US20140356985A1 - Temperature controlled substrate support assembly - Google Patents

Temperature controlled substrate support assembly Download PDF

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Publication number
US20140356985A1
US20140356985A1 US13/908,676 US201313908676A US2014356985A1 US 20140356985 A1 US20140356985 A1 US 20140356985A1 US 201313908676 A US201313908676 A US 201313908676A US 2014356985 A1 US2014356985 A1 US 2014356985A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
base plate
support assembly
substrate support
thermoelectric module
cavity
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Abandoned
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US13/908,676
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English (en)
Inventor
Anthony Ricci
Henry Povolny
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Lam Research Corp
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Lam Research Corp
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Priority to US13/908,676 priority Critical patent/US20140356985A1/en
Assigned to LAM RESEARCH CORPORATION reassignment LAM RESEARCH CORPORATION ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: POVOLNY, HENRY, RICCI, ANTHONY
Priority to JP2014114039A priority patent/JP6364244B2/ja
Priority to TW103119267A priority patent/TWI633622B/zh
Priority to KR1020140067723A priority patent/KR20140142177A/ko
Publication of US20140356985A1 publication Critical patent/US20140356985A1/en
Priority to US15/392,584 priority patent/US10879053B2/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L22/00Testing or measuring during manufacture or treatment; Reliability measurements, i.e. testing of parts without further processing to modify the parts as such; Structural arrangements therefor
    • H01L22/30Structural arrangements specially adapted for testing or measuring during manufacture or treatment, or specially adapted for reliability measurements
    • H01L22/34Circuits for electrically characterising or monitoring manufacturing processes, e. g. whole test die, wafers filled with test structures, on-board-devices incorporated on each die, process control monitors or pad structures thereof, devices in scribe line
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/44Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
    • C23C16/458Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for supporting substrates in the reaction chamber
    • C23C16/4582Rigid and flat substrates, e.g. plates or discs
    • C23C16/4583Rigid and flat substrates, e.g. plates or discs the substrate being supported substantially horizontally
    • C23C16/4586Elements in the interior of the support, e.g. electrodes, heating or cooling devices
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/44Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
    • C23C16/46Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for heating the substrate
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23CCOATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C16/00Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
    • C23C16/44Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating
    • C23C16/46Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the method of coating characterised by the method used for heating the substrate
    • C23C16/463Cooling of the substrate
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/32Gas-filled discharge tubes
    • H01J37/32431Constructional details of the reactor
    • H01J37/32715Workpiece holder
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01JELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J37/00Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
    • H01J37/32Gas-filled discharge tubes
    • H01J37/32431Constructional details of the reactor
    • H01J37/32715Workpiece holder
    • H01J37/32724Temperature
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L21/00Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
    • H01L21/67Apparatus specially adapted for handling semiconductor or electric solid state devices during manufacture or treatment thereof; Apparatus specially adapted for handling wafers during manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or electric solid state devices or components ; Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
    • H01L21/67005Apparatus not specifically provided for elsewhere
    • H01L21/67011Apparatus for manufacture or treatment
    • H01L21/67098Apparatus for thermal treatment
    • H01L21/67109Apparatus for thermal treatment mainly by convection
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
    • H01L22/00Testing or measuring during manufacture or treatment; Reliability measurements, i.e. testing of parts without further processing to modify the parts as such; Structural arrangements therefor
    • H01L22/10Measuring as part of the manufacturing process
    • H01L22/14Measuring as part of the manufacturing process for electrical parameters, e.g. resistance, deep-levels, CV, diffusions by electrical means
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2321/00Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
    • F25B2321/02Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects using Peltier effects; using Nernst-Ettinghausen effects
    • F25B2321/021Control thereof
    • F25B2321/0212Control thereof of electric power, current or voltage
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2321/00Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects
    • F25B2321/02Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects using Peltier effects; using Nernst-Ettinghausen effects
    • F25B2321/025Removal of heat
    • F25B2321/0252Removal of heat by liquids or two-phase fluids
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10TTECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00Metal working
    • Y10T29/49Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49117Conductor or circuit manufacturing

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to plasma processing apparatuses, and more specifically to temperature control of a substrate support assembly.
  • Integrated circuits are formed from a wafer or semiconductor substrate over which are formed patterned microelectronics layers.
  • plasma is often employed to deposit films on the substrate or to etch intended portions of the films.
  • Shing feature sizes and implementation of new materials in next generation microelectronics layers have put new requirements on plasma processing equipment.
  • the smaller features, larger substrate size and new processing techniques require improvement in plasma processing apparatuses to control the conditions of the plasma processing.
  • etch rates and etch rate selectivities can vary across the semiconductor substrate. Because etch rates and etch rate selectivities are influenced by temperature, there is a need for improved spatial temperature control across the substrate. In addition to improved spatial temperature control, expanding temperature ranges used to process the semiconductor substrate can allow for semiconductor substrates comprising complex material stacks to be utilized during processing.
