US7456383B2 - Surface plasmon-enhanced nano-optic devices and methods of making same - Google Patents

Surface plasmon-enhanced nano-optic devices and methods of making same Download PDF

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US7456383B2
US7456383B2 US10/566,946 US56694604A US7456383B2 US 7456383 B2 US7456383 B2 US 7456383B2 US 56694604 A US56694604 A US 56694604A US 7456383 B2 US7456383 B2 US 7456383B2
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metal
radiation
islands
openings
period
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US20060273245A1 (en
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Hong Koo Kim
Zhijun Sun
Yun Suk Jung
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University of Pittsburgh
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J3/00—Details of electron-optical or ion-optical arrangements or of ion traps common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J3/14—Arrangements for focusing or reflecting ray or beam
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
    • G01N21/6452—Individual samples arranged in a regular 2D-array, e.g. multiwell plates
    • G01N21/6454—Individual samples arranged in a regular 2D-array, e.g. multiwell plates using an integrated detector array
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/02—Details
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/02—Details
    • G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/02—Details
    • G01J3/0256—Compact construction
    • G01J3/0259—Monolithic
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/12—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators
    • G01J3/18—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators using diffraction elements, e.g. grating
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
    • G01J3/2823—Imaging spectrometer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/55—Specular reflectivity
    • G01N21/552—Attenuated total reflection
    • G01N21/553—Attenuated total reflection and using surface plasmons
    • G01N21/554—Attenuated total reflection and using surface plasmons detecting the surface plasmon resonance of nanostructured metals, e.g. localised surface plasmon resonance
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/6428—Measuring fluorescence of fluorescent products of reactions or of fluorochrome labelled reactive substances, e.g. measuring quenching effects, using measuring "optrodes"
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
    • G01N21/6452—Individual samples arranged in a regular 2D-array, e.g. multiwell plates
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
    • G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
    • G01N21/64—Fluorescence; Phosphorescence
    • G01N21/645—Specially adapted constructive features of fluorimeters
    • G01N21/6456—Spatial resolved fluorescence measurements; Imaging
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/008—Surface plasmon devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/1226—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths involving surface plasmon interaction
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/124—Geodesic lenses or integrated gratings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J40/00—Photoelectric discharge tubes not involving the ionisation of a gas
    • H01J40/02—Details
    • H01J40/14—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the tube and not otherwise provided for
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J5/00—Details relating to vessels or to leading-in conductors common to two or more basic types of discharge tubes or lamps
    • H01J5/02—Vessels; Containers; Shields associated therewith; Vacuum locks
    • H01J5/16—Optical or photographic arrangements structurally combined with the vessel
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
    • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
    • G01J3/12—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators
    • G01J2003/1213—Filters in general, e.g. dichroic, band
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B2207/00—Coding scheme for general features or characteristics of optical elements and systems of subclass G02B, but not including elements and systems which would be classified in G02B6/00 and subgroups
    • G02B2207/101—Nanooptics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
    • H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
    • H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
    • H10F39/806—Optical elements or arrangements associated with the image sensors
    • H10F39/8067—Reflectors

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed generally to optical devices and more particularly to nanostructured optical devices and methods of making the devices.
  • One embodiment of the invention relates to a multispectral imaging system comprising a photodetector and a two dimensional wavelength separation device which includes a metal film or a plurality of metal islands having a plurality of openings having a width that is less than at least one first predetermined wavelength of incident radiation to be provided onto the film or the islands.
  • the metal film or islands are configured such that the incident radiation is resonant with at least one plasmon mode on the metal film or metal islands.
  • the period of the openings or surface features on the metal film or islands is varied.
  • the metal film may comprise a single metal film or it may comprise one of a plurality of stacked layers of metal films.
  • the metal islands may comprise a single layer of metal islands or they may comprise one of a plurality of stacked layers of metal islands.
  • FIGS. 1 , 2 D and 3 are side cross sectional views of devices according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 2A , 2 B, 2 C and 2 E are top views of devices according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 2F , 2 G and 2 H illustrate a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation of a difference in transmission of light having three different peak wavelengths.
  • FDTD finite-difference time-domain
  • FIG. 4A is a perspective view and FIGS. 4B and 4C are top views of a multispectral imaging system of the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 5A and 5B are perspective views of an optical analyte detection system of the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic illustration of a method of using the optical analyte detection system of the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 7 is a schematic side cross sectional view of a device according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 8 is a schematic side cross sectional view of an apparatus used to make the device of FIG. 7 .
  • FIGS. 9A and 9B are schematic side cross sectional views of a method of making a device according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 9C is a schematic top view of a holographic lithography system.
  • FIGS. 9D-9I are schematic three dimensional views of a method of making a device according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 10A , 10 B and 10 C are micrographs of a method of making a nanopore array according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10D is a schematic side cross sectional view of a device according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 10E is a schematic side cross sectional view of an electroplating bath used to make the device of FIG. 10D .
  • FIGS. 11A , 11 B, 11 C and 11 D are schematic side cross sectional views of a method of making a device according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 12A and 12B are schematic side cross sectional views of a method of making a device according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 13A , 13 B, and 13 C are schematic side cross sectional views of a method of making a device according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 14 is a three dimensional view of a device according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 15 and 18 are plots of transmission spectra through devices of a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 16A , 16 B, 16 C and 17 are micrographs of devices according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 19A is a schematic top view of a device according to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 19B is a side cross sectional view across line A-A′ in FIG. 19A .
  • FIGS. 20A and 20C are graphs of the transmission spectra of devices according to examples of the present invention.
  • FIG. 20B is a graph of the transmission/reflectance spectra, of devices according to examples of the present invention.
  • FIG. 21 is a schematic side cross sectional view of a device according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIG. 22 is a schematic side cross sectional view of a device according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 23 and 24 are schematic top views of devices according to the preferred embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 25 is a schematic top view of an experimental set up for examples 5-12.
  • FIG. 26 is a plot of transmission spectra for examples 5, 6 and 7.
  • FIG. 27 is a plot of transmission spectra for three prior art filters.
  • FIGS. 28 , 29 and 30 are plots of transmission versus location on the detector for examples 8, 9 and 10 respectively.
  • FIGS. 31A and 32A are schematic top views of wavelength separation devices according to embodiments of the present invention.
  • FIG. 31B is a micrograph of the device of FIG. 31A .
  • FIG. 32B is a schematic plot of grating period versus location on the detector for the device of FIG. 32A .
  • FIG. 33A is a schematic illustration of the device of example 11.
  • FIG. 33B is a schematic plot of grating period versus location on the detector for the device of FIG. 33A .
  • FIGS. 34A , 34 B and 34 C are plots of transmission spectra for the device of example 11.
  • FIG. 35A is a schematic plot of grating period versus location on the detector for the device of example 12.
  • FIG. 35B is a plot of transmission spectra for the device of example 12.
  • FIGS. 36A and 36B are plots of transmission spectra for the device of example 13 and 14.
  • FIG. 36C is a plot of transmission power versus location the detector for the device of example 15.
  • optical devices such as compact wavelength separation devices including monochromators and spectrum analyzers, as well as multispectral imaging systems and optical analyte detection systems may be based on plasmon resonance enhancement of radiation effect.
  • the period of openings or surface features in a metal film or metal islands are varied in different portions or cells of the metal film or islands to form a two dimensional wavelength separation device portion of the imaging and detection systems.
  • the wavelength separation device includes a metal film or a plurality of metal islands, having a two dimensional array of a plurality of openings having a width that is less than a wavelength of incident radiation to be provided onto the film or islands.
  • the metal film may comprise a single metal film or it may comprise one of a plurality of stacked layers of metal films.
  • the metal islands may comprise a single layer of metal islands or they may comprise one of a plurality of stacked layers of metal islands.
  • the metal film or islands are configured such that the incident radiation is resonant with at least one plasmon mode on the metal film or metal islands.
  • the enhanced radiation transmitted through the openings has at least two passband ranges with two different peak wavelengths, and preferably three or more, such as ten or more, different passband ranges with different peak wavelengths.
  • FIG. 1 is schematic illustration of wavelength separation using a stacked one dimensional (1D) slit array as a micron-scale monochromator device 101 .
  • FIG. 2A illustrates the top of the device 101 .
  • incident radiation having a range of wavelengths ⁇ 1 to ⁇ n is provided onto a metal film 105 having a plurality of openings 107 .
  • the openings have a width that is less than at least one wavelength of incident radiation, such that the incident radiation is resonant with at least one plasmon mode on the metal film.
  • the transmitted radiation is provided through the plurality of openings such that the transmitted radiation is simultaneously separated into a plurality of passbands having different peak wavelengths ⁇ i , ⁇ j , and ⁇ k .
  • the incident radiation may be provided onto either side of the film 105 .
  • the openings 7 have a width of 700 nm or less, such as 15 to 200 nm, preferably 40 to 60 nm. In the case of incident radiation with longer wavelengths, such as infrared radiation, the openings may have a proportionally larger width.
  • FIG. 2B illustrates a wavelength separation device 1 containing metal islands 5 separated by transparent regions 7 .
  • the metal film 105 contains slit shaped openings 107 that are periodically arranged with a cellular pattern.
  • the slits preferably have a length that is at least ten times larger than the width.
  • the openings 107 may have any other suitable shape, such as round, oval, polygonal or irregular shape.
  • FIG. 2C illustrates a device 201 containing a metal film 205 with groups of round openings 207 arranged in cells 208 A, 208 B and 208 C.
  • the metal film 105 is divided into a desired number of cells or regions 108 , such as at least two cells, where the grating period of the openings 107 is substantially the same within each cell. However, the grating period of the openings 107 differs between cells. In other words, the openings 107 in each cell are spaced apart from adjacent openings in the cell by about the same distance. However, this distance is different for different cells. For example, three cells 108 A, 108 B and 108 C are illustrated in FIG. 1 .
  • the grating period of the openings 107 in each cell 108 is designed to produce a passband at a certain peak wavelength in the transmission spectrum.
  • a transmission of the radiation having one peak wavelength is enhanced due to the period of the openings in the first cell 108 A.
  • a transmission of the radiation having a different peak wavelength is enhanced due to the different period of the openings in the second cell 108 B.
  • the device 101 contains at least ten cells, more preferably at least 30 cells, such as 30 to 3,000 cells, for example 30 to 1,000 cells.
  • a period of openings in each of the cells is different than periods of openings in each of the other cells.
  • the transmission of passband radiation having a different peak wavelength through openings in each cell is enhanced due to the period of the openings in the respective cell.
  • the passband radiation transmitted through each cell 108 has a peak wavelength that differs by at least 1 nm, such as by at least 10 nm, for example by 10 to 100 nm, from peak wavelengths of radiation transmitted through the other cells 108 .
  • the propagation length of surface plasmons is estimated to be about 5 to about 10 microns.
  • a cell size comparable to this number or larger is preferred because it allows sufficient plasmon interaction.
  • a 10- ⁇ m cell for example, corresponds to about 30 periods of gratings when 0.5- ⁇ m peak passband wavelength is assumed.
  • the cell size may be greater than 5 microns, such as greater than or equal to 10 microns, for example 10 to 10,000 microns, and the number of gratings per cell varies by cell size and peak passband wavelength.
  • a cell 108 size of about 10 microns, such as 5-20 microns is preferred because it matches a typical pixel size of commercially available CCD devices. For high array density (i.e., for better spatial resolution), it is desirable to keep the cell size as small as possible. However, for ease of fabrication, the cell size may be increased to about 50 to 500 ⁇ m.
  • the overall size of a N-channel monochromator array 101 will then be approximately N ⁇ (50-500) ⁇ m.
  • the N-channel monochromator array preferably has N cells 108 , where N is an integer between 10 and 10,000.
  • a period of openings in each cell ranges from about 250 nm to about 700 nm and a width of each opening preferably ranges from about 20 nm to about 80 nm for visible light incident radiation.
  • the width of the openings 107 may be larger for infrared incident radiation.
  • An alternative design to the 1 ⁇ N array pattern described above is to utilize a chirped grating (i.e., opening) pattern.
