JP2022024150A - 分散入力分散出力無線通信におけるチャネル可逆性を利用する無線周波数校正のためのシステム及び方法 - Google Patents
分散入力分散出力無線通信におけるチャネル可逆性を利用する無線周波数校正のためのシステム及び方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、以下の同時係属中の米国特許出願に関連があり得る。
・モード1:単一アンテナ・ポート、ポート0
・モード2:ダイバーシティを送信
・モード3:大遅延巡回遅延ダイバーシティ(CDD)、シングルユーザMIMO(SU-MIMO)に関する開ループ空間多重化の拡張
・モード4:SU-MIMOに関する閉ループ空間多重化
・モード5:マルチユーザMIMO(MU-MIMO)
・モード6:閉ループ空間多重化、単一の送信レイヤ使用
・モード7:単一アンテナ・ポート、UE固有RS(ポート5)
・モード8:シングル又はデュアルレイヤ送信、UE固有RS(ポート7及び/又は8)
・モード9:単一又は最大8層までの閉ループSU-MIMO(リリース10で追加) ・モード10:8層までのマルチレイヤ閉ループSU-MIMO(リリース10で追加)
イントラセルダイバーシティ方法は、1つのセルの中で動作し、劣悪なリンク品質(例えば、中央塔又は基地局からの高い経路損失を受けるセル端のユーザ)を有するシナリオにおいてSNRを増強するようになっている。MIMO通信において使用される代表的なダイバーシティ方式は、ビームフォーミング[5~11]及び直交空間時間ブロックコード(OSTBC)[12~15]である。
MIMO多重化方式[1、19]は、無線リンク上の複数の並列データストリームをサポートするために、高いSNRレジームにおいて、及び、チャネルにおける十分な空間自由度を有するシナリオ(例えば、高い空間選択性[16~18]を有する豊かなマルチパスの環境)において、データレートの利得を提供する。
マクロセルが小セル(例えば、メトロセル、ピコセル及びフェムトセル)と共存する不均一ネットワーク(HetNet)[90]では、セル間干渉を排除するために種々の技術を利用する必要がある。HetNetは小セルを通してより良いカバレッジを提供する一方で、データレートにおける利得はわずかでしかない。なぜなら、異なる形態の周波数繰り返しパターンを介してスペクトルを共用すること、又は多重化利得を得ることよりも干渉を排除するために空間処理を用いることを必要とするためである。LTE規格は、特にセル端にて干渉を排除するために、セル間干渉制御(ICIC)方式を利用する。ICIC法には、セル自律式及びBTS間で協調されるものの2種類の方法がある。
先行技術の複数ユーザ無線システムは、無線ネットワークに複雑さを追加し、制約を導入し、結果として、その領域における別のユーザによるスペクトルの利用によって、所定のユーザの経験(例えば利用可能なスループット、遅延、予測性、信頼性)が影響を受ける状況になる。複数ユーザと共有する無線スペクトル内のスループットの総計に対する増加する要求、並びに、所定のユーザに関する複数ユーザ無線ネットワークの信頼性、予測性及び低遅延に依存することができるアプリケーションの成長の増加を考慮すると、先行技術の複数ユーザ無線技術が多くの制約を被ることは明らかである。確かに、特定の種類の無線通信(例えば、建物の壁を貫通するのに有効な波長における)に適切なスペクトルの制限された可用性に関して、先行技術の無線技術は、信頼性が高く、予測可能で、かつ低遅延である帯域幅に対する増加する要求に応ずるには不十分であろう。
・ユーザ機器(UE)1301:固定及び/又はモバイルクライアント用のRF送受信機であって、バックホールからのダウンリンク(DL)チャネル上でデータストリームを受信し、アップリンク(UL)チャネルを介してバックホールへデータを送信する。
・送受信基地局(Base Transceiver Station)(BTS)1302:BTSは無線チャネルでバックホールをインターフェースする。一実施形態のBTSは、デジタル-アナログ変換器(DAC)/アナログ-デジタル変換器(ADC)及びベースバンド信号をRFに変換する無線周波数(RF)チェーンからなるアクセスポイントである。場合によっては、BTSは、電力増幅器/アンテナを備える簡素なRF送受信機であり、RF信号は、関連特許及び出願に記載されたRFオーバーファイバ技術によって、BTSへ運ばれる。
・コントローラ(CTR)1303:CTRは、下記の特定の特殊な機能のために設計されたBTSの1つの特定のタイプである。その機能とは、BTS及び/又はUEの時間/周波数同期用のトレーニング信号を送信すること、制御情報をUEから受信し、UEへ送信すること、そして、UEからチャネル状態情報(CSI)又はチャネル品質情報を受信することである。1つ以上のCTR局は、任意のMU-MASシステムに含まれ得る。複数のCTRが利用可能であるとき、それらの局への、又はそれらの局からの情報はダイバーシティを増大して、リンク品質を改善するために組み合わせることができる。一実施形態において、CSI復調を改善する最大比合成(MRC)技術によって、CSIは複数のCTRから受信される。別の実施形態では、制御情報は、受信機側におけるSNRを改善するために、最大比伝送(MRT)によって複数のCTRから送信される。発明の範囲は、MRC又はMRTには限定されず、CTRとUEとの間の無線リンクを改善するために、任意の他のダイバーシティ技術(例えばアンテナ選択等)を使用することができる。