  • the substrate support assembly comprises a top plate for supporting the substrate.
  • a base plate is disposed below the top plate wherein the base plate comprises a cavity in an upper surface of the base plate.
  • a cover plate is disposed between the top plate and the base plate.
  • At least one thermoelectric module is in the cavity in the upper surface of the base plate wherein the at least one thermoelectric module is in thermal contact with the top plate and the base plate, and the at least one thermoelectric module is maintained at atmospheric pressure.
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of manufacturing a substrate support assembly for controlling a temperature of a substrate during plasma processing.
  • the method comprises bonding a lower surface of at least one thermoelectric module to a surface within a cavity in an upper surface of a base plate, bonding a lower surface of an upper electrically insulating layer included on an upper surface of the at least one thermoelectric module to a cylindrical wall defining the cavity in the upper surface of the base plate and to upwardly extending bosses within the cavity, wherein the bonded lower surface of the upper electrically insulating layer forms a vacuum seal with the cylindrical wall and the upwardly extending bosses and the cavity is open to the atmosphere through a surface of the cavity within the upper surface of the base plate, and bonding an upper surface of the upper electrically insulating layer to a cover plate.
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of processing a substrate in a semiconductor processing apparatus wherein the substrate is supported on a top plate of a temperature controlled substrate support assembly in a vacuum processing chamber.
  • the method comprises a step of supplying current to at least one respective thermoelectric module in heat transfer contact with the top plate so as to control temperatures of one or more zones across the top plate.
  • the method also comprises controlling the current to set the temperature of the top plate surface and to provide a desired temperature distribution across the substrate during processing.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a temperature controlled substrate support assembly comprising a plurality of thermoelectric modules.
  • FIGS. 2A , B illustrate an embodiment of a base plate which may be used in accordance with embodiments of temperature controlled substrate support assemblies disclosed herein.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of temperature control zones which may be formed in a temperature controlled substrate support assembly disclosed herein.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a cross section of an exemplary bonding arrangement for thermoelectric modules between a base plate and a cover plate.
  • FIGS. 5A , B each illustrate a graph of temperature control exhibited by an embodiment disclosed herein of a temperature controlled substrate support assembly comprising a plurality of thermoelectric modules.
  • FIG. 6A-D illustrate further embodiments of a base plate which may be used in accordance with embodiments of temperature controlled substrate support assemblies disclosed herein.
  • FIG. 7 illustrates a graph of the relationship between substrate temperature and substrate temperature uniformity of a substrate supported on a temperature controlled substrate support assembly in accordance with embodiments disclosed herein.
  • substrate support assembly Disclosed herein is a temperature controlled substrate support assembly (“substrate support assembly” herein), wherein the substrate support assembly comprises at least one thermoelectric module to heat and/or cool a substrate supported on a top plate (i.e. substrate support) of the substrate support assembly.
  • substrate support assembly comprises at least one thermoelectric module to heat and/or cool a substrate supported on a top plate (i.e. substrate support) of the substrate support assembly.
  • Controlling the temperature of a substrate supported on a top plate comprises many variables.
  • top plates which include resistive heating elements rely on the inherent thermal resistance of the entire assembly to define the achievable range of operating temperatures.
  • substrate support assemblies which have high thermal resistance enable higher achievable temperatures because less heat is transferred to a coolant which flows through the base plate.
  • substrate support assemblies which have high thermal resistance limit the minimum achievable temperatures for a given process heat load.
  • substrate support assemblies which have a low thermal resistance enable lower achievable temperatures for a given process heat load, but also limit the maximum achievable temperatures.
  • the coolant temperature can be lowered and the heating power can be increased, however, this introduces a larger thermal difference between top plate and the coolant, which exaggerates thermal non-uniformity.
  • a plasma etching system can have at least one thermoelectric module arranged in the substrate support assembly, and a controller unit that controls DC current which flows through each of the thermoelectric modules arranged in the substrate support assembly.
  • One or more thermoelectric modules can be used to expand the operating temperature range of the substrate support assembly wherein each thermoelectric module can be set to a temperature above or below the temperature of the coolant flowing through the base plate thereof.
  • Each thermoelectric module is formed from alternating p-doped and n-doped semiconductor elements (as used herein “thermoelectric pairs”), wherein the p-doped semiconductor element and the n-doped semiconductor element are connected electrically in series and thermally in parallel by a junction.
  • thermoelectric module when an electrical current passes through the junction of the two semiconductor elements, it either cools or heats the junction depending on the direction of the current, thereby forming a hot side and a cool side of each thermoelectric module such that each thermoelectric module can heat or cool a respective portion of the substrate support assembly.
  • Each thermoelectric module is preferably formed in a defined pattern, wherein each of thermoelectric modules may be arranged to so as to form a respective temperature control zone within the substrate support assembly.