  • the grating period i.e., the period of the openings
  • L the distance
  • W the detector pixel size
  • FIGS. 2D and 2E illustrate a wavelength separation device 11 according to a second preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the metal film or metal islands 15 have a periodic or quasi-periodic surface topography 12 provided on at least one surface of the metal film or islands 15 , as shown in FIG. 2D .
  • the metal film or islands may be formed on a radiation transparent substrate 13 .
  • the topography 12 is configured such that it enhances the transmission of the radiation in the openings 17 .
  • the periodic topography 12 may comprise any metal features which provide strong coupling of the metal surface plasmons with incident radiation.
  • the topography may comprise any suitable raised and/or depressed regions on the surface of the metal film or islands 15 which are arranged in a regularly repeating (i.e., quasi-periodic or periodic) pattern, such as a two dimensional lattice.
  • the raised regions may comprise cylindrical protrusions, semi-spherical protrusions, linear or curved ribs, rectangular ribs, raised rings and/or raised spirals.
  • the depressed regions may comprise cylindrical depressions, semi-spherical depressions, linear or curved troughs, rectangular troughs, ring shaped troughs and/or spiral shaped troughs.
  • the width or diameter of the raised or depressed regions is preferably less than the period of these features, and the product of this period with the refractive index of the substrate should be less than the maximum desired transmitted wavelength of the radiation.
  • the metal film or metal islands 15 comprise at least two cells 18 , and preferably a plurality of cells, such as at least 10 cells, more preferably at least 30 cells.
  • Each cell 18 A, 18 B, 18 C, 18 D comprises at least one of a plurality of openings 17 .
  • the periodic or quasi-periodic surface topography 12 configuration in each of the cells is different than periodic or quasi-periodic surface topography configurations in each of the other cells.
  • Each cell is configured for transmission of passband radiation having a different peak wavelength, as in the first preferred embodiment.
  • the monochromator patterns illustrated in FIG. 2E are insensitive to polarization in its transmission.
  • circular grating patterns 12 are used in forming corrugations of constant period for each concentric pattern.
  • a subwavelength aperture 17 is made at the center of each pattern, and the incident light will be funneled into the aperture via resonant excitation of surface plasmons at a certain wavelength, which is determined by the grating period.
  • Arranging the circular grating patterns of different periods into a two dimensional array, such as the 2 ⁇ 2 array shown in FIG. 2E results in a 4-channel spectrum analyzer that is insensitive to polarization.
  • the surface topography 12 comprises a topography comprising a material other than metal which includes surface plasmon coupling into the metal.
  • the refractive index of the dielectric layer or ambient medium adjacent to the metal surface is periodically or quasi-periodically modulated, without topographic modulation of the metal surface (i.e., without corrugation/indentation on the metal surface).
  • periodic arrangement of dielectric layer or layers formed on a flat or corrugated metal surface can induce the surface plasmon coupling into metal.
  • element 12 in FIG. 2D may refer to periodically or quasi-periodically arranged dielectric material features formed on a flat metal film or island 15 surface.
  • a flat or textured dielectric layer or layers with a variable refractive index may be used for plasmon coupling.
  • a variable refractive index in a flat dielectric layer or layers may be achieved by periodically or quasi-periodically modulating the composition of the layer or layers along their width on the metal film or islands.
  • Any suitable dielectric material many be used, such as silica, quartz, alumnia, silicon nitride, etc.
  • the openings or transparent regions 17 are separated by a period a o which is much larger than the period of the first embodiment, such that the period of the openings 17 does not substantially contribute to the enhancement of the transmission of the radiation.
  • the period a o is preferably equal to the effective propagation distance of the surface plasmons, such as 5 microns or greater, preferably about 5-10 microns for Ag islands being irradiated with visible light.
  • FIGS. 2F , 2 G and 2 H illustrate a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulation of a difference in transmission of light having three different wavelengths through the same wavelength separation device comprising metal islands or a metal film containing a plurality of openings having a width that is smaller than the peak wavelength of the incident light.
  • the peak wavelength of the incident light is 540 nm, 680 nm and 1500 nm for the simulation illustrated in FIGS. 2F , 2 G and 2 H, respectively.
  • the wavelength separation devices such as the monochromators or nano-optic filter arrays can be made ultra compact, and the wavelength separation can be achieved in an ultra-compact space.
  • the dimensions can be made as small as a micrometer-scale area along the a direction transverse to the radiation propagation direction (i.e., length) and virtually zero length (i.e., the thickness of stacked layers, such as less than 0.1 microns) along the longitudinal (i.e., radiation propagation) direction, without being restricted by the diffractive optics.
  • the monochromator length, width and thickness are each less than 1 cm. More preferably, the monochromator length is less than 100 microns and its thickness is less than 10 microns.
  • the optical transmission through the sub-wavelength openings depends on the polarization of incident light.
  • the TE polarized light i.e., where the E-field is parallel to the grating lines
  • surface plasmons are not excited due to the unavailability of grating vectors along the E-field direction, since the surface plasmons are longitudinal waves. Therefore, transmission for TE polarizations is expected to be much lower than TM polarization.
  • This polarization dependence can be utilized for detecting the polarization (and its spatial distribution) of incident light.
  • the wavelength separation device can be used as a polarizing filter.
  • any suitable metal such as Ag, Al, Au and Cu may be used to form the metal film or metal islands.
  • metals including Ag, Al, Au, Cu or their alloys, which exhibit a bulk plasmon frequency in the 9-10 eV range are used. This makes the plasmon-induced phenomena observable in a broad spectral range (Vis-to-IR).
  • Al and Cu are common metals used as interconnect metallization in integrated circuit chips and photodetectors.
  • the metal film or islands of the wavelength separation device may be made using the same semiconductor manufacturing equipment as used to form chips and photodetectors.
  • the wavelength separation devices 301 of the first two embodiments are used together with a photodetector 302 to form a spectrum analyzer device 304 , as shown in FIG. 3 .
  • a photodetector 302 Any device which can detect visible, UV and/or IR passband transmitted radiation may be used as the photodetector 302 .
  • the photodetector 302 is adapted to detect radiation transmitted through the wavelength separation device 301 .
  • an array solid state photodetector cells such as a semiconductor photodetector array is used as a photodetector.
  • charge coupled devices CCDs
  • CMOS active pixel sensor array or a focal plane array are used as the photodetector.
  • the photodetector 302 shown in FIG. 3 includes a substrate 313 , such as a semiconductor or other suitable substrate, and a plurality of photosensing pixels or cells 306 .
  • each photodetector cell or pixel 306 is configured to detect passband radiation having a given peak wavelength from each respective cell of the wavelength separation device 301 .
  • the wavelength separation device 301 includes the metal film or islands 305 and an optional radiation transparent substrate 303 .
  • the photodetector 302 can be optically coupled (i.e., in contact or in proximity) to the output plane of the metal film or islands 305 for detection of the near-field output through the metal film or islands. The output of each detector cell is then electronically addressed for display and processing.
  • a processor such as a computer or a special purpose microprocessor, is preferably provided to determine an intensity of radiation detected by each cell of the photodetector.
  • the photodetector 302 is preferably optically coupled to the metal film or the metal islands 305 without utilizing diffractive optics between the wavelength separation device and the photodetector.
  • the spectrum analyzer 304 thickness in a radiation transmission direction is less than 1 cm and the spectrum analyzer 304 length perpendicular to the radiation transmission direction is less than 1 cm.
  • the nanophotonic monochromator/spectrum analyzer can be used as a multispectral imaging system, when the monochromator is extended to a two dimensional array configurations.
  • a multispectral imaging system is a system which can form an image made up of multiple colors.
  • One example of a multispectral imaging system is a digital color camera which can capture moving and/or still color digital images of objects or surroundings.
  • Another example of a multispectral imaging system is an infrared camera, which forms a digital image in visible colors of objects emitting infrared radiation, such as a night vision camera.
  • the camera contains a processor, such as a computer, a special purpose microprocessor or a logic circuit which forms a color image (i.e., as data which can be converted to visually observable image or as an actual visually observable image) based on radiation detected by the photodetector.
  • the multispectral imaging system may store the color image in digital form (i.e., as data on a computer readable medium, such as a computer memory or CD/DVD ROM), in digital display form (i.e., as a still or moving picture on a screen) and/or as a printout on a visually observable tangible medium, such as a color photograph on paper.
  • FIGS. 4A , 4 B and 4 C show examples of a multispectral imaging system 404 comprising a three dimensional wavelength separation device 401 and a photodetector 402 .
  • the wavelength separation device 401 comprises a 2D mosaic arrangement of metal islands or subwavelength slits in a metal film 405 that allows multi imaging with spatially resolved polarization detection capability.
  • the system 404 contains an array of cells 408 arranged in two dimensions in the wavelength separation device 401 .
  • the cells 408 are arranged in a rectangular or square matrix layout. However, any other layout may be used instead.
  • Each cell 408 is adapted to produce a multicolor portion of a multidimensional image.
  • Each cell 408 comprises at least three subcells 418 .
  • Each subcell 418 in a particular cell 408 is designed to transmit one particular color (or a narrow IR, VIS or UV radiation band).
  • each subcell 418 comprises metal islands or a metal film 405 with slit shaped openings 407 having a given first period. This first period of the openings is different from the periods of at least some of the other subcells 418 in a given cell 408 .
  • each subcell 418 in a particular cell 408 is designed to transmit one particular color (or a narrow IR or UV radiation band) with a certain polarization.
  • each subcell 418 allows radiation having a given narrow band of wavelength to pass through.
  • the narrow band of wavelengths may correspond to a particular color of visible light radiation.
  • Each cell 418 of the 2D array 404 is preferably identical to the other cells in the array because each cell contains the same arrangement of subcells 418 .
  • FIG. 4B illustrates a system 404 A containing thirty two cells 408 (8 ⁇ 4 array of cells 408 A, 408 B, 408 C, etc.) in the wavelength separation device.
  • Each cell 408 contains six subcells 418 .
  • Each subcell is designed to transmit one particular color with a certain polarization to detector 402 .
  • Three subcells 418 A, 418 B, 418 C have slit shaped openings 407 oriented in a first direction (such as a horizontal direction).
  • Another three subcells 418 D, 418 E and 418 F have slit shaped openings oriented in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction (such as a vertical direction).
  • each cell 408 with this subcell layout can transmit both TM and TE polarized light.
  • the period of the openings 407 in each pair of subcells ( 418 A and 418 D, 418 B and 418 E, 418 C and 418 F) is the same.
  • the subcells in each pair of subcells have slit shaped openings oriented perpendicular to each other to detect TE and TM polarizations of each color.
  • the period of openings 407 is different between each pair of subcells.
  • the system 404 A shown in FIG. 4B is a three color imaging system, where each pair of subcells is adapted to transmit one color.
  • FIG. 4C illustrates a system 404 B containing nine cells 408 (3 ⁇ 3 array of cells) in the wavelength separation device.
  • Each cell 408 contains twelve subcells 418 .
  • the period of the opening in each pair of subcells is the same.
  • the subcells in each pair of subcells have slit shaped openings oriented perpendicular to each other to detect TE and TM polarizations of each color. However, the period of openings is different between each pair of subcells.
  • the system 404 B shown in FIG. 4C is a six color imaging system, where each pair of subcells is adapted to image one color.
  • the subcells 418 are arranged in each cell 408 in a square or rectangular matrix. However, any other suitable arrangement may be used.
  • the three- or six-color-separation systems were described above for illustration purposes only. By increasing the number of subcells in each cell, the system can be easily scaled up for high-resolution multichannel analyzers with more than six color separation and imaging.
  • the cells 408 may be located in contact with adjacent cells, as shown in FIG. 4B or separately from adjacent cells, as shown in FIG. 4C .
  • the systems described above contain metal islands or metal film with subwavelength slit shaped openings.
  • metal islands or a metal film with a periodic or quasi-periodic surface topography may be used instead.
  • the multispectral imaging system may comprise a two dimensional array of subcells shown in FIG. 2E instead of metal islands or a metal film with slit shaped openings shown in FIGS. 4A-4C .
