CN105052176B - 分布式无线通信中利用信道互易性的射频校准系统和方法 - Google Patents
分布式无线通信中利用信道互易性的射频校准系统和方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明描述了利用上行链路/下行链路信道互易性的在具有多用户(MU)传输的多天线系统(MAS)(“MU‑MAS”)中用于射频(RF)校准的系统和方法。所述RF校准用于基于上行链路信道估计计算开环下行链路预编码器,由此避免像在闭环方案中一样的用于信道状态信息的反馈开销。例如,一个实施例的MU‑MAS包括具有一个或多个信标站的无线蜂窝网络、多个客户端装置和经由预编码方法协同工作的多根分布式天线,以消除客户端间干扰并增大网络容量。
Description
相关申请
本申请可与以下共同待决的美国专利申请有关:
名称为“在无线系统中经由分布式输入分布式输出技术利用小区间复用增益的系统和方法(Systems and Methods for exploiting inter-cell multiplexing gain inwireless systems via distributed input distributed output technology)”的美国专利申请序列号13/797,984
名称为“在无线系统中经由分布式输入分布式输出技术利用小区间复用增益的系统和方法(Systems and Methods for exploiting inter-cell multiplexing gain inwireless systems via distributed input distributed output technology)”的美国专利申请序列号13/797,971
名称为“在无线系统中经由分布式输入分布式输出技术利用小区间复用增益的系统和方法(Systems and Methods for exploiting inter-cell multiplexing gain inwireless systems via distributed input distributed output technology)”的美国专利申请序列号13/797,950
名称为“分布式输入分布式输出无线系统中用于无线回程的系统和方法(Systemsand Methods for wireless backhaul in distributed-input distributed- outputwireless systems)”的美国专利申请序列号13/633,702
名称为“分布式输入分布式输出无线系统中用于增强空间分集的系统和方法(Systems and Methods to enhance spatial diversity in distributed-inputdistributed-output wireless systems)”的美国专利申请序列号13/475,598
名称为“用于多用户频谱的计划演进和淘汰的系统和方法(System and Methodsfor planned evolution and obsolescence of multiuser spectrum)”的美国专利申请序列号13/233,006
名称为“在无线系统中利用相关性区域的系统和方法(Systems and Methods toExploit Areas of Coherence in Wireless Systems)”的美国申请序列号13/232,996
名称为“补偿分布式输入分布式输出系统中的多普勒效应的系统和方法(Systemand Methods to Compensate for Doppler Effects in Distributed-InputDistributed Output Systems)”的美国申请序列号13/464,648
名称为“经由用户群集协调分布式无线系统中的传输的系统和方法 (SystemsAnd Methods To Coordinate Transmissions In Distributed Wireless Systems ViaUser Clustering)”的美国专利申请序列号12/917,257
名称为“分布式输入分布式输出(DIDO)通信系统中的干扰管理、切换、功率控制和链路适配(Interference Management,Handoff,Power Control And Link Adaptation InDistributed-Input Distributed-Output(DIDO) Communication Systems)”的美国申请序列号12/802,988
名称为“用于管理遍历多个DIDO群集的客户端的群集间切换的系统和方法(System And Memod For Managing Inter-cluster Handoff Of Clients WhichTraverse Multiple DIDO Clusters)”的美国专利申请序列号12/802,974
名称为“用于基于不同分布式输入分布式输出(DIDO)网络之间的客户端的检测速度来管理客户端的切换的系统和方法(System And Method For Managing Handoff Of AClient Between Different Distributed-Input-Distributed- Output(DIDO)NetworksBased On Detected Velocity Of The Client)”的美国专利申请序列号12/802,989
名称为“用于分布式输入分布式输出(DIDO)网络中的功率控制和天线分组的系统和方法(System And Memod For Power Control And Antenna Grouping In ADistributed-Input-Distributed-Output(DIDO))Network”的美国申请序列号12/802,958
名称为“用于DIDO多载波系统中的链路适配的系统和方法(System And MethodFor Link adaptation In DIDO Multicarrier Systems)”的美国申请序列号12/802,975
名称为“用于多载波系统中的DIDO预编码插值的系统和方法(System And MethodFor DIDO Precoding Interpolation In Multicarrier Systems)”的美国专利申请序列号12/802,938
名称为“用于分布式天线无线通信的系统和方法(System and Method ForDistributed Antenna Wireless Communications)”的美国申请序列号 12/630,627
2012年5月1日发布的名称为“用于基于信号强度测量调整DIDO干扰消除的系统和方法(System And Method For Adjusting DIDO Interference Cancellation Based OnSignal Strength Measurements)”的美国专利号 8,170,081
2012年4月17日发布的名称为“用于分布式输入分布式输出无线通信的系统和方法(System and Method For Distributed Input-Distributed Output WirelessCommunications)”的美国专利号8,160,121;
2011年2月8日发布的名称为“用于使用空时编码增强近垂直入射天波(“NVIS”)通信的系统和方法(System and Method For Enhancing Near Vertical IncidenceSkywave(“NVIS”)Communication Using Space-Time Coding)”的美国专利号7,885,354。
2010年5月4日发布的名称为“用于空间复用对流层散射通信的系统和方法(Systemand Method For Spatial-Multiplexed Tropospheric ScatterCommunications)”的美国专利号7,711,030;
2009年12月22日发布的名称为“用于分布式输入分布式输出无线通信的系统和方法(System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output WirelessCommunication)”的美国专利号7,636,381;
