US20070027076A1 - Use of fumaric acid derivatives for treating cardiac insufficiency, and asthma - Google Patents

Use of fumaric acid derivatives for treating cardiac insufficiency, and asthma Download PDF

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US20070027076A1
US20070027076A1 US10/571,241 US57124106A US2007027076A1 US 20070027076 A1 US20070027076 A1 US 20070027076A1 US 57124106 A US57124106 A US 57124106A US 2007027076 A1 US2007027076 A1 US 2007027076A1
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fumaric acid
monoalkyl
fumarates
monoamido
compounds
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Rajendra Joshi
Hans-Peter Strebel
Christian Zaugg
Michael Tamm
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Biogen International GmbH
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Fumapharm AG
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Priority claimed from DE10360869A external-priority patent/DE10360869A1/de
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Assigned to FUMAPHARM AG reassignment FUMAPHARM AG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: ZAUGG, CHRISTIAN, TAMM, MICHAEL, STREBEL, HANS-PETER, JOSHI, RAJENDRA K.
Publication of US20070027076A1 publication Critical patent/US20070027076A1/en
Priority to US12/884,573 priority Critical patent/US8980832B2/en
Priority to US14/656,505 priority patent/US20160030374A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
    • A61K31/225—Polycarboxylic acids
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/185—Acids; Anhydrides, halides or salts thereof, e.g. sulfur acids, imidic, hydrazonic or hydroximic acids
    • A61K31/19—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid
    • A61K31/195—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group
    • A61K31/197—Carboxylic acids, e.g. valproic acid having an amino group the amino and the carboxyl groups being attached to the same acyclic carbon chain, e.g. gamma-aminobutyric acid [GABA], beta-alanine, epsilon-aminocaproic acid or pantothenic acid
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/21—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates
    • A61K31/215—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids
    • A61K31/22—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin
    • A61K31/23—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin of acids having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms
    • A61K31/231—Esters, e.g. nitroglycerine, selenocyanates of carboxylic acids of acyclic acids, e.g. pravastatin of acids having a carboxyl group bound to a chain of seven or more carbon atoms having one or two double bonds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/56—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids
    • A61K31/57—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone
    • A61K31/573—Compounds containing cyclopenta[a]hydrophenanthrene ring systems; Derivatives thereof, e.g. steroids substituted in position 17 beta by a chain of two carbon atoms, e.g. pregnane or progesterone substituted in position 21, e.g. cortisone, dexamethasone, prednisone or aldosterone
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P11/00—Drugs for disorders of the respiratory system
    • A61P11/06—Antiasthmatics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
    • A61P9/10—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system for treating ischaemic or atherosclerotic diseases, e.g. antianginal drugs, coronary vasodilators, drugs for myocardial infarction, retinopathy, cerebrovascula insufficiency, renal arteriosclerosis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of fumaric acid derivatives for preparing a drug for treating cardiac insufficiency, and asthma.
  • Fumaric acid dialkyl esters and fumaric acid monoalkyl esters and salts thereof have been successfully used for treating psoriasis for a long time. The use has been described in a number of patents, cf. e.g. DE 25 30 372, DE 26 21 214 or EP-B-0 312 697.
  • fumaric acid mono- and diesters for treating autoimmune diseases such as e.g. polyarthritis or multiple sclerosis (cf. DE 197 21 099.6 and DE 198 53 487.6), but also for use in transplantation medicine (cf. DE 198 53 487.6 and DE 198 39 566.3) has been described.
  • the use of fumaric acid mono- and diesters for treating NFkappaB-mediated diseases as well as the treatment of mitochondrial diseases and/or as NFkappaB inhibitor is known from DE 101 01 307.8 and DE 100 00 577.2. All mentioned publications describe fumaric acid mono- and diesters, optionally in the form of certain salts.
  • fumaric acid mono- and diamides for treating said indications is known from DE 101 33 004.9. These amides are formed with amino acids and preferably with specific peptides. Finally, fumaric acid oligomers and their use for treating said diseases are known from DE 102 17 314.1.
  • a paroxysmal, marked respiratory distress is understood by asthma (bronchial asthma) from which approx. 4 to 5% of the population of the industrial nations are suffering, there being an upward tendency.