  • FIG. 2E shows one cell of a multicell array, where the cell contains four subcells 18 A, 18 B, 18 C and 18 D. Each subcell has features 12 with a different period and a subwavelength opening 17 .
  • this is a four color imaging system. Since these subcells are not polarization dependent, there is no need to form pairs of subcells with the same opening period but perpendicular opening directions to image each color, as in the systems illustrated FIGS. 4A-C .
  • the multispectral imaging systems also contain a photodetector 402 , as described above.
  • the photodetector 402 contains one pixel or cell 406 for each cell 408 in the metal film or metal islands.
  • each photodetectror pixel 406 is arranged on a substrate 413 in registry with each cell 408 , such that each photodetector pixel 406 receives radiation transmitted through only one cell 408 .
  • the nanophotonic spectrum analyzer or the multispectral imaging system described above are used in an optical analyte detection system.
  • An analyte detection system is a system in which radiation from the analyte is detected by the spectrum analyzer or the multispectral imaging system.
  • the analyte may be an organic material, such as a biomaterial (i.e., protein, antibody, antigen, etc.) or a polymeric material, or an inorganic material, such as a metal, glass, ceramic or semiconductor material.
  • the analyte may be in any one or more of solid, liquid or gas states.
  • any suitable radiation from the analyte may be detected by the analyte detection system, such as fluorescence or luminescence from the analyte, absorption or transmittance of incident radiation which passes through the analyte or is reflected from the analyte, or modification of the incident radiation by the analyte, such as peak shifting in the radiation that is transmitted through or reflected by the analyte.
  • fluorescence or luminescence from the analyte absorption or transmittance of incident radiation which passes through the analyte or is reflected from the analyte
  • modification of the incident radiation by the analyte such as peak shifting in the radiation that is transmitted through or reflected by the analyte.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates an exemplary optical analyte detection system 500 .
  • the system 500 includes an excitation source 501 , an analyte holder 502 and either the one dimensional spectrum analyzer 304 or the two dimensional multispectral imaging system 404 described above.
  • any suitable excitation source 501 may be used.
  • an optical excitation source such as a light emitting diode, laser or lamp emitting in the UV, visible or IR range is used.
  • any other non-optical excitation source may be used instead, which generates an optical response 504 , such as fluorescence, from the analyte 503 .
  • the excitation source may comprise a thermal source, such as a heater or furnace, which causes the analyte to emit radiation in response to heat.
  • an X-ray, gamma ray or electron beam source may be used as an excitation source if the X-rays, gamma rays or electrons cause the analyte to emit radiation.
  • the analyte holder 502 may comprise any device that can hold the analyte 503 during the optical detection.
  • the analyte holder 502 may comprise a microslide if the analyte 503 is a liquid, solid or gel biomaterial, such as a serum sample.
  • the analyte holder 502 may comprise a radiation transparent gas or liquid container for a gas or liquid analyte, or any suitable shelf, susceptor or support for a solid or gel analyte 503 .
  • the system 500 includes a one dimensional spectrum analyzer 304 (i.e., the monochromator and photodetector combination described above) to detect the radiation 504 from the analyte 503 if two dimensional resolution of the analyte is not required.
  • the system 500 includes the two dimensional multispectral imaging system 404 described above if it is desirable to detect radiation from a two dimensional distribution of analyte 503 .
  • the multispectral imaging system may detect differences in radiation 504 emitted by different regions of the analyte 503 and/or may be used to detect radiation 504 from a larger portion of the analyte 503 .
  • FIG. 5B illustrates a preferred embodiment of the optical analyte detection system 500 .
  • the excitation source 501 comprises a light emitting diode or a laser diode.
  • An optional nano-optic excitation filter 506 is placed between the excitation source 501 and the analyte holder 502 .
  • the filter 506 may comprise a metal film or metal islands containing subwavelength slit shaped openings 507 having the same period, in order to polarize the incident radiation.
  • the filter may comprise another type of polarizing filter that polarizes the incident radiation.
  • the analyte holder 502 comprises a microslide and the analyte 503 comprises a biomaterial, such as a protein, antibody and/or fluorophore containing sample.
  • the multispectral imaging system 404 includes the photodetector 402 and the wavelength separation device 401 described above.
  • the openings 407 in the wavelength separation device 401 are slit shaped and are oriented in a direction perpendicular to the openings in the filter 506 .
  • the openings 407 prevent the polarized excitation source 501 radiation from reaching the photodetector 402 , and the photodetector detects fluorescence from the analyte 503 which passes through the openings 407 .
  • the grating lines of the two dimensional nano-optic monochromator 401 are aligned perpendicular to those of the excitation filter 506 so that the unabsorbed incident (i.e., excitation radiation) is significantly filtered out before reaching the detector array 402 .
  • the nano-optic filters show an acceptance angle of about ⁇ 5-10 degrees.
  • a spacing between about 200 to about 2000 microns between the nano-optic monochromator array 401 and the analyte holder 402 is expected to be reasonable for an about 10 to about 100 micron cell size of the wavelength separation device (i.e., nano-optic array) 401 .
  • This spacing provides sufficient space to slide a plate shaped analyte holder 502 with the analyte 503 in and out of the system 500 .
  • the nano-optic monochromator array 401 can be integrated with a detector chip 402 in a hybrid or monolithic fashion as discussed above.
  • a detector chip 402 in the hybrid configuration case, commercially available detector chips (CCDs or CMOS active pixel sensor arrays) may be used.
  • the number of cells 408 (i.e., channels) in the nano-optic monochromator 401 may be kept relatively small, such as 10 to 100 cells. However, a larger number of cells, such as 100 to 10,000 cells may be used.
  • the size of each cell may be about 50 to about 500 microns, which is 5 to 50 times larger than the pixel size of commercial photodetector arrays (typically about 10 microns in CCDs).
  • a particular wavelength component of a fluorescence signal that passes through a cell 408 is then detected by about 5 to about 50 pixels.
  • each cell 408 may be designed to correspond to one photodetector pixel.
  • the nano-optic monochromator may be located in a portion of the metal interconnect of a CMOS active pixel array (or of a CCD) chip. Therefore the entire process is compatible with the standard CMOS process.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a method of using the optical analyte detection system 500 for medical analysis according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention.
  • the system 500 may be used on other analytes and/or for other purposes.
  • a bio analyte 503 such as blood or other human or animal body fluid, is provided onto the analyte holder 502 .
  • the analyte 503 contains various components of interest, such as proteins, antibodies, etc.
  • the analyte holder 502 contains an array of one or more types of attachment members 508 , such as various antibodies, antigen, proteins etc.
  • the attachment members 508 may comprise specific antibodies to various disease proteins, such as influenza, smallpox and anthrax proteins.
  • the attachment members 508 may comprise specific antigen or protein to various disease antibodies.
  • these antibodies are fluorescently labeled with any suitable fluorophore, such as an organic dye molecule or a semiconductor quantum dot.
  • any suitable fluorophore such as an organic dye molecule or a semiconductor quantum dot.
  • the analyte 503 contains antigen or proteins that specifically bind to the antibodies 508 , these antigen or proteins bind to the antibodies 508 .
  • the binding changes the characteristic of the radiation 504 emitted by the fluorophore in response to the excitation radiation. For example, the wavelength and/or intensity of the radiation 504 emitted by the fluorophore may be changed by the binding.
  • the photodetector 402 detects the radiation 504 and a computer or other processor 509 stores, transmits and/or displays the results of the detection by the photodetector. For example, when the radiation 504 from the fluorophore attached to the anthrax specific antibody 508 changes, the computer 509 indicates that the analyte blood 503 came from a patient who is inf
  • the binding may be detected by one or more of the following methods.
  • different attachment members are provided onto different regions of the analyte holder 502 , and this layout information is provided into the computer 509 .
  • the analyte holder 502 containing attachment members 508 is irradiated with exciting or incident radiation 501 and the fluorescence radiation 504 of the fluorophores is detected by the photodetector 402 as the background radiation.
  • the analyte 503 is provided onto the analyte holder 502 and the analyte holder is again irradiated with the exciting radiation 501 .
  • the photodetector detects the fluorescence radiation 504 and the computer 509 determines if the fluorescence radiation 504 changed from any region on the analyte holder from before to after the placement of the analyte 503 .
  • the computer can thus determine if there was binding to the specific attachment members 508 in a particular region of the analyte holder 502 , and thus determine the content of the analyte 503 since the attachment members 508 are different in different regions of the analyte holder 502 .
  • the exciting radiation 501 may be directed onto the analyte holder 502 continuously to detect real time binding between the proteins or antigen in the analyte 503 and the attachment members 508 .
  • a fluorophore having a different fluorescence wavelength is attached to each type of attachment member 508 and this data is stored in the computer 509 .
  • the sample holder 502 containing attachment members 508 is irradiated with exciting or incident radiation 501 and the fluorescence radiation 504 of the fluorophores is detected by the photodetector 402 as the background radiation.
  • the analyte 503 is provided onto the analyte holder 502 and the analyte holder is again irradiated with the exciting radiation 501 .
  • the photodetector detects the fluorescence radiation 504 and the computer 509 determines if the fluorescence radiation 504 of a particular wavelength changed from before to after the placement of the analyte 503 .
  • the computer can thus determine if there was binding to the specific attachment members 508 based on the wavelength of the fluorophore radiation that was changed after the introduction of the analyte 503 .
  • the exciting radiation 501 may be directed onto the analyte holder 502 continuously to detect real time binding between the proteins or antigen in the analyte 503 and the attachment members 508 .
  • a third detection method is illustrated in FIG. 6 .
  • the fluorophores are not attached to the attachment members 508 .
  • additional fluorescently labeled members 510 such as fluorescently labeled antibodies, antigen or proteins, are provided onto the analyte holder 502 after the analyte 503 .
  • These members 510 are designed to bind to proteins, antigen or antibodies found in the analyte 503 .
  • the fluorescently labeled members 510 also bind to these antibodies, antigen or proteins form the analyte 503 .
  • the presence of the bound antibodies, antigen or proteins form the analyte 503 is determined by irradiating the analyte holder 502 with exciting or incident radiation 501 and the fluorescence radiation 504 from the members 510 is detected by the photodetector 402 .
  • the different types of fluorescently labeled members 510 may be labeled with fluorophores which emit radiation of a different wavelength and/or different types of attachment members 508 may be located in different parts of the analyte holder 502 in order to distinguish a type of protein, antibody or antigen that bound to the attachment members 508 .
  • the attachment members 508 may be omitted.
  • the surface of the analyte holder 502 may be treated to attach all proteins, antibodies, antigens or other analyte components of interest, and the different types of fluorescently labeled members 510 labeled with fluorophores which emit radiation of a different wavelength are provided onto the analyte 503 .
  • Members 510 are designed to only bind to specific components of the analyte. If these analyte components are not present, then members 510 will not remain on the analyte holder 502 . Thus, presence of a particular component of the analyte may be detected without attachment members 508 by determining the wavelength(s) of radiation emitted by the attached labeled members 510 .
  • the overall system 500 performance is expected to be determined by the following factors: the power and spectral characteristics of both the excitation source and fluorophores, the detector 402 responsivity, spacing between component layers and the filter characteristics of both the excitation filter 506 and monochromator array 401 .
  • each dye usually requires different excitation wavelength. LEDs can be used with nano-optic excitation filters shown in FIGS. 1-2E in order to produce a wavelength-multiplexed beam that has a well-defined narrow spectral width at each component wavelength.
  • the fluorophores of different wavelengths can be excited with a single exciting wavelength. This simplifies excitation optics compared with using organic dye fluorophores.
  • An advantage of the system 500 is its capability to simultaneously detect multiwavelength components of fluorescence signals utilizing the fine resolution of the nano-optic monochromator 401 in conjunction with quantum dot or nanotube probes of narrow spectral width. This multispectral detection allows an application of a deconvolution technique in extracting each wavelength component from mixed-wavelength signals. This is further refines the spectral analysis capabilities of the system 500 .
  • Another advantage of the system 500 is high throughout.