2009年12月15日发布的名称为“用于分布式输入分布式输出无线通信的系统和方法(System and Methodfor Distributed Input Distributed Output WirelessCommunication)”的美国专利号7,633,994;
2009年10月6日发布的名称为“用于分布式输入分布式输出无线通信的系统和方法(Systemand Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output WirelessCommunication)”的美国专利号7,599,420;
2008年8月26日发布的名称为“用于分布式输入分布式输出无线通信的系统和方法(Systemand Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output WirelessCommunication)”的美国专利号7,418,053;
背景技术
在最近三十年中,无线蜂窝市场在世界各地已经经历了数量越来越大的订户以及对从语音转移至网页浏览以及实时HD视频流的更好服务的需求。对要求更高数据速率、较低时延和更高可靠性的服务的这种越来越高的需求已经驱动无线技术飞速演进跨越了不同标准。从二十世纪八十年代早期的第一代模拟AMPS和TACS(用于语音服务)开始,到二十世纪九十年代的2G和2.5G数字GSM、IS-95和GPRS(用于语音和数据服务),到二十一世纪早期的3G与UMTS和CDMA2000(用于网页浏览),并最终到目前在世界各地的不同国家部署的LTE(用于高速因特网连接)。
长期演进(LTE)是由第3代合作伙伴计划(3GPP)为第4代(4G)无线蜂窝系统制定的标准。通过经由多输入多输出(MIMO)技术利用无线信道的空间分量,理论上LTE所达到的下行链路频谱效率与早先3G和HSPA+标准相比可改进高达4倍。LTE-Advanced是目前正被标准化的LTE的演进,理论上其所实现的频谱效率与3G标准系统相比将增加高达8倍。
尽管有这种技术演进,但由于智能手机和平台的越来越高的市场渗透,提供了像实时HD视频流、视频会议和游戏这样的更渴望数据的应用程序,因此在未来三年内无线载波很可能将不能满足对数据速率的越来越大的需求。据估计,由于诸如LTE的改进的技术以及可供政府使用的更多频谱,从2011年到2015年在欧洲无线网络的容量将增长5倍[25]。例如,作为国家宽带计划的一部分,FCC正在计划到2020年开通500MHz的频谱 (到2015年,其中的300MHz将可用)以推动整个美国的无线因特网连接 [24]。遗憾的是,预测在欧洲到2015年容量使用是2011年的23倍[25],并且预期在美国到2014年将发生类似的频谱赤字[26-27]。因为这种数据紧缩,无线载波的收益可能下降到低于它们的CAPEX和OPEX,而这潜在地对无线市场具有破坏性的影响[28]。
因为由LTE部署和增加的频谱可用性所提供的容量增益不足,因此防止这个即将到来的频谱危机的唯一可预测解决方案是推动新无线技术[29]。 LTE-Advanced(LTE标准的演进)通过更尖端的MIMO技术并且通过增加“小小区”的密度允诺优于LTE的另外增益[30]。然而,对可配合某一区域而不会招致干扰问题或增加允许小区之间的协调的回程的复杂性的小区数量存在限制。
将提供优于无线链路的频谱效率的数量级增大而无常规蜂窝系统的限制的一种有前途的技术是分布式输入分布式输出(DIDO)技术(参见以上在 [0002-0020]中所引用的相关专利和申请。本发明描述在蜂窝标准的约束内或无蜂窝标准的约束情况下在蜂窝系统背景下被采用以提供优于常规无线系统的显著性能优点的DIDO技术(诸如,LTE或LTE-Advanced)。以对 MIMO的综述开始并且回顾LTE和LTE-Advanced所采用的不同空间处理技术。然后,示出本发明如何提供下一代无线通信系统与现有技术方法相比的显著容量增益。
MIMO在无线链路的发射器侧和接收器侧采用多根天线并且使用空间处理来经由分集技术提高链路可靠性(即,分集增益)或经由复用方案提供更高数据速率(即,复用增益)[1-2]。分集增益是加强对信号衰落的稳健性从而针对固定数据速率产生更高信噪比(SNR)的度量。复用增益是通过针对固定误差概率利用无线信道的另外空间自由度增加数据速率来获得。 MIMO系统中分集与复用之间的基本折衷在[3-4]中描述。
在实际MIMO系统中,链路适配技术可用于基于传播条件动态地在分集方案与复用方案之间进行切换[20-23]。例如,[22-23]中所描述的链路适配方案显示波束赋形或正交空时分组码(OSTBC)在低SNR模式下或以低空间选择性为特征的信道中是优选方案。相比之下,空间复用在具有高SNR 和高空间选择性的信道的数据速率方面可提供显著增益。例如,图1示出小区可被划分于两个区域中:i)以高SNR为特征(由于邻近小区塔或基站)的复用区域101,其中可经由空间复用来利用信道的空间自由度来增加数据速率;ii)分集区域102或小区边缘,其中空间复用技术不是那么有效并且可使用分集方法来改进SNR和覆盖范围(从而仅产生数据速率的边际增长)。应注意图1中的宏小区103圆圈将圆圈的阴影中心标记为“复用区域”并且将圆圈的非阴影外部区域标记为“分集区域”。这种同一区域标示贯穿图1、3-5使用,其中阴影区域是“复用区域”并且非阴影区域是“分集区域”,即使它们未被标记。例如,相同名称被用于图1中的小小区104。
LTE(版本8)和LTE-Advanced(版本10)标准定义一组十种传输模式(TM),包括分集方案或复用方案[35、85-86]:
·模式1:单个天线端口,端口0
·模式2:传输分集
·模式3:大延迟循环延迟分集(CDD),用于单用户MIMO(SU- MIMO)的开环空间复用的延伸
·模式4:用于SU-MIMO的闭环空间复用
·模式5:多用户MIMO(MU-MIMO)
·模式6:使用单个传输层的闭环空间复用
·模式7:单个天线端口,UE特定RS(端口5)
·模式8:利用UE特定RS的单层或双层传输(端口7和/或8)
·模式9:单层或多达八层闭环SU-MIMO(在版本10中添加)
·模式10:多层闭环SU-MIMO、多达八层(在版本10中添加)
此后描述蜂窝系统中常用的分集方案和复用方案以及如上概述的LTE 中所采用的具体方法,并且将它们与DIDO通信所特有的技术进行比较。首先识别两种类型的传输方法:i)小区内方法(在蜂窝系统中利用微分集),其使用多根天线来提高一个小区内的链路可靠性或数据速率;ii)小区间方法(利用宏分集),其允许小区之间进行协作以提供另外的分集或复用增益。然后描述本发明如何提供优于现有技术的显著优点(包括频谱容量增益)。
1.小区内分集方法
小区内分集方法在一个小区内操作并且被设计用于在链路质量差的情景(例如,小区边缘处的用户遭受从中心塔或基站开始的高路径损耗)中增加SNR。MIMO通信中所采用的典型分集方案是波束赋形[5-11]和正交空时分组码(OSTBC)[12-15]。
LTE标准所支持的分集技术是传输分集、闭环秩1预编码和专用波束赋形[31-35]。传输分集方案在下行链路(DL)上支持两根或四根传输天线并且对于上行链路(UL)仅支持两根天线。在DL信道中,传输分集是经由与频率切换传输分集(FSTD)结合以利用空间及频率选择性的空频分组码(SFBC) 来实施[31]。秩1预编码基于选自码本(使用有限反馈技术预设计[36-42]) 的量化权重产生专用于一个用户的波束,以降低从用户设备(UE)到基地收发信台(图1中的BTS 105,或使用LTE技术的eNodeB)的反馈开销。可替代地,专用波束赋形权重可基于UE特定参考信号来计算。
2.小区间复用方法
MIMO复用方案[1、19]在高SNR模式下以及在信道中具有足够空间自由度的情景(例如,具有高空间选择性的富有多路径的环境[16-18])中提供数据速率方面的增益,以在无线链路上支持多个并行数据流。
LTE标准支持用于单用户MIMO(SU-MIMO)和多用户MIMO(MU- MIMO)的不同复用技术[31]。SU-MIMO方案具有两种操作模式:i)闭环,其利用来自UE的反馈信息来选择DL预编码权重;ii)开环,其在来自UE 的反馈不可用或UE对于支持闭环方案来说移动太快时使用。闭环方案使用选自码本的一组预计算的权重。取决于UE请求和BTS处的调度程序的决策,这些权重可支持两根或四根传输天线以及一至四个并行数据流(通过预编码矩阵的层数来识别)。LTE-Advanced将包括多达MIMO 8x8的新传输模式,以经由空间处理提供增加高达8倍的频谱效率[62]。
