TW202030995A - 於分佈式輸入及分佈式輸出之無線通信中應用頻道互易以用於射頻校準之系統及方法 - Google Patents

於分佈式輸入及分佈式輸出之無線通信中應用頻道互易以用於射頻校準之系統及方法 Download PDF

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TW202030995A
TW202030995A TW109114218A TW109114218A TW202030995A TW 202030995 A TW202030995 A TW 202030995A TW 109114218 A TW109114218 A TW 109114218A TW 109114218 A TW109114218 A TW 109114218A TW 202030995 A TW202030995 A TW 202030995A
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安東尼奧 佛倫沙
法迪 賽比
提摩西 A 皮特曼
史蒂芬 G 波爾曼
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美商李爾登公司
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/10Monitoring; Testing of transmitters
    • H04B17/11Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for calibration
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B17/00Monitoring; Testing
    • H04B17/10Monitoring; Testing of transmitters
    • H04B17/11Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for calibration
    • H04B17/12Monitoring; Testing of transmitters for calibration of transmit antennas, e.g. of the amplitude or phase
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/022Site diversity; Macro-diversity
    • H04B7/024Co-operative use of antennas of several sites, e.g. in co-ordinated multipoint or co-operative multiple-input multiple-output [MIMO] systems
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0452Multi-user MIMO systems
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/0413MIMO systems
    • H04B7/0456Selection of precoding matrices or codebooks, e.g. using matrices antenna weighting
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04BTRANSMISSION
    • H04B7/00Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
    • H04B7/02Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
    • H04B7/04Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
    • H04B7/06Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
    • H04B7/0613Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
    • H04B7/0615Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
    • H04B7/0619Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal using feedback from receiving side
    • H04B7/0621Feedback content
    • H04B7/0626Channel coefficients, e.g. channel state information [CSI]
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H04ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04LTRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L25/00Baseband systems
    • H04L25/02Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
    • H04L25/0202Channel estimation
    • H04L25/0224Channel estimation using sounding signals

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  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Mobile Radio Communication Systems (AREA)
  • Radio Transmission System (AREA)
  • Transmitters (AREA)
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Abstract

本發明闡述應用上行鏈路/下行鏈路頻道互易以用於一具有多使用者(MU)傳輸之多天線系統(MAS) (「MU-MAS」)中之射頻(RF)校準之系統及方法。該RF校準用於基於上行鏈路頻道估計而計算開環下行鏈路預編碼器,藉此避免如在閉環方案中之頻道狀態資訊之回饋附加項。舉例而言,一項實施例之一MU-MAS包括一無線蜂巢網路,該無線蜂巢網路具有經由預編碼方法而協作地操作以消除用戶端間干擾且增加網路容量的一個或多個信標台、多個用戶端器件及多個分佈式天線。

Description

於分佈式輸入及分佈式輸出之無線通信中應用頻道互易以用於射頻校準之系統及方法
本發明係關於應用頻道互易以用於射頻校準之系統及方法,且更特定而言,係關於在多使用者多天線系統(MU-MAS)中應用頻道互易以用於射頻校準之系統及方法。
在過去三十年中,無線蜂巢市場經歷了不斷增加全球之用戶之數目以及對自語音移位至web瀏覽及即時HD視訊串流之較佳服務之需求。此對需要較高資料速率、較低延時及經改良可靠性之服務之不斷增加之需求已透過不同標準驅動無線技術之一激進演進。自早期1980年代之第一代類比AMPS及TACS (針對語音服務)開始,至1990年代之2G及2.5G數位GSM、IS-95及GPRS (針對語音及資料服務),至早期2000年代之3G UMTS及CDMA2000 (針對web瀏覽),及最後當前在全球不同國家之部署下之LTE (針對高速網際網路連接性)。 長期演進(LTE)係針對第四代(4G)無線蜂巢系統之由第三代合作夥伴計劃(3GPP)發展之標準。LTE理論上可藉由經由多輸入多輸出(MIMO)技術應用無線頻道之空間組件而達成優於先前3G及HSPA+標準之下行鏈路頻譜效率之至多4x改良。進階LTE係理論上將達成優於3G標準系統之頻譜效率之至多8x增加之當前正標準化之LTE之演進。 儘管此技術演進,但在接下來之三年中無線載波將極有可能由於提升智慧電話及平板電腦提供如即時HD視訊串流、視訊會議及遊戲之資料饑餓應用之市場滲透而無法滿足對資料速率之不斷增長之需求。已估計,無線網路之容量自2011至2015在歐洲將因經改良技術(諸如LTE)以及政府[25]提供之較多頻譜而增長5x。舉例而言,作為國家寬頻計劃[24]之一部分,FCC正計劃至2020年將開放500MHz之頻譜(至2015年將可獲得其中之300MHz)以促進貫穿US之無線網際網路連接性。遺憾地,對至2015年之容量使用之預測為在歐洲超過2011年23x [25]且預期至2014年US將發生類似頻譜不足[26-27]。作為此資料處理之一結果,無線載波之收入可能下降至低於其CAPEX及OPEX,從而具有對無線市場之潛在毀滅性影響[28]。 由於由LTE部署提供之容量增益及經增加頻譜可用性係不充分的,因此用以防止此即將來臨之頻譜危機之僅有可預見性解決方案係促進新無線技術[29]。進階LTE (LTE標準之演進)透過較精密MIMO技術且藉由增加「小型小區」之密度而使優於LTE之額外增益有希望[30]。然而,存在對可適合一特定區域而不招致干擾問題或增加回載傳輸之複雜性以允許跨越小區進行協調之小區之數目之限制。 將提供優於無線鏈路之頻譜效率之數量級增加而不限制習用蜂巢系統之一種有希望技術係分佈式輸入分佈式輸出(DIDO)技術(參見上文[0002-0020]中所提及之相關專利及申請案)。本發明闡述既在蜂巢標準之約束內又不受蜂巢標準之約束之蜂巢系統(諸如LTE或進階LTE)之脈絡中所採用之DIDO技術以提供優於習用無線系統之顯著效能益處。以關於MIMO之一概述開始且回顧LTE及進階LTE所採用之不同空間處理技術。然後,展示與先前技術方法相比,本發明如何提供下一代無線通信系統之顯著容量增益。 MIMO在無線鏈路之傳輸器側及接收器側處採用多個天線且使用空間處理以經由分集技術(亦即,分集增益 )而改良鏈路可靠性或經由多工方案(亦即,多工增益 )而提供較高資料速率[1-2]。分集增益係對信號衰落之經增強穩健性之一度量,從而產生固定資料速率之較高信雜比(SNR)。多工增益藉由應用無線頻道之額外空間自由度而獲得以增加固定錯誤機率之資料速率。[3-4]中闡述MIMO系統中之分集與多工之間的基本折衷。 在實用MIMO系統中,鏈路調適技術可用於基於傳播條件而在分集方案與多工方案之間動態地切換[20-23]。舉例而言,[22-23]中所闡述之鏈路調適方案展示波束成形或正交空時區塊碼(OSTBC)在低SNR型態或由低空間選擇性表徵之頻道中係較佳方案。相比而言,空間多工可提供具有高SNR及高空間選擇性之頻道之資料速率中之顯著增益。舉例而言, 1 展示可將小區劃分成兩個區:i)多工區101,其由高SNR表徵(由於接近於小區塔或基地台),其中可經由空間多工而應用頻道之空間自由度以增加資料速率;ii)分集區102或小區邊緣,其中空間多工技術並不那麼有效且可使用分集方法來改良SNR及涵蓋(僅產生資料速率之邊際增加)。注意, 1 中之大型小區103之圓圈將圓圈之陰影中心標示為「多工區」且將圓圈之非陰影外區標示為「分集區」。貫穿 1 、圖 3 至圖 5 使用此相同區指定,其中陰影區係「多工區」且非陰影區係「分集區」,即使其未標示亦如此。舉例而言,相同指定用於 1 中之小型小區104。 LTE (版本8)及進階LTE (版本10)標準定義包含分集方案或多工方案[35、85-86]之一組十種傳輸模式 (TM): ˙  模式1:單個天線埠,埠0 ˙  模式2:傳輸分集 ˙  模式3:大延遲循環延遲分集(CDD),單使用者MIMO (SU-MIMO)之開環空間多工之擴展 ˙  模式4:SU-MIMO之閉環空間多工 ˙  模式5:多使用者MIMO (MU-MIMO) ˙  模式6:使用一單個傳輸層之閉環空間多工 ˙  模式7:單個天線埠,UE特定RS (埠5) ˙  模式8:關於UE特定RS (埠7及/或埠8)之單層或雙層傳輸 ˙  模式9:單層或至多八層閉環SU-MIMO (添加於版本10中) ˙  模式10:多層閉環SU-MIMO,至多八層(添加於版本10中) 此後,闡述蜂巢系統中常用之分集及多工方案以及如上文所概述之LTE中所採用之特定方法,且比較其與對於DIDO通信唯一之技術。首先識別兩種類型之傳輸方法:i)小區內方法(在蜂巢系統中應用微分集 ),其使用多個天線來改良一個小區內之鏈路可靠性或資料速率;ii)小區間方法(應用宏分集 ),其允許小區之間的協作以提供額外分集或多工增益。然後,闡述本發明如何提供優於先前技術之顯著優點(包含頻譜容量增益)。1. 小區內分集方法 小區內分集方法在一個小區內進行操作且經設計以在具有不良鏈路品質(例如,小區邊緣處之使用者經受自中心塔或基地台之高路徑損失)之情景中增加SNR。MIMO通信中所採用之典型分集方案係波束成形[5-11]及正交空時區塊碼(OSTBC) [12-15]。 LTE標準所支援之分集技術係傳輸分集、閉環秩1預編碼及專用波束成形[31-35]。傳輸分集方案支援下行鏈路(DL)上之兩個或四個傳輸天線及上行鏈路(UL)之僅兩個天線。在DL頻道中,其經由與頻率經切換傳輸分集(FSTD)組合之空頻區塊碼(SFBC)而實施以應用空間以及頻率選擇性[31]。