  • two dimensional monochromators 401 having a 4 ⁇ 8 or 3 ⁇ 3 array configuration, respectively allows simultaneous analysis of 8 ⁇ 4 or 3 ⁇ 3 analyte arrays.
  • the 2D arrays, whose individual cells possessing multispectral analysis capability, offer an ultimate high-throughput.
  • the one and two dimensional spectrum analyzers 304 , 404 may be made by any suitable method.
  • the wavelength separation device 301 , 401 and the photodetector 302 , 402 may be manufactured separately and then bonded or attached together to form the analyzer.
  • the wavelength separation device 301 , 401 and the photodetector 302 , 402 may be attached to each other by a radiation transparent layer or adhesive and/or by a fastening device, such as a bracket.
  • the wavelength separation device 301 , 401 and the photodetector 302 , 402 may be attached to each other at the periphery or along their entire length.
  • the wavelength separation device 301 , 401 may contact the photodetector 302 , 402 directly, or a radiation transparent layer, such as a silicon oxide or glass layer, or the substrate 303 may be placed between them.
  • the spectrum analyzer device is formed monolithically.
  • the individual components or layers of one of the wavelength separation device 301 , 401 and the photodetector 302 , 402 are formed sequentially over the other.
  • the individual components or layers the wavelength separation device 301 , 401 may be formed sequentially over the photodetector 302 , 402 and vise versa.
  • the solid state photodetector array 302 , 402 is provided in or over a substrate 313 .
  • This step preferably includes photolithographically forming a CCD, a CMOS active pixel array or a focal plane array in or on the substrate 313 .
  • the photodetector array 302 , 402 may be formed by standard microfabrication techniques, such as semiconductor, metal and/or insulating layer deposition, ion implantation, photoresist masking, and etching of the unmasked layer portions.
  • a metal film 305 , 405 is then monolithically deposited on the photodetector array 302 , 402 (i.e., the metal film is deposited by a thin film deposition method, such as evaporation, sputtering or CVD rather than being formed and then attached to the array 302 , 402 ).
  • the metal film 305 , 405 is then photolithographically patterned to form a plurality of openings therein.
  • the openings may be formed by forming a photoresist layer on the metal film or over a hardmask layer over the metal film, exposing and patterning the photoresist layer, and then etching the uncovered portions of the metal film to form the openings.
  • a plurality of metal islands are monolithically deposited onto the photodetector array 302 , 402 .
  • a number of suitable island deposition methods may be used, as will be described in detail below.
  • the topography may be photolithographically formed on the metal film or islands.
  • the wavelength separation device is formed at the same time as the metallization of the photodetector.
  • the metal film or metal islands 305 , 405 may be formed over a interlayer insulating layer which is formed over metallization or interconnects of the photodetector 302 , 402 .
  • CCD, CMOS or focal plane array photodetectors one or more levels of metallization interconnects are formed over the semiconductor devices.
  • the wavelength separation device 301 , 401 may be formed over the metallization layers, between the metallization layers, as part of one of the metallization layers (i.e., a portion of a metal level acts as the wavelength separation device and another portion acts an interconnect for the photodetector), below the metallization layers, or on the opposite side of the substrate 313 from the metallization layers.
  • the wavelength separation device may comprise an Al film or islands and may comprise a portion of the Al interconnect parts of a standard CMOS process.
  • CMOS process In the 0.13- ⁇ m CMOS process, for example, five or six levels of metal interconnects are used.
  • These interconnects can be designed as the nano-optic monochromator arrays and be monolithically integrated with CMOS active pixel arrays on the same chip.
  • the nano-optic filter arrays can be designed to cover the spectral range of approximately 400 to 1000 nm, by using grating periods of 250 to 700 nm.
  • the spectrum analyzer chips 304 , 404 can be fabricated using a semiconductor foundry service.
  • a symmetric configuration may be used to reduce a passband width (i.e., to reduce the number of sidelobes or sidebands) if desired.
  • the wavelength separation device is sandwiched between two radiation transparent substrates composed of the same dielectric media.
  • metal islands are used as the wavelength separation device, then these islands may be made by any suitable method.
  • the metal islands spaced apart by radiation transparent regions or slit shaped openings are formed by self assembly.
  • the spaced apart metal islands are formed simultaneously or sequentially without first being part of an unpatterned metal film.
  • the metal islands may comprise discrete metal islands that are not connected to each other (i.e., the metal islands are not in direct contact with each other) or metal islands that are connected to each other at a peripheral region of the optical device.
  • the metal islands comprise discrete islands that are formed by patterning a metal film into the islands.
  • the islands are patterned using a lithographic method.
  • the metal islands 5 may have any suitable thickness such that the islands 5 themselves are opaque to radiation but will generate plasmon enhanced radiation transmission through openings or regions 7 .
  • metal island thickness should be at least about two or three times the skin depth of metal. In silver islands with incident radiation in a visible wavelength range, the skin depth is around 30 nm, and the metal island thickness should be at least about 60 to 90 nm or greater. The skin depth increases for longer wavelength range and is somewhat different for different metals.
  • the metal islands 5 may have a thickness of about 50 nm to about 2000 nm, such as 100 nm to 400 nm, preferably 120 to 180 nm.
  • the metal islands 5 , 15 are formed by self assembly and are located on a plurality of ridges 21 on the transparent substrate 3 , 13 .
  • each one of the plurality of metal islands 5 , 15 is located on a corresponding one of the plurality of ridges 21 .
  • the metal islands and the ridges may have any suitable shape, as discussed above.
  • the metal islands and the ridges are shaped such that the openings 7 , 17 between the islands are slit shaped.
  • a length of each metal island is preferably at least 10 times larger than its width and a length of each ridge is preferably at least 10 times larger than its width. As shown in FIG.
  • the plurality of ridges 21 preferably have a rectangular shape.
  • the ridges 21 may comprise protrusions on the upper portion of the radiation transparent substrate 3 , 13 , protrusions on the upper portion of a radiation transparent layer located on the radiation transparent substrate or the photodetector 302 , 402 , or discrete radiation transparent elements located over the radiation transparent substrate or the photodetector 302 , 402 .
  • the substrate 3 , 13 may comprise a unitary substrate (i.e., a single layer radiation transparent material) or it may contain more than one layer of radiation transparent material.
  • the ridges 21 may have a variable period to form devices of the first preferred embodiment.
  • each respective metal island 5 , 15 extends over an upper surface 23 of each ridge 21 and over at least a portion of at least one side surface 25 of each respective ridge 21 .
  • the metal islands are formed by angled deposition, as shown in FIG. 8 .
  • each metal island 5 , 15 extends lower over a first side surface 25 of a respective ridge 21 than over a second side surface 27 of the respective ridge 21 because the metal is angle deposited from the first side surface 25 , as will be described in more detail below.
  • the substrate 3 , 13 comprises a nanopore array.
  • the substrate 3 , 13 comprises an anodic aluminum oxide nanopore array located over a radiation transparent substrate or the photodetector, as will be described in more detail below.
  • the optical devices 1 , 11 of the preferred aspects of the present invention may be made by any suitable method where a plurality of metal islands 5 , 15 are formed on the radiation transparent substrate 3 , 13 .
  • the metal islands 5 , 15 are preferably selectively deposited on the plurality of ridges 21 , such that metal is not deposited between the ridges 21 .
  • FIG. 8 illustrates a preferred method of selectively forming the metal islands 5 , 15 by self assembly using angled deposition.
  • the metal is directed onto the ridges 21 in a non perpendicular direction with respect to tops of the ridges.
  • the metal may be directed at an angle of 20 to 70 degrees, such as 30 to 50 degrees, with respect to the flat upper surfaces 23 of the ridges.
  • the metal islands 5 , 15 are deposited on the ridges 21 by evaporation (thermal or electron beam), as shown in FIG. 8 .
  • the metal is evaporated thermally or by an electron beam from a metal source or target 31 onto the substrate 3 , 13 .
  • the substrate 3 , 13 is inclined by 20 to 70 degrees, such as 30 to 50 degrees, preferably 45 degrees, with respect to the target 31 . Since the spaces between the ridges 21 are sufficiently small, no metal is deposited between the ridges during the angled deposition. Thus, the tilt angle theta of the substrate should be sufficient to prevent metal deposition between the ridges 21 .
  • the metal islands 5 , 15 may also be deposited by any other suitable angled or nonangled metal deposition method, such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD), molecular beam epitaxy (MBE), sputtering and other suitable methods.
  • MOCVD metal organic chemical vapor deposition
  • MBE molecular beam epitaxy
  • the ridges 21 may be formed on the substrate 3 , 13 by any suitable method.
  • the ridges are made using lithography.
  • the ridges are made using photolithorgraphy, as will be described in more detail below.
  • the ridges 21 may be made by using imprint or nanoindentation lithography such as, by stamping a transparent unitary or multilayer substrate with a ridged stamp to form a plurality of ridges and grooves in the transparent substrate.
  • FIGS. 9A , 9 B and 9 C illustrate one preferred method of forming the ridges in a transparent substrate (i.e., a unitary substrate or a multilayer substrate) 3 , 13 or in a layer over the photodetector 203 using photolithography.
  • a photoresist layer 41 is formed on the first surface of the substrate 3 , 13 (or photodetector 203 ).
  • the term “photoresist layer” includes any suitable positive or negative photosensitive layer used for semiconductor and other microdevice patterning.
  • the photoresist layer 41 is then selectively exposed by radiation, such as UV or visible light, or by an electron beam.
  • the selective exposure can take place through a mask, by selectively scanning a narrow radiation or electron beam across the photoresist layer 41 or holographically.
  • the photoresist layer may be separately exposed holographically for each cell of the wavelength separation device or the entire layer may be exposed at the same time for a chirped grating pattern.
  • a laser beam is split into two beams.
  • the two beams are then reflected so that they converge together onto the photoresist layer 41 .
  • an interference pattern comprised of multiple parallel lines of intense light is generated.
  • the parallel lines of intense light occur with a particular periodicity which may be adjusted by changing the incident beam angle. Further adjustment of the periodicity may be accomplished by changes in optics, e.g., changes in the wavelength of the light source, and/or the refractive index of the ambient dielectric adjacent to the photoresist.
  • the photoresist is exposed where the two beams converge and not exposed where the two beams do not converge.
  • the length, ⁇ shown in FIG.
  • 9B is equal to the peak wavelength of the split laser beams divided by (sin ⁇ 1 +sin ⁇ 2 ), where ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 are the angles of the laser beams with the normal to the photoresist surface, as shown in FIG. 9A .
  • the selective exposure leaves the photoresist layer 41 with exposed and non-exposed regions.
  • the holographic exposure is preferred because it forms slit shaped exposed and non-exposed regions in the photoresist layer 41 which can then be used to form slit shaped ridges and grooves in the substrate.
  • the exposed photoresist layer 41 is then patterned, as shown in FIG. 9B . If the photoresist layer 41 is a positive photoresist layer, then the exposed regions are removed by a suitable solvent, while leaving the unexposed regions as a photoresist pattern 43 on the substrate 3 , 13 , as shown in FIG. 9B . If the photoresist layer 41 is a negative photoresist layer, then the unexposed regions are removed by a suitable solvent, while leaving the exposed regions as a photoresist pattern 43 on the substrate 3 , 13 .
  • the upper surface of the substrate 3 , 13 is then etched to form the ridges using the patterned photoresist layer 41 as a mask (i.e., using the exposed or non-exposed regions 43 remaining on the substrate as a mask).
  • the substrate may be patterned by wet and/or dry etching. It should be noted that other intermediate processing steps, such as photoresist baking, cleaning, etc., may also be added as desired.
  • a hardmask layer such as a silicon nitride, silicon oxide, silicon oxynitride or a metal layer, such as a chromium layer, may be added between the photoresist layer 41 and the substrate 3 , 13 if needed, as shown in FIGS. 9D-9I .
  • hardmask layer 42 such as a Cr layer, is formed on the substrate 3 , 13 .
  • a photoresist pattern 43 is then formed on the hardmask layer 42 by any suitable method, such as the holographic lithography method, as shown in FIG. 9F .