  • the temperature gradient across the substrate support assembly can be controlled in order to maintain a desired temperature distribution across the substrate during processing by arranging each of the thermoelectric modules in the substrate support assembly. For example, a rectangular grid, a hexagonal grid, concentric circles, one or more radial arrays, or other pattern of the thermoelectric modules may be formed thereby forming temperature control zones.
  • the substrate support assembly is operable to control the substrate temperature and consequently the plasma etching process at each device die location to maximize the yield of devices from the substrate.
  • each thermoelectric module is located in the substrate support assembly and maintained at atmospheric pressure (about 1 atm).
  • the thermoelectric modules assembled in the substrate support assembly can provide active substrate cooling, increase temperature operating windows of the substrate support assembly, and aid in low temperature processing of substrates.
  • the thermoelectric modules can provide greater temperature control of substrates, such as non-uniform thermal arrays or uniform thermal arrays.
  • the independently controllable thermoelectric modules assembled in the substrate support assembly can achieve about 0.1° C. uniformity across an upper surface of the substrate support assembly.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a substrate support assembly 100 for a semiconductor processing system in which the substrate support assembly 100 is temperature controlled and may be used in accordance with methods and structures disclosed herein.
  • the substrate support assembly 100 may be used for plasma processing a substrate (not shown) within a vacuum chamber in which the substrate support assembly 100 is located.
  • the substrate is preferably supported by a top plate 110 of the substrate support assembly 100 .
  • the substrate may be, for example, a semiconductor substrate or a flat panel display.
  • the top plate 110 may comprise an electrostatic chuck (“ESC”).
  • the substrate support assembly 100 may also comprise an interface to a radio frequency (“RF”) power source and a thermoelectric temperature control system (“thermoelectric system”) formed from at least one thermoelectric module 140 .
  • RF radio frequency
  • thermoelectric system thermoelectric temperature control system
  • the substrate may be clamped to the top plate 110 either mechanically or preferably by an ESC structure incorporated in the top plate 110 .
  • the substrate support assembly may also comprise other features such as a substrate handling system, such as lift pins and associated actuating equipment, disposed therein, conducts to deliver heat transfer gas to the backside of a substrate, temperature sensors, power lines, or the like.
  • the substrate support assembly 100 further includes a base plate 170 which is RF driven to provide RF bias on a substrate undergoing processing and act as a lower electrode in the plasma chamber.
  • the base plate 170 may be formed from aluminum, copper, or other high thermal conductivity material.
  • the base plate 170 may contain an upper surface formed from aluminum, copper, silver, pyrolytic graphite encased in aluminum, or other high thermal conductivity material upon which the thermoelectric modules are attached.
  • the use of aluminum or pyrolytic graphite encased in aluminum permits the base plate 170 to be formed with brazing.
  • the base plate 170 is disposed below the top plate 110 and comprises a cavity 142 in an upper surface of the base plate 170 to house the at least one thermoelectric module 140 .
  • the cavity 142 is defined by a cylindrical wall 50 which is located near an outer periphery of the base plate 170 .
  • the base plate 170 acts as a heat sink by circulating a heat transfer medium (e.g. coolant) at a constant temperature through fluid channels 171 in the base plate 170 and localized temperatures of the substrate are controlled by the at least one thermoelectric module 140 .
  • the fluid channels 171 are preferably configured for supplying a coolant or a temperature controlled gas such that the base plate 170 may act as a heat sink.
  • the base plate 170 may be cooled with a gas such as air, He, N 2 or the like or liquid cooled with deionized water (DI), dielectric liquid such as Fluorinert or the like.
  • DI deionized water
  • the base plate 170 helps cut down on the power requirement to control the heat load on the upper side of the thermoelectric control system.
  • thermoelectric module 140 may be arranged in a single cavity 142 in the upper surface of the base plate 170 such that each thermoelectric module may form a temperature control zone within the substrate support assembly 100 .
  • the temperature control zones formed by each of thermoelectric modules 140 may be arranged into any desired configuration such as a center temperature control zone with one or more surrounding annular formations, a grid formation, a radial formation, an azimuthal formation, a polar formation, or a nonpolar formation.
  • Preferably upwardly extending bosses 55 are located within the cavity 142 in the upper surface of the base plate 170 .
  • Thin upper and lower electrically insulating layers 153 a,b are further included on an lower and upper surface of the at least one thermoelectric module 140 wherein the thermoelectric module 140 is adhered to the insulating layers 153 a,b with an adhesive.
  • the insulating layers 153 a,b are preferably ceramic or flexible polyimide layers and can have a thickness of about 0.004 to 0.02 inch.
  • the insulating layer 153 a on the lower surface of the at least one thermoelectric module 140 is bonded to the upper surface of the base plate 170 within the cavity 142 with an adhesive 154 , wherein the adhesive is preferably an epoxy.