・集中型プロセッサ(Centralized Processor)(CP)1304:CPは、バックホールとインターネット又は別の種類の外部ネットワーク1306を接続するサーバである。一実施形態において、CPはMU-MASベースバンド処理を計算して、DL伝送により、分散BTSに波形を送信する。
・基地局ネットワーク(BSN)1305:BSNは、DLチャネル又はULチャネルのいずれかについての情報を搬送する、分散BTSにCPを接続するネットワークである。BSNは、有線ネットワーク若しくは無線ネットワーク、又は双方の組み合わせである。例えば、BSNはDSL、ケーブル、光ファイバーネットワーク、又は見通し内(LOS)若しくは見通し外(NLO)無線リンクである。更に、BSNは固有ネットワーク、又はローカルエリアネットワーク、又はインターネットである。
・GW(ゲートウェイ):LTEネットワークを外部ネットワーク(すなわち、インターネット)に接続するルータである。GWは、EUTRANインターフェース608の境界をなすサービングゲートウェイ(S-GW)601及び外部ネットワークとのインターフェースであるPDNゲートウェイ(P-GW)602に分けられる。S-GW及びP-GWは、いわゆる進化型パケットコア(EPC)609の一部である。
・MME(モビリティ管理エンティティ)603:移動性、保護パラメータ及びUEアイデンティティを管理する。MMEは、更にLTE EPCの一部である。
・eNodeB(強化されたNode-B)604:無線リソース管理、ユーザ移動性及びスケジューリングを取り扱う基地局である。
・UE(ユーザ機器)605:移動局である。
・S1及びX2のインターフェース(606及び607):MMEとeNodeB(S1-MME)との間、S-GWとeNodeB(S1-U)との間、及び複数のeNodeB(X2)との間の有線又は無線のバックホールである。
MU-MAS閉ループ方式は、時分割複信(TDD)又は周波数分割複信(FDD)システムのいずれでも使うことができる。FDDシステムでは、DL及びULチャネルは、異なる周波数で動作する。したがって、DLチャネル状態情報(CSI)は、UE側において推定しなければならず、ULチャネルにより、BTS又はCTRを介して、CPに折り返して報告しなければならない。TDDシステムにおいて、DL及びULチャネルは、同じ周波数で設定し、システムは、チャネル可逆性を利用して、閉ループ技術又は開ループ方式のいずれを使用してもよい(以下の節で記載するように)。閉ループ方式の主要な短所は、それらがフィードバックを必要とするということであり、これによって、UL上の制御情報について、より大きなオーバーヘッドをもたらす。
LTE規格は、閉ループ方式のDLシグナリングについて使用することができる2種類の参照信号(RS)を定める[33、50、82~83]。i)セル固有の参照信号(CRS)、ii)UE固有のRS、例えばチャネル状態情報(CSI)参照信号(CSI-RS)及び復調RS(DM-RS)。セル固有のRSはプリコーディングされないが、UE固有のRSはプリコーディングされる[50]。CRSは、どのセルも最大4つのアンテナを使用する、SU/MU-MIMOコードブックに基づく技術を用いるLTEリリース8に使用される。LTE-Advancedリリース10は、最大8つの送信アンテナを有する、非コードブックに基づくSU/MU-MIMO方式、及びアンテナが異なるセル上に分散されているCoMP方式をサポートする。したがって、リリース10はCSI-RSによるより柔軟なシグナリング方式を可能にする。本発明において、プリコーディングを可能にするために、MU-MASシステムにおいて、シグナリング方式のいずれのタイプをどのように使用することができるのかを記載する。
CRSは、UEにおける全ての送信アンテナからBTSへのCSIを推定するために、LTE(リリース8)システムで使用される[80、84]。CRSは、二次元の直交シーケンスと二次元の疑似乱数(PRN)シーケンスの積として得られる。合計504の異なるCRSシーケンスについて、3つの直交シーケンス(つまり、OFDMサブキャリアの直交の組の上に配置される)及び168の可能なPRNシーケンスがある。どのシーケンスも、1つのセルを一意的に特定する。3つの直交CRSのそれぞれは、前の小節にて説明するように、異なるセルIDを生成する3つの物理層ID(0~2)のうちの1つに関連付けられている。CRSは、全てのスロットの第1及び最後から3番目のOFDMシンボル、並びに6番目毎のサブキャリアの中で送信される。時間と周波数の直交パターンは、UEが送信アンテナの各々からのCSIを一意的に推定するために、BTSのあらゆる送信アンテナに関して設計される。リリース8は、CRS毎に直交パターンを4つまで、MIMO 4×4に使用される4つの送信アンテナそれぞれ1つずつ規定する。時間及び周波数において(つまり、全ての0.5ミリ秒のスロット毎、及び第6のサブキャリア毎に送信される)この高密度のCRSは、5%のオーバーヘッドを生成し、時間及び周波数について高速チャネル変動を伴うシナリオをサポートするために意図的に設計されたものである[83]。