  • This respiratory distress is based on a variable and reversible obstruction of the respiratory tract due to a hyperreactive bronchial system, which is triggered by exogenic and/endogenic stimuli. These include chemical or physical provocative factors, infections, physical effort and/or emotional factors.
  • secondary diseases such as a chronic bronchitis, a pulmonary emphysema, bronchiectases, atelectases or a pulmonary heart disease or a respiratory cardiac insufficiency usually occur.
  • asthma cardiale may result in respiratory distress due to increased congestion in the lesser circulation in the case of a left ventricular insufficiency.
  • beta-2 sympathomimetics corticosteroids, parasympatholytics, theophylline, anti-inflammatory agents and anti-allergic agents are, for instance, administered in the drug treatment of and/or for alleviating asthma, in addition to the still proven means of just avoiding the triggering stimulus.
  • asthma seems to be characterized by an increased activity of Th2 lymphocytes in the lung, which, in turn, results in an increased release of some Th2 cytokines which, ultimately, gives rise to the known features of asthma such as IgE isotype switching, mucus production and recruitment and activation of eosinophils.
  • Th2 cytokines seem to result in the differentiation of further Th2 cells through the signal transduction pathway known as JAK-STAT, from which a self-enhancing circle results.
  • JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway
  • JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway is a pathway for transmitting information to be transmitted by signal peptides such as e.g. cytokines to the interior of the cell and/or the nucleus.
  • signal peptides such as e.g. cytokines
  • Signal transduction takes place through STAT proteins that are present in the cytoplasm and are at first inactive; 7 different STAT proteins are know in man.
  • these STAT proteins are quickly activated by means of phosphorylation, e.g. by means of the Janus kinase. Phosphorylation results in the homo- or heterodimerization of the STAT proteins, the dimers being rapidly transported into the nucleus, where they bond to a target promoter and drastically enhance the transcription rate of this promoter.
  • stress insufficiency stress insufficiency
  • rest insufficiency already at rest
  • the insufficiency may occur as a pure left ventricular or right ventricular insufficiency, but may as well affect both ventricles.
  • cardiac insufficiency can be attributed to various causes in terms of etiology, above all to inflammatory and degenerative changes of the myocardium and endocardium, coronary circulatory disorders, myocardial infarction and injuries. Subsequently, cardiac insufficiency results in changes in the peripheral circulation, breathing disorders, in particular cardiac asthma, renal insufficiency and disorders of the electrolyte metabolism and edemas and a reduced functional capacity of the skeletal muscles.
  • HEGGLIN syndrome II excitomotoric cardiac insufficiency, cardiac insufficiency as a result of cardiac arrythmics, hypoxemic, latent, primary, compensated, relative or stress insufficiency and/or left ventricular insufficiency.
  • contraction-promoting substances are used for the drug treatment of cardiac insufficiency, glycosides (above all digoxin and digitoxin) being still used today for treating the chronic forms.
  • vasodilators nitro-compounds and dihydralazine, alpha blockers, calcium antagonists and above all ACE inhibitors
  • ACE inhibitors are most important for long-term treatment.
  • diuretics are used. Acute forms are treated with catecholamines, possibly also with amrinone.
  • the present object is attained by the use of fumaric acid derivatives for preparing pharmaceuticals or pharmaceutical preparations for treating asthma and/or cardiac insufficiency, in particular in man.
  • the invention relates to the use of fumaric acid derivatives selected from the group consisting of dialkyl fumarates, monoalkyl hydrogen fumarates, fumaric acid monoalkyl ester salts, fumaric acid monoamides, monoamido fumaric acid salts, fumaric acid diamides, monoalkyl monoamido fumarates, carbocyclic and oxacarbocyclic oligomers of these compounds and mixtures thereof for preparing a pharmaceutical preparation for the treatment or prevention of cardiac insufficiency, in particular left ventricular insufficiency, myocardial infarction and angina pectoris.
  • fumaric acid derivatives selected from the group consisting of dialkyl fumarates, monoalkyl hydrogen fumarates, fumaric acid monoalkyl ester salts, fumaric acid monoamides, monoamido fumaric acid salts, fumaric acid diamides, monoalkyl monoamido fumarates, carbocyclic and
  • the invention relates to the use of fumaric acid derivatives, selected from the group consisting of dialkyl fumarates, monoalkyl hydrogen fumarates, fumaric acid monoalkyl ester salts, fumaric acid monoamides, monoamido fumaric acid salts, fumaric acid diamides, monoalkyl monoamido fumarates, carbocyclic and oxacarbocyclic oligomers of these compounds and mixtures thereof for preparing a pharmaceutical prepration for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, especially asthma caused by allergies, infections, analgesics, job conditions or physical effort, mixed forms of asthma, or asthma cardiale.