  • the lower surface of the at least one thermoelectric module may be bonded directly to the upper surface of the base plate 170 within the cavity 142 with solder or a low melting point alloy provided that the upper surface of the base plate 170 includes a coating of an electrically insulating material such as anodization, spray-coated aluminum oxide, Teflon®, or the like.
  • the insulating layer 153 b on the upper surface of the at least one thermoelectric module 140 is preferably bonded to a cover plate 160 with an adhesive 154 , wherein the adhesive is preferably silicone.
  • the cover plate 160 is disposed between the top plate 110 and the base plate 170 .
  • the insulating layer 153 b on the upper surface of the at least one thermoelectric module 140 is also bonded to the cylindrical wall 50 defining the cavity 142 in the upper surface of the base plate 170 and the upwardly extending bosses 55 located within the cavity 142 of the base plate 170 .
  • the insulating layer 153 b forms a vacuum seal with the cylindrical wall 50 and the bosses 55 of the base plate 170 such that the at least one thermoelectric module 140 is not exposed to the vacuum environment in the vacuum chamber and instead can be maintained at atmospheric pressure in the cavity 142 of the base plate 170 .
  • the cover plate 160 is preferably formed from the same material as the base plate 170 such as aluminum, copper, pryolytic graphite, or aluminum coated pyrolytic graphite.
  • the cover plate 160 preferably includes downwardly extending bosses 161 wherein the bosses 161 are arranged to correspond to the upwardly extending bosses 55 located within the cavity 142 .
  • the upwardly extending bosses 55 and the downwardly extending bosses 161 have aligned openings 165 with the top plate 110 wherein the aligned openings 165 are configured to receive lift pins and/or deliver backside helium to the upper surface of the substrate support assembly 100 .
  • the upwardly extending bosses 55 and the corresponding downwardly extending bosses 161 can be arranged so as to provide RF current paths within the substrate support assembly 100 to reduce RF transmission through the thermoelectric modules 140 .
  • the downwardly extending bosses 161 are preferably chamfered such that they may minimize heat conduction between the base plate 170 and the cover plate 160 while still providing an RF current path.
  • the cover plate 160 may optionally act as an RF decoupling plate to electrically shield the thermoelectric modules 140 from RF voltage gradients while providing good thermal conduction between each of the thermoelectric modules 140 and the top plate 110 .
  • the substrate is transferred into the vacuum chamber and loaded onto the top plate.
  • the vacuum chamber provides the process environment to perform processing such as plasma etching, deposition, or other process involved in the production of integrated chips or the like.
  • a substrate handling system which is part of the overall substrate processing system is used to load and unload the substrate to and from the vacuum chamber. The steps of inserting, processing, and removing the substrate may be repeated sequentially for a plurality of substrates.
  • thermoelectric temperature control system for controlling temperature across the top plate 110 during processing is disposed below the top plate 110 and each thermoelectric module is located in the cavity 142 within the substrate support assembly 100 wherein the cavity 142 is maintained at atmospheric pressure.
  • the thermoelectric system preferably comprises more than one thermoelectric module 140 .
  • Each of the thermoelectric modules 140 controls temperatures across the top plate 110 , thereby controlling temperatures across the substrate during processing, in response to electrical current driven by a power supply 180 through a power feedthrough in the substrate support assembly 100 .
  • the current supply 180 may be formed of any conventional power supply.
  • the power supply may, for example, comprise a single power source, a plurality of individual power sources, i.e. one for each thermoelectric module, or a plurality of power sources.
  • the power source(s) provide a direct current (“DC”) wherein the DC current is electrically connected to the thermoelectric module(s) 140 via terminal(s) (not shown) which can be supported in holes 166 in the base plate 170 of the substrate support assembly 100 (see FIG. 2A ).
  • the range of current supplied by the current supply may be controlled, for example, between 0-25 amperes, depending on the heat load of the semiconductor processing system.
  • An exemplary circuit arrangement for a thermoelectric system can be found in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,206,184, which is hereby incorporated in its entirety herein.
  • the solid state thermoelectric modules 140 control local temperatures of the substrate support assembly 100 , thereby controlling the temperature distribution across the substrate during processing. For example, by controlling the power, and direction of the current to the thermoelectric modules 140 , a desired temperature distribution can be established across the top plate 110 in order to provide desired processing conditions across the substrate during processing. Thus, a uniform or non-uniform temperature distribution may be maintained across the substrate during processing.
  • the power supply can be controlled to supply current at a sufficient level and for a period of time to achieve a desired temperature in a temperature control zone beneath the substrate.
  • the power supply can supply currents having the same value to all the thermoelectric modules in one or more temperature control zones beneath the substrate.
  • the currents supplied to each of thermoelectric modules may have different values, permitting dynamic temperature control of temperature control zones beneath the substrate wherein each temperature control zone is formed by a respective thermoelectric module.
  • the current supplied to a thermoelectric module arranged under the center of the top plate 110 may be different than the current supplied to a thermoelectric module arranged in an annular zone under an outer (edge) region of the top plate 110 , so that the substrate surface is heated or cooled by different amounts in the center and edge regions.