LTE-Advanced(リリース10)規格に、CSI-RSは、BTSからのCSIを推定するために、あらゆるUEによって使用される[33、83]。規格はBTSにおける異なる送信器のための直交CSI-RSを定めることにより、UEは異なるBTSからのCSIを区別することができる。BTSにおける最大で8つの送信アンテナは、[33]の表6.10.5.2-1、2のように、CSI-RSによってサポートされる。CSI-RSは、[33]の表6.10.5.3-1のように、5~80のサブフレームにわたる周期性(つまり、CSI-RSは、5~80ミリ秒毎に送信される)をもって送信される。LTE-AdvancedのCSI-RSの周期性は、制御情報の過度のオーバーヘッドを避けるために、特にこれらの余分のリソースを使用することができない従来のLTE端末に関して、LTEのCRSより故意に大きく設計された。CSI推定のために使用される別の参照信号は復調RS(DM-RS)である。DM-RSは、固有のUEに意図された復調参照信号であり、そのUEへの送信のために割り当てられたリソースブロックの中に入れて、送信されるだけである。
LTE及びLTE-Advanced規格では、UEは、その現行のチャネル状況並びにDLチャネル上の閉ループ送信に関するプリコーディング重みを通信するために、BTSへ情報をフィードバックする。3つの異なるチャネル指標がそれらの規格に含まれる[35]。
・ランク指標(RI):いくつの空間ストリームが所定のUEへ送信されるかについて示す。この数は、常に、送信アンテナの数と等しいか又は少ない。
・プリコーディングマトリックス指標(PMI):DLチャネル上のプリコーディングに使用されるコードブックのインデックス。
・チャネル品質指標(CQI):所定のチャネル状況に関する定義済み誤り率性能を維持するために、DL上で使用される前方向誤り訂正(FEC)符号方式及び変調を定める。
2.LTEにおけるダウンリンク開ループMU-MASプリコーディング法
DMRSの長さは、MRS=mNRBであり、ここで、mは、RBの数であり、NRB=12は、RB当たりのサブキャリアの数である。複数のUEをサポートするために、基本シーケンスの12個の可能性のある循環シフトにより、12個のDMRSまでは、1つの基本のZadoff-Chu[88]又はコンピュータ生成定振幅ゼロ自己相関(CG-CAZAC)シーケンスから生成される。基本シーケンスは30の群に分割され、隣のLTEセルは、セル間干渉を低減するために、異なる群からのDMRSを選択する。例えば1つのOFDMシンボル中のリソースブロックの最大数が110であるならば(即ち、20MHzの全体的な信号帯域幅を想定すると)、最大110×30=3300の異なるシーケンスを生成することが可能である。30の基本シーケンスは直交である保証はなく、セルにわたる干渉を、完全に排除することなく、減少させるように設計されていることが観察される。対照的に、同一の基本シーケンスの12の循環シフトは直交であり、それによって12個までのUEを同一RB上でULにて、干渉なく送信することを可能とする。あらゆるUEによって用いられる循環シフトの値は、PDCCHを介して送信されるダウンリンク制御情報(DCI)メッセージを通ってBTSによって提供される。リリース8におけるDCIは3ビットから成り、これは、UEに12個の可能な選択肢のプールにおいて循環シフトを8個までのみ使えるようにする。
本発明の実施形態は、全てのUEからBTSへの同時ULデータストリームを受信するために、ULチャネル上で開ループMU-MIMO方式を使用する。UL開ループMU-MIMO方式は、以下の過程からなる。i)UEはシグナリング情報及びデータペイロードを全てのBTSに送信する、ii)BTSはシグナリング情報を用いて全てのUEからのチャネル推定を計算する、iii)BTSはチャネル推定及びデータペイロードをCPに送信する、iv)CPはチャネル推定を用いて全てのUEのデータペイロードからチャンネル間干渉を空間フィルタリングを介して除去して、全てのUEからデータストリームを復調する。一実施形態において、開ループMU-MIMOシステムは、UEからBTSへのULチャネルの数を増大するために、シングルキャリアの周波数分割多元接続(SC-FDMA)を使用し、周波数領域でそれらを多重化する。