  • fumaric acid derivatives selected from the group consisting of dialkyl fumarates, monoalkyl hydrogen fumarates, fumaric acid monoalkyl ester salts, fumaric acid monoamides, monoamido fumaric acid salts, fumaric acid diamides, monoalkyl monoamid
  • the present invention likewise concerns a method for inhibiting 3 H-thymidine uptake by bronchial smooth muscle cells, and a method of inhibiting proliferation of these cells as described below and in the appending claims.
  • the present invention finally concerns the use of the above fumaric acid derivatives for inhibiting the PDGF induced STAT1 activation
  • FIG. 1 is a bar chart which shows the extent of infarctions after administration of DMF, ischemia and for controls.
  • FIG. 2 shows the percentage inhibition of PDGF-induced 3 H-thymidine incorporation in bronchial smooth muscle cells, when DMF is added.
  • FIG. 3 is a bar chart showing percentage of cell proliferation of bronchial smooth muscle cells upon PDGF stimulation in the absence or presence of DMF and/or dexamethasone.
  • FIG. 4 is a bar chart showing left ventricular enddiastolic diameters on Dahl rats before and after 8 weeks of high salt diet in the absence and presence of DMF.
  • the present invention relates to the use of fumaric acid derivatives for preparing a pharmaceutical preparation for treating asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases in general.
  • this asthma is caused by allergies, infections, analgesics, job conditions or physical effort, particularly preferred asthma cardiale.
  • the invention also relates to the use of fumaric acid derivatives for preparing a pharmaceutical preparation for treating or preventing cardiac insufficiency, myocardial infarction and angina pectoris.
  • the cardiac insufficiency concerned may be any type of cardiac insufficiency regardless of its form and/or etiology.
  • cardiac insufficiency to be treated according to the invention are acute cardiac insufficiency, energetic cardiac insufficiency, energetic-dynamic cardiac insufficiency and hypodynamic cardiac insufficiency, also called HEGGLIN syndrome II, excitomotor cardiac insufficiency, cardiac insufficiency as a result of cardiac irregularities, hypoxemic, latent, primary, compensated, decompensated, relative or stress insufficiency and/or left ventricular insufficiency most preferably, left ventricular insufficiency.
  • the compositions are also effective in preventing these illnesses and/or myocordial infarctions, including first, second or further infarctions.
  • the fumaric acid derivatives to be used according to the invention may be one or several selected from the group consisting of dialkyl fumarates (fumaric acid dialkyl esters, respectively), monoalkyl hydrogen fumarates (fumaric acid monoalkyl esters, respectively), monoalkyl ester fumaric acid salts (fumaric acid monoalkyl ester salts, respectively) of physiologically acceptable cations, in particular alkaline or alkaline earth metal cations or transition metal cations such as Li + , Na + , K + , NH 4 + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , and Zn 2+ , fumaric acid monoamides and fumaric acid diamides and their salts, carbocyclic and oxacarbocyclic oligomers of these compounds and mixtures thereof.
  • the fumaric acid derivative is selected from the group consisting of optionally substituted fumaric acid dialkyl esters and fumaric acid monoalkyl esters in the form of the free acid or its salts and mixtures thereof.
  • dialkyl fumarate is dimethyl fumarate, diethyl fumarate and/or methyl ethyl fumarate.
  • an alkyl group is to be understood as a saturated or unsaturated, straight-chain, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon group having 1 to 24 carbon atoms according to the invention, which may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents.
  • the alkyl group is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, cyclopentyl, 2-ethylhexyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, heptyl, cycloheptyl, octyl, vinyl, allyl, 2-hydroxy ethyl, 2-hydroxy propyl, 3-hydroxy propyl, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl, 2-methoxy ethyl, methoxy methyl, 2-methoxy propyl, 3-methoxy propyl or 2,3-dimethoxy propyl.
  • an aryl group is to be understood as an optionally substituted aryl, alkyl substituted aryl or aralkyl group having 5 to 20 carbon atoms, preferably an aryl, alkyl substituted aryl or aralkyl group having 6 to 10 carbon atoms.