  • This dynamic temperature control compensates for differences in temperatures of the substrate surface at the center and the edge regions due to the semiconductor processing (e.g., plasma uniformity and RF uniformity), so that a desired temperature distribution across the substrate surface may be maintained during processing.
  • the ability of the thermoelectric modules to cool the substrate, which thereby cools the substrate surface expands the range of processing temperatures across the substrate which can be uniformly maintained (i.e., a temperature range of 0.5° C. or less) during processing of the substrate.
  • the thermal non-uniformity across the substrate also increases. This is because heat flux, even when completely uniform, passes through layers of material included in the substrate support assembly 100 which have non-uniform thicknesses.
  • controlling the temperature of the substrate with resistive heating elements demonstrates a linear increase in temperature non-uniformity of the substrate as the temperature of the substrate is increased, and further the resistive heating elements cannot operate at temperatures below the temperature of the base plate (line 701 ).
  • controlling the temperature with thermoelectric modules enables operation at temperatures above and below the base plate temperature wherein temperatures across the substrate can be uniformly maintained, thereby expanding the useful temperature range of the top plate (line 702 ).
  • the localized temperature of the top plate 110 in the vicinity of each thermoelectric module 140 can be controlled, thereby permitting the temperature on the substrate surface to be kept uniform. Because electrons may move quickly through the p-type and n-type semiconductor elements, the heating and cooling operations can be rapidly performed, providing faster response times and more uniform temperature control than substrate support assemblies utilizing gas pressure, large mass heat sinks, resistance heating plates, or the like. Additionally, due to the Peltier effect, substrates may be cooled to temperatures below the temperature of the base plate 170 .
  • the substrate support assembly may be divided into multiple zones of temperature control (i.e. a multizone substrate support assembly).
  • Such temperature control zones may be arranged such that they form concentric zones, radial zones, annular zones and/or azimuthally aligned zones.
  • the substrate support assembly 100 comprises four temperature control zones wherein three temperature control zones are concentrically arranged around a central temperature control zone.
  • a substrate support assembly 100 may be formed with four temperature control zones wherein a first center zone 105 is surrounded by three outer annular temperature zones 106 , 107 , 108 .
  • the substrate support assembly comprises 8 temperature control zones wherein 4 inner zones arranged in quadrants are surrounded by 4 outer zones arranged in quadrants. Examples of exemplary temperature control zone formations may be found in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,216,486, 7,718,932, and 7,161,121, which are hereby incorporated in their entirety herein.
  • FIGS. 2A , 2 B illustrate an embodiment of the base plate 170 of the substrate support assembly 100 wherein FIG. 2A illustrates a cross section of the base plate 170 and FIG. 2B illustrates a top down view of a portion the base plate 170 .
  • the base plate 170 is preferably formed from aluminum and has a central bore 172 .
  • the central bore 172 receives an RF power supply connection such that the base plate 170 can provide an RF bias on a substrate supported on the top plate 110 of the substrate support assembly 100 during processing of the substrate.
  • RF power can be supplied to the cover plate 160 , or to a conductive layer embedded within the top plate 110 via electrical feedthroughs suitable for carrying the necessary RF current.
  • the base plate 170 preferably can comprise an electrically conductive support plate 170 a , an electrically conductive cooling plate 170 b comprising fluid channels 171 disposed above the conductive support plate 170 a , and an electrically conductive thermoelectric plate 170 c disposed above the cooling plate 170 b .
  • the thermoelectric plate 170 c comprises a single cavity 142 wherein the cavity 142 is maintained at atmospheric pressure.
  • the cavity 142 is preferably defined by a cylindrical wall 50 which is located near an outer periphery of the thermoelectric plate 170 c .
  • upwardly extending bosses 55 are located within the cavity 142 wherein an upper insulating layer may be supported by the upwardly extending bosses 55 and the cylindrical wall 50 forming a vacuum seal thereon.
  • the upwardly extending bosses 55 have openings 165 configured to support lift pins and/or backside helium gas supplies.
  • the at least one thermoelectric module 140 is arranged within the cavity 142 formed in the upper surface of the thermoelectric plate 170 c wherein the cavity 142 is open to the atmosphere.
  • Holes 166 formed in the thermoelectric plate 170 c may be configured to house temperature probes or electrical feedthroughs wherein the holes 166 can expose the cavity 142 to the atmosphere such that the cavity 142 may be maintained at atmospheric pressure.
  • the substrate support assembly 100 has a thickness of about 1.5 inches.
  • the base plate components 170 a , 170 b , 170 c can have a combined thickness of about 1.2 to 1.3 inches.
  • the thermoelectric plate 170 c forms a step around the outer periphery wherein the step has a height of about 0.3 inch.