アメリカ合衆国及び世界の他の領域で、LTEネットワークは、すでに稼働中であるか又は、配備されるところであるか、及び/又は配備されることになっている。もし、LTEオペレータがDIDO又はMU-MAS能力を既存の又はすでに約束された配備の中へ、徐々に配備することができるならば、彼らにとって著しい利益となるであろう。このように、彼らは、DIDO又はMU-MASが最も即時の利益を提供する領域に、DIDO又はMU-MASを配備することができ、徐々に、より多くのネットワークにわたるようにDIDO又はMU-MAS能力を拡大する。やがて、彼らが領域に十分なDIDO又はMU-MASカバレッジを有したら、それらは、完全にセルの使用を廃止することを選び、その代わりに、DIDO又はMU-MASへ完全に切り替えて、非常な低コストで非常により高いスペクトル密度を実現することができる。セルラからDIDO又はMU-MASへのこの完全な移行を通して、LTEオペレータの無線カスタマは、サービスで損失を被るようなことは決してないであろう。むしろ、彼らはそれらのデータのスループット及び信頼性の改善に単に遭遇するだけであり、一方、オペレータはそのコスト低下に遭遇することになる。
MU-MASにおいて、分散アンテナ又はBTSは同時プリコードデータストリームを複数のUEに送信する。関連特許及び出願に記載されるように、BTSの数は、同時データ伝送を可能とするにはUEの数と等しいかそれより多くなければならない。実際の配備では、UEの数はBTSの数を超えてもよい。この場合、過剰のUEは、特定のスケジューリング方針に従って、異なる時間スロット又は周波数帯域で送信されるように選択することができる。スケジューラは、提供時間及び周波数で対応されるUEの最も良い組を判断するために、UEのチャネル品質情報を利用する。本発明では、プロポーショナル・フェア(proportional fair)スケジューラ、ラウンドロビン又は貪欲法を含む、異なるスケジューリング方法が用いられている。
本発明はLTE UEの様々な設計を含む。一実施形態では、UEは、前に記載し図13に図示するように、プリコーディングを使用するMU-MASと互換性を有するLTE UEである。
従来の閉ループMU-MAS法は、量子化されたCSインデックス又はコードブックインデックスを(コードブックに基づく制限付きフィードバック方式のように)UEからBTS又はCPにフィードバックするためにULチャネルを採用する。しかしながら、この方式は、CSIフィードバックチャネルをイネーブルするためのフィードバックオーバーヘッドを大きくし、プロトコル複雑度を高くする結果となる。したがって、UL及びDLが同一の周波数に設定されるTDDシステムでは、UL/DLチャネル可逆性を利用することによって、CSIフィードバックを回避することが望ましい。実際のシステムでは、BTS又はUEにおける送信RFチェーン及び受信RFチェーンは典型的には、RF構成要素及び回路レイアウトが異なることに起因して異なる特性を有する。したがって、UL/DL相互作用を維持するためには、RF校正法を採用して、送信チェーンと受信チェーンとの間のRF不整合を補償することが必要である。
[1]A.Paulraj,R.Nabar,and D.Gore,Introduction to Space-Time Wireless Communications,Cambridge University Press,40 West 20th Street,New York,NY,USA,2003
http://money.cnn.com/2012/02/21/technology/spectrum_crunch/index.htm
http://www.rysavy.com/Articles/2012_09_No_Spectrum_Silver_Bullets.pdf
http://www.3gpp.org/Carrier-Aggregation-explained
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YPpELm6iip8
http://www.nicta.com.au/research/archive/research_themes/networked_systems/intererex
http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/the-edison-of-silicon-valley-07272011.html
http://users.ece.utexas.edu/~jandrews/pubs/And_HetNet_CommMag2012_v3.pdf
Claims (22)
- 無線周波数(RF)校正を採用し、ダウンリンク(DL)チャネルとアップリンク(UL)チャネルとの間の可逆性を利用するマルチユーザ(MU)伝送を用いた、複数の分散アンテナ、複数のクライアント装置、及び1つ又は複数のビーコン局とを備える、複数アンテナシステム(MAS)(「MU-MAS」)。