  • the hardmask layer 42 is then patterned using the photoresist pattern 43 as a mask to form a hardmask pattern 44 , and then the photoresist pattern 43 is removed, as shown in FIG. 9G .
  • the substrate 3 , 13 is then patterned to form the ridges 21 using the hardmask pattern 44 as a mask, as shown in FIG. 9H .
  • the hardmask pattern 44 is then removed.
  • the metal islands 5 are then selectively deposited on the ridges 21 , such as by angled deposition, as shown in FIG. 9I .
  • a preferred example of the parameters of the method described above is as follows. An about 40 nm thick Cr hardmask layer is deposited on a quartz substrate by thermal evaporation. This is followed by HMDS application and photoresist spin coating to a thickness of about 100 nm on the hardmask layer. Microposit Photoresist 1805 and Microposit Type P Thinner in 1:1 volume ratio is used with a spin speed 5000 rpm. The photoresist layer was then subjected to a softbake at 95 degrees Celsius for 30 minutes. The photoresist is exposed by holographic lithography. A UV He—Cd laser (325 nm wavelength, 15 mW CW power) is used for the exposure. The photoresist layer is then developed using Microposit 351 and DI water in 1:4 volume ratio. The developed (i.e., patterned) photoresist is then subjected to a hardbake at 120 degree Celsius for 30 minutes.
  • the Cr hardmask layer is then etched using the patterned photoresist layer as a mask.
  • the Cr layer is etched using a reactive ion etching (RIE) system (PlasmaTherm 790 ICP/RIE) in a two step etching process.
  • RIE reactive ion etching
  • Cl 2 (20 sccm)+O 2 (10 sccm) at 10 mTorr pressure, RIE power of 25 W and ICP power of 100 W for 30 seconds are used.
  • Cl 2 (24 sccm)+O 2 (6 sccm) at 10 mTorr pressure RIE power of 10 W and ICP power of 100 W for 7 minutes are used.
  • the patterned hardmask layer is then used as a mask to pattern the quartz substrate.
  • the quartz substrate is etched by RIE using CF 4 (37 sccm)+O 2 (4 sccm) at 15 mTorr, RIE power of 100 W and ICP power of 150 W for 12 minutes. Thereafter, the remaining Cr hardmask is removed by chemical etching with NaOH+K 3 Fe(CN) 6 +H 2 O solution.
  • the Ag islands are then deposited on the mesa etched substrates using angled deposition. The Ag islands are deposited to various thicknesses using thermal evaporation of Ag source in a base pressure of 10 ⁇ 5 Torr with a tilt angle of 45 degrees.
  • the holographically-patterned and mesa-etched substrates, once made, can be utilized as a master mold in nanoimprinting the array patterns on substrates without involving any separate optical or electron lithography process each time of pattern definition or transfer.
  • FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate another preferred method of forming the ridges in a transparent substrate (i.e., a unitary substrate or a multilayer substrate) 3 , 13 or over the photodetector 203 using photolithography and a nanopore array.
  • a transparent substrate i.e., a unitary substrate or a multilayer substrate
  • FIGS. 10A and 10B illustrate another preferred method of forming the ridges in a transparent substrate (i.e., a unitary substrate or a multilayer substrate) 3 , 13 or over the photodetector 203 using photolithography and a nanopore array.
  • a transparent substrate i.e., a unitary substrate or a multilayer substrate
  • a photoresist pattern 43 in a shape of a grating is formed on the substrate 3 , 13 or over the photodetector 203 in the same manner as described above and as illustrated in FIGS. 9A-9B .
  • the photoresist pattern may be formed by holographic or non-holographic lithography.
  • the substrate 3 , 13 may be etched to transfer the grating pattern to the substrate to form ridges 21 illustrated in FIG. 7 , after which the photoresist pattern 43 is removed.
  • the substrate etching and photoresist pattern removal steps may be omitted.
  • a metal layer 51 capable of being anodically oxidized is conformally deposited over the ridges 21 , if the ridges are present, or over the photoresist pattern 43 , if the photoresist pattern has not been removed, as shown in FIG. 10B .
  • the conformally deposited metal layer 51 assumes the grating pattern of the underlying substrate or photoresist pattern, as shown in FIG. 10B .
  • the metal layer 51 is formed on a grating patterned transparent substrate (i.e., a ridged substrate or a patterned photoresist 43 covered substrate) such that the grating pattern of the substrate 3 , 13 is translated to an upper surface of the first metal layer 51 .
  • the metal layer 51 may comprise any suitable metal, such as Al, Ta, Ti, Nb and their alloys, which may be anodically anodized.
  • the metal layer 51 may be deposited by any suitable method, such as sputtering, MOCVD, evaporation (thermal or electron beam), MBE, etc.
  • the metal layer 51 may have any suitable thickness, such as 100 to 1000 nm, preferably 350-400 nm.
  • the corrugation depth in the upper surface of the metal layer 51 is preferably about the same as the corrugation depth of the substrate or the photoresist pattern.
  • the corrugation depth of the metal layer 51 is about 20 to about 300 nm, such as about 80 to 100 nm.
  • the metal layer 51 then is oxidized anodically, by any suitable method.
  • an Al layer 51 on a silica substrate 3 , 13 may be anodically oxidized in dilute electrolyte (1H 3 PO 4 +800H 2 O in volume ratio) at room temperature using a platinum wire as a counter electrode.
  • the anodization is preferably conducted under a constant voltage mode for about 40 minutes.
  • the anodic voltage is chosen such that the expected pore distance matches the grating period, for example 140 volts for a 350 nanometer grating period.
  • the interpore distance is proportional to the anodization voltage, i.e. about 2.5 nanometers/volt.
  • FIG. 10C is a electron micrograph of a nanopore array 53 grown in the grating patterned aluminum layer 51 when the aluminum layer 51 is converted to aluminum oxide by anodic oxidation.
  • the resulting alumina pores exhibit a uniform depth, such as about 100 to 2000 nm, preferably about 300 to 400 nm and the pore bottom has a concave, hemispherical shape with barrier thickness of about 100 to 300 nm, such as 150 to 200 nm.
  • the preferred pore diameter is about 5 to 100 nm, such as 5 to 10 nm.
  • the nanopores selectively form in troughs of the grating pattern in the upper surface of the anodically oxidized metal layer 51 .
  • the nanopore array 53 is formed on a conductive or a semiconducting substrate 63 .
  • the substrate 63 may comprise a metal layer, such as a metal layer which is not anodically oxidized, or a doped semiconductor layer, such as silicon, gallium arsenide or gallium nitride.
  • the substrate 63 may comprise the radiation transparent substrate 3 , 13 used in the devices 1 , 11 or the substrate 63 may comprise a temporary substrate which is transparent or non-transparent to radiation.
  • the substrate 63 and array 53 are then provided into an electroplating bath 65 containing a liquid metal 67 .
  • a potential difference i.e., a voltage
  • the array 53 is thinner in regions 55 below the nanopores 57 , a voltage gradient exists in these regions 55 . This causes the metal 67 from bath 65 to selectively deposit into the nanopores 57 .
  • the electroplating method may be used to selectively fill the nanopores 57 with metal 67 from bath 65 .
  • the metal 67 may be any metal which exhibits the previously described plasmon enhancement effect and which may be deposited into metal oxide pores by electrodeposition, such as Ni, Au, Pt and their alloys. Thus, the islands 5 , 15 are formed by filling the nanopores 57 with the electroplated metal 67 .
  • a metal island array suitable for monochromator and image analyzer applications and having a structure complementary to the structure illustrated in FIG. 2C may be formed by filling nanopores with electroplated metal.
  • the nanopores 57 are filled only part of the way with the metal 67 during the electroplating step.
  • the metal 67 may be any metal which can act as a catalyst for selective metal vapor deposition.
  • the metal 67 may be Au.
  • the array 53 with the catalyst metal 67 formed on the bottom of the nanopores 57 is then transferred to a metal vapor deposition chamber, such as a chemical vapor deposition chamber.
  • Metal islands 5 , 15 are then selectively grown on the catalyst metal 67 by selective vapor deposition.
  • the metal islands 5 , 15 may comprise any metal which exhibits the previously described plasmon enhancement effect and which may be selectively deposited on a catalyst metal 67 , but not on metal oxide walls of the nanopore array 53 .
  • this metal may comprise Al or Ag.
  • the temporary substrate may be removed from the array 63 before or after the formation of the metal islands 5 , 15 on the array 53 .
  • the temporary substrate may be removed by selective etching, polishing or chemical mechanical polishing of the substrate, by selective etching of a release layer (not shown for clarity) located between the temporary substrate 63 and the array 53 , or by peeling the substrate 63 away from the array 53 .
  • one or more peel apart layers may be located between the substrate 63 and the array 53 .
  • the peel apart layer(s) have a low adhesion and/or strength such that they can be separated mechanically from each other or from the array and/or the substrate.
  • the transparent substrate 3 , 13 or the photodetector 203 is then attached to the array 53 before or after forming the metal islands 5 , 15 on the array, on the same and/or opposite side of the array 53 from where the temporary substrate 63 was located.
  • a metal film with a plurality of openings such as a metal film shown in FIG. 2C is formed by angled deposition of metal on the ridges of a nanopore array.
  • the angled deposition method is described above and illustrated in FIG. 8 .
  • a metal layer is deposited over the nanopore array such that metal extends into the pores, and the metal layer is then chemically mechanically polished or etched back to expose top portions of the nanopore array. The polishing or etch back step leaves discrete metal islands in the nanopores, separated by the metal oxide nanopore array transparent regions.
  • the nanopore array is formed without first patterning the substrate 3 , 13 or forming the photoresist pattern 43 .
  • a metal layer 51 such as an Al, Ta, Ti or Nb layer is deposited on the unpatterned substrate or over the photodetector 203 .
  • corrugations are formed in the metal layer 51 by any suitable method.
  • the corrugations may be formed by selective laser ablation of the metal layer, by nanoindentation or nanoimprinting, or by photolithography (i.e., by forming a photoresist pattern on the metal layer, then etching the metal layer using the pattern as a mask and removing the photoresist pattern).
  • holographic photolithography is used to pattern the metal layer 51 , and a temporary silicon nitride, silicon oxide or silicon oxynitride hard mask is used between the photoresist and the metal layer 51 . Then, the metal layer 51 is anodically oxidized as described above.
  • FIGS. 11A-D illustrate an alternative method of forming the metal islands using a templated nanopore array.
  • the metal oxide nanopore array 53 on substrate 63 is formed using the method described above and illustrated in FIGS. 10A-10C .
  • a conformal template material 71 is deposited over the array 63 , as shown in FIG. 11B .
  • the conformal template material 71 may comprise any material which can conformally fill the nanopores 57 of the array 53 .
  • the conformal template material 71 may comprise silicon oxide, silicon nitride, a glass heated above its glass transition temperature, a CVD phospho- or a borophosphosilicate glass (PSG or BPSG, respectively), a spin on glass or a polymer material.
  • the conformal template material may comprise all or part of the transparent substrate 3 , 13 .
  • the conformal template material 71 is removed from the nanopore array 53 .
  • the conformal template material 71 contains ridges 73 which previously extended into the nanopores 57 of the array.
  • the metal islands 5 , 15 are selectively deposited into the pores 75 between the ridges 73 of the conformal template material 71 using the electroplating method or on the ridges 73 using angled deposition method as described above. If the conformal template material 71 is the transparent substrate 3 , 13 material, then the process stops at this point.
  • the conformal template material 71 is not the transparent substrate 3 , 13 , then the conformal template material 71 is separated from the metal islands 5 , 15 by any suitable method, such as selective etching, polishing or chemical mechanical polishing.
  • the metal islands 5 , 15 are attached to the transparent substrate 3 , 13 before or after removing material 71 .
  • FIGS. 12A and 12B illustrate an alternative method of forming the metal islands 5 , 15 without using ridges on a substrate or over the photodetector 203 and without using a nanopore array.
  • a metal layer 81 is formed on the substrate 3 , 13 , as shown in FIG. 12A .