秩1預編碼基於選自(使用有限回饋技術[36-42]而預先設計之)一碼簿之經量化權數而形成至一個使用者之一專用波束以減小自使用者設備(UE)至基地收發器台( 1 中之BTS 105或使用LTE術語之eNodeB)之回饋附加項。另一選擇為,專用波束成形權數可基於UE特定參考信號而計算。2. 小區內多工方法 MIMO多工方案[1、19]在高SNR型態中及在頻道中具有足夠空間自由度(例如,具有高空間選擇性[16-18]之富有多路徑之環境)之情景中提供資料速率中之增益以支援無線鏈路上之多個並行資料串流。 LTE標準針對單使用者MIMO (SU-MIMO)及多使用者MIMO (MU-MIMO) [31]支援不同多工技術。SU-MIMO方案具有兩種操作模式:i)閉環,其應用來自UE之回饋資訊來選擇DL預編碼權數;ii)開環,其在來自UE之回饋不可用或UE移動太快而無法支援閉環方案時使用。閉環方案使用選自一碼簿之一組預計算之權數。此等權數可取決於UE請求及BTS處之排程器之決策而支援兩個或四個傳輸天線以及一個至四個並行資料串流(由預編碼矩陣之若干層所識別)。進階LTE將包含至多MIMO 8 × 8之新傳輸模式以經由空間處理[62]而提供頻譜效率之至多8x增加。 MU-MIMO方案針對UL頻道及DL頻道[31、50]兩者而定義。在UL中,每個UE將一參考信號發送至BTS (由Zadoff-Chu序列[33]之循環移位版本組成)。彼等參考信號係正交的以使得BTS可估計來自所有UE之頻道並經由空間處理同時解調變來自多個UE之資料串流。在DL中,不同UE之預編碼權數基於來自UE及排程器(類似於閉環SU-MIMO方案)之回饋而選自碼簿,且針對每個UE僅允許秩1預編碼(例如,每一UE接收僅一個資料串流)。 採用空間處理之小區內多工技術僅在由高SNR (或SINR)及高空間選擇性(富有多路徑之環境)表徵之傳播情景中提供令人滿意之效能。對於習用大型小區,此等條件可較難達成,此乃因BTS通常遠離UE且SINR之分佈通常以低值為中心[43]。在此等情景中,與具有空間多工之SU-MIMO相比,MU-MIMO方案或分集技術可係較佳選擇。 用以達成額外多工增益(在不需要透過MIMO進行空間處理之情況下)之由進階LTE所涵蓋之其他技術及網路解決方案係載波聚合(CA)及小型小區。CA [30、44-47]組合RF頻譜之不同部分以將信號頻寬增加至多100MHz [85],藉此產生較高資料速率。頻帶內CA將不同頻帶組合於頻譜之相同部分內。因此,其可針對多個頻道使用相同RF鏈且將多個資料串流重新組合於軟體中。頻帶間CA需要不同RF鏈以在頻譜之不同部分處進行操作以及需要信號處理以重新組合來自不同頻帶之多個資料串流。 小型小區[30、47]之關鍵思想在於減小習用大型小區之大小,藉此允許每涵蓋區域較高小區密度及較大輸送量。小型小區通常透過具有低功率傳輸(如 1 中所繪示)之廉價存取點106而非用於大型小區之高且昂貴小區塔而部署。進階LTE中定義兩種類型之小型小區:i)城域小區,其用於都市地區之室外裝設、支援至多32至64個同時使用者;及ii)超微型小區,其供室內使用、可伺服最多4個作用使用者。小型小區之一個優點係靠近於BTS之UE之密度統計上較高,從而產生可經由空間多工而應用之較佳SNR以增加資料速率。然而,仍存在關於小型小區之實用部署(特定而言,與回載傳輸有關之)諸多擔憂。實際上,經由高速有線連接到達每個小型小區之BTS可係具挑戰性的,尤其在考量一給定涵蓋區域中之城域小區及超微型小區之高密度之情況下亦如此。雖然與有線回載傳輸相比通常可廉價地實施使用至小型小區之視線(LOS)回載傳輸,但通常不存在可用於較佳小型小區BTS放置之實用LOS回載傳輸路徑且不存在至小型小區BTS之非視線(NLOS)無線回載傳輸之大體解決方案。此外,小型小區需要跨越BTS之複雜即時協調以避免如在自組織網路(SON)[30、51-52]中之干擾且需要精密小區計劃工具(因小型小區之較高密度而甚至比習用蜂巢系統更複雜)以計劃其最佳位置[48、49]。最後,交遞係小型小區部署之一限制因素,特別係在其中用戶之群組同時切換小區導致回載傳輸上之大量交遞附加項從而導致高延時及不可避免之呼叫斷線之情景中。 可簡單地展示不存在使得小型小區能夠與大型小區共存且達成最佳輸送量或必要地均勻改良之輸送量之實用大體解決方案。在無數之此等不可解決情況當中包含在定位一小型小區時使得其UE與一大型小區傳輸不可避免地重疊且小型小區與大型小區使用相同頻率來到達其各別UE。顯然在此情況中,大型小區傳輸將與小型小區傳輸相干擾。雖然可能存在減輕針對一特定大型小區、一特定小型小區、該特定大型小區及涉及之小型小區UE、彼等UE之輸送量要求及環境情形等之特定情形之此干擾之某一方法,但任一此方法不僅對於大型小區及小型小區之靜態計劃且亦對於一特定時間間隔之動態情形將係高度特定的。通常,無法達成頻道至每一UE之全輸送量。3. 小區間分集方法 在其中大型小區與小型小區(例如,城域小區、微型小區及超微型小區)共存之一異質網路(HetNet) [90]中,需要採用不同技術來消除小區間干擾。雖然HetNet提供穿過小型小區之較佳涵蓋,但資料速率中之增益僅係邊際的,此乃因其需要透過不同形式之頻率重複使用型樣而共用頻譜或需要使用空間處理來移除干擾而非達成多工增益。LTE標準採用小區間干擾協調(ICIC)方案來移除(特定而言)在小區邊緣處之干擾。存在兩種類型之ICIC方法:小區自律及在BTS之間進行協調。 小區自律ICIC方案經由 2 中所繪示之不同頻率重複使用型樣而避免小區間干擾,其中六邊形表示小區且色彩係指不同載波頻率。LTE中考量三種類型之方案:i)全頻率重複使用(或重複使用1),其中小區利用所有可用頻寬(如在 2a 中),藉此在小區邊緣處產生高干擾;ii)硬頻率重複使用(HFR),其中每個小區指派有一不同頻帶(如在 2b 中)(具有為3之典型重複使用因子)以避免跨越毗鄰小區之干擾;iii)部分頻率重複使用(FFR),其中小區之中心指派有如頻率重複使用1中之整個可用頻寬,而小區邊緣以HFR模式操作以減輕小區間干擾,如在 2c 中。 協調ICIC方法使得跨越BTS之協作能夠改良無線網路之效能。此等技術係相關專利及申請案[0002-0022]中教示之方法之一特殊情形以在全部同時使用相同頻率之多個UE之分佈式天線網路之一般情形中達成跨越無線收發器之協作。[53]中闡述在一給定時間以一給定頻率針對一單個UE之蜂巢系統之特定情形移除小區間干擾之跨越BTS之協作。[53]中之系統將每個大型小區劃分成多個子小區且在其沿著子小區邊界移動時,藉由採用來自經協調BTS之專用波束成形來改良在一單個頻率下一單個UE處之鏈路穩健性而達成跨越子小區之軟交遞。 最近,在MIMO文獻中將此類協作無線蜂巢網路定義為「網路MIMO」或「協調多點」(CoMP)系統。[54-61]中呈現關於在網路MIMO中藉由消除小區間干擾而獲得之益處之理論分析及模擬結果。網路MIMO及CoMP之關鍵優點係移除針對大型小區302之情形在 3 中表示為「干擾區」301之小區之重疊區中之小區間干擾。 CoMP網路主動地變為進階LTE標準之一部分作為減輕下一代蜂巢網路[62-64]中之小區間干擾之一解決方案。迄今為止在用以移除小區間干擾之標準中已提出三種CoMP解決方案:i)協調排程 / 波束成形 (CS/CB),其中UE經由波束成形而自僅一個BTS接收其資料串流且達成跨越BTS之協調以經由波束成形或排程技術而移除干擾;ii)動態小區選擇(DCS),其對UE通透地在一每子訊框基礎上動態地選擇用於每個UE之小區;iii)聯合傳輸 (JT),其中用於給定UE之資料自多個BTS聯合地傳輸以改良所接收信號品質且消除小區間干擾。CoMP-JT以回載傳輸中之較高附加項為代價產生比CoMP-CS/CB大之增益以達成跨越BTS之協調。4. 小區間多工方法 先前技術多使用者無線系統添加複雜性且引入對無線網路之限制,此導致其中一給定使用者之經歷(例如可用輸送量、延時、可預測性、可靠性)受區域中之其他使用者對頻譜之利用影響之一情況。在給出對由多個使用者共用之無線頻譜內之聚合輸送量之不斷增加之需求及針對一給定使用者之可依賴於多使用者無線網路可靠性、可預測性及低延時之應用之不斷增加之增長之情況下,顯而易見,先前技術多使用者無線技術具有諸多限制。實際上,在適於特定類型之無線通信(例如以高效地穿透建築牆體之波長)之頻譜之有限可用性之情況下,先前技術無線技術將不足以滿足對為可靠、可預測及低延時之頻寬之不斷增加之需求。 先前技術小區內分集及多工方法可僅提供LTE (透過MIMO 4 × 4)之當前蜂巢網路上之輸送量之至多一理論上4x增加或進階LTE (透過MIMO 8 × 8)之最多一理論上8x,但較高階MIMO達成一給定多路徑環境中之不斷增加之輸送量之降低之改良,特別係在UE (諸如智慧電話)變得較小且就天線放置而言較受約束時。可自經由載波聚合技術而應用之額外頻譜分配(例如,FCC國家寬頻計劃)及經由小型小區網路及SON [30、46]之BTS之較密集分佈獲得下一代蜂巢系統中之其他邊際輸送量增益。然而,所有上述技術仍嚴重地依賴於頻譜或時間共用技術來達成多使用者傳輸,此乃因藉由空間處理而獲得之頻譜效率增益係有限的。 雖然先前技術小區間方法(例如,網路MIMO及CoMP系統[53-64])可藉由消除小區間干擾而改良蜂巢網路之可靠性,但其容量增益僅係邊際的。實際上,彼等系統將自每個BTS傳輸之功率約束為含於小區邊界內且僅有效地消除由跨越小區之功率洩漏所致之小區間干擾。 3 展示具有三個BTS之蜂巢網路之一項實例,每一BTS由其自身涵蓋區域或小區表徵。約束自每一BTS傳輸之功率以限制跨越小區之干擾量,如在 3 中由小區重疊之區域所繪示。當此等系統在干擾區處以低SINR型態操作時,其頻譜效率中之增益類似於用於SU-MIMO之小區內方案僅係邊際的。為真正地獲得小區間協作網路中之顯著容量增益,必須放寬限於小區邊界之功率約束且應貫穿其中SINR為高(不僅在具有不良SINR效能之小區邊緣處,如在先前技術方法中)之小區而達成空間多工技術。 4 展示其中增加自全部以相同頻率同時傳輸之三個BTS 401傳輸之功率藉此允許貫穿小區402之一較高位準之干擾之情形。在先前技術系統中,此干擾將導致貫穿BTS之干擾區域之不相干干擾(中斷UE信號接收),但此干擾實際上透過使用空間處理之新穎小區間多工方法而應用於本發明中以圍繞每個UE形成相干干擾(增強UE信號接收)之區域,藉此將同時非干擾資料串流提供至每個UE且增加貫穿小區之其SINR。 [89]中針對蜂巢系統之特定情形闡述了 4 中所繪示之情景。[89]中之系統由識別分組成叢集之不同小區之數個BTS組成。僅允許自相同叢集內之毗鄰小區跨越BTS之協作。在此情形中,展示當自BTS傳輸之功率增加時,存在對可透過小區間多工方法達成之容量(或頻譜效率)之一限制。實際上,當傳輸功率增加時,叢集外干擾成比例地增加,從而產生SINR及因此容量之一飽和型態。作為此效應之一結果,[89]中之系統理論上可達成容量中之最多3x增益(亦即,在叢集內最多三個小區)且包含於叢集中之任何額外小區將因經增加叢集外干擾而減小容量(例如,每叢集21個小區之情形產生比每叢集3個小區之情形低之容量)。觀察到,[89]中之基本容量限制因BTS約束至預定義位置而保持(如在蜂巢系統中)且多工增益藉由增加來自BTS之傳輸功率而達成。為經由小區間多工方法獲得理論上不受限之容量增益,必須移除對BTS放置之約束,從而允許將BTS放置於方便之任何地方。 因此,將期望提供藉由移除對自分佈式BTS 501傳輸之功率以及對其放置之任何約束經由空間處理而達成應用小區間多工增益之頻譜效率之數量級增加之一系統。 5 展示其中添加諸多額外存取點502以刻意地增加貫穿小區503之不相干干擾之位準之一項實例,該不相干干擾應用於本發明中以圍繞UE產生相干干擾之區域,藉此產生理論上不受限之小區間多工增益。額外存取點偶然放置於方便之任何地方且不約束至任何特定小區計劃,如在先前技術中所闡述之蜂巢系統中。在本發明之一例示性實施例中,偶然存取點係分佈式輸入分佈式輸出(DIDO)存取點且小區間多工增益透過[0014-0020]及[77-78]中所闡述之DIDO方法而達成。在另一實施例中,偶然存取點係類似於廉價Wi-Fi存取點或小型小區[30、47]之低功率收發器,藉此提供貫穿大型小區而重疊之較小涵蓋區域,如 5 中所展示。 觀察到,先前技術小區間方法[53-64]藉由有意地限制來自每個BTS之傳輸功率(如在 3 中)而避免不相干干擾且經由空間處理而消除(對小區之間的重疊區域之)殘餘小區間干擾,藉此提供經改良SINR及小區間分集增益。進一步觀察到,[89]在增加傳輸功率時將BTS放置約束於小區計劃,藉此限制由叢集外干擾所致之可達成容量且因此其仍受干擾限制。相比而言,本發明應用不相干干擾以藉由自偶然放置之每個BTS傳輸較高功率而圍繞UE形成相干干擾,藉此改良為必需條件之UE處之信號品質以經由空間處理而獲得貫穿小區之小區間多工增益。因此,先前技術中所闡述之系統無法用於經由空間處理而達成不受限之小區間多工增益,此乃因不存在用以達成如本發明中之小區間多工方法之(在增加傳輸功率時,由來自BTS之有限傳輸功率或叢集外干擾所致之)貫穿小區之充分SINR。此外,先前技術中所闡述之系統將無法操作以達成 4 至圖 5 中所繪示之本發明中所達成之多工增益,假設先前技術系統經設計以避免 1 及圖 3 至圖 5 之陰影區域中所展示之分集區內之小區間干擾,而非在多工區中應用小區間干擾以獲得如在本發明中所達成之小區間多工增益。
本發明係關於一種採用射頻(RF)校準且應用下行鏈路(DL)與上行鏈路(UL)頻道之間的互易之具有多使用者(MU)傳輸之多天線系統(MAS) (「MU-MAS」),該MU-MAS由多個分佈式天線、多個用戶端器件及一個或多個信標台構成。