  • the base plate 170 preferably has an outer diameter of about 12 to 13 inches below the step formed in the thermoelectric plate 170 c and an outer diameter above the step of the thermoelectric plate 170 c is less than 12 inches, preferably of about 11.7 inches.
  • thermoelectric plate 170 c The at least one thermoelectric module (not shown) are arranged in the cavity 142 of the thermoelectric plate 170 c , wherein the thermoelectric plate 170 c has a thickness of about 0.3 to 0.4 inch and the cavity 142 in the upper surface of the thermoelectric plate 170 c has a depth of about 0.15 inch.
  • the cooling plate 170 b preferably has a thickness of about 0.5 to 0.6 inch and the support plate 170 a preferably has a thickness of about 0.3 to 0.4 inch.
  • the cooling plate 170 b and the support plate 170 a each have an outer diameter of about 12.6 inches.
  • the cover plate 160 can preferably be formed from an inner cover 160 a and an outer cover 160 b .
  • the cover plate 160 has a thickness of about 0.12 inch and the inner cover 160 a has an outer diameter of about 9.8 inches while the outer cover 160 b has an outer diameter of about 11.7 inches.
  • the top plate 110 preferably includes at least one electrostatic clamping electrode in a layer of dielectric material and has a thickness of about 0.1 inch and a diameter of about 11.7 inches.
  • the insulating layers 153 a,b preferably have a thickness of about 0.004 to 0.02 inch, e.g., flexible polyimide layers can have a thickness of about 0.004 inch whereas ceramic layers can have a thickness of about 0.02 inch.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a cross section of a thermoelectric module 140 (Peltier device) disposed between the base plate 170 and the cover plate 160 .
  • the junctions 152 connecting the alternating p-type and n-type semiconductor devices of the thermoelectric module 140 are attached to an insulating layer 153 a,b with an adhesive.
  • the junctions 152 are formed from an electrically conductive material such as aluminum or copper.
  • the insulating layers 153 a,b are of a flexible polyimide material possessing characteristics such as good thermal conductivity, strength and impact resistance, creep resistance, dimensional stability, radiation resistance, and chemical resistance on upper and lower surfaces of the thermoelectric modules 140 .
  • the insulating layers 153 a,b are formed from polyimide material, but alternatively the insulating layers 153 a,b may be formed from a flexible polyamide material or are ceramic.
  • the polyimide layers 153 a,b provide electrical isolation and a flexible supporting surface to absorb strain on the thermoelectric modules 140 induced by temperature changes.
  • the thermoelectric modules 140 including the insulating layers 153 a,b are adhered to the base plate 170 and the cover plate 160 with adhesive layers 154 .
  • the adhesive adhering the insulating layer 153 a to the base plate 170 is an epoxy
  • the adhesive adhering the insulating layer 153 b to the cover plate 160 is silicone.
  • An exemplary thermoelectric module with upper and lower polyimide films is manufactured by KELK Ltd., a wholly owned subsidiary of Komatsu Ltd and can be found in U.S. Published Application No. 2013/0098068, incorporated herein by reference.
  • FIG. 5A illustrates a graph of temperature vs. time for a comparative multizone substrate support assembly having multizone resistance heaters over a base plate maintained at a constant temperature, represented by straight lines 605 , and a multizone substrate support assembly comprising thermoelectric modules, represented by the dotted lines 600 .
  • the multizone substrate support assembly comprising thermoelectric modules can achieve similar results with a power of 2000 W in each temperature zone as the comparative multizone substrate support assembly with a power of 2500 W.
  • the multizone substrate support assembly comprising thermoelectric modules can increase the temperature of the support surface and in turn the substrate from about 30° C. to about 80° C. in about 60 seconds.
  • the substrate support assembly comprising the thermoelectric modules can have a temperature transition rate of about 1.3° C.
  • the substrate support assembly comprising the thermoelectric modules can achieve greater cooling temperature ranges.
  • the cooling function of the substrate support assembly comprising the thermoelectric modules can maintain temperatures of about ⁇ 20° C. with about a 1000 W heat load (the base plate maintained at about ⁇ 10° C.) and can maintain temperatures of about 40° C. with a 2500 W heat load.
  • the comparative substrate support assembly operates at about 20° C. with 1000 W heat load and about 70° C. with a 2500 W heat load.
  • the at least one thermoelectric module 140 is arranged in the cavity 142 in the upper surface of the base plate 170 , and is enclosed within the cavity 142 of the base plate 170 by the cover plate 160 wherein an insulating layer 153 b bonded to the cover plate 160 forms a vacuum seal with the base plate 170 .
  • at least four thermoelectric modules are in the cavity 142 of the base plate 170 wherein the at least four thermoelectric modules are arranged so as to form four temperature control zones in the substrate support assembly 100 .
  • thermoelectric module can be arranged to form a respective first circular zone
  • second thermoelectric module can be arranged to form a respective second annular zone
  • third thermoelectric module can be arranged to form a respective third annular zone
  • fourth thermoelectric module can be arranged to form a respective fourth annular zone.