MU-MIMO方案针对UL和DL信道两者来定义[31、50]。在UL中,每个UE向BTS发送参考信号(由Zadoff-Chu序列的循环移位版本组成[33])。这些参考信号是正交的,使得BTS可估计来自所有UE的信道并且经由空间处理同时解调来自多个UE的数据流。在DL中,针对不同UE的预编码权重基于来自UE的反馈以及调度程序而选自码本(类似于闭环SU- MIMO方案),并且针对每个UE仅秩1预编码被允许(例如,每个UE仅接收一个数据流)。
采用空间处理的小区内复用技术仅在以高SNR(或SINR)和高空间选择性为特征的传播情景(富有多路径的环境)中提供令人满意的性能。对于常规宏小区,这些条件可能更难以实现,因为BTS通常远离UE并且 SINR的分布通常集中在低值处[43]。在这些情景中,MU-MIMO方案或分集技术可能是比利用空间复用的SU-MIMO更好的选择。
被LTE-Advanced预期用于实现另外的复用增益的其他技术和网络解决方案(不要求通过MIMO的空间处理)是:载波聚合(CA)和小小区。CA [30、44-47]组合RF频谱的不同部分以将信号带宽增加至高达100MHz [85],从而产生较高数据速率。带内CA将不同带组合在频谱的同一部分内。这样,带内CA可针对多个信道使用同一RF链,并且多个数据流以软件方式重新组合。带间CA需要不同RF链以在频谱的不同部分下操作,并且需要信号处理以重新组合来自不同带的多个数据流。
小小区[30、47]的关键思想是减小常规宏小区的尺寸,从而每覆盖区域允许更高的小区密度和更大的吞吐量。小小区通常通过与用于宏小区的高且昂贵的小区塔相比具有低功率传输的便宜接入点106(如图1中所描绘) 来部署。在LTE-Advanced中定义了两种类型的小小区:i)城域小区,其用于城市地区的户外装置、支持多达32至64个同时的用户;以及ii)毫微微小区,其用于户内使用、可服务至多4个活动用户。小小区的一个优点是接近BTS的UE的密度在统计上较高,从而产生可经由空间复用被利用来增加数据速率的更好的SNR。然而,仍存在许多关于小小区的实际部署的问题,尤其是涉及回程。实际上,经由高速有线连接到达每个小小区的 BTS可能具有挑战性,尤其是考虑到城域小区和毫微微小区在给定覆盖区域中的高密度。虽然与有线回程相比,使用到小小区的视线(LOS)回程常常可便宜地被实施,但是常常不存在可用于优选小小区BTS布局的实际LOS 回程路径,并且不存在到小小区BTS的非视线(NLOS)无线回程的通用解决方案。此外,小小区需要BTS之间的复杂实时协调以避免如在自组织网络 (SON)[30、51-52]以及尖端小区规划工具中发生干扰(即使由于小区密度更高而比常规蜂窝系统更为复杂)以规划其最佳位置[48、49]。最后,切换是小小区部署的一个限制因素,尤其是在订户群组同时切换小区的场景中,使得回程上产生大量切换开销,导致高延迟和不可避免的掉话。
可简单地证明,不存在使得小小区能够与宏小区共存并且实现最佳、或必要地甚至提高的吞吐量吞吐量的实际通用解决方案。属于无数此类不可解决的情况之中的是当小小区被定位成使得其UE不可避免地与宏小区传输重叠并且小小区和宏小区使用相同频率来达到它们相应的UE时。在这种情况下清楚的是,宏小区传输将干扰小小区传输。虽然可能存在某种针对特定宏小区、特定小小区、所涉及的特定宏小区和小小区UE的特定情况、这些UE的吞吐量要求以及环境情况等减轻此类干扰的方法,但是任何此类方法不仅对于宏小区和小小区的静态规划而且对于特定时间间隔的动态情况而言都将是高度特定的。通常,不能实现到每个UE的信道的全吞吐量。
3.小区间分集方法
在宏小区和小小区(例如城域小区、微微小区和毫微微小区)共存的异构网络(HetNet)[90]中,必须部署不同技术来消除小区间干扰。虽然 HetNet通过小小区提供更佳的覆盖范围,但是数据速率上的增益仅有很少量,因为它们需要通过不同形式的频率复用模式以共享频谱或使用空间处理来消除干扰而非实现复用增益。LTE标准采用小区间干涉协调(ICIC)方案来消除尤其是小区边缘的干扰。有两类ICIC方法:BTS之间的小区自主和协调方法。
小区自主ICIC方案经由图2中所描绘的不同的频率复用模式来避免小区间干扰,其中六角形代表小区而各种颜色则表示不同的载波频率。在 LTE中考虑了三类方案:i)全频率复用(或复用1),其中小区利用图2a中所示的所有可用带宽,由此在小区边缘产生高干扰;ii)硬频率复用(HFR),其中对每个小区分配图2b中所示的不同频带(具有3的典型复用因子)以避免相邻小区间的干扰;iii)部分频率复用(FFR),其中对小区中心分配和频率复用1中一样的整个可用带宽,而小区边缘在HFR模式下工作以缓解图2c中所示的小区间干扰。
协调ICIC方法实现BTS之间的协作以提高无线网络的性能。这些技术是相关专利和申请[0002-0022]中所教导的方法中的特例,其在用于全部同时使用相同频率的多个UE的分布式天线网络的一般情况下实现无线收发器之间的协作。BTS之间针对用于单个UE的蜂窝系统的特定情况在给定时间以给定频率移除小区间干扰的协作描述于[53]中。[53]中的系统将每个宏小区划分成多个子小区,并且通过采用来自协调BTS的专用波束赋形来实现子小区之间的软切换,从而随着其沿子小区边界移动而以单个频率在单个UE处提高链路稳健性。
新近,这种类别的协作无线蜂窝网络已经在MIMO著作中定义为“网络MIMO”或“协调多点”(CoMP)系统。关于通过消除小区间干扰在网络 MIMO中获得的益处的理论分析和模拟结果呈现于[54-61]中。网络MIMO 和CoMP的关键优点是对图3中的宏小区302情况移除标注为“干扰区域”301的小区的重叠区域中的小区间干扰。
CoMP网络作为减轻下一代蜂窝网络中的小区间干扰的解决方案正有效地成为LTE-Advanced标准的一部分[62-64]。在所述标准中至今已经提出三种移除小区间干扰的CoMP解决方案:i)协调调度/波束赋形(CS/CB),其中经由波束赋形,UE接收其来自仅一个BTS的数据流,并且经由波束赋形或调度技术实现BTS之间的协调以移除干扰;ii)动态小区选择(DCS),其以每个子帧为基础为每个UE动态地选择小区;iii)联合传输(JT),其中给定UE的数据联合地从多个BTS被传输以提高接收信号质量并且消除小区间干扰。CoMP-JT比CoMP-CS/CB产生更大增益,其代价为在实现BTS之间的协调的回程方面的更高开销。
4.小区间复用方法
现有技术多用户无线系统添加了复杂性并对无线网络引入了限制,这造成给定用户的体验(例如,可用吞吐量、时延、可预测性、可靠性)受区域中的其他用户利用频谱影响的情况。考虑到对由多个用户共享的无线频谱内的总吞吐量的越来越大的需求以及针对给定用户可依赖于多用户无线网络可靠性、可预测性和低时延的应用程序的日渐增多,现有技术多用户无线技术明显遭受着许多限制。实际上,在具有适用于特定类型无线通信的频谱的可用性有限的情况下(例如,在穿透建筑墙方面有效的波长下),现有技术无线技术将不足以满足对可靠、可预测且低时延的带宽的越来越高的需求。
对于LTE,现有技术小区内分集和复用方法可仅提供比当前蜂窝网络增加多达理论4倍(通过MIMO 4×4)的吞吐量,或对于LTE-Advanced提供增加至多理论8倍(通过MIMO 8×8)的吞吐量,但较高阶MIMO在给定多路径环境中在增加吞吐量方面实现减小的改进,具体地讲是因为UE (诸如,智能手机)就天线布局而言变得更小并且更受约束。下一代蜂窝系统中的其他边际吞吐量增益可从经由载波聚合技术被利用的另外的频谱分配(例如,FCC国家宽带计划)以及经由小小区网络和SON进行的BTS 的更密分布来获得[30、46]。然而,所有上述技术仍极大地依赖于频谱或时间共享技术来实现多用户传输,因为通过空间处理所获得的频谱效率增益是有限的。
虽然现有技术小区间方法(例如,网络MIMO和CoMP系统[53-64]) 可通过消除小区间干扰来提高蜂窝网络的可靠性,但它们的容量增益仅是边际的。实际上,这些系统将从每个BTS传输的功率约束为包含在小区边界内,并且由于小区之间的功率泄漏而仅对消除小区间干扰有效。图3示出具有三个BTS的蜂窝网络的一个例子,每个蜂窝网络均以其自己的覆盖区域或小区为特征。从每个BTS传输的功率被约束以限制小区之间的干扰量,所述干扰在图3中由小区重叠的区域描绘。因为这些系统在干扰区域处在低SINR模式下操作,所以它们在频谱效率上的增益仅是边际的,这类似于用于SU-MIMO的小区内方案。为真实地在小区间协作网络中获得显著容量增益,限制于小区边界的功率约束必须放宽,并且空间复用技术应遍及SINR高的小区来启用(不仅如现有技术方法中那样在具有差SINR性能的小区边缘处)。
图4示出增加从全部以相同频率同时传输的三个BTS 401传输的功率,从而允许整个小区402有更高水平的干扰的情况。在现有技术系统中,此类干扰将遍及BTS的干扰区域产生不相干干扰(扰乱UE信号接收),但实际上在本发明中通过使用空间处理的新型小区间复用方法来利用这种干扰,以在每个UE周围产生具有相干干扰(增强UE信号接收)的区域,从而向每个UE提供同时非干扰数据流并且遍及小区增大它们的 SINR。