  • exemplary groups are phenyl, benzyl, phenethyl, methyl phenyl, ethyl phenyl, propyl phenyl and butyl phenyl, t-butyl phenyl, phenyl and benzyl being especially preferred.
  • the substituents of said groups are preferably selected from the group consisting of halogen (F, Cl, Br, I), hydroxy, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1 -4 alkyl, nitro and cyano.
  • Fumaric acid monoalkyl esters of the formula (II) as they are described in DE 197 21 099.6 can also be advantageously used, wherein R 1 is as defined above, A is hydrogen, an alkaline or alkaline earth metal cation or a physiologically acceptable transition metal cation, preferably selected from Li + , Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Zn 2+ , Fe 2+ , and Mn 2+ , and n equals 1 or 2 and corresponds to the valence of A.
  • Exemplary compounds of the formulae (I) and (II) are fumaric acid dimethyl ester, fumaric acid diethyl ester, fumaric acid methyl ethyl ester, methyl hydrogen fumarate, ethyl hydrogen fumarate, calcium methyl fumarate, calcium ethyl fumarate, magnesium methyl fumarate, magnesium ethyl fumarate, zinc methyl fumarate, zinc ethyl fumarate, iron methyl fumarate and iron ethyl fumarate. They can be used individually or as mixtures.
  • the fumaric acid amides to be used according to the invention are those described in DE 101 33 004.9. They correspond to the general formula (III)
  • the side chain of a natural or synthetic amino acid is typically a side chain selected from the group consisting of the side chains of Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Trp, Phe, Met, Tyr, Thr, Cys, Asn, Gln, Asp, Glu, Lys, Arg, His, Citrulline, Hcy, Hse, Hyp, Hyl, Orn, Sar, and Me-Gly.
  • the side chains of Gly, Ala, Val, Ile, Leu, and Me-Gly are preferred.
  • R a is an L amino acid radical —NH—CHR 4 —COOH
  • R b is an L-amino acid radical —NH—CHR 5 —COOH
  • R 4 and R 5 may be the same or different. More preferably, R 4 and R 5 are the same. Most preferably R a and R b each are glycine.
  • R a may be the radical —OR 3
  • R b may be an L-amino acid radical —NH—CHR 5 —COOH or a peptide radical, R 5 having the meaning indicated above.
  • the fumaric acid derivative is a monoalkyl monoamido fumarate.
  • the peptide radical is bonded via an amide bond and has 2 to 100, preferably 2 to 30, most preferably 2 to 15 amino acids, which may be the same or different.
  • the peptide radical R b is most preferably selected from the group consisting of peptide hormones, growth factors, cytokines, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, antibody fragments, coagulation factors and cyclosporines and derivatives and fragments thereof.
  • R a is methoxy or ethoxy and R b is Gly, Ala, Val, He, Leu and Me-Gly.
  • the fumaric acid amides as defined above can be used individually or in admixture or also in mixture with the fumaric acid monoalkyl or dialkyl esters defined above.
  • carbocyclic or oxacarbocyclic fumaric acid oligomers can also be used as they are described in DE 102 17 314.1. They contain 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 6 and most preferably 2 to 3 units derived from fumaric acid and/or its esters and/or amides as defined above as repetitive units.
  • these fumaric acid oligomers are preferably obtained by means of the (olefinic) polymerization of the C—C double bonds (for the carbocyclic oligomers) and/or the C—C double bonds and the carbonyl oxygens of the units (for the oxacarbocyclic oligomers).
  • the units derived from the fumaric acid are derived from monomers selected from the group consisting of fumaric acid and the dialkyl fumarates, monoalkyl hydrogen fumarates, fumaric acid monoamides, fumaric acid diamides, monoalkyl monoamido fumarates and their salts and mixtures thereof, which are defined above.
  • the oligomer only contains units derived from one or two monomers. Most preferably, the oligomer exclusively contains identical monomer units.
  • the carbocyclic oligomers are composed of the units derived from the fumaric acid in such a way that the units are bonded to the carbon atoms 2 and 3 of the fumaric acid backbone by means of covalent C—C bonds in such a way that a carbocyclic oligomer is formed.