相關申請案 本申請案可係關於以下同在申請中之美國專利申請案: 標題為「Systems and Methods for exploiting inter-cell multiplexing gain in wireless systems via distributed input distributed output technology」之第13/797,984號美國申請案 標題為「Systems and Methods for exploiting inter-cell multiplexing gain in wireless systems via distributed input distributed output technology」之第13/797,971號美國申請案 標題為「Systems and Methods for exploiting inter-cell multiplexing gain in wireless systems via distributed input distributed output technology」之第13/797,950號美國申請案 標題為「Systems and Methods for wireless backhaul in distributed-input distributed-output wireless systems」之第13/633,702號美國申請案 標題為「Systems and Methods to enhance spatial diversity in distributed-input distributed-output wireless systems」之第13/475,598號美國申請案 標題為「System and Methods for planned evolution and obsolescence of multiuser spectrum」之第13/233,006號美國申請案 標題為「Systems and Methods to Exploit Areas of Coherence in Wireless Systems」之第13/232,996號美國申請案 標題為「System and Methods to Compensate for Doppler Effects in Distributed-Input Distributed Output Systems」之第13/464,648號之美國申請案 標題為「Systems And Methods To Coordinate Transmissions In Distributed Wireless Systems Via User Clustering」之第12/917,257號美國申請案 標題為「Interference Management, Handoff, Power Control And Link Adaptation In Distributed-Input Distributed-Output (DIDO) Communication Systems」之第12/802,988號美國申請案 標題為「System And Method For Managing Inter-Cluster Handoff Of Clients Which Traverse Multiple DIDO Clusters」之第12/802,974號美國申請案 標題為「System And Method For Managing Handoff Of A Client Between Different Distributed-Input-Distributed-Output (DIDO) Networks Based On Detected Velocity Of The Client」之第12/802,989號美國申請案 標題為「System And Method For Power Control And Antenna Grouping In A Distributed-Input-Distributed-Output (DIDO) Network」之第12/802,958號美國申請案 標題為「System And Method For Link adaptation In DIDO Multicarrier Systems」之第12/802,975號美國申請案 標題為「System And Method For DIDO Precoding Interpolation In Multicarrier Systems」之第12/802,938號美國申請案 標題為「System and Method For Distributed Antenna Wireless Communications」之第12/630,627號美國申請案 2012年5月1日簽發之標題為「System And Method For Adjusting DIDO Interference Cancellation Based On Signal Strength Measurements」之第8,170,081號美國專利 2012年4月17日簽發之標題為「System and Method For Distributed Input-Distributed Output Wireless Communications」之第8,160,121號美國專利; 2011年2月8日簽發之標題為「System and Method For Enhancing Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (「NVIS」) Communication Using Space-Time Coding」之第7,885,354號美國專利。 2010年5月4日簽發之標題為「System and Method For Spatial-Multiplexed Tropospheric Scatter Communications」之第7,711,030號美國專利; 2009年12月22日簽發之標題為「System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication」之第7,636,381號美國專利; 2009年12月15日簽發之標題為「System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication」之第7,633,994號美國專利; 2009年10月6日簽發之標題為「System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication」之第7,599,420號美國專利; 2008年8月26日簽發之標題為「System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication」之第7,418,053號美國專利; 克服上述先前技術限制中之諸多限制之一種解決方案係分佈式輸入分佈式輸出(DIDO)技術之一實施例。以下專利及專利申請案中闡述DIDO技術,所有該等專利及專利申請案皆受讓於本專利之受讓人且以引用方式併入。此等專利及申請案在本文中有時統稱為「相關專利及申請案」。 標題為「Systems and Methods for wireless backhaul in distributed-input distributed-output wireless systems」之第13/633,702號美國申請案 標題為「Systems and Methods to enhance spatial diversity in distributed-input distributed-output wireless systems」之第13/475,598號美國申請案 標題為「System and Methods for planned evolution and obsolescence of multiuser spectrum」之第13/233,006號美國申請案 標題為「Systems and Methods to Exploit Areas of Coherence in Wireless Systems」之第13/232,996號美國申請案 標題為「System and Methods to Compensate for Doppler Effects in Distributed-Input Distributed Output Systems」之第13/464,648號之美國申請案 標題為「Systems And Methods To Coordinate Transmissions In Distributed Wireless Systems Via User Clustering」之第12/917,257號美國申請案 標題為「Interference Management, Handoff, Power Control And Link Adaptation In Distributed-Input Distributed-Output (DIDO) Communication Systems」之第12/802,988號美國申請案 標題為「System And Method For Managing Inter-Cluster Handoff Of Clients Which Traverse Multiple DIDO Clusters」之第12/802,974號美國申請案 標題為「System And Method For Managing Handoff Of A Client Between Different Distributed-Input-Distributed-Output (DIDO) Networks Based On Detected Velocity Of The Client」之第12/802,989號美國申請案 標題為「System And Method For Power Control And Antenna Grouping In A Distributed-Input-Distributed-Output (DIDO) Network」之第12/802,958號美國申請案 標題為「System And Method For Link adaptation In DIDO Multicarrier Systems」之第12/802,975號美國申請案 標題為「System And Method For DIDO Precoding Interpolation In Multicarrier Systems」之第12/802,938號美國申請案 標題為「System and Method For Distributed Antenna Wireless Communications」之第12/630,627號美國申請案 2012年5月1日簽發之標題為「System And Method For Adjusting DIDO Interference Cancellation Based On Signal Strength Measurements」之第8,170,081號美國專利 2012年4月17日簽發之標題為「System and Method For Distributed Input-Distributed Output Wireless Communications」之第8,160,121號美國專利; 2011年2月8日簽發之標題為「System and Method For Enhancing Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (「NVIS」) Communication Using Space-Time Coding」之第7,885,354號美國專利。 2010年5月4日簽發之標題為「System and Method For Spatial-Multiplexed Tropospheric Scatter Communications」之第7,711,030號美國專利; 2009年12月22日簽發之標題為「System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication」之第7,636,381號美國專利; 2009年12月15日簽發之標題為「System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication」之第7,633,994號美國專利; 2009年10月6日簽發之標題為「System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication」之第7,599,420號美國專利; 2008年8月26日簽發之標題為「System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output Wireless Communication」之第7,418,053號美國專利; 為減小本專利申請案之大小及複雜性,下文未明確地陳述相關專利及申請案中之某些專利及申請案之揭示內容。請參見用於揭示內容之一完全說明之相關專利及申請案。 本發明闡述經由空間處理在無線通信網路中應用小區間多工增益之系統及方法,其採用一具有多使用者(MU)傳輸之多天線系統(MAS)(一多使用者多天線系統或「MU-MAS」),其中偶然放置多個天線。在本發明之一項實施例中,約束自多個天線傳輸之功率以使小區邊界處之干擾最小化(如在習用蜂巢系統中)且僅採用空間處理方法來消除小區間干擾。