  • the substrate 3 , 13 may contain features on its upper surface or it may contain a flat upper surface.
  • the metal layer 81 is then patterned into a plurality of metal islands 5 , 15 as shown in FIG. 12B .
  • the metal layer 81 may be patterned lithographically as described previously.
  • a photoresist layer 41 is formed on a first surface of the metal layer 81 .
  • the photoresist layer is selectively exposed to form exposed and non-exposed regions.
  • the exposed photoresist layer is patterned into pattern 43 and the metal layer is etched into the plurality of islands 5 , 15 using the patterned photoresist layer as a mask.
  • the photoresist layer may be exposed holographically or non-holographically. If desired, an optional, temporary hardmask layer described above may be formed between the metal layer 81 and the photoresist. Alternatively, the metal layer may be patterned by selective laser ablation or other non-photolithographic methods instead of by photolithography.
  • FIGS. 13A , 13 B and 13 C illustrate an alternative lift off method of forming the metal islands 5 , 15 .
  • This method also does not require using ridges on a substrate or a nanopore array.
  • a photoresist layer 41 is formed on the substrate 3 , 13 or over the photodetector 203 as shown in FIG. 13A .
  • the substrate 3 , 13 may contain features on its upper surface or it may contain a flat upper surface.
  • the photoresist layer is selectively exposed to form exposed and non-exposed regions.
  • the photoresist layer may be exposed holographically or non-holographically.
  • the exposed photoresist layer 41 is then patterned to form a photoresist pattern 43 , exposing portion of the upper surface of the substrate 3 , 13 .
  • a metal layer 81 is formed over the photoresist pattern 43 and over exposed portions of the upper surface of the substrate 3 , 13 .
  • the photoresist pattern 43 is then lifted off, such as by selective etching or other suitable lift off techniques. Portions of the metal layer 81 located on the photoresist pattern 43 are lifted off with the pattern 43 to leave a plurality of metal islands 5 , 15 on the upper surface of the substrate 3 , 13 .
  • a three dimensional stacked structure of metal film or metal island layers 91 , 93 may be used, as shown in FIG. 14 .
  • Two pieces of single-layer 1D optical devices 91 , 93 are vertically stacked face-to-face, with grating lines (i.e., slit shaped transparent regions) 97 substantially parallel to each other, and with the spacing between faces in a far field regime, where the far field regime comprises spacing that is greater than about 3 to 5 times the wavelength of the incident light or radiation.
  • the transparent regions 97 may be slightly offset from each other by an amount that still allows radiation transmission through both layers.
  • the two metal film or island layers are then expected to interact in the far-field regime, and therefore the overall transmission would be basically a product of two transmission profiles. This will result in suppression of lower intensity side peaks and background transmission and also will narrow the width of the main peak. Overall, the use of a three-dimensional stacked structure of metal film or metal island layers will enhance the bandpass characteristics of the optical filter arrays.
  • the present inventors have also discovered that localized surface plasmon (SP) resonance can occur at metal islands or in a metal film in an array of slit shaped transparent regions aligned in one direction between the metal islands or in the metal film, but not in an array of non-slit shaped apertures in a metal film.
  • SP localized surface plasmon
  • the transmission of radiation is higher through the array of slit shaped transparent regions between the metal islands or in the metal film than through the array of non-slit shaped apertures in a metal film.
  • the present inventors have discovered that in the array of slit shaped transparent regions between the metal islands, the width of the slit shaped transparent regions and the metal island height (i.e., thickness) determine the transmission characteristics of these arrays. Without wishing to be bound by a particular theory, the present inventors believe that the localized SP resonance is responsible for this effect.
  • the transparent region width is within a preferred range, high transmission in the main passband wavelength and low transmission in the long wavelength range may be achieved.
  • the preferred range is between about one and about three times the penetration depth of SP fields in the metal islands.
  • the width is greater than 30 nm and less than 100 nm. This range is preferable for the visible spectrum of light, and the preferred slit width will proportionally increase for the longer wavelength regime.
  • This feature of 1D metal island/slit shaped transparent region arrays may be used in designing and/or developing spectral characteristics of wavelength separation devices.
  • the transparent region width is greater than this preferred range, the transmission at a main passband wavelength and in the long wavelength range is high.
  • the transparent region width is less than this preferred range, it results in extremely low transmission at the main passband wavelength and in the long wavelength range.
  • the present inventors believe that two types of surface plasmon excitation are responsible for the characteristics of the radiation transmitted through the slit shaped transparent regions between metal islands or in the metal film: 1) the SP resonance along the planes that comprise either the metal/air or metal/substrate interfaces, and 2) the SP resonance localized along the surface that encloses each metal island separated by the slit shaped transparent region (i.e., the metal island sidewalls or transparent region sidewalls in a metal film).
  • the present inventors also believe that a peak transmission occurs in a device where the localized SP resonance is slightly off-tuned from the plasmon resonance at the metal/substrate surface. It is then expected that in such devices, the main passband transmission will remain high while the long-wavelength transmission will be low. Furthermore, the height (i.e., thickness) of the metal islands or metal film affects the width of the main passband peak. Generally, the width of the main passband peak decreases with a decreasing metal island or film thickness. It should be noted that the device ideally contains one passband at one peak wavelength. However, the devices may contain more than one passband with more than one peak wavelength.
  • metal islands separated by subwavelength radiation transparent regions may be used for the plasmon enhanced transmission of radiation instead of subwavelength aperture(s) in a metal film.
  • the metal islands are formed using lithography and/or self assembly to simplify processing and to increase the precision of the optical device.
  • the metal islands spaced apart by radiation transparent regions are formed by self assembly.
  • the spaced apart metal islands are formed simultaneously or sequentially without first being part of an unpatterned metal film.
  • the metal islands may comprise discrete metal islands that are not connected to each other (i.e., the metal islands are not in direct contact with each other) or metal islands that are connected to each other at a peripheral region of the optical device.
  • the metal islands comprise discrete islands that are formed by patterning a metal film into the islands.
  • the islands are patterned using a lithographic method.
  • FIG. 19A illustrates a surface plasmon resonant optical device 1 which includes a radiation transparent substrate 3 and a plurality of metal islands 5 on the substrate 3 .
  • the metal islands 5 are separated by a plurality of radiation transparent regions 7 .
  • FIG. 19B illustrates a side cross sectional view of the device 1 along line A-A′.
  • any suitable materials may be used for the substrate 3 and the metal islands 5 .
  • any radiation transparent material i.e., visible light, UV and IR transparent material
  • the substrate 3 may comprise glass, quartz, ceramic, plastic or semiconductor material.
  • the substrate 3 may comprise a plurality of films or layers or it may comprise a unitary body.
  • metal island 5 material Any metal which exhibits surface plasmon resonance effects (i.e., a negative epsilon material) may be used as the metal island 5 material.
  • metals such as silver, gold, copper and aluminum and alloys thereof which exhibit a bulk plasmon frequency about 9-10 eV, are preferred as the metal island material.
  • Adjacent metal islands 5 are separated by a distance 9 which is less than at least one first predetermined wavelength of incident radiation to be provided onto the device 1 .
  • the distances is less than 100 nm, such as 40-60 nm. This range is preferable for the visible spectrum of light, and the preferred distance will proportionally increase for the longer wavelength regime.
  • the metal islands 5 are configured such that the incident radiation is resonant with a surface plasmon mode on the metal islands, thereby enhancing transmission of radiation between the plurality of metal islands.
  • the transmitted radiation has at least one peak wavelength whose transmission is enhanced by the surface plasmon resonance.
  • the incident radiation may comprise visible light, UV or IR radiation.
  • the incident radiation may comprise radiation with a narrow wavelength distribution, such as radiation with a peak wavelength and narrow band width around the peak wavelength, or radiation with a wide distribution of wavelengths, such as white light.
  • radiation having wavelengths greater than the plasmon wavelength of the metal islands may be used.
  • the plasmon wavelength is about 350 nm.
  • radiation having wavelengths ranging from about 350 nm to microwave wavelengths may be used. If silicon photodetectors are used to detect the radiation, then a preferred incident radiation wavelength range is about 350 nm to about 1100 nm.
  • the metal islands 5 are separated by a distance 9 of 700 nm or less, such as by 15 to 200 nm, preferably 40 to 60 nm.
  • the metal islands 5 may have any suitable thickness such that the islands 5 themselves are opaque to radiation but will generate plasmon enhanced radiation transmission through regions 7 .
  • metal island thickness should be at least about two or three times the skin depth of metal. In silver islands with incident radiation in a visible wavelength range, the skin depth is around 30 nm, and the metal island thickness should be at least about 60 to 90 nm or greater. The skin depth increases for longer wavelength range and is somewhat different for different metals.
  • the metal islands 5 may have a thickness of about 50 nm to about 2000 nm, such as 100 nm to 400 nm, preferably 120 to 180 nm.
  • the plasmon enhancement of the transmitted radiation occurs due to the period or spacing of the transparent regions 7 between the metal islands.
  • the plurality of metal islands have a width 10 , thereby forming an array of transparent regions between the plurality of metal islands with a period, a o , equal to the width 10 of the islands 5 plus the width 9 of the transparent regions.
  • the period a o of the transparent regions 7 is selected based on the wavelength(s) of the incident radiation that will be used to irradiate the device 1 in order to enhance the transmission of radiation by plasmon resonance.
  • the period of the transparent regions, a o is about three to ten, such as five to six times as large as the width of the transparent regions 7 .
  • the period a o is about 200 nm to about 780 nm, for example, 200 nm to 700 nm, such as about 370 nm to about 700 nm.
  • the period a o may range from about 60 nm to about 2 microns, such as 0.1 to 1.8 microns.
  • the transparent regions 7 are slit shaped. These slits have a length that is significantly larger than the width 9 . Preferably, the length is at least ten times larger than the width 9 .
  • the transparent regions 7 may have any other suitable shape instead of a slit shape which results in plasmon enhanced transmission of radiation.
  • the present inventors believe that two types of surface plasmon excitation are responsible for the characteristics of the radiation transmitted through the slit shaped transparent regions between metal islands: 1) the SP resonance along the planes that comprise either the metal/air or metal/substrate interfaces, and 2) the SP resonance localized along the surface that encloses each metal island separated by the slit shaped transparent region (i.e., the metal island sidewalls).
  • FIG. 20A shows the transmission spectra of the devices made according to examples 1 and 2, described in more detail below.
  • the devices include metal islands with a grating period of 370 nm.
  • the device of example 1 contains 120 nm thick Ag islands having a minimum (i.e., width at the narrowest point) transparent region 7 width of about 50 to 100 nm.
  • the device of example 2 contains 120 nm thick Ag islands having a minimum transparent region 7 width of about 30 nm.
  • Optical transmission through the devices is measured at a spectral range of 350-1750 nm.
  • a beam from a multimode fiber (core diameter of 62.5 ⁇ m and a numerical aperture of 0.20) connected to an unpolarized white light source is normally incident to the metal island array from the substrate side.
  • the zero-order transmission through the array is collected with another multimode fiber placed close to the Ag layer surface (with 3-5 ⁇ m gap), and is then characterized with an optical spectrum analyzer.
  • the transmission measurement is repeated with a dummy sample that has the same mesa-etched quartz structure but without an Ag layer.
  • the transmission through the array is then calculated by dividing the spectrum obtained from a real sample by the one from the dummy, a process designed to void (or alleviate) the effects of involving a mesa-etched quartz substrate structure and an optical fiber on the measured transmission spectra.
  • peak transmission of approximately 30 and 15% is observed from the 120 nm and 200 nm thick metal island arrays, respectively.
  • the maximum transmission for TM polarization is estimated to be around 60%. This corresponds to about a 500% transmission efficiency, which is defined as the optical power transmitted through a slit divided by the incident power impinging upon the slit area.
  • the main peak (i.e., the peak which corresponds to the main passband wavelength range) shifts from 660 to 690 nm as the Ag island thickness is increased from 120 to 200 nm.
  • the peak width also noticeably increased with the increased Ag thickness.