  • the oligomer backbone comprises an even number of carbon atoms and does not contain any other monomers and/or heteroatoms. This backbone is substituted at each carbon atom with one of the carboxylic acid and/or carboxylic acid amide groups of the fumaric acid monomer unit(s), from which it is built up.
  • the oxacarboxylic oligomers are composed of the fumaric acid monomers in such a way that the units are bonded to each other at the carbon atoms 1 and 3 via ether bridges. At the same time, the ethylenic unsaturation of the atoms C 2 and C 3 is shifted to C 1 and C 2 .
  • the ring contains polyoxypropene units in the case of the oxacarboxyclic oligomers according to the invention.
  • oligomer used herein relates to a number of at least two fumaric acid monomer units.
  • the carboxyclic fumaric acid oligomer contains 2 to 10, preferably 2 to 6 and most preferably 2 to 3 units derived from fumaric acid.
  • the carboxylic acid and/or carboxylic acid amide groups as substituents of the cycle are all in a transposition to each other.
  • a carbocyclic fumaric acid oligomer corresponding to the following formula (IVa) is used, wherein the radicals R c and R d are the same or different and are selected among amine radicals (—NR 1 R 2 ), amino acid radicals —NH—C(COOH)—R 5 , peptide radicals having 2 to 100 amino acids, alkoxy radicals (—OR 1 ) and a hydroxyl radical, R 1 , R 2 and R 5 being as defined above and n being an integer from 2 to 10 inclusive, preferably 2 to 6 inclusive.
  • the radicals R c and R d are the same or different and are selected among amine radicals (—NR 1 R 2 ), amino acid radicals —NH—C(COOH)—R 5 , peptide radicals having 2 to 100 amino acids, alkoxy radicals (—OR 1 ) and a hydroxyl radical, R 1 , R 2 and R 5 being as defined above and n being an integer from 2 to 10 inclusive, preferably 2 to 6 inclusive
  • the radicals R c and R d each are independently an alkoxyl or hydroxyl radical, R c and R d not meaning hydroxyl at the same time with the greatest preference.
  • the monomer(s) is (are) preferably one or several monoalkyl hydrogen fumarate(s).
  • both radicals R c and R d may represent an alkoxy radical —OR 1 which, still more preferred, is identical.
  • the monomer(s) is (are) dialkyl fumarates.
  • the r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-tetrakis(methoxy carbonyl) cyclobutane or the r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4,c-5,t-6-hexa(alkoxy carbonyl)cyclohexane preferably the r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4-tetrakis(methoxy carbonyl)cyclobutane and/or the r-1,t-2,c-3,t-4c-5,t-6-hexa(methoxy carbonyl)cyclohexane is used according to this embodiment.
  • the oxacarbocylic oligomer of the formula (IVb): is used, wherein R 1 and R 2 are as defined above and n is an integer from 2 to 10 inclusive, more preferably 2 to 6 inclusive.
  • the fumaric acid derivatives to be used according to the invention can be prepared according to known processes as they are e.g. described in DE 197 21 099.6, DE 101 33 004.9 or DE 102 17 314.1. The content of these publications is incorporated herein by reference.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation may be present in a form suitable for oral, rectal, transdermal, dermal, ophthalmological, nasal, pulmonary or parenteral application.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation is suited for oral administration. It may then be present in the form of tablets, coated tablets, capsules, granulate, solutions for drinking, liposomes, nano-particles, nano-capsules, micro-capsules, micro-tablets, pellets or powders and in the form of granulate filled in capsules or sachets, micro-tablets filled in capsules or sachets, pellets filled in capsules or sachets, nano-particles filled in capsules or sachets or powder filled in capsules or sachets.
  • the drug is present in the form of nano-particles, pellets or micro-tablets, which may optionally be filled in sachets or capsules.
  • all solid oral dosage forms may be provided with an enteric coating. It may e.g. be applied onto the tablets, micro-tablets, pellets, etc., but may also be applied onto the capsules that contain them.
  • the oral pharmaceutical forms according to the invention may basically be prepared according to the classic compaction method and also by direct compaction and as solid dispersions according to the melting method or by means of the spray drying method.
  • an enteric coating can be poured or sprayed in portions onto the tablet cores in a classic coating pan or applied by means of a fluidized-bed apparatus according to known processes. Subsequently, after drying has been completed, a film coat can be applied in the same apparatus.