在本發明之另一實施例中,不將自多個天線傳輸之功率約束於任何特定功率位準(惟其功率發射位準歸屬於調節、安全或實用(例如可用功率、傳輸器及/或天線規格)限制內即可),藉此有意地形成用於達成小區間多工增益且增加無線通信網路之容量之貫穿小區的較高位準之小區間干擾。 在一項實施例中,無線通信網路係如 1 及圖 3 中之一蜂巢網路,諸如基於LTE標準之一蜂巢網路,且偶然部署之多個天線係用於大型小區或小型小區之收發器。在本發明之另一實施例中,不將無線通信網路約束至任何特定小區佈局且小區邊界可在較大區域上方延伸,如在 4 至圖 5 中。舉例而言,無線通信網路可係具有為WiFi存取點之多個天線之一無線區域網路(WLAN)、或一網狀、特定或感測器網路、或一分佈式天線系統、或具有偶然放置之存取點但不具有任何傳輸功率約束之一DIDO系統。但此等實例性網路結構不應視為將本發明之普遍適用性限制於無線通信網路。本發明適用於其中多工增益藉由自多個天線傳輸在由多個UE接收之情況下相干擾之信號以便形成至多個UE之同時非干擾資料串流而達成之任何無線網路。 MU-MAS由一集中式處理器、一網路及與N個用戶端器件或UE無線通信之M個收發器台(或分佈式天線)組成。該集中式處理器單元接收具有意欲用於不同用戶端器件之不同網路內容(例如,自Web伺服器或其他網路源串流式傳輸之視訊、web頁、視訊遊戲、文字、語音等)之N個資訊串流 。此後,使用術語「資訊串流」來指代含有可根據特定調變/編碼方案或協定而解調變或解碼為一獨立串流以產生任何資料(包含但不限於音訊、Web及視訊內容)之資訊的經由網路發送之任何資料串流。在一項實施例中,資訊串流係載運可解調變或解碼為一獨立串流之網路內容之一位元序列。 集中式處理器利用預編碼變換來將來自網路內容之N個資訊串流組合(根據演算法,諸如相關專利及申請案中所闡述之彼等演算法)成M個位元串流 。以實例方式而非限制方式,預編碼變換可係線性的(例如,逼零[65]、區塊對角化[66-67]、矩陣反轉等)或非線性的(例如,髒紙編碼[68-70]或湯姆林森-哈拉希瑪(Tomlinson-Harashima)預編碼[71-72]、柵格技術或網格預編碼[73-74]、向量擾動技術[75-76])。此後,使用術語「位元串流」來指代未必含有資訊之任何有用位元且因此不能解調變或解碼為一獨立串流以擷取網路內容之任何位元序列。在本發明之一項實施例中,位元串流係由集中式處理器產生且針對將發送至M個收發器台中之一者之給定數目個位元而量化之複雜基頻信號。 預編碼在集中式處理器處藉由採用頻道狀態資訊(CSI)而計算且應用於DL或UL頻道上以多工至或來自多個使用者之資料串流。在本發明之一項實施例中,集中式處理器知曉分佈式天線與用戶端器件之間的CSI且利用該CSI來預編碼經由DL或UL頻道而發送之資料。在相同實施例中,CSI在用戶端器件處估計且回饋至分佈式天線。在另一實施例中,DL-CSI使用射頻(RF)校準且應用UL/DL頻道互易而在分佈式天線處自UL-CSI導出。 在一項實施例中,MU-MAS係一分佈式輸入分佈式輸出(DIDO)系統,如相關專利及專利申請案中所闡述。在另一實施例中, 13 中所繪示之MU-MAS由以下各項組成: ˙使用者設備 (UE) 1301:用於固定及/或行動用戶端之一RF收發器經由下行鏈路(DL)頻道自回載傳輸接收資料串流且將資料經由上行鏈路(UL)頻道傳輸至回載傳輸。 ˙基地收發器台 (BTS) 1302:BTS使回載傳輸與無線頻道介接。一項實施例之BTS係由數位轉類比轉換器(DAC)/類比轉數位轉換器(ADC)及用以將基頻信號轉換成射頻(RF)之RF鏈組成之存取點。在某些情形中,BTS係配備有功率放大器/天線之一單個RF收發器且RF信號經由光纖上RF技術而載運至BTS,如相關專利及申請案中所闡述。 ˙控制器 (CTR) 1303:一CTR係經設計用於某些專門特徵之一種特定類型之BTS,該等專門特徵諸如傳輸用於BTS及/或UE之時間/頻率同步之訓練信號、自UE接收控制資訊/將控制資訊傳輸至UE、自UE接收頻道狀態資訊(CSI)或頻道品質資訊。任何MU-MAS系統中皆可包含一個或多個CTR站。當可獲得多個CTR時,至或來自彼等站之資訊可經組合以增加分集且改良鏈路品質。在一項實施例中,經由最大比率組合(MRC)技術而自多個CTR接收CSI以改良CSI解調變。在另一實施例中,經由最大比率傳輸(MRT)而自多個CTR發送控制資訊以改良接收器側處之SNR。本發明之範疇不限於MRC或MRT,且可採用任何其他分集技術(諸如天線選擇等)來改良CTR與UE之間的無線鏈路。 ˙集中式處理器 (CP) 1304:CP係使網際網路或其他類型之外部網路1306與回載傳輸介接之一伺服器。在一項實施例中,CP計算MU-MAS基頻處理且將波形發送至用於DL傳輸之分佈式BTS。 ˙基地台網路 (BSN) 1305:BSN係將CP連接至載運用於DL或UL頻道之資訊之分佈式BTS之網路。BSN係一有線網路或一無線網路或兩者之一組合。舉例而言,BSN係一DSL、電纜、光纖網路或視線(LOS)或非視線(NLOS)無線鏈路。此外,BSN係一專屬網路或一區域網路或網際網路。 此後,闡述上述MU-MAS框架如何併入至用於蜂巢系統(及亦利用LTE協定之非蜂巢系統)之LTE標準中以達成頻譜效率中之額外增益。以關於LTE框架及DL及UL頻道中所採用之調變技術之一大體概述開始。然後,提供關於實體層框架結構及LTE標準中之資源分配之一簡要說明。最後,在多使用者情景中使用LTE框架來定義用於下行鏈路(DL)及上行鏈路(UL)頻道之MU-MAS預編碼方法。對於DL方案,提出兩種解決方案:開環DIDO方案及閉環DIDO方案。 LTE經設計具有一平坦網路架構(而非依據先前蜂巢標準之一階層式架構)以提供:經減小延時、經由ARQ之經減小封包損失、經減小呼叫建立時間、經由宏分集之經改良涵蓋及輸送量。 6 中所繪示之LTE網路中之網路元件根據[79]係: ˙GW (閘道器):係將LTE網路連接至外部網路(亦即,網際網路)之路由器。該GW分成終止E-UTRAN介面608之伺服閘道器(S-GW ) 601及為具有外部網路之介面之PDN閘道器(P-GW ) 602。S-GW及P-GW係所謂的演進式封包核心(EPC) 609之部分; ˙MME (行動性管理實體) 603:管理行動性、安全參數及UE識別碼。該MME亦係LTE EPC之部分; ˙eNodeB (增強型節點B) 604:係處置無線電資源管理、使用者行動性及排程之基地台; ˙UE (使用者設備) 605:係行動台。 ˙S1 X2 介面 (606及607):係MME與eNodeB (S1-MME)之間、S-GW與eNodeB (S1-U)之間及多個eNodeB (X2)之間的有線或無線回載傳輸。 在本發明之一項實施例中,MU-MAS網路係一LTE網路,其中UE係LTE UE,BTS係LTE eNodeB,CTR係LTE eNodeB或MME,CP係LTE GW,BSN係S1或X1介面。此後,可互換地使用術語分佈式天線、BTS及eNodeB來指代MU-MAS、DIDO或LTE系統中之任何基地台。 LTE訊框具有10msec之持續時間且由十個子訊框組成,如 7 中所繪示[33、80]。每個子訊框劃分成各自持續時間0.5msec之兩個時槽。LTE標準定義兩種類型之訊框:i)類型1用於FDD操作,如在 7a) 中,其中所有子訊框經指派用於DL頻道或UL頻道;ii)類型2用於TDD操作,如在 7b) 中,其中子訊框之部分指派給DL且部分指派給UL (取決於選定組態),而幾個子訊框經保留用於「特殊用途」。每訊框存在至少一個特殊子訊框且其由三個欄位組成:i)經保留用於DL傳輸之下行鏈路導頻時槽(DwPTS);ii)防護週期(GP);iii)用於UL傳輸之上行鏈路導頻時槽(UpPTS)。 LTE針對DL採用正交分頻多工(OFDM)及正交分頻多重存取(OFDMA)調變且針對UL採用單載波分頻多重存取(SC-FDMA)。「資源元素」(RE)係LTE中之最小調變結構且由頻率中之一個OFDM副載波及時間中之一個OFDM符號持續時間組成,如 8a 中針對DL頻道所展示及 8b 中針對UL頻道所展示。「資源區塊」(RB)由頻率中之12個副載波及時間(取決於DL對UL頻道及循環首碼之類型,由3至7個OFDM符號週期組成)中之一個0.5msec時槽組成。用於每個UE之資源區塊係在一子訊框基礎上而指派。由於本發明中之MU-MAS使用空間處理來將多個資料串流發送至不同UE,因此在每個子訊框處,所有資源區塊皆可分配至相同UE。在一項實施例中,將資源區塊之全部子組或一子組分配至每個UE且經由預編碼將同時非干擾資料串流發送至UE。 為設置BTS與UE之間的鏈路,LTE標準定義同步程序。BTS將兩個連續信號發送至UE:初級同步信號(P-SS),其經由初級同步頻道(PSCH)而發送;及次級同步信號(S-SS),其經由次級同步頻道(SSCH)而發送。兩個信號皆由用於時間/頻率同步以及用以擷取小區ID之UE使用。P-SS由UE自其導出實體層 ID (0至2)之長度63 Zadoff-Chu序列組成。S-SS係兩個長度31二進制序列之一交錯串接且用於導出小區ID 群組號 (0至167)。UE依據上述兩個識別號碼導出實體小區 ID (自0至503而定義之PCI)。 在本發明中所闡述之MU-MAS系統中,不存在小區邊界,此乃因有意地增加自BTS傳輸之功率以產生用於圍繞UE形成相干區域之干擾。在本發明中,將不同BTS分組成「天線叢集」或「DIDO叢集」,如2012年5月1日簽發之標題為「System And Method For Adjusting DIDO Interference Cancellation Based On Signal Strength Measurements」之相關之第8,170,081號美國專利中所定義。舉例而言, 9 展示主要天線叢集901及一個毗鄰天線叢集902。每個天線叢集由多個BTS 903組成。 在MU-MAS及DIDO系統中可使用小區ID來區分天線叢集。在本發明之一項實施例中,相同小區ID自相同天線叢集之所有BTS經由P-SS及S-SS而傳輸。在相同實施例中,不同天線叢集採用不同小區ID。在本發明之另一實施例中,將相同天線叢集1001內之所有BTS分組成 10 中所繪示之具有不同陰影色彩之「天線子叢集」1003且一不同小區ID 1004關聯至每個天線子叢集。在一項實施例中,天線子叢集根據預定義叢集計劃或基於GPS定位資訊而靜態地定義。在另一實施例中,天線子叢集基於BTS之間的相對信號強度之量測或GPS定位資訊而動態地定義。在本發明之一不同實施例中,將一不同小區ID指派給關聯至UE之每個相干區域(標題為「Systems and Methods to Exploit Areas of Coherence in Wireless Systems」之相關同在申請中之第13/232,996號美國申請案中所闡述)。 當相同天線叢集或天線子叢集內之所有BTS皆將LTE廣播頻道(例如,P-SS及S-SS)傳輸至UE時,相消干擾可使由廣播頻道達成之時間或頻率同步之效能降級。相消干擾可由自在某些UE位置處不相干地重新組合之空間分佈式BTS產生之多路徑導致。為避免或減輕此效應,在本發明之一項實施例中,相同天線叢集或天線子叢集內之所有BTS中僅一個BTS將LTE廣播頻道(例如,P-SS及S-SS)傳輸至所有UE。在相同實施例中,選擇傳輸LTE廣播頻道之BTS以使在UE處經由廣播頻道接收之功率最大化。在另一實施例中,選擇僅一組有限BTS來將LTE廣播頻道同時傳輸至所有UE,以使得在UE處避免相消干擾。在本發明之一不同實施例中,LTE廣播頻道係以比有效負載高之功率發送以到達相同天線叢集或天線子叢集內之所有UE。 如上文所闡述,進階LTE支援載波聚合(CA)方案以增加DL頻道上之資料速率。在MU-MAS中,CA可結合預編碼一起使用以增加每使用者資料速率。在本發明之一項實施例中,將傳輸預編碼施加至RF頻譜之不同部分(頻帶間CA)或頻譜之相同部分內之不同頻帶(頻帶內CA)以增加每使用者資料速率。當採用頻帶間CA時,不同頻帶處之路徑損失可顯著改變,此乃因彼等頻帶可以不同載波頻率為中心。在習用LTE蜂巢系統中,處於較低載波頻率之頻帶可經歷比較高載波頻率低之路徑損失。因此,在蜂巢系統中應用頻帶間CA可導致較低載波頻率處之不期望小區間干擾。相比而言,本發明中之MU-MAS不限於小區邊界處之干擾,此乃因BTS係分佈式的且不存在小區之概念。此較靈活系統佈局允許用於MU-MAS中之頻帶間CA之不同方法。在本發明之一項實施例中,MU-MAS係藉由採用以較低載波頻率操作之一組BTS及以較高載波頻率操作之另一組BTS而達成頻帶間CA,以使得兩個組相交或一個組係另一組之子組。在另一實施例中,具有預編碼之MU-MAS採用CA方法連同跳頻型樣來改良抵抗頻率選擇性衰落或干擾之穩健性。1. LTE 中之下行鏈路閉環 MU-MAS 預編碼方法 MU-MAS閉環方案可用於分時雙工(TDD)或分頻雙工(FDD)系統中。在FDD系統中,DL頻道及UL頻道以不同頻率操作且因此DL頻道狀態資訊(CSI)必須在UE側估計且經由UL頻道透過BTS或CTR往回報告至CP。在TDD系統中,DL頻道及UL頻道設定為處於相同頻率且該系統可採用應用頻道互易(如以下章節中所闡述)之閉環技術或開環方案。閉環方案之主要缺點係其需要回饋,從而產生UL上之控制資訊之較大附加項。 MU-MAS中之閉環方案之一般機制經闡述如下:i) BTS經由DL將發信號資訊發送至UE;ii) UE應用彼發信號資訊來估計來自所有「作用BTS」之DL CSI;iii) UE量化DL CSI或使用碼簿來選擇將用於下一傳輸之預編碼權數;iv) UE經由UL頻道將經量化CSI或碼簿索引發送至BTS或CTR;v) BTS及CTR將CSI資訊或碼簿索引報告至計算DL上之資料傳輸之預編碼權數之CP。