCH B for AMR class B bits may both specify that a tail-biting convolutional code be used for the encoding scheme.
  • the transport formats of TrCH A for AMR class A bits and TrCH B for AMR class B bits may both specify that a tail-biting convolutional code be used for the encoding scheme.
  • the number of source bits for each transport channel may be chosen as follows (Table 1):
  • the DPDCH portion of an AMR NULL packet may be entirely blanked, or inserted with DTX bits, on either the downlink or the uplink. In this case, no decoding would be performed at the receiver on such NULL packets.
  • outer-loop power control (OLPC) schemes at the receiver may be based only on received AMR FULL and SID packets, e.g., an OLPC scheme is not updated when an AMR NULL packet is received.
  • the power control rate of the downlink or uplink may be further reduced. For example, rather than sending a power control command (e.g., in a TPC field of a slot) in every slot, a power control command may be sent once every two or more slots.
  • the DPCCH portion of an AMR NULL packet on the uplink may be gated according to a gating pattern determined by a power control rate on the downlink. For example, when 750 Hz power control is applied on the downlink, the uplink DPCCH may be gated (i.e., selectively turned off) once every other slot when transmitting AMR NULL packets.
  • the uplink DPCCH may be gated even more frequently (e.g., uplink DPCCH may be turned on only once every four or five slots). It will be appreciated that further considerations affecting how often the DPCCH may be gated include how reliably the uplink searcher can function, how reliably the uplink overhead channels can be decoded, and the configuration of the power control bit transmission waveforms on the uplink. Such exemplary embodiments are contemplated to be within the scope of the present disclosure.
  • FIGS. 11A-11D is an example radio network operating according to UMTS in which the principles of the present disclosure may be applied. Note FIGS. 11A-11D are shown for illustrative background purposes only, and are not meant to limit the scope of the present disclosure to radio networks operating according to UMTS.
  • FIG. 11A illustrates an example of a radio network.
  • Node Bs 110 , 111 , 114 and radio network controllers 141 - 144 are parts of a network called “radio network,” “RN,” “access network,” or “AN.”
  • the radio network may be a UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN).
  • a UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) is a collective term for the Node Bs (or base stations) and the control equipment for the Node Bs (or radio network controllers (RNC)) it contains which make up the UMTS radio access network.
  • This is a 3 G communications network which can carry both real-time circuit-switched and IP-based packet-switched traffic types.
  • the UTRAN provides an air interface access method for the user equipment (UE) 123 - 127 .
  • Connectivity is provided between the UE and the core network by the UTRAN.
  • the radio network may transport data packets between multiple user equipment devices 123 - 127 .
  • the UTRAN is connected internally or externally to other functional entities by four interfaces: Iu, Uu, Iub and Iur.
  • the UTRAN is attached to a GSM core network 121 via an external interface called Iu.
  • Radio network controllers (RNC's) 141 - 144 (shown in FIG. 11B ), of which 141 , 142 are shown in FIG. 11A , support this interface.
  • the RNC manages a set of base stations called Node Bs through interfaces labeled Iub.
  • the Iur interface connects two RNCs 141 , 142 with each other.
  • the UTRAN is largely autonomous from the core network 121 since the RNCs 141 - 144 are interconnected by the Iur interface.
  • 11A discloses a communication system which uses the RNC, the Node Bs and the Iu and Uu interfaces.
  • the Uu is also external and connects the Node B with the UE, while the Iub is an internal interface connecting the RNC with the Node B.
  • the radio network may be further connected to additional networks outside the radio network, such as a corporate intranet, the Internet, or a conventional public switched telephone network as stated above, and may transport data packets between each user equipment device 123 - 127 and such outside networks.
  • additional networks outside the radio network such as a corporate intranet, the Internet, or a conventional public switched telephone network as stated above, and may transport data packets between each user equipment device 123 - 127 and such outside networks.
  • FIG. 11B illustrates selected components of a communication network 100 B, which includes a radio network controller (RNC) (or base station controller (BSC)) 141 - 144 coupled to Node Bs (or base stations or wireless base transceiver stations) 110 , 111 , and 114 .
  • the Node Bs 110 , 111 , 114 communicate with user equipment (or remote stations) 123 - 127 through corresponding wireless connections 155 , 167 , 182 , 192 , 193 , 194 .
  • the RNC 141 - 144 provides control functionalities for one or more Node Bs.
  • the radio network controller 141 - 144 is coupled to a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 148 through a mobile switching center (MSC) 151 , 152 .
  • PSTN public switched telephone network
  • MSC mobile switching center
  • the radio network controller 141 - 144 is coupled to a packet switched network (PSN) (not shown) through a packet data server node (“PDSN”) (not shown).