- 前記基地局ネットワーク(BSN)を介して集中型プロセッサ(CP)に相互連結され、複数のクライアント装置と通信するためにプリコーディングを使用する、複数の分散アンテナを備えることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記CPが、前記分散アンテナと前記クライアント装置との間のチャネル状態情報(CSI)を認識しており、前記DLチャネル又は前記ULチャネル上で送信されたデータをプリコードするために前記CSIを利用することを特徴とする、請求項2に記載のシステム。
- 前記CSIが、前記クライアント装置において推定され、前記分散アンテナにフィードバックされることを特徴とする、請求項3に記載のシステム。
- 前記DL-CSIが、無線周波数(RF)校正を使用すること、及びUL/DLチャネル可逆性を利用することによって、UL-CSIから分散アンテナにて得られることを特徴とする、請求項4に記載のシステム。
- 前記RF校正が、前記ULチャネルから前記DLのMU-MASプリコーディング重みを計算するために採用されることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 各UEに対するクライアント間干渉をプリキャンセルために、プリコーティング重みが計算されることを特徴とする、請求項6に記載のシステム。
- 線形プリコーティング法(例えば、ゼロフォーシング又はブロック対角化、行列反転等)からプリコーティング重みが計算されることを特徴とする、請求項6に記載のシステム。
- 非線形プリコーディング法(例えば、ダーティペーパコーディング、トムリンソン-原島、格子トレリス、ベクトル摂動等)からプリコーティング重みが計算されることを特徴とする、請求項6に記載のシステム。
- 前記MU-MAS中の全てのUEに対して同様の符号誤り率(SER)性能を保証するために、ラウンドロビン若しくは比例公平スケジューリング、又は他のタイプのスケジューリング方式が使用されることを特徴とする、請求項9に記載のシステム。
- 前記MU-MASが、各ユーザクラスタの分散アンテナ及び/又はUEの個数に応じて、プリコーダの計算の複雑さを最小限に抑えるために、線形プリコーティング技術と非線形プリコーディング技術とを動的に切り替えることを特徴とする、請求項6に記載のシステム。
- RF校正が、複素RF校正行列を用いてULチャネル推定値の行列を事前調整することにより得られることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の方法。
- RF校正行列が、前記分散アンテナと1つ又は複数のビーコン局との間の前記効果的なDLチャネル及びULチャネルから得られることを特徴とする、請求項12に記載のシステム。
- 前記効果的なDLチャネル及びULチャネルが、前記分散アンテナから前記ビーコン局に/前記ビーコン局から前記分散アンテナに送信されたトレーニング信号により推定されることを特徴とする、請求項13に記載のシステム。
- 前記ビーコン局が、前記分散アンテナのうちのいずれかであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記ビーコン局が、前記クライアント装置のうちのいずれかであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 前記RF校正情報が、無線フィードバックチャネル又は有線フィードバックチャネルを介して、前記ビーコンから前記CPに送信されることを特徴とする、請求項2に記載のシステム。
- 前記ビーコンから前記CPに前記RF校正情報をフィードバックするために、量子化又はコードブックに基づく制限付きフィードバック技術が採用されることを特徴とする、請求項17に記載のシステム。
- 前記MU-MASが、前記ロングタームエボリューション(LTE)ネットワークのようなセルラネットワークであり、前記クライアント装置が、LTEユーザ機器(UE)であり、前記分散アンテナが、LTE強化されたNodeB(eNodeB)又はモビリティ管理エンティティ(MME)であり、前記CPが、LTEゲートウェイ(GW)であり、前記BSNが、S1又はX1のインターフェースであることを特徴とする、請求項1に記載のシステム。
- 全てのUEから前記ULチャネルを推定するために、前記NodeBにおいて前記ULの復調参照信号(DMRS)が採用されることを特徴とする、請求項19に記載のシステム。
- RF校正のために使用される、前記eNodeBから前記ビーコン局への前記DLチャネルを推定するために、前記DLのセル固有の参照信号(CRS)、又はCSI参照信号(CSI-RS)、復調参照信号(DM-RS)が採用されることを特徴とする、請求項19に記載のシステム。
- 前記ビーコンから前記CPに前記RF校正情報をフィードバックするために、前記PUSCH物理チャネルが採用されることを特徴とする、請求項19に記載のシステム。
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