「作用BTS」定義為給定UE到達之一組BTS。舉例而言,在標題為「System And Method For Managing Inter-Cluster Handoff Of Clients Which Traverse Multiple DIDO Clusters」之相關同在申請中之第12/802,974號美國申請案及標題為「Systems And Methods To Coordinate Transmissions In Distributed Wireless Systems Via User Clustering」之相關同在申請中之第12/917,257號美國申請案中,將「使用者叢集」905定義為給定UE到達之該組BTS,如 9 中所繪示。作用BTS之數目不限於一使用者叢集以便減小自BTS至給定UE將估計之CSI之量,藉此減小UL上之回饋附加項及CP處之MU-MAS預編碼計算之複雜性。 如在段落[0083]處所闡述,MU-MAS預編碼採用線性方法或非線性方法。在非線性方法(例如,髒紙編碼[68-70]或湯姆林森-哈拉希瑪預編碼[71-72]、柵格技術或網格預編碼[73-74]、向量擾動技術[75-76])之情形中,在傳輸器處應用連續干擾消除以避免使用者間干擾。在此情形中,計算預編碼矩陣從而計及對天線叢集內之所有UE之CSI。另一選擇為,可在一使用者叢集基礎上使用線性預編碼方法(例如,逼零[65]、區塊對角化[66-67]、矩陣反轉等),此乃因每個UE之預編碼權數係獨立於其他UE而計算。取決於天線叢集及使用者叢集內之UE及eNodeB之數目,線性對非線性預編碼方法提供不同計算效能。舉例而言,若MU-MAS由每天線叢集K個UE、每天線叢集M個eNodeB及每使用者叢集C個eNodeB組成,則線性預編碼之複雜性為O(K*C3 ),而對於非線性預編碼,複雜性為O(M*K2 )。因此,期望開發基於MU-MAS中之UE及eNodeB之數目而在兩種類型之預編碼技術之間動態地切換以減小CP處之計算複雜性之一方法。在本發明之一項實施例中,MU-MAS採用線性預編碼方法。在另一實施例中,MU-MAS採用非線性預編碼方法。在本發明之相同實施例中,MU-MAS基於天線叢集及使用者叢集中之UE及eNodeB之數目而在線性預編碼方法與非線性預編碼方法之間動態地切換以減小CP處之計算複雜性。在一不同實施例中,MU-MAS在用於經歷良好頻道品質(例如,接近eNodeB)之UE之預編碼多工方法與用於具有不良鏈路品質(例如,遠離eNodeB)之UE之波束成形或分集方法之間進行切換。1.1 LTE 標準內之下行鏈路 MU-MAS 發信號方法 LTE標準定義可在閉環方案[33、50、82-83]中用於DL發信號之兩種類型之參考信號(RS):i)小區特定參考信號(CRS);ii) UE特定RS,諸如頻道狀態資訊(CSI)參考信號(CSI-RS)及解調變RS (DM-RS)。不預編碼小區特定RS,而預編碼UE特定RS [50]。採用SU/MU-MIMO基於碼簿之技術(其中每個小區具有至多四個天線)之LTE版本8中使用CRS。進階LTE版本10支援非基於碼簿之SU/MU-MIMO方案(其中具有至多八個傳輸天線)以及CoMP方案(其中具有分佈於不同小區內之天線)。因此,版本10允許經由CSI-RS之較靈活發信號方案。在本發明中,闡述在MU-MAS系統中可如何使用任一類型之發信號方案以達成預編碼。1.1.1 使用 CRS MU-MAS 發信號 LTE (版本8)系統中採用CRS來估計自BTS處之所有傳輸天線至UE [80、84]之CSI。作為一個二維正交序列及一個二維偽隨機數值(PRN)序列之乘積而獲得CRS。針對總共504個不同CRS序列,存在3個正交序列(亦即,放置於若干組正交OFDM副載波上)及168個可能PRN序列。每個序列唯一地識別一個小區。三個正交CRS中之每一者關聯至產生一不同小區ID之三個實體層ID (0至2)中之一者,如先前子章節中所闡釋。CRS在每個時槽之第一及倒數第三個OFDM符號內且每隔五個副載波進行傳輸。針對BTS之每個傳輸天線而設計時間及頻率之正交型樣用於使UE唯一地估計來自傳輸天線中之每一者之CSI。版本8定義每CRS至多四種正交型樣,一種正交型樣用於MIMO 4 × 4中所採用之四個傳輸天線中之每一者。有意地設計產生5%附加項之時間及頻率中之CRS之此高密度(亦即,每個0.5msec之時槽且每隔五個副載波發送一次)以支援隨時間及頻率[83]具有快速頻道變化之情景。 在版本8中,由於存在針對多天線模式各自具有4種正交型樣之至多3個正交CRS (或針對單天線模式之6個正交CRS),因此在不導致對CRS之干擾之情況下在相同涵蓋區域內可能鑑別至多12個傳輸天線。在本發明之一項實施例中,將天線叢集1001劃分成三個天線子叢集1005,如在 10 中。不同實體層ID (或小區ID)關聯至天線子叢集中之每一者,以使得每一天線子叢集指派有具有四種正交型樣之三個正交CRS中之一者(亦即,在不導致自其他BTS對CRS之干擾之情況下,每一天線子叢集可支援至多四個BTS)。在此實施例中,在不導致對CRS之干擾之情況下,每個叢集可支援至多12個BTS。 在其中十二個以上BTS放置於相同叢集內之情景中,期望增加可用正交CRS之數目以支援較大數目個作用BTS (亦即,同時將經預編碼信號傳輸至UE之BTS)。達成此之一種方式係定義每天線叢集1101三個以上天線子叢集1003且以一重複型樣將相同三個實體層ID (或自0至2之小區ID 1104)指派給天線子叢集1103,如 11 中所展示。觀察到,天線子叢集可具有不同形狀且以此一方式定義:每個使用者叢集1102無法到達具有相同實體層ID之兩個天線子叢集,藉此避免對CRS之干擾。舉例而言,達成此之一種方式係定義天線子叢集1103之區域大於使用者叢集1102且避免毗鄰天線子叢集使用相同實體層ID。在本發明之一項實施例中,以重複型樣將多個天線子叢集放置於相同天線叢集內,以使得該多個天線子叢集之各別CRS不相干擾,藉此達成自十二個以上BTS之同時非干擾傳輸。 在實用MU-MAS系統中,其可係每個UE在其使用者叢集內可見不僅四個BTS之情形。舉例而言, 12 展示加利福尼亞州舊金山市區中之DIDO或MU-MAS系統之實用部署之SNR分佈。該傳播模型係基於3GPP路徑損失/陰影模型[81]且採用900MHz之一載波頻率。地圖中之點指示DIDO-BTS之位置,而黑圓圈表示使用者叢集(其中UE位於圓圈之中心處)。在人口稀少區域1201中,UE在其使用者叢集內僅可見幾個BTS (例如,針對 12 中之實例,低至三個BTS),而在人口密集區域1202中,每一使用者叢集可包括多達26個BTS,如在 12 中。 MU-MAS中可應用CRS之高冗餘以使得來自任何數目個傳輸天線之CSI估計能夠大於四。舉例而言,若頻道係固定無線的或由低都卜勒效應表徵,則不存在對計算每個0.5msec (時槽持續時間)來自全部四個傳輸天線之CSI之需要。同樣地,若頻道係頻率平坦的,則每隔五個副載波估計CSI係冗餘的。在彼情形中,由冗餘CRS佔據之資源元素(RE)可針對MU-MAS中之其他傳輸天線或BTS而重新分配。在本發明之一項實施例中,系統將冗餘CRS之資源元素分配至MU-MAS系統中之額外天線或BTS。在另一實施例中,系統估計頻道之時間及頻率選擇性且將用於不同BTS或僅使用者叢集內之BTS之CRS動態地分配至不同資源元素。 包含於每個使用者叢集中之BTS之數目取決於相對於雜訊功率位準或信雜比(SNR)之在UE處量測之來自使用者叢集中之所有BTS的信號功率位準。在一項實施例中,UE估計來自其鄰域中之所有BTS之SNR且基於該SNR資訊而選擇屬於其使用者叢集之BTS。在另一實施例中,CP知曉自BTS至每個UE之SNR (基於來自UE之回饋資訊或採用UL/DL頻道互易自UL頻道獲得之資訊)且選擇將包含於每個使用者叢集中之一組BTS。 包含於每個使用者叢集中之BTS之數目判定本發明中所闡述之MU-MAS方法之效能。舉例而言,若每使用者叢集BTS之數目較低,則UE經歷較高位準之叢集外干擾,從而導致高信號干擾雜訊比(SINR)及低資料速率。類似地,若選擇大數目個BTS用於每個使用者叢集,則在UE處所量測之來自使用者叢集之邊緣處之BTS之SNR較低且可由來自使用者叢集外之毗鄰BTS之叢集外干擾支配。存在產生最高SINR及資料速率之每使用者叢集最佳數目個BTS。在本發明之一項實施例中,CP選擇每使用者叢集之最佳數目個BTS以使至UE之SINR及資料速率最大化。在本發明之另一實施例中,動態地選擇每使用者叢集之BTS以調適至傳播環境或UE行動性之改變之條件。 使用每使用者叢集大數目個BTS之另一缺陷係高計算負載。實際上,使用者叢集中之BTS越多,MU-MAS預編碼器之計算複雜性較大。在本發明之一項實施例中,每使用者叢集之BTS經選擇以達成SINR或資料速率效能與MU-MAS預編碼器之計算複雜性之間的最佳折衷。在另一實施例中,基於傳播條件與MU-MAS中可用之計算資源之間的折衷而動態地選擇每使用者叢集之BTS。1.1.2 使用 CSI-RS DM-RS MU-MAS 發信號 在進階LTE (版本10)標準中,CSI-RS由每個UE使用以估計來自BTS [33、83]之CSI。該標準定義用於BTS處之不同傳輸器之正交CSI-RS,以使得UE可區分來自不同BTS之CSI。CSI-RS支援BTS處之至多八個傳輸天線,如在[33]中之表6.10.5.2-1,2中。CSI-RS以介於5與80個子訊框之間的範圍內之一週期性而發送(亦即,CSI-RS每5至80 msec發送一次),如在[33]中之表6.10.5.3-1中。進階LTE中之CSI-RS之週期性有意地經設計大於LTE中之CRS以避免控制資訊之過多附加項,特別係對於無法利用此等額外資源之傳統LTE終端機。用於CSI估計之另一參考信號係解調變RS (DM-RS)。該DM-RS係意欲用於特定UE且僅在針對至彼UE之傳輸而指派之資源區塊中傳輸之一解調變參考信號。 當八個以上天線(進階LTE標準所支援之最大數目個傳輸器)在使用者叢集內時,必須採用替代技術來達成DIDO預編碼同時使系統保持符合進階LTE標準。在本發明之一項實施例中,每個UE使用CSI-RS或DM-RS或者兩者之組合來估計來自其自身使用者叢集中之所有作用BTS之CSI。在相同實施例中,DIDO系統偵測使用者叢集內之BTS之數目及使用者叢集是否符合進階LTE標準(支援最多八個天線)。若其不符合,則DIDO系統採用替代技術來達成自BTS至當前UE之DL發信號。在一項實施例中,減小來自BTS之傳輸功率直至其使用者叢集內之UE可到達最多八個BTS為止。然而,此解決方案可導致資料速率之減小,此乃因將減小涵蓋。 另一解決方案係將使用者叢集中之BTS劃分成子組且針對每個子組一次發送一組CSI-RS。舉例而言,若CSI-RS週期性為5個子訊框(亦即,5msec),如在[33]中之表6.10.5.3-1中,則每5msec自一新BTS子組發送一次CSI-RS。注意,只要CSI-RS週期性足夠短以將所有BTS子組涵蓋在UE之頻道相干時間內(其係UE之都卜勒速度之一函數),此解決方案便起作用。舉例而言,若選定CSI-RS週期性為5msec且頻道相干時間為100msec,則可能定義8個BTS各自至多20個BTS子組,從而在使用者叢集內添加至多總共160個BTS。在本發明之另一實施例中,DIDO系統估計UE之頻道相干時間且決策針對給定CSI-RS週期性在使用者叢集內可支援多少個BTS以避免由頻道變化及都卜勒效應所致之降級。 迄今為止所提出之針對CSI-RS之解決方案全部符合LTE標準且可部署於習用LTE系統之框架內。舉例而言,允許每使用者叢集八個以上天線之所提出方法將不需要對UE LTE硬體及軟體實施方案之修改且僅需要對在BTS及CP處所使用之協定之稍微修改以在任何給定時間達成BTS子組之選擇。此等修改可易於實施於一基於雲端之軟體定義之無線電(SDR)平台中,此係用於DIDO及MU-MAS系統之一種有希望部署範例。另一選擇為,可能放寬對LTE標準之約束且開發用於LTE UE之經稍微修改硬體及軟體以支援類似但非符合LTE標準的DIDO或MU-MAS操作模式以便使得UE能夠以完全符合LTE標準的模式或以支援非符合LTE標準的DIDO或MU-MAS操作之一經修改模式操作。舉例而言,此將達成另一解決方案,該另一解決方案係增加CSI-RS之量以達成系統中之較高數目個BTS。在本發明之另一實施例中,允許不同CSI-RS型樣及週期性作為用以增加每使用者叢集之所支援BTS之數目之一手段。對LTE標準之此等稍微修改可係足夠小的,以致現有LTE UE晶片集可藉助簡單地軟體修改而使用。或者,若需要對晶片集進行硬體修改,則改變將係小的。1.2 LTE 標準內之上行鏈路 MU-MAS CSI 回饋方法 在LTE及進階LTE標準中,UE將資訊回饋至BTS以傳遞用於DL頻道上之閉環傳輸之其當前頻道條件以及預編碼權數。彼等標準[35]中包含三個不同頻道指示符: ˙  秩指示符(RI ):指示多少個空間串流傳輸至給定UE。此數目總是等於或小於傳輸天線之數目。 ˙  預編碼矩陣指示符(PMI ):係用於DL頻道上之預編碼之碼簿之索引。 ˙  頻道品質指示符(CQI ):定義DL上將用於維持給定頻道條件之預定義錯誤率效能之調變及前向錯誤校正(FEC)編碼方案。 針對整個頻寬報告僅一個RI,而PMI及CQI報告可取決於頻道之頻率選擇性而為寬頻帶的或每次頻帶的。此等指示符在UL中經由兩種不同類型之實體頻道傳輸:i)實體上行鏈路控制頻道(PUCCH ),其僅用於控制資訊;ii)實體上行鏈路共用之頻道(PUSCH ),其用於在一個資源區塊(RB)內且在一子訊框基礎上進行分配之資料及控制資訊兩者。在PUCCH上,用以報告RI、PMI及CQI之程序係週期性的 且指示符可為寬頻帶(針對頻率平坦頻道)或在一次頻帶基礎上選定之UE (針對頻率選擇性頻道)。