  • Maintaining the at least one thermoelectric module in the internal space between the base plate 170 and the cover plate 160 of the substrate support assembly 100 at atmospheric pressure may reduce the risk for parasitic plasma discharge and arcing since the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the physical gaps between thermoelectric pairs are ideal for glow discharge at the operating pressures of plasma processing.
  • maintaining the cavity containing the thermoelectric modules at atmospheric pressure may reduce operating costs due to additional pumping facilities required to evacuate the chamber pressure during operation of the plasma processing apparatus.
  • maintaining the thermoelectric module cavities at atmospheric pressure while the vacuum chamber of the plasma processing chamber is operating may lead to bowing of the cover plate 160 , thereby bowing the top plate 110 . Therefore, the cover plate 160 is preferably thick enough to account for the pressure differentials found in the vacuum chamber atmosphere and the internal space of the substrate support assembly 100 .
  • the cover plate 160 has a thickness of about 0.5 to 4 mm. In some embodiments it is preferred that the cover plate 160 be separated into two pieces, an inner cover plate 160 a and an outer annular cover ring 160 b , such that strain due to thermal expansion and contraction may be reduced on the underlying substrate support assembly 100 elements such as the at least one thermoelectric module 140 .
  • the orientation of the thermoelectric modules and the number of thermoelectric modules in the substrate support assembly 100 can be selected to achieve the desired temperature distribution across the substrate. For example, for processing a substrate from which a large number of small device dies are desired, a greater number of thermoelectric modules can be used to achieve a highly uniform temperature across the temperature control zones created by the thermoelectric modules.
  • the number of thermoelectric modules may, for example, be in the range of from 1 to 1000, or even greater as substrate sizes increase.
  • the semiconductor elements which make up the at least one thermoelectric module 140 have a height of about 2.5 to 4.5 mm, more preferably about 3.0 to 3.5 mm, and the spacing between the p-type and n-type semiconductor elements are in the range of about 1.0 to 2.0 millimeters, more preferably about 1.5 mm.
  • FIG. 6A , B illustrate further embodiments of a base plate 170 of a temperature controlled substrate support assembly 100 .
  • the base plate 170 may be formed from aluminum, copper, pyrolytic graphite encased in aluminum, or other high thermal conductivity material, and comprises a single cavity 142 in an upper surface of the base plate 170 to house the at least one thermoelectric module 140 .
  • the cavity 142 is defined by a cylindrical wall 50 which is located near an outer periphery of the base plate 170 .
  • the base plate 170 acts as a heat sink by circulating a heat transfer medium at a constant temperature through fluid channels 171 in the base plate 170 and localized temperatures of the substrate are controlled by the at least one thermoelectric module 140 .
  • the fluid channels 171 are preferably configured for supplying a coolant or a temperature controlled gas such that the base plate 170 may act as a heat sink.
  • the base plate 170 may be cooled with a gas such as air, He, N 2 or the like or liquid cooled with deionized water (DI), dielectric liquid such as FLUORINERT® or the like.
  • DI deionized water
  • the base plate 170 includes heat transfer pipes 173 , wherein vertical holes may be drilled into the lower surface of the cavity 142 and heat transfer pipes 173 may be inserted such that an upper surface of each heat transfer pipe 173 is flush with the upper surface of the base plate 170 within the cavity 142 .
  • An exemplary heat transfer pipe that can be used is a tubular heat-pipe, which is commercially available from CRS Engineering Limited of Hadston, United Kingdom.
  • the heat transfer pipes 173 can be used to increase thermal conduction between the at least one thermoelectric module in the cavity 142 and the fluid channels 171 of the base plate 170 , thereby improving the cooling capacity of the substrate support assembly 100 .
  • the heat transfer pipes 173 are preferably formed from a metal such as stainless steel or high purity copper with or without a plain copper surface finish or plating of tin, nickel, brass, silver, chromium or gold, and have an outer diameter of about 1 to 12 mm, and preferably an outer diameter of about 1 to 3 mm.
  • the heat transfer pipes 173 have a length of about 7 to 20 mm and more preferably a length of about 10 to 15 mm.
  • Each heat transfer pipe 173 operates with an anti-gravity wicking system wherein a liquid is evaporated at a first end of the tube, condenses back to a liquid at the second end of the tube, and returns to the first end via capillary action in a porous lining.
  • Each heat transfer pipe 173 is mounted in the base plate with a condensation side at a lower end thereof and an evaporation side at an upper end thereof.
  • the evaporation and condensation of the fluid within the heat transfer pipes 173 operates via capillary action to overcome the gravitational tendency of the fluid which increases the thermal conduction between the at least one thermoelectric module in the upper surface of the base plate 170 and the fluid channels 171 .