在[89]中为特定的蜂窝系统情况描述了图4中描绘的场景。[89]中的系统包括识别分组成群集的不同小区的数个BTS。仅允许跨BTS的来自相同群集中相邻小区的协作。在该情况下示出随着从BTS传输的功率增大,对于可通过小区间复用方法实现的容量(或频谱效率)存在限制。实际上,随着传输功率增大,群集外干扰会成比例增大,对SINR并继而对容量产生饱和状态。由于该作用,[89]中的系统理论上在容量上最多可达到3倍增益 (即群集中最多三个小区)并且群集中包含的任何额外小区都将由于群集外干扰增大而减少容量(例如每个群集21个小区时得到的容量低于每个群集3个小区时得到的容量)。我们观察到由于BTS限制为预定义位置,[89] 中的基本容量限制保持不变,如在蜂窝系统中一样,并且复用增益通过增大来自BTS的传输功率来实现。要经由小区间复用方法获得理论上无限制的容量,必须消除对于BTS布局上的限制,从而可便利地在任何地方布局 BTS。
因此期望提供一种系统,该系统通过消除对于从分布式BTS 501传输的功率及其布局的限制,经由空间处理利用小区间复用增益,来实现频谱效率成数量级增加。图5示出一个例子,其中添加了许多另外的接入点502 以刻意增加整个小区503的不相干干扰的水平,所述不相干干扰在本发明中被利用来在UE周围产生具有相干干扰的区域,由此得到理论上无限制的小区间复用增益。将额外接入点偶然地布置在便利且不受限于任何具体小区规划的任何地方,如现有技术中所述的蜂窝系统一样。在本发明的一个示例性实施例中,偶然性的接入点为分布式输入分布式输出(DIDO)接入点并且小区间复用增益通过[0014-0020]和[77-78]中所述的DIDO方法实现。在另一个实施例中,偶然性的接入点为低功率收发器,类似于低成本的Wi- Fi接入点或小小区[30、47],由此提供如图5中所示的与整个宏小区重叠的较小的覆盖区域。
我们观察到,现有技术小区间方法[53-64]通过有意地限制来自如图3 中的每个BTS的传输功率来避免不相干干扰,并且经由空间处理消除残余的小区间干扰(在小区之间的重叠区域上),从而提供改进的SINR和小区间分集增益。我们还观察到在增大传输功率时[89]将BTS布局限制为小区规划,由此限制由于群集外干扰可实现的容量,并且因此它仍然由干扰限制。相比之下,本发明通过以下方式利用非相干干扰在UE周围产生相干干扰:从每个偶然布置的BTS传输更高功率,从而提高UE处的信号质量,这是经由空间处理遍及小区获得小区间复用增益的必要条件。这样,因为遍及小区并不存在足以实现如本发明中的小区间复用方法的SINR(由于来自BTS的有限传输功率或传输功率增大时的群集外干扰),所以现有技术中所描述的系统不能用于经由空间处理来实现无限制的小区间复用增益。此外,现有技术中所描述的系统将不可操作来实现图4-5中所描绘的在本发明中所实现的复用增益,假定现有技术系统被设计用于避免图1和图3-5的阴影区域中所示的分集区域内的小区间干扰,而不是利用复用区域中的小区间干扰来获得如本发明中所实现的小区间复用增益。
附图说明
从以下结合附图的详细描述中可获得对本发明的更好理解,在附图中:
图1示出宏小区和小小区的复用和分集区域。
图2a示出常规蜂窝系统中的全频率复用模式。
图2b示出常规蜂窝系统中的硬频率复用(HFR)模式。
图2c示出常规蜂窝系统中的部分频率复用(FFR)模式。
图3示出相邻宏小区之间的干扰区域。
图4示出以更高功率传输以增大小区之间的干扰水平的多个BTS。
图图5示出一个例子,其中添加许多接入点以刻意增加整个小区的不相干干扰的水平。
图6示出LTE网络中的网络元件。
图7a示出FDD操作的LTE帧结构。
图7b示出TDD操作的LTE帧结构。
图8a示出OFDM DL信道中的LTE“资源元素”以及“资源块”。
图8b示出SC-FDMA UL信道中的LTE“资源元素”以及“资源块”。
图9示出由天线群集和用户群集组成的多用户(MU)多天线系统(MAS) 或MU-MAS的一个实施例。
图10示出MU-MAS的一个实施例,其中不同的小区ID和每个天线子群集关联。
图11示出MU-MAS的一个实施例,其中相同的小区ID集合被分配至具有给定重复模式的天线子集群。
图12示出加州旧金山市区(具有稀疏和密集人口区域)中MU-MAS 系统的实践性部署的SNR分布。
图13示出由CP、分布式BTS和多个UE组成的MU-MAS的一个实施例。
图14示出MU-MAS的一个实施例,该MU-MAS由CP、分布式 BTS、多个装置以及经由网络接口连接到各装置和各BTS的一个UE组成。
图15示出MU-MAS的一个实施例,其中UE属于物理连接至用户装置的情况。
图16示出MU-MAS的一个实施例,其中分布式天线经由UL和DL信道和UE通信。
图17示出MU-MAS的一个实施例,其中分布式天线经由UL和DL信道和信标通信。
图18示出具有线性预编码、具有/没有RF失配以及具有/没有RF校准的MU-MAS的符号误差率(SER)性能。
图19示出具有线性和非线性预编码、具有/没有RF失配以及具有/没有RF校准的MU-MAS的符号误差率(SER)性能。
图20a、b示出在应用THP非线性预编码时UE上的4-QAM集群(在模运算之前)。
具体实施方式
克服许多上述现有技术限制的一种解决方案是分布式输入分布式输出 (DIDO)技术的实施例。DIDO技术描述于以下专利和专利申请中,所有这些专利和专利申请都转让给本专利的受让人并且以引用方式并入。这些专利和申请在本文中有时共同地称为“相关专利和申请”。
名称为“分布式输入分布式输出无线系统中用于无线回程的系统和方法(Systemsand Methods for wireless backhaul in distributed-input distributed- outputwireless systems)”的美国专利申请序列号13/633,702
名称为“分布式输入分布式输出无线系统中用于增强空间分集的系统和方法(Systems and Methods to enhance spatial diversity in distributed-inputdistributed-output wireless systems)”的美国专利申请序列号13/475,598
名称为“用于多用户频谱的计划演进和淘汰的系统和方法(System and Methodsfor planned evolution and obsolescence of multiuser spectrum)”的美国专利申请序列号13/233,006
名称为“在无线系统中利用相关性区域的系统和方法(Systems and Methods toExploit Areas of Coherence in Wireless Systems)”的美国专利申请序列号13/232,996
名称为“补偿分布式输入分布式输出系统中的多普勒效应的系统和方法(Systemand Methods to Compensate for Doppler Effects in Distributed-InputDistributed Output Systems)”的美国专利申请序列号13/464,648
名称为“经由用户群集协调分布式无线系统中的传输的系统和方法 (SystemsAnd Methods To Coordinate Transmissions In Distributed Wireless Systems ViaUser Clustering)”的美国专利申请序列号12/917,257
名称为“分布式输入分布式输出(DIDO)通信系统中的干扰管理、切换、功率控制和链路适配(Interference Management,Handoff,Power Control And Link Adaptation InDistributed-Input Distributed-Output(DIDO) Communication Systems)”的美国专利申请序列号12/802,988
名称为“用于管理遍历多个DIDO群集的客户端的群集间切换的系统和方法(System And Method For Managing Inter-cluster Handoff Of Clients WhichTraverse Multiple DIDO Clusters)”的美国专利申请序列号12/802,974