  • the fumaric acid derivatives for preparing the pharmaceutical preparations according to the invention are used in such an amount that this pharmaceutical preparation contains an amount of one or more fumaric acid derivative(s) per dosage unit which corresponds and/or is equivalent to an amount of 1 to 500 mg; preferably 10 to 300 mg, and mostly preferred 10 to 200 mg fumaric acid.
  • the preparation is present in a form suitable for this.
  • All customary liquid carriers suitable for the injection can be used.
  • the drug to be produced according to the invention can contain the following individually or in admixture: 10 to 500 mg dialkyl fumarate, in particular dimethyl fumarate and/or diethyl fumarate, 10 to 500 mg calcium alkyl fumarate, in particular calcium methyl fumarate and/or calcium ethyl fumarate, 0 to 250 mg zinc alkyl fumarate, in particular zinc methyl fumarate and/or zinc ethyl fumarate, 0 to 250 mg alkyl hydrogen fumarate, in particular methyl hydrogen fumarate and/or ethyl hydrogen fumarate and 0 to 250 mg magnesium alkyl fumarate, in particular magnesium methyl fumarate and/or magnesium ethyl fumarate, the sum of said amounts corresponding to an equivalent of 1 to 500 mg, preferably 10 to 300 mg and most preferred 10 to 200 mg fumaric acid.
  • Preparations according to the invention that are used with special preference contain exclusively dimethyl fumarate in an amount of 10 to 300 mg.
  • the pharmaceutical preparation is present in the form of micro-tablets or pellets. They have preferably a size and/or a mean diameter of ⁇ 5000 micrometers, preferably 300 to 2500 micrometers, in particular 300 to 1000 micrometers for pellets and 1000 to 2500 micrometers for micro-tablets. Due to the administration of the fumaric acid derivatives in the form of micro-tablets, which is preferred according to the invention, gastrointestinal irritations and/or side effects which cannot be excluded in the administration of conventional single unit dose tablets can be further reduced.
  • micro-tablets preferably enteric coated micro-tablets
  • the micro-tablets already are already distributed in the stomach and thus get into the intestine boluswise, where the active substances are released in locally smaller doses with the entire dosage being the same. Due to this, the local irritation of the epithelial cells of the intestine can be avoided, the better gastrointestinal tolerance of the micro-tablets as compared with conventional tablets resulting from this.
  • the active ingredient is added to the entire powder mixture, mixed, homogenized by means of a sieve 200 and processed with a 2% aqueous solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP, Kollidon® 25) in the usual manner into binder granules, and then mixed with the outer phase in a dry state.
  • PVP polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • the latter consists of 2 kg of a so-called FST complex containing 80% of talcum, 10% of silicic acid and 10% of magnesium stearate.
  • the mixture is pressed into convex tablets with a weight of 400 mg and a diameter of 10.0 mm by the usual method.
  • other methods such as direct compaction or solid dispersions according to the melting method and the spray drying method may also be used for preparing tablets.
  • HPMCP hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate
  • a solvent mixture consisting of 2.50 l of demineralized water, 13 l of acetone Ph. Helv. VII and 13 l of ethanol (94% by weight) and then 0.240 kg of castor oil (Ph. Eur. II) is added to the solution.
  • the solution is poured or sprayed in portions onto the tablet cores in a coating pan in a conventional manner.
  • the film coating is subsequently applied.
  • Said coating consists of a solution of Eudragit® E 12.5% 4.8 kg, talcum Ph. Eur. II 0.34 kg, titanium(VI) oxide Cronus RN 56® 0.52 kg, coloured lacquer ZLT-2 blue Siegle) 0.21 kg, and polyethylene glycol 6000 Ph. Helv. VII 0.12 kg in a solvent mixture of 8.2 kg of 2-propanol Ph. Helv. VII, 0.06 kg of glycerine triacetate (Triacetin®) and 0.2 kg of demineralized water. Homogenous distribution in the coating pan or the fluidized bed, is followed by drying and polishing in the usual manner.
  • the entire powder mixture is processed in the usual manner into a binder granulate and mixed with the outer phase in the dried state.
  • Said outer phase consists of 0.35 kg of colloidal silicic acid (Aerosil®), 0.5 kg of magnesium stearate and 1.5 kg of talcum Ph. Helv. VII.