在PUSCH上,回饋程序係非週期性的 且可為在一次頻帶基礎上選定之UE (針對頻率選擇性頻道)或較高層組態之次頻帶(例如,針對具有八個傳輸器之進階LTE中之傳輸模式9)。 在本發明之一項實施例中,DIDO或MU-MAS系統採用RI、PMI及CQI來將其當前頻道條件以及預編碼資訊報告給BTS及CP。在一項實施例中,UE使用PUCCH頻道來將彼等指示符報告給CP。在另一實施例中,在DIDO預編碼需要較大數目個指示符之情形中,UE採用PUSCH來將額外指示符報告給CP。在頻道為頻率平坦之情形中,UE可應用額外UL資源來將PMI報告給DIDO系統中之較大數目個天線。在本發明之一項實施例中,UE或BTS或CP估計頻道頻率選擇性,且在頻道為頻率平坦之情形中,UE應用額外UL資源來將PMI報告給較大數目個BTS。2. LTE 中之下行鏈路開環 MU-MAS 預編碼方法 開環MU-MAS預編碼方案可僅用於採用RF校準且應用頻道互易之分時雙工(TDD)系統中。MU-MAS中之開環方案之一般機制由以下各項組成:i) UE將發信號資訊經由UL發送至BTS或CTR;ii) BTS或CTR應用彼發信號資訊來估計來自所有UE之UL CSI;iii) BTS或CTR採用RF校準來將UL CSI轉換成DL CSI;iv) BTS或CTR將DL CSI或碼簿索引經由BSN發送至CP;v)基於彼DL CSI,CP計算DL上之資料傳輸之預編碼權數。類似於閉環MU-MAS預編碼方案,可採用使用者叢集來減小在BTS處將估計之來自UE之CSI之量,藉此減小BTS處之計算負擔以及UL上所需之發信號之量。在本發明之一項實施例中,採用開環預編碼技術來經由DL頻道將同時非干擾資料串流自BTS發送至UE。 在LTE中,存在用於上行鏈路頻道[31、33、87]之兩種類型之參考信號:i)探測參考信號(SRS),其用於排程及鏈路調適;ii)解調變參考信號(DMRS),其用於資料接收。在本發明之一項實施例中,開環預編碼系統中採用DMRS來估計自所有UE至所有BTS之UL頻道。在時域中,在每個LTE時槽(具有持續時間0.5msec)之第四個OFDM符號(在使用一正常循環首碼時)處發送DMRS。在頻域中,經由PUSCH而發送之DMRS針對每個UE而映射至由用於UL資料傳輸之彼UE使用之相同資源區塊(RB)。 DMRS之長度為MRS =mNRB ,其中m 為RB之數目而NRB =12為每RB之副載波之數目。為支援多個UE,至多十二個DMRS經由基本序列之十二個可能循環移位而自一個基本Zadoff-Chu [88]或電腦產生之恆定振幅零自相關(CG-CAZAC)序列產生。基本序列劃分成30個群組且鄰近LTE小區自不同群組選擇DMRS以減少小區間干擾。舉例而言,若一個OFDM符號內之資源區塊之最大數目為110 (亦即,採用20MHz之總體信號頻寬),則可能產生至多110 × 30 = 3300個不同序列。觀察到,30個基本序列不保證皆係正交的且經設計以減小跨越小區之干擾而不完全消除該干擾。相比而言,相同基本序列之12個循環移位係正交的,藉此允許至多12個UE經由相同RB在UL中傳輸而不具有干擾。將由每個UE使用之循環移位之值由BTS透過經由PDCCH發送之下行鏈路控制資訊(DCI)訊息而提供。版本8中之DCI由3個位元組成,此使得UE能夠使用十二個可能選項之集區中之循環移位之僅至多8個值。 本發明中應用基本DMRS序列之循環移位以達成UL頻道上之MU-MIMO方案以及估計在以TDD模式應用頻道互易時來自用於DL預編碼之多個UE之CSI。在本發明之一項實施例中,採用開環預編碼方法來經由DL頻道將同時非干擾資料串流自分佈式BTS發送至UE。在本發明之一不同實施例中,採用開環MU-MIMO方法來經由UL頻道將同時非干擾資料串流自UE接收至BTS。來自所有作用UE之經由UL而估計之相同CSI可用於計算用於UL中之MU-MIMO操作之接收器空間濾波以及用於DL預編碼之權數。由於版本8定義僅至多8個正交DMRS (由有限DCI位元所致,如上文所闡釋),因此用於UL頻道之MU-MIMO方案及用於DL頻道之MU-MAS預編碼方案可支援最多八個UE,假設所有UE利用全UL頻寬。 用以增加透過UL中之MU-MIMO或DL中之MU-MAS預編碼伺服之同時UE之數目之一種方式係在頻域內多工UE之DMRS。舉例而言,若以TDD模式使用10MHz頻寬,則存在可分配至UE之50個RB。在此情形中,可將25個經交錯RB指派給一組八個UE且將其餘25個經交錯RB指派給另一組UE,總計達可同時伺服之16個UE。然後,藉由內插來自經由經交錯RB而發送之DMRS之估計而計算CSI。可藉由增加UL RB之交錯型樣之數目而支援較大數目個同時UE。此等型樣可根據特定跳頻序列而靜態地或動態地指派給不同UE。在本發明之一項實施例中,將DMRS經由經正交交錯RB而指派給UE以經由MU-MIMO或MU-MAS預編碼增加將支援之UE之數目。在相同實施例中,靜態地指派經交錯RB。在另一實施例中,根據特定跳頻型樣而動態地指派經交錯RB。 一替代解決方案係在時域中多工不同UE之DMRS。舉例而言,將UE劃分成不同群組且在連續時槽(各自具有持續時間0.5msec)內發送用於彼等群組之DMRS。然而,在此情形中,需要保證針對不同群組之DMRS指派之週期性小於最快速移動UE之頻道相干時間。實際上,此係保證頻道自經由DMRS而估計CSI之時間至系統將DL資料串流經由DIDO預編碼傳輸至UE之時間針對所有UE不變化之必需條件。在本發明之一項實施例中,系統將作用UE劃分成若干群組且在連續時槽內將同一組DMRS指派給每一群組。在相同實施例中,系統估計針對所有作用UE之最短頻道相干時間且基於彼資訊而計算UE群組之最大數目以及DMRS時間多工之週期性。 另一解決方案係將採用相同組DMRS之UE之不同群組空間分離。舉例而言,同一組正交DMRS可用於來自由相同小區ID識別之 11 中之不同天線子叢集之所有UE。在本發明之一項實施例中,將採用同一組正交DMRS之UE之群組空間分離以避免群組之間的干擾。在相同實施例中,由藉由相同小區ID識別之不同天線子叢集採用同一組正交DMRS。MU-MAS可將UE指派給「虛擬小區」以使可用於UL中之DMRS之數目最大化。在一項例示性實施例中,虛擬小區係圍繞UE之相干區域(標題為「Systems and Methods to Exploit Areas of Coherence in Wireless Systems」之相關同在申請中之第13/232,996號美國申請案中所闡述)且DIDO系統針對不同UE產生至多3300個相干區域。在本發明之另一實施例中,將30個基本序列中之每一者指派給一不同天線叢集(2012年5月1日簽發之標題為「System And Method For Adjusting DIDO Interference Cancellation Based On Signal Strength Measurements」之相關之第8,170,081號美國專利中定義叢集)以減小跨越毗鄰天線叢集之叢集間干擾。3. LTE 中之上行鏈路 MU-MAS 方法 本發明在UL頻道上採用開環MU-MIMO方案以將同時UL資料串流自所有UE接收至BTS。UL開環MU-MIMO方案由以下步驟組成:i) UE將發信號資訊及資料有效負載發送至所有BTS;ii) BTS使用發信號資訊計算來自所有UE之頻道估計;iii) BTS將頻道估計及資料有效負載發送至CP;iv) CP使用頻道估計來經由空間濾波移除來自所有UE之資料有效負載之頻道間干擾且解調變來自所有UE之資料串流。在一項實施例中,開環MU-MIMO系統採用單載波分頻多重存取(SC-FDMA)來增加自UE至BTS之UL頻道之數目且在頻域中多工其。 在一項實施例中,UE當中之同步係經由自DL發信號而達成且所有BTS假設為經由直接連線至相同時脈或(在一項實施例中)透過GPSDO共用一共同時間/頻率參考而鎖定至相同時間/頻率參考時脈。不同UE處之頻道延遲擴展之變化可產生可影響UL上之MU-MIMO方法之效能之不同UE之時間參考當中之抖動。在一項實施例中,僅相同天線叢集(例如,彼此緊密接近之UE)內之UE藉助MU-MIMO方法而處理以減小跨越不同UE之相對傳播延遲擴展。在另一實施例中,在UE處或在BTS處補償UE之間的相對傳播延遲以保證在BTS處自不同UE之資料有效負載之同時接收。 用於達成UL上之資料解調變之發信號資訊之方法係先前章節處所闡述之用於下行鏈路開環DIDO方案中之發信號之相同方法。CP採用不同空間處理技術來自UE資料有效負載移除頻道間干擾。在本發明之一項實施例中,CP採用非線性空間處理方法,諸如最大似然(ML)接收器、決策回饋等化(DFE)接收器或連續干擾消除(SIC)接收器。在另一實施例中,CP採用線性濾波器(諸如逼零(ZF)或最小均方誤差(MMSE)接收器)來消除同頻道干擾且個別地解調變上行鏈路資料串流。4. 與現有 LTE 網路之整合 在美國及世界之其他地區,LTE網路已在操作中或在正部署及/或致力於部署之程序中。若LTE操作者可逐步地將DIDO或MU-MAS能力部署至其現有或已提交部署中,則對於LTE操作者將具有顯著益處。以此方式,其可將DIDO或MU-MAS部署於其中其將提供最直接益處之區域中且逐步地將DIDO或MU-MAS能力擴展至涵蓋較多其網路。適時地,一旦其在一區域中具有充分DIDO或MU-MAS涵蓋,其便可選擇徹底終止使用小區,且替代地,徹底切換至DIDO或MU-MAS並以低得多之成本達成高得多之頻譜密度。貫穿自蜂巢至DIDO或MU-MAS之此整個轉變,LTE操作者之無線客戶將不再可見一服務損失。而是,其將僅可見其資料輸送量及可靠性改良,而操作者將可見其成本下降。 存在將達成DIDO或MU-MAS至現有LTE網路中之一逐步整合之數項實施例。在所有情形中,用於DIDO或MU-MAS之BTS將稱為DIDO-LTE BTS且將利用上文所闡述之LTE可相容DIDO或MU-MAS實施例中之一者或如其在未來可開發之其他LTE可相容實施例。或者,DIDO-LTE BTS將利用LTE標準(諸如上文所闡述之彼等標準)之一稍微變體且將更新UE (例如若一軟體更新足以將UE修改為係DIDO或MU-MAS可相容的)或將部署DIDO或MU-MAS可相容之新一代UE。在任一情形中,支援在LTE標準之約束內或作為LTE標準之一變體之DIDO或MU-MAS的新BTS以下將稱為DIDO-LTE BTS。 LTE標準支援各種頻道頻寬(例如,1.4 MHz、3 MHz、5 MHz、10 MHz、15 MHz及20 MHz)。在一項實施例中,一操作者藉助一現有LTE網路將分配用於LTE-DIDO BTS之新頻寬或將細分現有LTE頻譜(例如20MHz可細分成兩個10MHz區塊)以在一個頻譜區塊中支援呈一蜂巢組態之習用LTE BTS及在另一頻譜區塊中支援DIDO LTE BTS。有效地,此將建立兩個單獨LTE網路,且UE器件將經組態以使用一個或另一網路或者在兩者之間進行選擇。在經細分頻譜之情形中,頻譜可在習用LTE網路與DIDO-LTE BTS網路之間均勻地劃分或不均勻地,若給出蜂巢LTE BTS及DIDO-LTE BTS部署之位準及/或UE使用型樣,則將較多頻譜分配至可最佳利用之任何網路。此細分可隨時間按需要改變,且在某一時刻,當存在經部署以提供與蜂巢BTS相同之涵蓋或如蜂巢BTS之較佳涵蓋之充分DIDO-LTE BTS時,可將所有頻譜分配至DIDO-LTE BTS,且可停用蜂巢BTS。 在另一實施例中,習用蜂巢LTE BTS可經組態以與DIDO-LTE BTS協調以使得其共用相同頻譜,但輪流使用頻譜。舉例而言,若其等同地共用頻譜使用,則每一BTS網路將交替地利用一個10ms訊框時間,例如一個10ms訊框用於蜂巢LTE BTS,後續接著一個10ms訊框用於DIDO-LTE BTS。訊框時間亦可以不相等間隔細分。此間隔拆分可隨時間按需要改變,且在某一時刻,當存在經部署以提供與蜂巢BTS相同之涵蓋或如蜂巢BTS之較佳涵蓋之充分DIDO-LTE BTS時,可將所有時間分配至DIDO-LTE BTS,且可停用蜂巢BTS。 在本發明之另一實施例中,採用DIDO或MU-MAS作為至LTE及進階LTE網路中之小型小區之LOS或NLOS無線回載傳輸。當LTE網路中部署小型小區時,DIDO或MU-MAS提供至彼等小型小區之高速無線回載傳輸。當對較高資料速率之需求增加時,將較多小型小區添加至網路直至無線網路達到在不導致小區間干擾之情況下不可再將小型小區添加於一給定區域中之一極限為止。在本發明之相同實施例中,使用DIDO-LTE BTS來逐步地替換小型小區,藉此應用小區間干擾來提供經增加網路容量。5. MU-MAS LTE 排程器 在MU-MAS中,分佈式天線或BTS將同時經預編碼資料串流傳輸至多個UE。如相關專利及申請案中所闡述,BTS之數目必須等於或大於UE之數目以達成同時資料傳輸。在實用部署中,UE之數目可超過BTS之數目。在此情形中,額外UE可根據特定排程原則而選定用於以不同時槽或頻帶進行傳輸。排程器應用UE之頻道品質資訊來決策將以一給定時間及頻率服務之一組最佳UE。本發明中使用不同排程方法,包含比例公平排程器演算法、循環演算法或貪婪演算法。 如先前章節中所闡述,LTE標準定義用以告知排程器關於每個UE之鏈路品質之兩個參數:CQI及SRS。CQI量測DL頻道之品質且自UE回饋至BTS。SRS係自UE發送至BTS之發信號資訊以量測UL頻道品質。兩個指示符皆提供隨時間及頻域而變之UL/DL頻道品質之資訊。在FDD系統中,DL排程器必須將CQI用作效能度量,此乃因DL及UL頻道品質可因不同載波頻率而變化。在TDD模式中,DL排程採用CSI或SRS或者兩者之組合來執行其排程決策。相同效能度量可用於UL排程。在本發明之一項實施例中,MU-MAS排程器採用CQI及SRS作為由排程演算法使用之效能度量。 