  • the initial regime that shows a blue-shift is modeled by the evanescent coupling of the two surface plasmons at the top and bottom surfaces of a metal layer and the second regime is by decoupled SPs.
  • the propagating modes in a slit shaped transparent region are at least partially responsible for the optical transmission through an array of slit shaped transparent regions.
  • the clear difference between the 1D and 2D array optical transmission characteristics strongly suggests that different mechanisms are involved in transmitting the light though a slit shaped transparent region than through an aperture in a film.
  • the transmission spectra in FIG. 20A show three major dips.
  • the minimum transmission point at around 580 nm tends to stay at nearly the same position for different metal island thickness, although the exact location cannot be resolved due to an overlap with a neighboring peak.
  • This insensitivity to metal thickness suggests that the phenomenon occurring at this minimum transmission point involves an interaction of light primarily with the top or bottom surfaces of metal but not the sidewalls of the metal islands.
  • the SP resonance along the plane that comprises the metal/substrate interface of each metal island is expected to occur at 600 nm wavelength of light, based on a calculation using the formula:
  • L is the grating period
  • m is the order of the grating vector involved in SP coupling
  • ⁇ m and ⁇ d are the dielectric constants of metal and adjacent dielectric (i.e., a quartz substrate in this case).
  • the transmission minimum at around 430 nm well corresponds to the SP resonance at the air/metal interface, which is expected to occur at 430 nm according to the formula above, although an exact position cannot be clearly resolved due to an overlap with the bulk plasmon wavelength (about 360 nm) at which metal islands are significantly transparent.
  • the sample with 120 nm thick Ag metal islands show a clear, well-defined major dip at around 800 nm, which corresponds to significantly longer wavelength than that of the transmission minima related to the metal/substrate interface.
  • a slit shaped transparent region structure allows propagating modes (or vertical SPs along the metal island sidewalls)
  • the SP waves on the top and bottom surfaces of a metal island couple to each other via these island sidewalls.
  • n is an integer
  • k sp is the SP wave vector and can be expressed as
  • This number closely matches the location of the transmission dip (800 nm) of the sample with 120 nm thick Ag island, as shown in FIG. 20A .
  • the minimum transmission point shifts to longer wavelength as the metal island thickness is increased. This behavior is also consistent with the resonance condition discussed above. It is important to note that this surface plasmon resonance is a phenomenon highly localized at each metal island and differs from the SP resonance that occurs along the planes that comprise either the top or bottom surfaces of an array of metal islands.
  • FIG. 20B The angular dependence of both transmission and reflection at a fixed wavelength (633 nm) using a He—Ne laser are shown in FIG. 20B .
  • Transmission and reflection are measured as a function of incidence angle at 633 nm wavelength (TM polarized) for the 1D array sample with 120 nm thick Ag islands.
  • TM polarized 633 nm wavelength
  • FIGS. 20A and 20B suggest that the three major transmission minima in FIG. 20A can be ascribed to the SP resonances that involve different sections of the metal surfaces.
  • the transmission spectra shows a minimum when the incidence angle is 45 degrees (the dashed curve in FIG. 20B ).
  • the reflection spectra (solid curve) shows a maximum with a sharp peak profile (with the full-width-half-maximum of 2-3 degrees) at the same incidence angle.
  • the power loss calculated as the difference between the incident power and the transmitted plus reflected power, is minimal at the SP resonance point. While it is possible that this result can be attributed to the diffraction-related Wood's anomaly, which occurs at close proximity to the SP resonance point, it is more likely that SP resonance plays a dominant role in this transmission/reflection anomaly.
  • the present inventors believe that surface plasmon resonance is responsible for the observed transmission minima, involving two different modes of interaction with the metal island arrays: 1) the SP resonance along the planes that comprise either the metal/air or metal/substrate interfaces, and 2) the SP resonance localized along the surface (i.e., the metal island sidewalls) that encloses each metal island separated by slit shaped transparent regions.
  • the SP resonance along the planes that comprise either the metal/air or metal/substrate interfaces
  • the SP resonance localized along the surface i.e., the metal island sidewalls
  • the peak (i.e., passband) transmission through the array is believed to be due to that SP excitation is off-tuned from the resonance points such that a net power flow along the metal surfaces funnels into a slit region and then decouples into radiation modes which form a propagating transmitted beam.
  • the resonance points of the SPs localized at metal islands can be tuned independent of the grating period by selecting metal island thickness and/or transparent region width, and may be used to tailor the transmission characteristics of the arrays, as described below.
  • the transparent region width 9 of the transparent regions 7 should vary between about one and three times the penetration or skin depth of SP fields in the metal islands, when the incident radiation is directed onto the metal islands from an air/metal island interface.
  • the present inventors believe that a peak transmission corresponds to a situation where SP resonance is slightly off-tuned from that at the metal/substrate surface.
  • the surface plasmons localized at each metal island are then expected to couple each other via a tunneling process as the transparent region width is reduced.
  • the coupling between the surface plasmons in neighboring islands is expected to depend on the degree of overlap of the SP fields across a slit shaped transparent region, which is determined by the spatial extension of SP fields compared to the transparent region width (i.e., gap size).
  • ⁇ is the free space wavelength of light
  • ⁇ ′ m is the real part of metal's dielectric constant
  • ⁇ d is the dielectric constant of the medium adjacent to the metal.
  • the field strength decays by 1/e from the peak value at the surface.
  • the penetration depth is dependent on both the wavelength and the materials through which the radiation is transmitted.
  • the metal islands become virtually connected (despite a gap) from the surface plasmon oscillation point of view. Propagation of SPs through the transparent region will eventually be blocked and the transmission spectra would show profiles similar to those of metal without a transparent region. It is thus expected that the metal island array would act as a narrow band pass filter by keeping the main (passband) transmission high while suppressing the long-wavelength transmission, when the transparent region width is within the range of about one to about three times the penetration depth of the SP fields in the metal islands.
  • the width of the main passband peak decreases with decreasing metal island thickness.
  • the main passband peak width is basically determined by the separation of the two transmission dips around the peak, i.e., the resonance wavelength of SP at the metal/dielectric interface and that of the SP localized at metal islands. Whereas the former wavelength is determined mostly by the grating period itself, the latter is governed by other mechanism, basically involving the periphery of cross-section of a metal island. While keeping the lateral dimension of the metal island close to the grating period (about a one to three skin depth length shorter than the grating period, in order to achieve good bandpass characteristics), the vertical dimension (i.e., thickness) of the metal island may be varied in order to adjust the total periphery. The change in thickness of the islands changes the resonance wavelength of the localized SPs and thus the passband width. Use of smaller thickness of metal islands thus reduces the passband width.
  • FIGS. 20A and 20C illustrate a transmission spectra of silver metal islands whose thickness is 180 nm (i.e., intermediate between those of the 120 and 200 nm thick Ag islands whose spectra are shown in FIG. 20A ).
  • the minimum transparent region width of this device is measured to be about 50 nm.
  • the minimum widths of the transparent regions of the devices having 200 nm and 120 nm thick islands are about 30 nm and 50-100 nm, respectively.
  • the metal islands are deposited by angled deposition onto a ridged substrate.
  • increased metal island thickness leads to a decreased transparent region width.
  • the width of the transparent regions does not necessarily decrease with increasing thickness of the metal islands.
  • the transmission in the long wavelength regime dramatically decreases (from 60% level to 10% transmission for TM polarization) for the device with 200 nm thick islands and 50-100 nm wide transparent regions.
  • the peak (passband) transmission for this device also significantly decreased.
  • FIGS. 20A and 20C illustrate that the preferred transparent region width is between 40 and 50 nm to achieve narrow band pass characteristics while maintaining high transmission of the main peak.
  • a device with a 30 nm wide transparent regions showed narrow band pass characteristics, but a lower main peak transmission intensity.
  • a device with up to 100 nm wide transparent regions did not exhibit narrow passband characteristics in view of the high intensity of the transmission at longer wavelengths.
  • the preferred range of minimum transparent region width (around 40-50 nm for desirable bandpass characteristics) that is provided in FIGS. 20A and 20C shows a close match to the penetration depth of SP fields in metal (or approximately 1/10 of the air-side penetration depth).
  • the preferred range of transparent region width for narrow bandpass filters is found to be approximately one to three penetration depths of SP fields in the metal side (or about 1/10 to 3/10 of the penetration depth in air).
  • the peak radiation transmission for unpolarized light is estimated to be up about to 50%, which is the theoretical maximum for the unpolarized light. This corresponds to near 100% transmission for a TM-polarized light.
  • the transmission efficiency is greater than 100%, such as 100% to 500% through each transparent region.
  • the upper bound may also be greater than 500% because it is determined by the inverse fill factor (i.e., period/slit width).
  • the metal islands 15 of the optical device 11 are also located over a radiation transparent substrate 13 .
  • the metal islands 15 have a periodic surface topography 12 provided on at least one surface of the metal islands 15 , as shown in FIG. 21 .
  • the topography 12 is configured such that it enhances the transmission of the radiation between the plurality of metal islands.
  • the periodic topography 12 may comprise any metal features which provide strong coupling of the metal surface plasmons with incident radiation.
  • the topography may comprise any suitable raised and/or depressed regions on the surface of the metal islands 15 which are arranged in a regularly repeating (i.e., periodic) pattern, such as a two dimensional lattice.
  • the raised regions may comprise cylindrical protrusions, semi-spherical protrusions, linear or curved ribs, rectangular ribs, raised rings and/or raised spirals.
  • the depressed regions may comprise cylindrical depressions, semi-spherical depressions, linear or curved troughs, rectangular troughs, ring shaped troughs and/or spiral shaped troughs.
  • the width or diameter of the raised or depressed regions is preferably less than the period of these features, and the product of this period with the refractive index of the substrate should be less than the maximum desired transmitted wavelength of the radiation.
  • the surface topography 12 comprises a topography comprising a material other than metal which includes surface plasmon coupling into the metal.
  • the refractive index of the dielectric layer or ambient medium adjacent to the metal surface is periodically or quasi-periodically modulated, without topographic modulation of the metal surface (i.e., without corrugation/indentation on the metal surface).
  • periodic arrangement of dielectric layer or layers formed on a flat or corrugated metal surface can induce the surface plasmon coupling into metal.
  • element 12 in FIG. 21 may refer to periodically or quasi-periodically arranged dielectric material features formed on a flat metal island 15 surface.
  • a flat or textured dielectric layer or layers with a variable refractive index may be used for plasmon coupling.
  • a variable refractive index in a flat dielectric layer or layers may be achieved by periodically or quasi-periodically modulating the composition of the layer or layers along their width on the metal islands.
  • Any suitable dielectric material many be used, such as silica, quartz, alumnia, silicon nitride, polymer material, etc.
  • Dielectric modulation (instead of or in addition to metal surface corrugation) may be used in wavelength tunable structures.
  • the non-metal topography may also be used on metal films having one or more apertures.
  • the transparent regions 17 are separated by a period a o which is much larger than the period of the previous embodiment, such that the period of the transparent regions 17 does not substantially contribute to the enhancement of the transmission of the radiation.
  • the width of the metal islands 15 of this embodiment is much greater than the width of the islands 5 of the previous embodiment.
  • the period a o and thus the approximate width of the islands 15 is preferably equal to the effective propagation distance of the SPs, such as 5 microns or greater, preferably about 5-10 microns for Ag islands being irradiated with visible light.
  • the transparent regions 17 are slit shaped. These slits have a length that is significantly larger than their width. Preferably, the length is at least ten times larger than the width. However, the transparent regions 17 may have any other suitable shape instead of a slit shape which results in plasmon enhanced transmission of radiation.
  • a symmetric configuration may be used to reduce a passband width (i.e., to reduce the number of sidelobes or sidebands) if desired.
  • a second substrate composed of the same dielectric media as the first substrate 3 , 13 is attached over the top of the metal islands 5 , 15 , such that the metal islands 5 , 15 have interfaces with the same dielectric media on both sides, as illustrated in FIG. 22 .