  • PSN packet switched network
  • PDSN packet data server node
  • Data interchange between various network elements, such as the radio network controller 141 - 144 and a packet data server node can be implemented using any number of protocols, for example, the Internet Protocol (“IP”), an asynchronous transfer mode (“ATM”) protocol, T 1 , E 1 , frame relay, and other protocols.
  • IP Internet Protocol
  • ATM asynchronous transfer mode
  • the RNC fills multiple roles. First, it may control the admission of new mobiles or services attempting to use the Node B. Second, from the Node B, or base station, point of view, the RNC is a controlling RNC. Controlling admission ensures that mobiles are allocated radio resources (bandwidth and signal/noise ratio) up to what the network has available. It is where the Node B's Iub interface terminates. From the UE, or mobile, point of view, the RNC acts as a serving RNC in which it terminates the mobile's link layer communications. From a core network point of view, the serving RNC terminates the Iu for the UE. The serving RNC also controls the admission of new mobiles or services attempting to use the core network over its Iu interface.
  • each Node B may maintain a table which prioritizes early decoding attempts on the uplink among different UE's based on predetermined criteria. For example, a UE in soft hand-off (SHO) may cause more interference to other cells than a UE not in SHO, and therefore, system capacity may be improved by more frequently attempting to decode such UE's (in SHO).
  • FIG. 12 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a table 1200 that may be maintained at a Node B that prioritizes early decoding attempts for the UE's communicating with the Node B on the uplink.
  • each UE is represented by a corresponding UE index, and is also mapped to a corresponding allocation indicator.
  • the allocation indicator may specify how often early decoding attempts are to be performed for each UE at the Node B. For example, for UE # 1 , an allocation indicator of 10 may specify that early decoding may be attempted on UE # 1 ten times over the course of a 20-ms TTI, while an allocation indicator of 5 may specify that early decoding may be attempted on UE # 2 five times over 20 ms.
  • allocation indicators may also be readily derived that represent the suggested frequency of early decoding attempts, e.g., a number of slots between every early decoding attempt, etc.
  • the table in FIG. 12 may be maintained at an RNC, and provided to Node B's. Alternatively, each Node B can maintain a separate table, and also respond to requests from other Node B's to, e.g., adjust the early decoding priority of the UE's it services.
  • W-CDMA wideband spread-spectrum mobile air interface
  • CDMA direct sequence code division multiple access signaling method
  • W-CDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
  • GSM Global System for Mobile Communications
  • GPRS Global System for Mobile Communications
  • the first commercial deployments of W-CDMA are based on a version of the standards called W-CDMA Release 99.
  • the Release 99 specification defines two techniques to enable Uplink packet data. Most commonly, data transmission is supported using either the Dedicated Channel (DCH) or the Random Access Channel (RACH). However, the DCH is the primary channel for support of packet data services.
  • DCH Dedicated Channel
  • RACH Random Access Channel
  • Each remote station 123 - 127 uses an orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) code.
  • OVSF code is an orthogonal code that facilitates uniquely identifying individual communication channels, as will be appreciated by one skilled in the art.
  • micro diversity is supported using soft handover and closed loop power control is employed with the DCH.
  • Pseudorandom noise (PN) sequences are commonly used in CDMA systems for spreading transmitted data, including transmitted pilot signals.
  • the time required to transmit a single value of the PN sequence is known as a chip, and the rate at which the chips vary is known as the chip rate.
  • Inherent in the design of direct sequence CDMA systems is the requirement that a receiver aligns its PN sequences to those of the Node B 110 , 111 , 114 .
  • Some systems such as those defined by the W-CDMA standard, differentiate base stations 110 , 111 , 114 using a unique PN code for each, known as a primary scrambling code.
  • the W-CDMA standard defines two Gold code sequences for scrambling the downlink, one for the in-phase component (I) and another for the quadrature (Q).
  • the I and Q PN sequences together are broadcast throughout the cell without data modulation. This broadcast is referred to as the common pilot channel (CPICH).
  • CPICH common pilot channel
  • the PN sequences generated are truncated to a length of 38,400 chips. A period of 38,400 chips is referred to as a radio frame. Each radio frame is divided into 15 equal sections referred to as slots.
  • W-CDMA Node Bs 110 , 111 , 114 operate asynchronously in relation to each other, so knowledge of the frame timing of one base station 110 , 111 , 114 does not translate into knowledge of the frame timing of any other Node B 110 , 111 , 114 .
  • W-CDMA systems use synchronization channels and a cell searching technique.
  • HSDPA and HSUPA are sets of channels and procedures that enable high-speed packet data transmission on the downlink and uplink, respectively.
  • Release 7 HSPA+ uses 3 enhancements to improve data rate. First, it introduced support for 2 ⁇ 2 MIMO on the downlink. With MIMO, the peak data rate supported on the downlink is 28 Mbps. Second, higher order modulation is introduced on the downlink. The use of 64 QAM on the downlink allows peak data rates of 21 Mbps. Third, higher order modulation is introduced on the uplink. The use of 16 QAM on the uplink allows peak data rates of 11 Mbps.