本發明中所闡述之MU-MAS達成先前技術中未揭示之一個額外頻道品質指示符:空間選擇性指示符(SSI),如標題為「Systems and Methods to enhance spatial diversity in distributed-input distributed-output wireless systems」之相關之第13/475,598號美國申請案中所闡述。SSI可基於經由回饋機制而自所有UE或自UL頻道(應用UL/DL頻道互易)獲得之CSI而計算。在本發明之一項實施例中,排程器採用SSI作為效能度量。SSI係無線鏈路中可用之空間分集之一度量。SSI取決於BTS以及UE之空間特性。在本發明之一項例示性實施例中,排程器自所有UE獲得SSI且根據特定排程準則而以「最佳」SSI排程該等UE。若與作用BTS相比可獲得較多BTS,則組合上文所闡述之使用者選擇準則與標題為「Systems and Methods to enhance spatial diversity in distributed-input distributed-output wireless systems」之相關之第13/475,598號美國申請案中所闡述之天線選擇方法。在本發明之一項實施例中,排程器基於特定排程準則而選擇BTS及UE之最佳子組。 關於 9 、圖 10 及圖 11 ,在特定情景中,可不存在用以達成相同天線叢集或天線子叢集內之大數目個BTS之充分正交發信號序列。在此情形中,若啟動額外BTS以涵蓋具有較大數目個作用UE之區,則可發生某一位準之干擾。在本發明之一項實施例中,排程器量測天線叢集或天線子叢集之間的干擾位準且排程UE以使無線鏈路上之彼干擾之效應最小化。 本發明中採用標題為「Systems and Methods to enhance spatial diversity in distributed-input distributed-output wireless systems」之相關之第13/475,598號美國申請案中所闡述之天線選擇演算法來基於SSI而選擇一組最佳作用BTS。然而,此天線選擇演算法可需要高計算複雜性,此乃因在基於SSI效能度量而對最佳子組做出一決策之前,必須對天線子組之所有可能置換應用MU-MAS預編碼處理。在具有大數目個協作BTS之MU-MAS中,此計算負擔在實用部署中可變得昂貴或難以達成。因此,期望開發用以減小天線子組之數目同時維持天線選擇方法之良好效能之替代技術。在本發明之一項實施例中,MU-MAS採用基於天線子組ID號之佇列之方法,此後稱為「天線混洗方法」。在本發明之一項實施例中,天線混洗方法將含有所有可能天線子組ID (亦即,針對一組給定可用BTS之作用BTS之所有可能置換)之佇列細分成不同群組且將不同優先級指派給彼等群組。此等群組經定義以將公平機會指派給將選擇之所有子組ID,但僅針對有限數目個子組(例如,具有最高優先級之彼等子組)而計算SSI度量,藉此減小計算複雜性。在一項例示性實施例中,將子組ID之佇列劃分成三個群組,其中每一群組指派有一不同規則:i)群組#1,其含有具有最高優先級之ID,該等ID僅在識別具有更高優先級之一新子組之情形中自群組去除;ii)群組#2,其中新天線子組(選自群組#3)包含於方法之每次迭代處;iii)群組#3,其中天線子組ID根據循環原則而混洗。群組#1及群組#2內之所有子組ID在該方法之每一迭代處基於其優先級而分類以賦予子組ID自群組#2升級至群組#1之機會。僅針對群組#1及群組#2內之子組而計算SSI且天線選擇演算法僅應用於彼等子組。6. MU-MAS LTE 使用者設備 本發明由LTE UE之不同設計構成。在一項實施例中,UE係可與採用預編碼之MU-MAS相容之一LTE UE,如上文所闡述及 13 中所繪示。 在一不同實施例中,UE 1401經由一第一網路介面1404 (例如,Wi-Fi、USB、乙太網路、藍芽、光纖等)連接至不同器件1402及1403且經由一第二網路介面1405連接至MU-MAS,如 14 中所展示。圖14中之UE配備有兩個不同網路介面,其中每一網路介面由一個或多個天線構成(但在替代實施例中,第一網路介面1404可為不具有天線之一有線介面)。第一網路介面之天線用圓圈表示,而第二網路介面之天線用三角形表示。在相同實施例中,第二網路介面支援MU-MAS預編碼、以符合LTE標準的協定實施之MU-MAS或MU-MAS (以或不以符合LTE標準的協定實施)及一替代網路。在相同實施例中,替代網路係一蜂巢網路、一LTE網路或Wi-Fi網路。在相同實施例中,UE與MU-MAS及/或替代網路中之任一者及/或兩者一起工作,且UE基於某些準則而選擇MU-MAS或替代網路。在相同實施例中,該等準則係:i)是否僅一個網路可用且被選擇;ii)一個網路是否具有較佳效能;iii)一個網路是否較經濟;iv)一個網路是否較不擁塞;v)一個網路是否使用較少UE資源。 在本發明之一項實施例中,UE 1501處於實體附接至使用者器件1502之一殼體中,如 15 中所繪示。在相同實施例中,該殼體充當對使用者器件之一裝飾性添加。在另一實施例中,該殼體用於保護使用者器件免受實體損壞。UE由電池1503及一個或多個網路介面1504構成。 在一項實施例中,UE電子器件嵌入於一殼體內。在相同實施例中,UE電子器件包含一電池1503。該電池包含透過一實體電觸點或一無線觸點耦合之一充電器。例示性電力耦合係導電的、電感的、RF的、光的或熱的,但電力耦合不限於此等方法。在相同實施例中,UE電子器件經耦合以自使用者器件接收電力。此電力耦合係透過一實體觸點或透過一電感或無線觸點。在相同實施例中,使用者器件經耦合以自MU-MAS UE接收電力。此耦合係透過一實體觸點或透過一電感或無線觸點。在一不同實施例中,相同充電器給使用者器件及MU_MAS UE兩者供電。 在本發明之一項實施例中,UE經組態以通信至使用者器件。在相同實施例中,可重設UE (例如,經由切換器或藉由移除電力)以使得使用者器件可首先連接至其,且一旦建立該連接,UE便可由使用者器件來組態。此組態包含組態一私人密碼及/或其他安全協定。在一不同實施例中,UE包含將經組態以與使用者器件通信之一構件。此組態係經由以下各項而完成:至另一器件之一通信埠,其中該通信埠為USB;或UE上之控制件及/或按鈕;或顯示器,其中使用按鈕或觸控輸入。 在另一實施例中,針對MU-MAS通信以及針對替代網路使用相同RF鏈。在另一實施例中,針對MU-MAS通信及替代網路使用一不同RF鏈。7. 應用頻道互易之射頻 (RF) 校準 習用閉環MU-MAS方法採用UL頻道來將經量化CSI或碼索引(如在基於碼簿之有限回饋方案中)自UE回饋至BTS或CP。然而,此方案產生大回饋附加項及高協定複雜性以達成CSI回饋頻道。在TDD系統中,在將UL及DL設定為處於相同頻率之情況下,因此期望藉由應用UL/DL頻道互易而避免CSI回饋。在實用系統中,BTS或UE處之傳輸及接收RF鏈通常因不同RF組件及電路佈局而具有不同特性。因此,為保持UL/DL互易,需要採用RF校準方法來補償傳輸鏈與接收鏈之間的RF不匹配。 [91]中闡述典型無線收發器之RF不匹配之模型且[92]中論述用以減輕自適應數位波束成形系統之效能上之RF不匹配之效應之硬體解決方案。軟體技術用以達成多輸入多輸出(MIMO)系統(提出於[93、94]中)中之RF校準以及針對多輸入單輸出(MISO)及針對採用天線選擇之系統(分別展示於[95]及[96]中)之實驗結果。 然而,先前技術假設所有RF鏈皆佈置於與在MIMO系統中相同之電路板上,藉此簡化RF校準問題,此乃因可局部地獲得關於所有RF鏈之間的RF不匹配之資訊。相比而言,本發明由地理上相距甚遠而放置之分佈式天線組成,以使得彼等天線之間的通信僅透過網路而發生。因此,定義特定地經設計以達成具有分佈式天線之MU-MAS中之RF校準之稱作之「信標台」之一新穎系統單元。此外,在先前技術MIMO系統中,因在相同板上之RF鏈之緊密接近而發生傳輸/接收鏈之間的顯著RF耦合。相比而言,在本發明中,RF耦合僅發生於相同分佈式天線之一個傳輸鏈與一個接收鏈之間。因此,經採用用於RF校準之技術與先前技術中所闡述之技術顯著不同,如此後將演示。最後,先前技術中所揭示之RF校準方法不限於具有一單個使用者(例如,一單個使用者設備器件)之系統。如在以下段落處之推導中所展示,具有多個使用者之系統(例如,MU-MAS)對RF不匹配係特別敏感的,此乃因其產生使用者間干擾。因此,在應用頻道互易時必須採用特殊技術來達成RF校準,如下文所闡述。 本發明由採用射頻(RF)校準且應用下行鏈路(DL)與上行鏈路(UL)頻道之間的互易之一MU-MAS組成,該MU-MAS由多個分佈式天線、多個使用者設備器件(UE)及一個或多個信標台構成。在一項實施例中,採用RF校準以自UL頻道估計計算DL MU-MAS預編碼權數。 16 展示包含分佈式天線1601、多個UE 1613、一個信標台1619、連接分佈式天線之一個基地台網路(BSN) 1607、一個集中式處理器(CP) 1621及為自信標台至CP之校準控制頻道之一個回饋頻道1620之系統之方塊圖。 每個分佈式天線單元由基頻單元1602、傳輸RF鏈1603、接收RF鏈1604、動態地選擇用於TDD操作之傳輸/接收RF鏈之RF切換單元1605及天線1606組成。在一項實施例中,基頻單元包括基頻信號處理及數位轉類比轉換器(DAC)。在另一實施例中,所有基頻處理皆在CP處執行,以使得RF信號被發送至每個分佈式天線(例如,經由RF同軸電纜或光纖上RF網路)。每個UE由基頻單元1608、(分別地)傳輸RF鏈1609及接收RF鏈1610、RF切換器1611及天線1612組成。信標台由基頻單元1614、(分別地)傳輸RF鏈1615及接收RF鏈1616、RF切換器1617及天線1618構成。 分佈式天線與UE之間的無線鏈路經模型化為尺寸M × N之複雜高斯頻道矩陣H ,其中M係UE之數目且N係分佈式天線之數目。將H DL 定義為DL頻道矩陣1622且將H UL 定義為UL頻道矩陣1623。只要DL及UL設定為相同載波頻率,便保持頻道互易。在此情形中,保持以下性質
Figure 02_image001
其中符號
Figure 02_image003
表示轉置矩陣操作。 上述模型適用於單載波或多載波系統。在多載波系統(例如,OFDM)中,複雜矩陣H 表示一個副載波之頻道,且相同模型擴展至系統中之任何副載波。 16 亦展示經模型化具有尺寸N × N之分別複雜頻道矩陣A TA R 的分佈式天線處之傳輸RF單元及接收RF單元。同樣地,UE處之傳輸RF單元及接收RF單元由尺寸M × M之分別矩陣B TB R 來模型化。在具有分佈式天線之MU-MAS之情形中,分佈式天線及/或UE之間的RF耦合可因相對天線分離而忽略,以使得A TA RB TB R 表示為對角矩陣。觀察到,此係具有分佈式天線及分佈式UE之MU-MAS之一獨特特徵。因此,本發明對於與多輸入多輸出(MIMO)系統有關之先前技術係新穎的。 基於 16 中之方塊圖,將有效DL頻道矩陣(模型化傳輸/接收RF單元及無線鏈路)寫為
Figure 02_image005
且將有效UL頻道矩陣寫為
Figure 02_image007
在本發明中,RF校準係藉由運用複雜RF校準矩陣C 預調節UL頻道估計矩陣
Figure 02_image009
而獲得,如下
Figure 02_image011
在包括LTE蜂巢網路之本發明之一項實施例中,採用來自所有UE之DMRS而在eNodeB處估計有效UL頻道。 如 17 中所展示,自每個分佈式天線1701與信標台1719之間的有效DL (
Figure 02_image013
)頻道1722及UL (
Figure 02_image015
)頻道1723向量而計算矩陣C ,定義為
Figure 02_image017
Figure 02_image019
其中
Figure 02_image021
為行向量,假設分佈式天線與信標台之間存在DL及UL頻道互易。在一項實施例中,藉由將訓練信號自分佈式天線發送至信標台而估計分佈式天線與信標台之間的DL頻道。在包括LTE蜂巢網路之一項例示性實施例中,信標台使用DL序列CRS或CSI-RS或DM-RS以自所有eNodeB估計有效DL頻道。在相同實施例中,藉由將訓練信號自信標台發送至天線而估計信標台與分佈式天線之間的UL頻道。在本發明之一項實施例中,採用多個信標台來改良RF校準矩陣之估計。在本發明中,分佈式天線之間不存在RF耦合,以使得RF校準矩陣C 係對角的。 當採用線性預編碼(例如,逼零[65]、區塊對角化或BD [66-67]、矩陣反轉等)時,在第m個UE處所接收之符號經給出如下
Figure 02_image023
其中
Figure 02_image025
係有效頻道矩陣
Figure 02_image027
之第m列,
Figure 02_image029
係自
Figure 02_image027
導出之第m個UE之預編碼向量,
Figure 02_image031
係傳輸至第m個UE之符號,且
Figure 02_image033
係第m個UE處之白高斯雜訊。為簡單起見,以上模型在每個UE處採用一單個接收天線,但本發明擴展至UE處之任何數目個天線。可能展示當採用上文所闡述之RF校準方法時,在傳輸器處預先消除每個UE處之用戶端間干擾,以使得保持以下條件
Figure 02_image035
其中
Figure 02_image037
係自經RF校準之頻道矩陣
Figure 02_image039