  • the metal islands 5 , 15 may comprise discrete metal islands that are not connected to each other (i.e., the metal islands are not in direct contact with each other) or metal islands that are connected to each other at a peripheral region of the optical device.
  • the metal islands 5 , 15 are discrete metal islands.
  • the metal islands 5 , 15 are connected to each other at the periphery of the devices 1 , 11 .
  • the transmission spectra through the transparent regions in the three dimensional Ag metal island array of FIG. 14 is shown in FIG. 15 .
  • the vertical axis corresponds to the transmission ratio, P out /P in .
  • the measurement result shown in FIG. 15 confirms that the side peaks are well suppressed.
  • the main peak is also narrowed from 170 nm to 140 nm in FWHM value.
  • the three dimensional structures are not limited to just two layers and may have any suitable number of layers greater than two and various different layer patterns and interlayer spacing.
  • the optical devices described herein may include an integrated radiation source, such as a laser, LED or lamp adapted to emit the incident radiation and/or an integrated a radiation detector, such as a charge coupled device (CCD) array or CMOS active pixel array, adapted to detect the radiation transmitted through the substrate and between the plurality of metal islands.
  • a radiation source such as a laser, LED or lamp adapted to emit the incident radiation
  • a radiation detector such as a charge coupled device (CCD) array or CMOS active pixel array
  • CCD charge coupled device
  • CMOS active pixel array adapted to detect the radiation transmitted through the substrate and between the plurality of metal islands.
  • a separate radiation source and/or the radiation detector may be used with the devices.
  • the optical devices may be used for any suitable application.
  • the devices may be used as a nano-optic filter with a narrow passband width or as a polarizer.
  • the devices may also be used for wavelength separation of incident radiation.
  • the devices may be used for other applications, such as a light collector, collimator or coupler for an optical fiber, a light selection device in near field optical scanning microscope, and a photolithography mask.
  • the devices of examples 1, 2 and 3 are made by the same process, except that the metal island thickness is 200 nm in example 1, 120 nm in example 2 and 180 nm in example 3. Since the metal islands are deposited by angled deposition, the width of the transparent regions increased with decreasing metal island thickness. Thus, the minimum width of the transparent regions in example 1 is about 50 to 100 nm (the width varies due to the slight non-uniformity of the metal islands), the minimum width of the transparent regions in example 2 is about 30 nm and the minimum width of the transparent regions in example 3 is about 50 nm.
  • the transmission spectra of the devices of examples 1 and 2 with 120 and 200 nm thick metal islands, respectively, are shown in FIG.
  • FIGS. 16A , 16 B and 16 C illustrate SEM micrographs of metal island arrays with metal island thicknesses similar to those of examples 1-3.
  • the thickness of metal islands in FIG. 16A is 400 nm, in FIG. 16B , 250 nm and in FIG. 16C 180 nm.
  • the devices of examples 1, 2 and 3 are made by the method illustrated in FIGS. 9D-9I .
  • FIG. 17 shows a micrograph of a one dimensional (1D) silver metal island array device of Example 4 with narrow slit shaped transparent regions.
  • the device is formed by depositing a 200-nm-thick Ag on a 1D-grating-etched quartz substrate.
  • the grating pattern is generated with a holographic process and the grating period is designed to be 750 nm.
  • the slit width is measured to be around 150 nm at the narrowest part. This corresponds to about a 20% ratio of the transparent region/metal island surface area for normal incident waves.
  • FIG. 18 illustrates transmission spectra through the transparent regions in the Ag metal island array.
  • the vertical axis corresponds to the transmission ratio, P out /P in for unpolarized light.
  • the peak transmission is over 90%.
  • the dependence of the transmission spectra on the incidence angle of incident radiation is also shown in FIG. 18 . As the incidence angle is varied, the transmission peaks shift and split.
  • the main passband peak shows a full-width-half-maximum value of about 170 nm.
  • a much narrower passband width of about 10 nm to about 160 nm and well suppressed transmission at long wavelength is possible with a different transparent region design and improved uniformity, and with an optimized metal island thickness and slit width, using a numerical analysis of transmission spectra based on a transfer matrix and a quasi-analytical model.
  • FIG. 25 illustrates a top view of the experimental set up for examples 5-12.
  • a single or double layer wavelength separation device 301 comprising metal islands or a metal film containing a plurality of openings is positioned over a line camera 302 containing a plurality of pixels 306 .
  • the incident or input light beam 315 area is larger than that of the wavelength separation device 301 , such that some of the incident light 315 is detected by pixels 306 of the camera 302 without passing through the wavelength separation device.
  • FIG. 26 illustrates the transmission spectra for examples 5, 6 and 7.
  • FIG. 26 is a plot of the ratio of the transmitted to incident radiation versus wavelength of the radiation.
  • white light was transmitted through a metal island array having about 2100 Angstrom thick silver islands.
  • the openings between the islands have a grating period (d g ) of about 401 nm.
  • the grating period is also referred to herein as the period of the transparent regions, a o .
  • peak (a) on the left of FIG. 26 the transmitted radiation through this array has a peak wavelength of about 676.2 nm.
  • white light was transmitted through a metal island array having about 2100 Angstrom thick silver islands.
  • the openings between the islands have a grating period (d g ) of about 478 nm.
  • the transmitted radiation through this array has a peak wavelength of about 789.6 nm.
  • white light was transmitted through a metal island array having about 2100 Angstrom thick silver islands.
  • the openings between the islands have a grating period (d g ) of about 552 nm.
  • peak (c) on the right of FIG. 26 the transmitted radiation through this array has a peak wavelength of about 912.8 nm.
  • radiation of a different peak wavelength is transmitted through the array depending on the grating period of the openings in the array.
  • FIG. 27 illustrates a transmission spectra for white light passed through prior art 450 nm, 650 nm and 880 nm filters.
  • FIG. 28 illustrates the results of example 8.
  • the wavelength separation device of example 5 was placed next to the wavelength separation device of example 7.
  • the metal island array having grating period (d g ) of about 401 nm is placed at a first arbitrary location on the camera 302 (i.e., at a location between 8000 and 10,000 microns from a reference point), while the metal island array having grating period (d g ) of about 552 nm is placed at a second arbitrary location on the camera 302 (i.e., at a location between 10,000 and 12,000 microns from a reference point).
  • White light is then passed through the 450 nm prior art filter illustrated in FIG. 27 and then through the arrays of examples 5 and 7. The transmitted light is then detected by the camera 302 . As shown in FIG.
  • the large peaks at about 7,000 and about 13,000 microns corresponds to the light which was not transmitted through the arrays. Furthermore, as shown in FIG. 28 , the arrays of examples 5 and 7 were effective in filtering 450 nm peak wavelength light. This is to be expected because the peak transmission of the arrays of examples 5 and 7 is 676.2 nm and 912.8 nm, respectively.
  • FIG. 29 illustrates the results of example 9.
  • the conditions of example 9 are identical to those of example 8, except that white light was passed through the 650 nm prior art filter of FIG. 27 rather than the 450 nm prior art filter.
  • the array example 7 was effective in filtering 650 nm peak wavelength light because the peak transmission of this array is 912.8 nm.
  • the array of example 5 transmitted a portion of the 650 nm light because the peak transmission of this array is 676.2 nm.
  • FIG. 30 illustrates the results of example 10.
  • the conditions of example 10 are identical to those of example 8, except that white light was passed through the 880 nm prior art filter of FIG. 27 rather than the 450 nm prior art filter.
  • the array example 5 was effective in filtering 880 nm peak wavelength light because the peak transmission of this array is 676.2 nm.
  • the array of example 7 transmitted a portion of the 880 nm light because the peak transmission of this array is 912.8 nm.
  • the wavelength separation devices 101 , 301 may have a constant grating period (d g ) in each cell or a chirped grating period along the length of the device.
  • FIG. 31A illustrates an example of a wavelength separation device where each cell contains a different grating period d 1 , d 2 , d 3 and d 4 .
  • FIG. 31B is a micrograph of such a device.
  • FIG. 32A illustrates an example of a wavelength separation device where the grating period is chirped.
  • FIG. 32B illustrates an exemplary plot of grating period versus location (x) on the wavelength separation device.
  • FIG. 33A schematically illustrates example 11 having a two layer wavelength separation device.
  • the device contains an array with a chirped grating period 91 which is stacked over an array with a constant grating period 93 .
  • array 93 may be stacked over array 91 instead if desired.
  • Any suitable grating periods may be selected.
  • the chirped grating period of array 91 overlaps a constant grating period d 1 of array 93 in at least one location, x 1 , of the wavelength separation device.
  • FIG. 33B which is a plot of grating period versus location on the device, x.
  • One of the detector pixels 306 is positioned at location x 1 in the camera 302 .
  • the total transmittance, T, of white light through both arrays 91 and 93 is a product of transmittance T 1 through the first array 91 (shown in FIG. 34B ) and the transmittance T 2 through the second array 93 (shown in FIG. 34A ).
  • the radiation transmitted through both arrays i.e., T
  • stacking two arrays reduces a peak width of the transmitted radiation as well as reduces the intensity of the sidebands or side peaks relative to the intensity of the main peak.
  • FIG. 35A schematically illustrates example 12 wherein two arrays 91 , 93 having a chirped grating period are stacked over each other.
  • the detector pixels 306 are located along different locations on the camera 302 .
  • each pixel 306 window (a 7 micron window for example) captures radiation of a different peak wavelength that passed through a different portion of the wavelength separation device that has a different grating period of the chirped grating period.
  • FIG. 35A illustrates the case where the arrays 91 and 93 have the same chirped grating period.
  • the arrays 91 , 93 may be stacked such that the transparent regions in each array are aligned with the transparent regions in the adjacent array or the arrays 91 , 93 may be stacked such that transparent regions in one array are offset by a predetermined amount from the transparent regions in the other array in the horizontal (i.e., x) direction along the direction of the pixels 306 .
  • FIG. 35B illustrates transmittance spectra for various arrangements of chirped arrays.
  • the grating period is 400 nm at this location. As can be seen from these two peaks, by introducing the offset between the arrays, the peak width is narrowed, but the overall peak intensity is decreased.
  • FIG. 36A illustrates a transmission spectra of a single-layer wavelength-separation device of example 13 having a chirped grating period along the length of the device (see FIG. 32A ).
  • the device is 800 micron wide (along the length direction) and comprises nine cells or filters. Each filter is 98 microns wide and has a different (but constant) grating period, linearly chirped from 390 nm to 630 nm with 30 nm step between neighboring cells.
  • the transmission spectra measured at each cell show a progressive and linear shift of the main passband position from around 750 nm to around 1100 nm.
  • FIG. 36B illustrates a transmission spectra of a two layer stacked wavelength separation device of example 14 comprising two pieces of the same device shown in FIG. 36A . Enhancement of bandpass characteristics of the stacked configuration is clearly observed.
  • FIG. 36 illustrates a suppression of lower intensity side peaks at the shorter wavelength region, reduced transmission in the longer wavelength region, and reduction of the main passband width from about 150-200 nm to about 100-150 nm compared to FIG. 36A . Further refinement of bandpass characteristics, especially suppression of long wavelength transmission is expected by optimum control of metal thickness and thus the metal slit width.
  • the mesa-etched quartz substrate is designed to have a slit width of 120 nm. After angled deposition of a 150 nm thick Ag layer, the slit width is reduced to 50-80 nm. Control of metal thickness can adjust the slit width.
  • FIG. 36C illustrates wavelength separation with a two layer stacked device of example 15, as measured with a linear array CCD detector (see FIG. 25 for experimental configuration).
  • the wavelength separation device is a 390 micron wide array comprising 28 cells (filters) with each cell having a 14 micron width.
  • the grating period is chirped from 360 nm to 630 nm with a 10 nm step along the array direction.
  • a 980 nm wavelength light is incident to a wavelength separation device (two layer stacked).
  • the light is registered at pixels at around 10850 micron location of a CCD array.
  • This spatial separation on CCD matches the spectral separation of the two input lights.
  • the different wavelength of light is detected by a different portion of the CCD array which is located under the portion of the wavelength separation device designed to transmit light of that particular wavelength.

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