名称为“用于基于不同分布式输入分布式输出(DIDO)网络之间的客户端的检测速度来管理客户端的切换的系统和方法(System And Method For Managing Handoff Of AClient Between Different Distributed-Input-Distributed- Output(DIDO)NetworksBased On Detected Velocity Of The Client)”的美国专利申请序列号12/802,989
名称为“用于分布式输入分布式输出(DIDO)网络中的功率控制和天线分组的系统和方法(System And Method For Power Control And Antenna Grouping In ADistributed-Input-Distributed-Output(DIDO)Network)”的美国专利申请序列号12/802,958
名称为“用于DIDO多载波系统中的链路适配的系统和方法(System And MethodFor Link adaptation In DIDO Multicarrier Systems)”的美国专利申请序列号12/802,975
名称为“用于多载波系统中的DIDO预编码插值的系统和方法(System And MethodFor DIDO Precoding Interpolation In Multicarrier Systems)”的美国专利申请序列号12/802,938
名称为“用于分布式天线无线通信的系统和方法(System and Method ForDistributed Antenna Wireless Communications)”的美国专利申请序列号 12/630,627
2012年5月1日发布的名称为“用于基于信号强度测量调整DIDO干扰消除的系统和方法(System And Method For Adjusting DIDO Interference Cancellation Based OnSignal Strength Measurements)”的美国专利号 8,170,081
2012年4月17日发布的名称为“用于分布式输入分布式输出无线通信的系统和方法(System and Method For Distributed Input-Distributed Output WirelessCommunications)”的美国专利号8,160,121;
2011年2月8日发布的名称为“用于使用空时编码增强近垂直入射天波(“NVIS”)通信的系统和方法(System and Method For Enhancing Near Vertical IncidenceSkywave(“NVIS”)Communication Using Space-Time Coding)”的美国专利号7,885,354。
2010年5月4日发布的名称为“用于空间复用对流层散射通信的系统和方法(System and Method For Spatial-Multiplexed Tropospheric ScatterCommunications)”的美国专利号7,711,030;
2009年12月22日发布的名称为“用于分布式输入分布式输出无线通信的系统和方法(System and Methodfor Distributed Input Distributed Output WirelessCommunication)”的美国专利号7,636,381;
2009年12月15日发布的名称为“用于分布式输入分布式输出无线通信的系统和方法(System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output WirelessCommunication)”的美国专利号7,633,994;
2009年10月6日发布的名称为“用于分布式输入分布式输出无线通信的系统和方法(System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output WirelessCommunication)”的美国专利号7,599,420;
2008年8月26日发布的名称为“用于分布式输入分布式输出无线通信的系统和方法(System and Method for Distributed Input Distributed Output WirelessCommunication)”的美国专利号7,418,053;
为减小本专利申请的尺寸和复杂性,以下未明确陈述一些相关专利和申请的公开内容。请参看相关专利和申请以获得对本公开的完整描述。
本发明描述了用于采用具有多用户(MU)传输的多天线系统(MAS)(多用户多天线系统或“MU-MAS”),经由空间处理在无线通信网络中利用小区间复用增益的系统和方法,其中多根天线为偶然性布置。在本发明的一个实施例中,从多根天线传输的功率被约束以使小区边界处的干扰最小化(如在常规蜂窝系统中那样),并且空间处理方法仅被采用来消除小区间干扰。在本发明的另一个实施例中,从多根天线传输的功率未被约束于任何特定功率水平(只要它们的功率发射水平落在规章、安全或实践(例如可用功率、发射器和/或天线规格)限制范围内),从而有意地遍及小区产生更高水平的小区间干扰,所述小区间干扰被利用来实现小区间复用增益并且增加无线通信网络的容量。
在一个实施例中,无线通信网络如图1和3中所示为蜂窝网络,诸如基于LTE标准的蜂窝网络,并且多根偶然性部署的天线为用于宏小区或小小区的收发器。在本发明的另一个实施例中,无线通信网络未被约束于任何特定小区布局,并且小区边界可如图4-5中在较大区域上延伸。例如,无线通信网络可以是具有多根天线作为WiFi接入点的无线局域网络(WLAN),或网状、特用或传感器网络,或分布式天线系统,或具有偶然布置而无任何传输功率约束的接入点的DIDO系统。但是,此类示例性网络结构不应被认为限制本发明对无线通信网络的普遍适用性。本发明适用于任何无线网络,其中通过从多根天线传输在由多个UE接收时进行干扰的信号以便产生到多个UE的同时非干扰数据流来实现复用增益。
MU-MAS由集中式处理器、网络、和N个与客户端装置或UE无线通信的M个收发器站(或分布式天线)组成。集中式处理器单元接收旨在用于不同客户端装置的具有不同网络内容(例如,网页服务器或其他网络源流出的视频、网页、视频游戏、文本、语音等)的N个信息流。此后,使用术语“信息流”来指代通过网络发送的含有信息的任何数据流,所述数据流可根据某些调制/编码方案或协议被解调或解码成独立流以产生任何数据,包括但不限于音频、网页和视频内容。在一个实施例中,信息流是可被解调或解码成独立流的携载网络内容的比特序列。
集中式处理器利用预编码变换将N个信息流从网络内容组合(根据算法,诸如相关专利和申请中所描述的那些)成M个比特流。通过举例而非限制的方式,预编码变换可以是线性的(例如,迫零[65]、块对角化[66- 67]、矩阵求逆等)或非线性的(例如,污纸编码[68-70]或Tomlinson- Harashima预编码[71-72]、点阵技术或网格预编码[73-74]、矢量微扰技术 [75-76])。此后,使用术语“比特流”来指代不一定含有任何有用信息比特并且因此不可被解调或解码成独立流以检索网络内容的任何比特序列。在本发明的一个实施例中,比特流是由集中式处理器产生并且针对将发送至M个收发信台之一的给定比特数而被量化的复杂基带信号。
预编码在集中式处理器上通过采用信道状态信息(CSI)并经由DL或UL 信道应用至通向/来自多个用户的多路复用数据流来计算。在本发明的一个实施例中,集中式处理器知悉分布式天线和客户端装置之间的CSI,并利用 CSI来预编码通过DL或UL信道发送的数据。在同一实施例中,在客户端装置估计CSI并反馈回分布式天线。在另一个实施例中,使用射频(RF)校准并利用UL/DL信道互易性,在分布式天线从UL-CSI生成DL-CSI。
在一个实施例中,MU-MAS是如相关专利和专利申请中所描述的分布式输入分布式输出(DIDO)系统。在另一个实施例中,图13中描绘的MU- MAS由以下部分组成:
·用户设备(UE)1301:用于固定和/或移动客户端通过下行链路(DL) 信道从回程接收数据流并且经由上行链路(UL)信道向回程传输数据的RF收发器
·基地收发信台(BTS)1302:BTS利用无线信道与回程对接。一个实施例的BTS是由将基带信号转换成RF的数模转换器(DAC)/模数转换器(ADC)和射频(RF)链组成的接入点。在一些情况下,BTS是配备有功率放大器/天线的简单RF收发器,并且RF信号经由光纤传输RF技术被携载至BTS,如相关专利和申请中所描述。