  • the fluid can be water or the like when the base plate 170 is operating at ambient temperatures, or the fluid can be ammonia, ethanol, or the like when the base plate 170 is operating at temperatures at less than about 0° C. Details of a heat transfer pipe can be found in U.S. Published Application No. 2006/0207750, which is incorporated by reference herein.
  • the base plate 170 includes an array of the heat transfer pipes 173 wherein the number and arrangement of heat transfer pipes are based upon the individual cooling capacity of each heat transfer pipe 173 .
  • the heat transfer pipes 173 are disposed between fluid channels 171 wherein each condensation side 173 a of the heat transfer pipes 173 is located at about the midpoint of each fluid channel 171 .
  • the heat transfer pipes 173 are disposed above the fluid channels 171 .
  • the base plate 170 helps cut down on the power requirement to control the heat load on the upper side of the thermoelectric control system.
  • FIG. 6C illustrates a further embodiment of a base plate 170 of a temperature controlled substrate support assembly 100 .
  • the base plate 170 preferably can comprise an electrically conductive cooling plate 185 a comprising fluid channels 171 and heat transfer pipes 173 wherein an upper surface of each heat transfer pipe 173 is flush with an upper surface of the cooling plate 185 a .
  • An electrically conductive heat transfer plate 185 b is disposed above the electrically conductive cooling plate 185 a
  • an electrically conductive thermoelectric plate 185 c is disposed above the heat transfer plate 185 b .
  • the electrically conductive heat transfer plate 185 b is preferably formed of aluminum or a like material and configured to uniformly distribute heat between the cooling plate 185 a and the thermoelectric plate 185 c .
  • the thermoelectric plate 185 c comprises a single cavity 142 wherein the cavity 142 is maintained at atmospheric pressure.
  • the cavity 142 is preferably defined by a cylindrical wall 50 which is located near an outer periphery of the thermoelectric plate 185 c .
  • Preferably upwardly extending bosses 55 are located within the cavity 142 wherein an upper insulating layer may be supported by the upwardly extending bosses 55 and the cylindrical wall 50 forming a vacuum seal thereon.
  • the upwardly extending bosses 55 have openings 165 configured to support lift pins and/or backside helium gas supplies.
  • the at least one thermoelectric module 140 is arranged within the cavity 142 formed in the upper surface of the thermoelectric plate 185 c wherein the cavity 142 is open to the atmosphere via openings in a bottom of the plate 185 c.
  • FIG. 6D illustrates a further embodiment of a base plate 170 of a temperature controlled substrate support assembly 100 wherein the base plate 170 includes heat transfer pipes 173 .
  • the base plate 170 comprises a single cavity 142 in an upper surface thereof to house the thermoelectric modules 140 wherein the cavity 142 is defined by a cylindrical wall 50 which is located near an outer periphery of the base plate 170 .
  • a heat transfer sheet 508 is located on a lower surface of the cavity 142 .
  • Each evaporation side of each heat transfer pipe 173 is attached to the heat transfer sheet 508 wherein the heat transfer sheet 508 expands the effective surface area of each heat transfer pipe 173 thereby increasing heat transfer between the thermoelectric modules 140 and the fluid channels 171 .
  • the heat transfer sheet 508 has high thermal conductivity and is preferably formed from aluminum, copper, pryolytic graphite, or aluminum coated pyrolytic graphite.
  • the heat transfer sheet 508 may be segmented, such that each segment of the heat transfer sheet 508 is attached to a respective heat transfer pipe 173 , or alternatively, each segment of the heat transfer sheet 508 is attached to a group of respective heat transfer pipes 173 .
  • a controller 195 may be used to control the currents supplied by the current supply 180 .
  • the controller may control the currents based on statistical data concerning the temperature distribution of a substrate. In this case, the controller controls the current supply to supply constant currents that are set in advance.
  • the controller may control the currents in response to sensed temperature information obtained during processing of a substrate.
  • the sensed temperature information may be obtained, from a sensor 190 such as one or more thermocouples or an infrared (IR) camera.
  • the sensors 190 sense the temperature across the substrate surface during processing. Based on the sensed temperature information, the controller 195 adjusts the direction and power of currents supplied to the thermoelectric modules 140 by the current supply, thus providing real time substrate temperature control.
  • a method of processing a substrate in a semiconductor processing apparatus wherein the substrate is supported on a top plate of a temperature controlled substrate support assembly in a vacuum processing chamber.
  • the method comprises controlling temperatures of respective portions of the top plate by supplying current to at least one thermoelectric module in heat transfer contact with the top plate while processing the substrate.
  • the process comprises plasma etching the substrate.
  • the method also comprises controlling the current to control the temperature of the top plate surface and to provide a desired temperature distribution across the substrate.

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TW103119267A TWI633622B (zh) 2013-06-03 2014-06-03 溫度控制基板支撐組件
KR1020140067723A KR20140142177A (ko) 2013-06-03 2014-06-03 온도 제어형 기판 지지 어셈블리
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TWI633622B (zh) 2018-08-21
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