  • the homogeneous mixture is then filled in portions of 500.0 mg into appropriate capsules which are then provided with an enteric (gastric-acid resistant) coating consisting of hydroxy propyl ethyl cellulose phthalate and castor oil as softening agent in a customary fashion.
  • the entire powder mixture is added to the active ingredient mixture, homogenized by means of a 200 sieve, and processed in the usual manner with a 2% aqueous solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (Kollidon K25) to obtain a binder granulate and mixed in a dry state with the outer phase that consists of 0.5 kg of magnesium stearate and 1.5 kg of talcum. Then the powder mixture is pressed by the conventional method into convex micro-tablets with a gross mass of 10.0 mg and a diameter of 2.0 mm.
  • Kollidon K25 polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • the enteric (gastric acid-resistant) coating is applied in a fluidized-bed apparatus.
  • portions of a solution of 2.250 kg of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP, Pharmacoat HP 50) are dissolved in a mixture of the following solvents: acetone 13 l, ethanol 94% by weight denatured with 2% ketone 13.5 l and demineralized water 2.5 l.
  • 0.240 kg of castor oil are added as softening agent to the finished solution and applied in portions onto the tablet cores in the usual manner.
  • Film coat After drying is completed, a suspension of the following composition is then applied as a film coat in the same apparatus: talcum 0.340 kg, titanium(VI) oxide Cronus RN 56 0.4 kg, coloured lacquer L red lacquer 86837 0.324 kg, Eudragit E 12.5% 4.8 kg and polyethylene glycol 6000 pH 11 XI 0.12 kg in a solvent mixture of the following composition: 2-propanol 8.17 kg, demineralized water 0.2 kg and glycerine triacetate (Triacetin) 0.6 kg.
  • Triacetin Triacetin
  • the gastric acid-resistant micro-tablets are analyzed with respect to their ingredients and are then filled into hard gelatine capsules at a corresponding net weight and sealed.
  • the entire powder mixture is added to the active ingredient mixture, mixed, homogenized by means of a 200 sieve, processed in the usual manner with a 2% aqueous solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (Kollidon® K25) to obtain a binder granulate and mixed in a dry state with the outer phase which consists of 0.5 kg of Mg stearate and 1.5 kg of talcum.
  • Kollidon® K25 polyvinyl pyrrolidone
  • the powder mixture is pressed by the conventional method into convex micro-tablets with a gross mass of 10.0 mg and a diameter of 2.0 mm.
  • HPMCP hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate
  • acetone 13 l a solution of the following solvents: acetone 13 l, ethanol (94% by weight denatured with 2% ketone) 13.5 l and demineralized water 1.5 l.
  • Castor oil (0.24 kg) is added as softening agent to the finished solution and applied in portions onto the tablet cores in the usual manner.
  • a suspension of the following composition is then applied as a film coat in the same apparatus: talcum 0.34 kg, titanium(VI) oxide Cronus RN 56 0.4 kg, coloured lacquer L red lacquer 86837 0.324 kg, Eudragit E 12.5% 4.8 kg and polyethylene glycol 6000 pH 11 XI 0.12 kg in a solvent mixture of the following composition: 2-propanol 8.17 kg, demineralized water 0.2 kg and glycerine triacetate (Triacetin) 0.6 kg.
  • the gastric acid-resistant micro-tablets are analyzed with respect to their ingredients and are then filled into hard gelatine capsules at a corresponding net weight and sealed.
  • a solution of 0.94 Eudragit® in isopropanol is prepared which, additionally, contains 0.07 kg dibutyl phthalate. This solution is sprayed onto the tablet cores. Then, a dispersion of 17.32 kg Eudragit® L D-55 and a mixture of 2.8 kg micro-talcum, 2 kg Macrogol 6000 and 0.07 kg Dimeticon in water is prepared and sprayed onto the cores.
  • enteric micro-tablets are analyzed with respect to their ingredients and filled into hard gelatine capsules at a corresponding net weight and sealed.
  • the active ingredient is added to the entire powder mixture and homogenized by means of a sieve 200 and processed with a 2% aqueous solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (Kollidon K25) in the usual manner into binder granules, and then mixed with the outer phase in a dry state.
  • the latter consists of 0.50 kg of Mg stearate and 1.50 kg of talcum.
  • the powder mixture is pressed into convex micro-tablets with a gross mass of 10.0 mg and a diameter of 2.0 mm by the usual method.