·控制器(CTR)1303:CTR是一种特定类型的BTS,其被设计用于某些专门特征,诸如传输用于BTS和/或UE的时间/频率同步的训练信号、从/向UE接收/传输控制信息、从UE接收信道状态信息 (CSI)或信道质量信息。一个或多个CTR站可被包括在任何MU- MAS系统中。当多个CTR可用时,去往或来自这些站点的信息可被组合以增加多样性并提高链路质量。在一个实施例中,经由最大比值合并(MRC)技术从多个CTR接收CSI以改进CSI解调。在另一个实施例中,经由最大比值传输(MRT)来从多个CTR发送控制信息以改进接收器侧的SNR。本发明的范围不限于MRC或 MRT,并且任何其他分集技术(诸如,天线选择等)可被采用来改进CTR与UE之间的无线链路。
·集中式处理器(CP)1304:CP是利用回程与因特网或其他类型的外部网络1306对接的服务器。在一个实施例中,CP计算MU-MAS基带处理并且向分布式BTS发送波形以用于DL传输
·基站网络(BSN)1305:BSN是将CP连接至分布式BTS的网络,其携载用于DL或UL信道的信息。BSN是有线或无线网络或两者的组合。例如,BSN是DSL、缆线、光纤网络,或视线(LOS)或非视线(NLOS)无线链路。此外,BSN是专有网络或局域网络或因特网。
此后描述上述MU-MAS框架如何合并至用于蜂窝系统(并且还有利用 LTE协议的非蜂窝系统)的LTE标准中,以实现频谱效率上的另外增益。以对LTE框架以及DL和UL信道中所采用的调制技术的总体综述开始。然后提供对LTE标准下的物理层帧结构和资源分配的简述。最后,定义用于使用LTE框架的多用户情景中的下行链路(DL)和上行链路(UL)信道的MU-MAS预编码方法。对于DL方案,提出两种解决方案:开环和闭环DIDO方案。
LTE被设计成具有扁平网络构架(这与来自先前蜂窝标准的分层架构相反)以允许:减小时延、经由ARQ减少数据包丢失、减少呼叫建立时间、经由宏分集改进覆盖范围和吞吐量。根据[79],图6中所描绘的LTE 网络中的网络元件是:
·GW(网关):是将LTE网络连接至外部网络(即,因特网)的路由器。GW分成端接E-UTRAN接口608的服务网关(S-GW)601 以及与外部网络对接的PDN网关(P-GW)602。S-GW和P-GW是所谓的演进分组核心(EPC)609的部分;
·MME(移动性管理实体)603:管理移动性、安全参数和UE识别。MME也是LTE EPC的部分;
·eNodeB(增强型Node-B)604:是处理无线电资源管理、用户移动性和调度的基站;
·UE(用户设备)605:是移动站。
·S1和X2接口(606和607):是MME和eNodeB(S1-MME)之间,S-GW和eNodeB(S1-U)之间以及多个eNodeB(X2)之间的有线或无线回程。
在本发明的一个实施例中,MU-MAS网络是LTE网络,其中UE为 LTE UE,BTS为LTEeNodeB,CTR为LTE eNodeB或MME,CP为LTE GW,BSN为S1或X1接口。在下文我们互换地使用术语分布式天线、 BTS和eNodeB来提及MU-MAS、DIDO或LTE系统中的任何基站。
LTE帧具有10毫秒的持续时间并且由如图7中所描绘的十个子帧组成 [33、80]。每个子帧被划分成各自具有0.5毫秒持续时间的两个时隙。LTE 标准定义两种类型的帧:i)用于如图7a)中的FDD操作的类型1,其中所有子帧被分配用于DL或UL信道;ii)用于如图7b)中的TDD操作的类型2,其中部分子帧被分配给DL并且部分被分配给UL(取决于所选择的配置),而少数子帧被保留用于“特殊用途”。每帧至少存在一个特殊子帧并且所述子帧由三个字段组成:i)被保留用于DL传输的下行链路导频时隙 (DwPTS);ii)保护时段(GP);iii)用于UL传输的上行链路导频时隙 (UpPTS)。
LTE针对DL采用正交频分复用(OFDM)和正交频分多址(OFDMA)调制并且针对UL采用单载波频分多址(SC-FDMA)。“资源元素”(RE)是LTE 中的最小调制结构并且由一个OFDM子载波(以频率为单位)和一个 OFDM符号持续时间(以时间为单位)组成,如图8a对DL信道所示,和图8b中对UL信道所示。“资源块”(RB)由12个子载波(以频率为单位) 和一个0.5毫秒时隙(以时间为单位)(取决于DL对比UL信道和循环前缀的类型由3至7个OFDM符号时段组成)组成。以子帧为基础对每个 UE分配资源块。由于本发明中的MU-MAS使用空间处理来将多个数据流发送至不同UE,因此在每个子帧,可将所有资源块分配至相同UE。在一个实施例中,所有资源块或资源块子集均分配至每个UE,同时非干扰数据流经过预编码发送至UE。
为了设置BTS和UE之间的链接,LTE标准定义了同步过程。BTS将两个连续信号发送至UE:主要同步信号(P-SS)通过主要同步信道(PSCH)发送而次要同步信号(S-SS)通过次要同步信道(SSCH)发送。两种信号都由UE 用于时间/频率同步以及检索小区ID。P-SS由长度为63的Zadoff-Chu序列组成,UE通过该序列生成物理层ID(0至2)。S-SS是两个长度为31的二进制序列的交错串联并用于生成小区ID群组号(0至167)。通过上述两个标识号,UE生成物理小区ID(PCI,从0到503定义)。
在本发明中所述的MU-MAS系统中,在有意增大从BTS传输的功率来生成用来创建UE周围的相关性区域的干扰时,不存在小区边界。在本发明中,不同的BTS分组为相关美国专利No.8,170,081中定义的“天线群集”或“DIDO群集”,该专利发布于2012年5月1日,名称为“用于基于信号强度测量调整DIDO干扰消除的系统和方法(System And Method ForAdjusting DIDO Interference Cancellation Based On Signal StrengthMeasurements)”。例如,图9示出主要天线群集901以及一个相邻的天线群集902。每个天线群集由多个BTS 903组成。
小区ID可在MU-MAS和DIDO系统中用于区分天线群集。在本发明的一个实施例中,相同小区ID经由P-SS和S-SS从相同天线群集的所有BTS传输。在同一实施例中,不同天线群集采用不同小区ID。在本发明的另一个实施例中,相同天线群集1001中所有BTS分组为图10中所描绘的“天线子群集”1003,具有不同的阴影颜色,并且每个天线子群集分配有不同的小区ID 1004。在一个实施例中,根据预先定义的群集计划或基于 GPS定位信息静态地定义天线子群集。在另一个实施例中,根据BTS或 GPS定位信息之间的相对信号强度的测量来动态地定义天线子群集。在本发明的不同实施例中,将不同的小区ID分配至和UE关联的每个相关性区域(在相关的共同待审的美国专利申请序列号13/232,996中有所描述,该专利申请名称为“在无线系统中利用相关性区域的系统和方法(Systems and Methods toExploit Areas of Coherence in Wireless Systems)”)。
当相同天线群集或天线子群集中的所有BTS传输LTE广播信道(例如,P-SS和S-SS)至UE时,破坏性干扰可能让通过广播信道启用的时间或频率同步在性能上退化。破坏性干扰可能由在某些UE位置不相干地重组的空间分布式BTS生成的多路径导致。为了避免或减轻该作用,在本发明的一个实施例中,同一天线群集或天线子群集中的所有BTS中只有一个BTS将LTE广播信道(例如P-SS和S-SS)传输至所有UE。在同一实施例中,选择了传输LTE广播信道的BTS来最大化通过广播信道在UE接收的功率。在另一个实施例中,仅选择了有限的BTS组来将LTE广播信道同时传输给所有UE,从而在UE避免破坏性干扰。在本发明的不同实施例中, LTE广播信道以比有效载荷更高的功率发送,从而抵达同一天线群集或天线子群集中的所有UE。
如上所述,LTE-Advanced支持载波聚合(CA)方案以通过DL信道提升数据速率。在MU-MAS中,可结合预编码使用CA来增大每个用户的数据速率。在本发明的一个实施例中,将传输预编码应用至RF光谱的不同部分 (带间CA)或光谱相同部分中的不同带(带间CA),由此增大每个用户的数据速率。当采用带间CA时,当那些带集中于不同载波频率时,不同带上的路径损耗可能明显改变。在常规的LTE蜂窝系统中,较低载波频率上的频带相比较高载波频率可能遇到更低的路径损耗。因此,在蜂窝系统中应用带间CA可导致载波频率较低时发生不利的小区间干扰。相比之下,本发明中的MU-MAS不受小区边界上的干扰限制,因为BTS为分布式并且没有小区的概念。该更为灵活的系统布局可允许对MU-MAS中的带间CA使用不同方法。在本发明的一个实施例中,MU-MAS通过采用一组以较低载波频率工作的BTS以及另一组以较高载波频率工作的BTS来启用带间CA,使得两个组相交或者其中一个组是另一组的子组。在另一个实施例中,具有预编码的MU-MAS结合跳频模式使用CA方法来改善防止频率选择性衰落或干扰的稳健性。