導出之預編碼權數向量。在一項實施例中,自經RF校準之頻道矩陣而計算預編碼權數以預先消除每個UE處之用戶端間干擾。 18 展示針對三種情景之採用BD預編碼及頻率平坦頻道中之4-QAM調變之MU-MAS之符號錯誤率(SER)效能:i)無RF不匹配;ii)不具有校準之RF不匹配;iii)具有校準之RF不匹配。觀察到,本發明中之RF校準方法將SER減低至理想效能(亦即,不具有RF不匹配)。 在本發明之另一實施例中,將非線性預編碼方法(例如,髒紙編碼[68-70]、或湯姆林森-哈拉希瑪預編碼或THP [71-72]、柵格技術或網格預編碼[73-74]、向量擾動技術[75-76])應用於經RF校準之頻道矩陣以預先消除每個UE處之用戶端間干擾。 19 展示使用RF校準藉助非線性預編碼技術而獲得之SER且UL/DL互易匹配線性預編碼之效能。 20a 展示具有兩個分佈式天線及兩個UE之MU-MAS中在針對UE 1之THP模運算之前的星座圖,而圖20b 展示具有兩個分佈式天線及兩個UE之MU-MAS中在針對UE 2之THP模運算之前的星座圖(THP柵格結構)。THP預編碼經設計以完全消除對「參考UE」之干擾且將連續干擾消除方案應用於其他UE。因此,預期參考UE之SER效能可優於其他UE。在一項實施例中,將循環或比例公平排程或其他類型之排程技術應用於UE以保證對所有UE之類似平均SER效能。 BD及THP方法之計算效能可取決於每個使用者叢集內之分佈式天線及/或UE之數目而變化。在本發明之一項實施例中,MU-MAS取決於每個使用者叢集中之分佈式天線及/或UE之數目而在線性預編碼技術與非線性預編碼技術之間動態地切換以使預編碼器之計算複雜性最小化。 在實用MU-MAS中,信標台係專用於RF校準之使用之一無線收發器。由於出於校準目的,信標台需要用以傳遞自所有分佈式天線之所估計有效DL頻道之回饋頻道,因此信標台經由無線或有線鏈路而傳遞至CP。在另一實施例中,信標台係分佈式天線中之任一者,且校準參數係相對於彼天線而計算。在相同實施例中,分佈式天線經組織為在一網狀網路中且計算毗鄰分佈式天線之間的成對RF校準以保證良好鏈路品質。跨越所有天線而實施RF校準且將校準資訊回饋至CP,以使得所有分佈式天線彼此校準。在另一實施例中,信標台係使用任何無線或有線鏈路來將校準資訊回饋至CP之UE中之任一者。 自信標至CP之校準資訊係針對有限數目個位元而量化或經由基於碼簿之有限回饋方法而發送以減小控制頻道上之附加項。觀察到,RF校準可以一緩慢速率運行(取決於由溫度改變等所致之RF特性之變化速率)。若校準資訊之更新速率較低,則可使用無線資料頻道來將彼資訊發送至CP而不導致資料速率之任何嚴重損失。在一項例示性實施例中,在LTE蜂巢網路中,使用PUSCH來將校準資訊自UE回饋至CP。 每使用者叢集或者天線叢集或天線子叢集取決於彼叢集中之信標台與分佈式天線之間的相對鏈路品質而採用一個或多個地理上分佈式信標台。在一項實施例中,使用具有至叢集中之所有分佈式天線之最佳信號品質之信標台用於RF校準。在另一實施例中,在每個時刻處動態地選擇信標台以調適至由傳播環境中之變化所致之至分佈式天線之鏈路之改變之品質。在另一實施例中,協作地採用多個信標台(例如,經由最大比率組合/傳輸)以使自/至分佈式天線之鏈路上之SNR或SINR最大化。在一不同實施例中,每叢集實施一或多個RF校準。 在本發明之一項實施例中,信標台不僅用於RF校準且亦用於將包含時間及頻率同步參考之發信號資訊發送至分佈式天線及/或UE。分佈式天線及/或UE採用彼參考來維持與MU-MAS主參考時脈之時間及頻率同步。在一項實施例中,經由LTE多媒體廣播單頻率網路(MBSFN)通信頻道而達成自信標台至分佈式天線及UE之此參考時脈分佈。參考文獻 [1] A. 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101:多工區 102:分集區 103:大型小區 104:小型小區 105:基地收發器台 106:廉價存取點 301:干擾區 302:大型小區 401:基地收發器台 402:小區 501:分佈式基地收發器台 502:額外存取點 503:小區 601:伺服閘道器 602:PDN閘道器 603:行動性管理實體 604:增強型節點B 605:使用者設備 606:S1介面 607:X2介面 608:E-UTRAN介面 609:演進式封包核心 901:主要天線叢集 902:毗鄰天線叢集 903:基地收發器台 905:使用者叢集 1001:天線叢集 1003:天線子叢集 1004:小區ID 1101:天線叢集 1102:使用者叢集 1103:天線子叢集 1104:小區ID 1201:人口稀少區域 1202:人口密集區域 1301:使用者設備 1302:基地收發器台 1303:控制器 1304:集中式處理器 1305:基地台網路 1306:外部網路 1401:使用者設備 1402:器件 1403:器件 1404:第一網路介面 1405:第二網路介面 1501:使用者設備 1502:使用者器件 1503:電池 1504:網路介面 1601:分佈式天線 1602:基頻單元 1603:傳輸射頻鏈 1604:接收射頻鏈 1605:射頻切換單元 1606:天線 1607:基地台網路 1608:基頻單元 1609:傳輸射頻鏈 1610:接收射頻鏈 1611:射頻切換器 1612:天線 1613:使用者設備 1614:基頻單元 1615:傳輸射頻鏈 1616:接收射頻鏈 1617:射頻切換器 1618:天線 1619:信標台 1620:回饋頻道 1621:集中式處理器 1622:下行鏈路頻道矩陣 1623:上行鏈路頻道矩陣 1701:分佈式天線 1719:信標台 1722:有效下行鏈路(
Figure 02_image013
)頻道 1723:有效上行鏈路(
Figure 02_image015
)頻道 AR1:複雜頻道矩陣/對角矩陣 ARN:複雜頻道矩陣/對角矩陣 AT1:複雜頻道矩陣/對角矩陣 ATN:複雜頻道矩陣/對角矩陣 BR1:矩陣/對角矩陣 BRM:矩陣/對角矩陣 BT1:矩陣/對角矩陣 BTM:矩陣/對角矩陣
連同圖式一起自以下詳細說明可獲得對本發明之一更好理解,在圖示中: 1 圖解說明用於一大型小區及一小型小區之多工區及分集區。 2a 圖解說明習用蜂巢系統中之全頻率重複使用型樣。 2b 圖解說明習用蜂巢系統中之硬頻率重複使用(HFR)型樣。 2c 圖解說明習用蜂巢系統中之部分頻率重複使用(FFR)型樣。 3 圖解說明毗鄰大型小區之間的干擾區。 4 圖解說明以較高功率進行傳輸以增加小區之間的干擾之位準之多個BTS。 5 圖解說明其中添加諸多存取點以刻意地增加貫穿小區之不相干干擾之位準之一項實例。 6 圖解說明LTE網路中之網路元件。 7a 圖解說明用於FDD操作之LTE訊框結構。 7b 圖解說明用於TDD操作之LTE訊框結構。 8a 圖解說明OFDM DL頻道中之LTE「資源元素」及「資源區塊」。 8b 圖解說明SC-FDMA UL頻道中之LTE「資源元素」及「資源區塊」。 9 圖解說明由天線叢集及使用者叢集組成之一多使用者(MU)多天線系統(MAS)或MU-MAS之一項實施例。 10 圖解說明一MU-MAS之一項實施例,其中一不同小區ID關聯至每個天線子叢集。 11 圖解說明一MU-MAS之一項實施例,其中以給定重複型樣將同一組小區ID指派給天線子叢集。 12 圖解說明加利福尼亞州舊金山市區中之MU-MAS系統之實用部署之SNR分佈,其中具有人口稀少區域及人口密集區域。 13 圖解說明由CP、分佈式BTS及多個UE組成之一MU-MAS之一項實施例。 14 圖解說明由CP、分佈式BTS、多個器件以及經由網路介面連接至器件以及BTS之一個UE組成之一MU-MAS之一項實施例。 15 圖解說明一MU-MAS之一項實施例,其中UE係處於實體附接至使用者器件之一殼體中。 16 圖解說明一MU-MAS之一項實施例,其中分佈式天線經由UL及DL頻道而通信至UE。 17 圖解說明一MU-MAS之一項實施例,其中分佈式天線經由UL及DL頻道而通信至信標台。 18 圖解說明在具有/不具有RF不匹配之情況下及在具有/不具有RF校準之情況下具有線性預編碼之MU-MAS之符號錯誤率(SER)效能。 19 圖解說明在具有/不具有RF不匹配之情況下及在具有/不具有RF校準之情況下具有線性及非線性預編碼之MU-MAS之符號錯誤率(SER)效能。 20a 、圖 20b 圖解說明在應用THP非線性預編碼時在UE處(在模運算之前)之4-QAM星座圖。
1601:分佈式天線
1602:基頻單元
1603:傳輸射頻鏈
1604:接收射頻鏈
1605:射頻切換單元
1606:天線
1607:基地台網路
1608:基頻單元
1609:傳輸射頻鏈
1610:接收射頻鏈
1611:射頻切換器
1612:天線
1613:使用者設備
1614:基頻單元
1615:傳輸射頻鏈
1616:接收射頻鏈
1617:射頻切換器
1618:天線
1619:信標台
1620:回饋頻道
1621:集中式處理器
1622:下行鏈路頻道矩陣
1623:上行鏈路頻道矩陣

Claims (22)

  1. 一種具有多使用者(MU)傳輸之多天線系統(MAS) (「MU-MAS」),其包含: 複數個無線基地收發器台(BTS)及/或一集中式處理器(CP); 複數個用戶端器件(UE);及 複數個信標台; 其中該複數個BTS之一或多者及/或該CP自上行鏈路(UL)信號估計UL頻道狀態資訊(CSI); 其中該複數個BTS及該複數個信標台之一或多者經組態以於該複數個BTS與該複數個信標台之間發送複數個訓練信號; 其中該複數個BTS之一或多者、該CP及/或該複數個信標台之一或多者處理該複數個訓練訊號以估計複數個射頻(RF)校準係數; 其中該複數個BTS之一或多者、該CP及/或該複數個信標台之一或多者使用該複數個RF校準係數以預調節該UL CSI之一矩陣並獲得下行鏈路(DL) CSI之一矩陣; 其中該複數個BTS之一或多者、該CP及/或該複數個信標台之一或多者之一或多個預編碼器使用該DL CSI以用於預編碼DL射頻信號,該等射頻信號自該複數個BTS同步發送,該預編碼導致刻意(deliberate)之射頻干擾以在該複數個UE之一或多者之一或多個天線周圍產生相干(coherent)無線信號之同時(concurrent)、非干擾之封閉空間形狀(enclosed shape in space);及 其中該CP藉由選擇該複數個BTS之不同子集以調適封閉空間形狀之尺寸。
  2. 如請求項1之系統,其中該複數個BTS經由一基地台網路(BSN)互連至該CP,其中該複數個BTS之一或多者之該一或多個預編碼器使用該DL CSI以用於預編碼該等射頻信號。
  3. 如請求項1之系統,其中該CP知曉該複數個BTS及該複數個UE之間之該DL CSI,該CP之一CP預編碼器利用該DL CSI以預編碼經由該等DL射頻信號發送之資料。
  4. 如請求項3之系統,其中該DL CSI係在該複數個UE處被估計且回饋至該複數個BTS之一或多者。
  5. 如請求項1之系統,其中該DL CSI使用RF校準且應用UL頻道及DL頻道之互易而在該複數個BTS之一或多者處自該UL CSI導出。
  6. 如請求項1之系統,其中該複數個RF校準係數被採用以自該UL頻道計算DL MU-MAS預編碼權數。
  7. 如請求項6之系統,其中該等預編碼權數被計算以對每個UE預先消除用戶端間干擾。
  8. 如請求項6之系統,其中該等預編碼權數自包含逼零、區塊對角化及/或矩陣反轉之線性預編碼方法而被計算。
  9. 如請求項6之系統,其中該等預編碼權數自包含髒紙編碼、湯姆林森-哈拉希瑪、柵格網格及/或向量擾動之非線性預編碼方法而被計算。
  10. 如請求項2之系統,其中循環或比例公平排程被用於確保所有該複數個UE有類似之符號錯誤率(SER)效能。
  11. 如請求項2之系統,其中該複數個BTS之一或多者之該一或多個預編碼器及/或該CP預編碼器取決於該複數個BTS及/或該等UE之數目而動態地在線性預編碼技術及非線性預編碼技術之間切換以使該預編碼器之計算複雜性最小化。
  12. 如請求項1之系統,其中該DL CSI之該矩陣是藉由以含有該複數個RF校準係數之一矩陣來預調節該UL CSI之該矩陣而獲得的。
  13. 如請求項1之系統,其中該複數個RF校準係數係獲得自該複數個BTS及該複數個信標台之間之DL頻道及UL頻道之一或多者。
  14. 如請求項13之系統,其中該等DL頻道及該等UL頻道之該一或多頻道是經由自該複數個BTS發送至該複數個信標台或自該複數個信標台發送至該複數個BTS之該複數個訓練信號而被估計。
  15. 如請求項1之系統,其中該複數個信標台包括該複數個BTS之任意者。
  16. 如請求項1之系統,其中該複數個信標台包括該複數個UE之任意者。
  17. 如請求項2之系統,其中該複數個RF校準係數係自該複數個信標台之至少一者經由一無線或有線回饋頻道發送至該CP。
  18. 如請求項17之系統,其中量化或基於碼簿之有限回饋技術被採用以將複數個RF校準係數自該複數個信標台回饋至該CP。
  19. 如請求項2之系統,其中該MU-MAS係一長期演進(LTE)網路,該複數個UE係LTE UE,該複數個BTS係增強型節點B(eNodeB)實體或行動性管理實體(MME),該CP係一LTE閘道器(GW),且該BSN係一S1或X1介面。
  20. 如請求項19之系統,其中一UL LTE解調變參考信號(DMRS)或一探測參考信號(SRS)被採用以估計自該複數個UE至該等eNodeB BTS之UL CSI。
  21. 如請求項19之系統,其中一DL LTE小區特定參考信號(CRS)、一LTE CSI參考信號(CSI-RS)及/或一LTE解調變參考信號(DM-RS)被用於估計用於RF校準之該等eNodeB BTS及該複數個信標台之間之該DL CSI及該UL CSI。
  22. 如請求項19之系統,其中一LTE實體上行鏈路共用之頻道(PUSCH)被採用以將該等RF校準係數回自該複數個信標台饋至該CP。
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