  • the enteric (gastric acid-resistant) coating is poured onto the tablet cores in a classic coating pan.
  • portions of a solution of 2.250 kg of hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate (HPMCP, Pharmacoat HP 50) are dissolved in a mixture of the following solvents: acetone 13.00 l, ethanol 94% by weight denatured with 2% ketone 13.50 l and demineralized water 2.50 l. 0.240 kg of castor oil is added as softening agent to the finished solution and applied in portions to the tablet cores in the usual manner.
  • HPMCP hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose phthalate
  • Film coat After drying is completed, a suspension of the following composition is applied as a film coat in the same apparatus: talcum 0.340 kg, titanium(VI) oxide Cronus RN 56 0.400 kg, coloured lacquer L red lacquer 86837 0.324 kg, Eudragit E 12.5% 4.800 kg and polyethylene glycol 6000 pH 11 XI 0.120 kg in a solvent mixture of the following composition: 2-propanol 8.170 kg, demineralized water 0.200 kg and glycerine triacetate (Triacetin) 0.600 kg.
  • enteric micro-tablets are analyzed with respect to their active ingredients and filled into hard gelatine capsules at a corresponding net weight and sealed.
  • the aforementioned ingredients are processed to a parenteral suspension using standard techniques.
  • the effects of dimethyl fumarate were examined in the present experiment using the model of acute ischemia and reperfusion of the rat.
  • healthy, male rats were divided into three groups with 17 animals each.
  • an ischemia was caused for 45 minutes through an occlusion of an artery with the heart being exposed and, subsequently, reperfusion was carried out for 120 minutes.
  • a myocardial infarction was triggered by means of a reocclusion and the risk area was determined by means of dyeing with phthalocyanine blue.
  • the administration of the test substance was carried out iv at the beginning of the first occlusion.
  • the control group received 0.02% DMSO (0.5 ml/kg body weight)
  • the DMF group received 10 mg dimethyl fumarate in 0.02% DMSO (0.5 ml/kg body weight).
  • the animals were ischemically preconditioned in the second group (2 times 5 minutes each ischemia and reperfusion).
  • Glucocorticoids which are the treatment of choice in asthma, have been shown to inhibit mesenchymal dell proliferation. This test can thus be used to screen for possible other active substances for treatment of asthma.
  • BSM bronchial smooth muscle cells were cultivated in RPMI, 0.3% albumin and 0.1% DMSO at 37° C. in the presence of 0, 1, 5, 10 and 20 ng/ml on PDGF with and without 10 ⁇ 5 M dimethyl fumarate.
  • Bronchial smooth muscle cells were grown in 96 well plates until they reached 60-70% confluency. The cells were then starved for 48 h in serum free, 0.3% albumine containing RPMI medium. One hour before stimulation of cell proliferation with 10 ng/ml PDGF, the cells were treated with (a) 10 ⁇ 5 M DMF, (b) 10 ⁇ 8 M dexamethasone (dexa), or (c) 10 ⁇ 5 M DMF and 10 ⁇ 8 M dexa. As a control untreated cells (buffer only) were used. Cells were treated for 36 h, whereafter 4 ⁇ Ci of 3 H-thymidine was added for further 8 hours.
  • the cells were lysed, DNA-incorporated 3 H-thymidine bound to filter membranes, and the incorporated cpm measured in a liquid scintillation device. The results are shown in FIG. 3 in percentage of control (100%) and compared to PDGF induced proliferation.
  • glucocorticoid is selected from the group consisting of dexamethasone, cortisone, hydrocortisone, prednisolone, prednisone, methylprednisolone, fluocortolone, triamcinolone, betamethasone, beclomethasone, budenoside, flunisonide, fluticasone, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and derivatives thereof.
  • the glucocorticoid is dexamethasone.
  • DMF prevented the dilatation of the left ventricle after 8 weeks of high salt diet in dose dependent manner. Specifically, in the DMF group's the inner diameter of the left ventricle remained in the same range as at baseline (see FIG. 4 ). In contrast, animals in the control group showed an enlarged left ventricle indicating dilatation of the left ventricle. Importantly, dilatation of the left ventricle marks the transition from compensated hypertrophy to decompensated heart failure. Consequently, DMF delays the transition to heart failure, and thus prevents myocardial infarctions.

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