1.LTE中的下行链路闭环MU-MAS预编码方法
MU-MAS闭环方案可用于时分双工(TDD)或频分双工(FDD)系统中。在FDD系统中,DL和UL信道在不同频率下操作,并且因此必须在UE侧估计DL信道状态信息(CSI)并且经由BTS或CTR经由UL信道将其回报给 CP。在TDD系统中,DL和UL信道设定在相同频率下并且系统可采用利用信道互易性的闭环技术或开环方案(如以下章节中所描述)。闭环方案的主要缺点是它们需要反馈,从而导致通过UL传输的控制信息的较大开销。
用于MU-MAS中的闭环方案的一般机制如下所述:i)BTS通过DL向 UE发送信令信息;ii)UE利用所述信令信息来估计来自所有“活动BTS”的DL CSI;iii)UE量化DL CSI或使用码本选择将用于下一次传输的预编码权重;iv)UE经由UL信道向BTS或CTR发送量化的CSI或码本索引; v)BTS或CTR向计算通过DL传输数据的预编码权重的CP报告CSI信息或码本索引。“活动BTS”被定义为由给定UE达到的一组BTS。例如,在名称为“用于管理遍历多个DIDO群集的客户端的群集间切换的系统和方法(System And Method For Managing Inter-Cluster Handoff Of Clients Which Traverse Multiple DIDO Clusters)”的相关共同待决的美国申请序列号12/802,974以及名称为“经由用户群集协调分布式无线系统中的传输的系统和方法(Systems And Methods To Coordinate Transmissions In DistributedWireless Systems Via User Clustering)”的相关共同待决的美国申请序列号12/917,257中,将“用户群集”905定义为由给定UE达到的一组BTS,如图9中所描绘。活动BTS的数量限制于用户群集,以便减小将要估计的从BTS到给定UE的CSI量,从而降低通过UL进行反馈的开销以及CP处的MU-MAS预编码计算的复杂性。
如段落中所述,MU-MAS预编码采用线性或非线性方法。对于非线性方法(例如污纸编码[68-70]或Tomlinson-Harashima预编码[71-72]、点阵技术或网格预编码[73-74]、矢量微扰技术[75-76]),在发射器上应用连续的干扰消除以避免用户间干扰。在该情况下,在考虑天线群集中的所有UE的 CSI的情况下,计算预编码矩阵。或者,可以用户群集为基础使用线性预编码方法(例如迫零[65]、块对角化[66-67]、矩阵求逆等),这是因为将独立于其他UE计算每个UE的预编码权重。根据天线群集和用户群集内的UE 和eNodeB的数量,线性和非线性预编码方法提供不同的计算性能。例如,如果MU-MAS由每个天线群集K个UE、每个天线群集M个eNodeBand、每个用户群集C个eNodeB组成,则线性预编码的复杂度为O(K*C3),而对于非线性预编码,其为O(M*K2)。因此希望开发一种方法,该方法根据 MU-MAS中的UE和eNodeB的数量动态地在两种类型的预编码技术之间切换,由此减少CP上的计算复杂度。在本发明的一个实施例中,MU-MAS 采用线性预编码方法。在另一个实施例中,MU-MAS采用非线性预编码方法。在本发明的同一实施例中,MU-MAS根据天线群集和用户群集中的 UE和eNodeB的数量动态地在线性和非线性预编码方法之间切换,由此减少CP上的计算复杂度。在不同的实施例中,MU-MAS针对遇到良好信道质量(例如在eNodeB的附近)的UE在预编码复用方法之间切换,并且针对具有不良链路质量(例如远离eNodeB)的UE在波束赋形或分集方法之间切换。
1.1LTE标准内的下行链路MU-MAS信令方法
LTE标准定义了可用于闭环方案[33、50、82-83]中DL信令的两类参考信号(RS):i)小区特定参考信号(CRS);ii)UE特定RS,诸如信道状态信息(CSI)参考信号(CSI-RS)和解调RS(DM-RS)。小区特定RS不被预编码,而UE特定RS被预编码[50]。CRS用于采用每个小区中具有多达四根天线的基于码本的SU/MU-MIMO技术的LTE版本8中。LTE-Advanced版本10 支持具有多达八根传输天线的不基于码本的SU/MU-MIMO方案以及具有分布在不同小区上的天线的CoMP方案。这样,版本10允许经由CSI-RS进行更灵活的信令方案。在本发明中,描述任一类型的信令方案可如何用于 MU-MAS系统中以实现预编码。
1.1.1使用CRS的MU-MAS信令
CRS在LTE(版本8)系统中被采用来估计从BTS处的所有传输天线到UE的CSI[80、84]。CRS作为二维正交序列与二维伪随机数字(PRN)序列的乘积来获得。存在3个正交序列(即置于OFDM子载波的正交集上) 和168个可能的PRN序列,获得共504个不同的CRS序列。每个序列唯一地识别一个小区。三个正交CRS中的每一个和三个物理层ID(0至2)中的一者关联,这些物理层生成不同的小区ID,如之前子部分中所述。CRS 在每个时隙的第一OFDM符号和倒数第三OFDM符号内并且每第六个子载波处被传输。时间和频率的正交模式针对BTS的每根传输天线、针对UE 被设计,以唯一地估计来自传输天线中的每一根的CSI。版本8对每个 CRS定义最多四个正交模式,其中一个用于MIMO 4x4中采用的四根传输天线中的每一根。产生5%开销的这种在时间和频率上的CRS高密度 (即,以每0.5毫秒的时隙并且在每第六个子载波处被发送)被有意地设计用于支持随时间和频率具有快速信道变化的情景[83]。
在版本8中,由于存在每个用于多天线模式的最多3个具有4个正交模式的正交CRS(或者对于单天线模式为6个正交CRS),在相同覆盖区域内可区分最多12根传输天线而不会对CRS造成干扰。在本发明的一个实施例中,天线群集1001分为如图10中所示的三个天线子群集1005。不同物理层ID(或小区ID)和天线子群集的每一个关联,使得向每个天线子群集分配具有四个正交模式的三个正交CRS中的一个(即每个天线子群集可支持最多四个BTS而不会对来自其他BTS的CRS造成干扰)。在该实施例中,每个群集可最多支持12个BTS而不会对CRS造成干扰。
在十二个以上的BTS置于相同群集中的情况下,希望增大可用正交 CRS的数量来支持更大数量的活动BTS(即同时将预编码的信号传输至UE 的BTS)。实现该目标的一种方法为每个天线群集1101定义三个以上的天线子群集1003,并将相同的三个物理层ID(或0到2的小区ID1104)分配至具有如图11中所示重复模式的天线子群集1103。我们观察到天线子群集可具有不同的形状并且被定义为使得每个用户群集1102无法抵达具有相同物理层ID的两个天线子群集,由此避免对CRS造成干扰。例如,实现该目标的一种方法是定义比用户群集1102更大的天线子群集1103区域,并避免相邻的天线子群集使用相同的物理层ID。在本发明的一个实施例中,多个天线子群集置于具有重复模式的相同天线群集中,使得其相应 CRS不会干扰,由此从十二个以上的BTS实现同时非干扰传输。
在实际MU-MAS系统中,这可能是每个UE在其用户群集内经历多于仅四个BTS的情况。例如,图12示出用于加州旧金山市区中的DIDO或 MU-MAS系统的实际部署的SNR分布。传播模型基于3GPP路径损耗/阴影模型[81],并且假设900MHz的载波频率。地图中的点指示DIDO-BTS的位置,而暗圈表示用户群集(其中UE位于圆圈的中心处)。在人口稀疏的区域1201中,UE在其用户群集内仅看到少数BTS(例如,针对图12中的例子,少至3个BTS),而在人口密集的区域1202中,每个用户群集可包括多达26个BTS,如在图12中。
在MU-MAS中可利用CRS的高冗余来实现来自大于四的任何数量的传输天线的CSI估计。例如,如果信道是固定无线的或以低多普勒效应为特征,那么无需每0.5毫秒(时隙持续时间)计算来自所有四根传输天线的 CSI。同样地,如果信道是频率平坦的,那么在每第六个子载波处估计CSI 是冗余的。在所述情况下,由冗余CRS所占的资源元素(RE)可以针对MU- MAS中的其他传输天线或BTS重新分配。在本发明的一个实施例中,系统将冗余CRS的资源元素分配给MU-MAS系统中的额外天线或BTS。在另一个实施例中,系统估计信道的时间和频率选择性并且针对不同BTS或仅用户群集内的BTS动态地将CRS分配给不同资源元素。