  • the Node B 110 , 111 , 114 allows several user equipment devices 123 - 127 to transmit at a certain power level at the same time. These grants are assigned to users by using a fast scheduling algorithm that allocates the resources on a short-term basis (every tens of ms).
  • the rapid scheduling of HSUPA is well suited to the bursty nature of packet data. During periods of high activity, a user may get a larger percentage of the available resources, while getting little or no bandwidth during periods of low activity.
  • a base transceiver station 110 , 111 , 114 of an access network sends downlink payload data to user equipment devices 123 - 127 on High Speed Downlink Shared Channel (HS-DSCH), and the control information associated with the downlink data on High Speed Shared Control Channel (HS-SCCH).
  • HS-DSCH High Speed Downlink Shared Channel
  • HS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control Channel
  • OVSF or Walsh Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
  • the dedicated control information sent to an HSDPA-enabled user equipment device 123 - 127 indicates to the device which codes within the code space will be used to send downlink payload data to the device, and the modulation that will be used for transmission of the downlink payload data.
  • downlink transmissions to the user equipment devices 123 - 127 may be scheduled for different transmission time intervals using the 15 available HSDPA OVSF codes.
  • each user equipment device 123 - 127 may be using one or more of the 15 HSDPA codes, depending on the downlink bandwidth allocated to the device during the TTI.
  • the control information indicates to the user equipment device 123 - 127 which codes within the code space will be used to send downlink payload data (data other than control data of the radio network) to the device, and the modulation that will be used for transmission of the downlink payload data.
  • MIMO In a MIMO system, there are N (# of transmitter antennas) by M (# of receiver antennas) signal paths from the transmit and the receive antennas, and the signals on these paths are not identical.
  • MIMO creates multiple data transmission pipes.
  • the pipes are orthogonal in the space-time domain.
  • the number of pipes equals the rank of the system. Since these pipes are orthogonal in the space-time domain, they create little interference with each other.
  • the data pipes are realized with proper digital signal processing by properly combining signals on the N ⁇ M paths. It is noted that a transmission pipe does not correspond to an antenna transmission chain or any one particular transmission path.
  • an access terminal 123 - 127 may be any data device that communicates through a wireless channel or through a wired channel, for example using fiber optic or coaxial cables.
  • An access terminal 123 - 127 may be any of a number of types of devices including but not limited to PC card, compact flash, external or internal modem, or wireless or wireline phone.
  • the access terminal 123 - 127 is also known as user equipment (UE), a remote station, a mobile station or a subscriber station. Also, the UE 123 - 127 may be mobile or stationary.
  • User equipment 123 - 127 that has established an active traffic channel connection with one or more Node Bs 110 , 111 , 114 is called active user equipment 123 - 127 , and is said to be in a traffic state.
  • User equipment 123 - 127 that is in the process of establishing an active traffic channel connection with one or more Node Bs 110 , 111 , 114 is said to be in a connection setup state.
  • User equipment 123 - 127 may be any data device that communicates through a wireless channel or through a wired channel, for example using fiber optic or coaxial cables.
  • the communication link through which the user equipment 123 - 127 sends signals to the Node B 110 , 111 , 114 is called an uplink.
  • the communication link through which a NodeB 110 , 111 , 114 sends signals to a user equipment 123 - 127 is called a downlink.
  • FIG. 11C is detailed herein below, wherein specifically, a Node B 110 , 111 , 114 and radio network controller 141 - 144 interface with a packet network interface 146 .
  • the Node B 110 , 111 , 114 and radio network controller 141 - 144 may be part of a radio network server (RNS) 66 , shown in FIG. 11A and in FIG. 11C as a dotted line surrounding one or more Node Bs 110 , 111 , 114 and the radio network controller 141 - 144 .
  • RNS radio network server
  • the associated quantity of data to be transmitted is retrieved from a data queue 172 in the Node B 110 , 111 , 114 and provided to the channel element 168 for transmission to the user equipment 123 - 127 (not shown in FIG. 11C ) associated with the data queue 172 .
  • Radio network controller 141 - 144 interfaces with a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 148 through a mobile switching center 151 , 152 . Also, radio network controller 141 - 144 interfaces with Node Bs 110 , 111 , 114 in the communication system 100 B. In addition, radio network controller 141 - 144 interfaces with a Packet Network Interface 146 . Radio network controller 141 - 144 coordinates the communication between user equipment 123 - 127 in the communication system and other users connected to a packet network interface 146 and PSTN 148 . PSTN 148 interfaces with users through a standard telephone network (not shown in FIG. 11C ).
  • PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
  • Radio network controller 141 - 144 contains many selector elements 136 , although only one is shown in FIG. 11C for simplicity. Each selector element 136 is assigned to control communication between one or more Node B's 110 , 111 , 114 and one remote station 123 - 127 (not shown). If selector element 136 has not been assigned to a given user equipment 123 - 127 , call control processor 140 is informed of the need to page the user equipment 123 - 127 . Call control processor 140 then directs Node B 110 , 111 , 114 to page the user equipment 123 - 127 .
  • Data source 122 contains a quantity of data, which is to be transmitted to a given user equipment 123 - 127 .
  • Data source 122 provides the data to packet network interface 146 .
  • Packet network interface 146 receives the data and routes the data to the selector element 136 .
  • Selector element 136 then transmits the data to Node B 110 , 111 , 114 in communication with the target user equipment 123 - 127 .
  • each Node B 110 , 111 , 114 maintains a data queue 172 , which stores the data to be transmitted to the user equipment 123 - 127 .
  • channel element 168 For each data packet, channel element 168 inserts the control fields. In the exemplary embodiment, channel element 168 performs a cyclic redundancy check, CRC, encoding of the data packet and control fields and inserts a set of code tail bits. The data packet, control fields, CRC parity bits, and code tail bits comprise a formatted packet. In the exemplary embodiment, channel element 168 then encodes the formatted packet and interleaves (or reorders) the symbols within the encoded packet. In the exemplary embodiment, the interleaved packet is covered with a Walsh code, and spread with the short PNI and PNQ codes. The spread data is provided to RF unit 170 which quadrature modulates, filters, and amplifies the signal. The downlink signal is transmitted over the air through an antenna to the downlink.
  • CRC cyclic redundancy check
  • the downlink signal is received by an antenna and routed to a receiver.
  • the receiver filters, amplifies, quadrature demodulates, and quantizes the signal.
  • the digitized signal is provided to a demodulator where it is despread with the short PNI and PNQ codes and decovered with the Walsh cover.
  • the demodulated data is provided to a decoder which performs the inverse of the signal processing functions done at Node B 110 , 111 , 114 , specifically the de-interleaving, decoding, and CRC check functions.
  • the decoded data is provided to a data sink.
  • FIG. 11D illustrates an embodiment of a user equipment (UE) 123 - 127 in which the UE 123 - 127 includes transmit circuitry 164 (including PA 108 ), receive circuitry 109 , power controller 107 , decode processor 158 , processing unit 103 , and memory 116 .
  • transmit circuitry 164 including PA 108
  • receive circuitry 109 receive circuitry 109
  • power controller 107 decode processor 158
  • processing unit 103 includes memory 116 .
  • the processing unit 103 controls operation of the UE 123 - 127 .
  • the processing unit 103 may also be referred to as a CPU.
  • Memory 116 which may include both read-only memory (ROM) and random access memory (RAM), provides instructions and data to the processing unit 103 .
  • a portion of the memory 116 may also include non-volatile random access memory (NVRAM).
  • the UE 123 - 127 which may be embodied in a wireless communication device such as a cellular telephone, may also include a housing that contains a transmit circuitry 164 and a receive circuitry 109 to allow transmission and reception of data, such as audio communications, between the UE 123 - 127 and a remote location.
  • the transmit circuitry 164 and receive circuitry 109 may be coupled to an antenna 118 .
  • the various components of the UE 123 - 127 are coupled together by a bus system 130 which may include a power bus, a control signal bus, and a status signal bus in addition to a data bus. However, for the sake of clarity, the various busses are illustrated in FIG. 11D as the bus system 130 .
  • the UE 123 - 127 may also include a processing unit 103 for use in processing signals. Also shown are a power controller 107 , a decode processor 158 , and a power amplifier 108 .
  • the steps of the methods discussed may also be stored as instructions in the form of software or firmware 43 located in memory 161 in the Node B 110 , 111 , 114 , as shown in FIG. 11C . These instructions may be executed by the control unit 162 of the Node B 110 , 111 , 114 in FIG. 11C . Alternatively, or in conjunction, the steps of the methods discussed may be stored as instructions in the form of software or firmware 42 located in memory 116 in the UE 123 - 127 . These instructions may be executed by the processing unit 103 of the UE 123 - 127 in FIG. 11D .
  • DSP Digital Signal Processor
  • ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
  • FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
  • a general purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine.
  • a processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
  • a software module may reside in Random Access Memory (RAM), flash memory, Read Only Memory (ROM), Electrically Programmable ROM (EPROM), Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art.
  • An exemplary storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium.
  • the storage medium may be integral to the processor.
  • the processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC.
  • the ASIC may reside in a user terminal
  • the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.
  • the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium.
  • Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another.
  • a storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer.
  • such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer.
  • any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium.
  • the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave
  • the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium.
  • Disk and disc includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

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