在每个用户群集中包含的BTS数量取决于在用户群集中所有BTS中的 UE上相对于噪声功率电平测量的信号功率电平,或者取决于信噪比 (SNR)。在一个实施例中,UE估计来自所有BTS的附近的SNR,并根据 SNR信息选择属于其用户群集的BTS。在另一个实施例中,CP知悉从BTS 到每个UE的SNR(根据来自UE的反馈信息或从UL信道获得的信息,并假设具有UL/DL信道互易性)并选择要包含在每个用户群集中的那组 BTS。
包含在每个用户群集中的BTS数量确定本发明中所述的MU-MAS方法的性能。例如,如果每个用户群集的BTS数较低,UE会遇到更高级别的群集外干扰,导致高信号噪声干扰比(SINR)和低数据速率。相似地,如果为每个用户群集选择了大量的BTS,则在位于用户群集边缘的BTS中的 UE上测量的SNR较低并且可由来自用户群集外相邻BTS的群集外干扰支配。每个用户群集存在最佳的BTS数量,该用户群集生成最高的SINR和数据速率。在本发明的一个实施例中,CP选择每个用户群集的最佳BTS数量来最大化对于UE的SINR和数据速率。在本发明的另一个实施例中,动态地选择每个用户群集的BTS以适应传播环境或UE移动性不断变化的条件。
每个用户群集使用大量BTS的另一个缺点在于高计算负载。实际上,用户群集中的BTS越多,MU-MAS预编码器的计算复杂度就越高。在这些发明的一个实施例中,选择每个用户群集的BTS以实现SINR或数据速率性能与MU-MAS预编码器计算复杂度之间的最佳折衷。在另一个实施例中,根据传播条件以及MU-MAS中可用的计算资源之间的折衷动态地选择每个用户群集的BTS。
1.1.2使用CSI-RS和DM-RS的MU-MAS信令
在LTE-Advanced(版本10)标准中,CSI-RS由每个UE用来估计来自BTS的CSI[33、83]。所述标准针对BTS处的不同发射器定义正交CSI- RS,使得UE可区分来自不同BTS的CSI。BTS处的多达八根传输天线由 CSI-RS支持,如[33]中的表6.10.5.2-1,2。CSI-RS周期性地被发送,所述周期性的范围在5个与80个子帧之间(即,CSI-RS每5至80毫秒被发送),如在[33]中的表6.10.5.3-1中。LTE-Advanced中的CSI-RS的周期性被有意地设计成大于LTE中的CRS以避免控制信息的过度开销,具体地讲是因为传统LTE终端不能利用这些额外的资源。用于CSI估计的另一种参考信号是解调RS(DM-RS)。DM-RS是旨在到达特定UE并且仅在被分配用于传输至所述UE的资源块中被传输的解调参考信号。
当多于八根天线(LTE-Advanced标准所支持的发射器的最大数量)位于用户群集内时,必须采用替代技术来实现DIDO预编码,同时维持系统对LTE-Advanced标准的符合性。在本发明的一个实施例中,每个UE使用 CSI-RS或DM-RS或两者的组合来估计来自其自己的用户群集中的所有活动BTS的CSI。在同一实施例中,DIDO系统检测用户群集内的BTS数量,并且检测用户群集是否符合LTE-Advanced标准(支持至多八根天线)。如果用户群集不符合,那么DIDO系统采用替代技术来实现从BTS 到当前UE的DL信令。在一个实施例中,减小来自BTS的传输功率,直至至多八个BTS可由其用户群集内的UE达到。然而,因为覆盖范围将减小,这种解决方案可导致数据速率下降。
另一种解决方案是将用户群集中的BTS划分成多个子组并且每次针对每个子组发送一组CSI-RS。例如,如果CSI-RS周期性如在[33]中的表 6.10.5.3-1中是5个子帧(即,5毫秒),那么CSI-RS每5毫秒从新的BTS 子组被发送。应注意,只要CSI-RS周期性短得足以在UE的信道相干时间 (其是UE的多普勒速度的函数)内覆盖所有BTS子组,这种解决方案就会起作用。例如,如果所选择的CSI-RS周期性是5毫秒并且信道相干时间是100毫秒,那么有可能在用户群集内定义多达各自具有8个BTS的20个 BTS子组,合计达共160个BTS。在本发明的另一个实施例中,DIDO系统估计UE的信道相干时间,并且针对给定CSI-RS周期性决定用户群集内可支持多少BTS,以避免由于信道变化和多普勒效应造成的退化。
所提出的用于CSI-RS的解决方案至今全部符合LTE标准并且可在常规LTE系统的框架内被部署。例如,所提出的每用户群集允许多于八根天线的方法将无需修改UE LTE硬件和软件的具体实施,并且仅稍微修改在 BTS和CP处使用的协议,就可在任何给定时间实现对BTS子组的选择。这些修改可容易地在基于云的软件定义的无线电(SDR)平台中实施,所述平台是一种有前途的用于DIDO和MU-MAS系统的部署范例。可替代地,如果有可能放宽LTE标准的约束并且开发出用于LTE UE的稍微修改的硬件和软件以支持类似但不符合LTE的DIDO或MU-MAS操作模式,以便使得 UE能够以完全符合LTE的模式或以支持不符合LTE的DIDO或MU-MAS 操作的修改的模式进行操作。例如,这可让另一种解决方案增加CSI-RS的量以在系统中实现更高数量的BTS。在本发明的另一个实施例中,允许不同CSI-RS模式和周期性作为增加每用户群集所支持BTS数量的手段。此类对LTE标准的稍微修改可以足够小,以使得现有LTE UE芯片组可通过简单的软件修改来使用。或者,如果将需要对芯片组进行硬件修改,那么改变将是小的。
1.2LTE标准内的上行链路MU-MAS CSI反馈方法
在LTE和LTE-Advanced标准中,UE通过DL信道向BTS反馈信息以传达其当前信道条件以及用于闭环传输的预编码权重。这些不同信道指示符包括在那些标准中[35]:
·秩指示符(RI):指示多少空间流被传输至给定UE。这个数量始终等于或小于传输天线的数量。
·预编码矩阵指示符(PMI):是用于通过DL信道进行预编码的码本的索引。
·信道质量指示符(CQI):定义用于通过DL来针对给定信道条件维持预定义误码率性能的调制和前向纠错(FEC)编码方案
针对整个带宽仅报告一个RI,而PMI和CQI报告可以是宽带的或是每子带的,这取决于信道的频率选择性。这些指示符通过两种不同类型的物理信道在UL中被传输:i)仅用于控制信息的物理上行链路控制信道 (PUCCH);ii)用于数据和控制信息两者、在一个资源块(RS)上并且在子帧的基础上被分配的物理上行链路共享信道(PUSCH)。在PUCCH上,用于报告RI、PMI和CQI的程序是周期性的,并且指示符可以是宽带的(对于频率平坦的信道)或UE在子带基础上所选择的(对于频率选择性信道)。在 PUSCH上,反馈程序是非周期性的并且可以是UE在子带基础上所选择的 (对于频率选择性信道)或较高层配置的子带(例如,用于具有八个发射器的LTE-Advance中的传输模式9)。
在本发明的一个实施例中,DIDO或MU-MAS系统采用RI、PMI和 CQI来向BTS和CP报告其当前信道条件以及预编码信息。在一个实施例中,UE使用PUCCH信道向CP报告这些指示符。在另一个实施例中,假使DIDO预编码需要较大量的指示符,UE采用PUSCH向CP报告另外的指示符。假使信道是频率平坦的,UE可针对DIDO系统中的较大量的天线利用额外的UL资源来报告PMI。在本发明的一个实施例中,UE或BTS或 CP估计信道频率选择性,并且假使信道是频率平坦的,UE针对较大量的 BTS利用额外的UL资源来报告PMI。
2.LTE中的下行链路开环MU-MAS预编码方法
开环MU-MAS预编码方案只能用在采用RF校准和利用信道互易性的时分双工(TDD)系统中。MU-MAS中开环方案的一般机制由以下部分组成:i)UE通过UL向BTS或CTR发送信令信息;ii)BTS或CTR利用所述信令信息估计来自所有UE的UL CSI;iii)BTS或CTR采用RF校准来将 UL CSI转换成DL CSI;iv)BTS或CTR经由BSN向CP发送DL CSI或码本索引;v)基于所述DL CSI,CP计算通过DL传输数据的预编码权重。类似于闭环MU-MAS预编码方案,可采用用户群集来减小要在BTS处估计的来自UE的CSI的量,从而减少BTS处的计算负担以及UL上要求的信令的量。在本发明的一个实施例中,开环预编码技术被采用来通过DL信道从BTS向UE发送同时非干扰数据流。
在LTE中,针对上行链路信道存在两种类型的参考信号[31、33、 87]:i)用于调度和链路适配的探测参考信号(SRS);ii)用于数据接收的解调参考信号(DMRS)。在本发明的一个实施例中,DMRS在开环预编码系统中被采用来估计从所有UE到所有BTS的UL信道。在时域中,DMRS在每个LTE时隙(具有0.5毫秒持续时间)的第四个OFDM符号(当使用正常循环前缀时)处被发送。在频域中,通过PUSCH被发送的DMRS针对每个UE被映射至由所述UE用于UL数据传输的同一资源块(RB)。
DMRS的长度是MRS=mNRB,其中m是RB的数量并且NRB=12是每RB 的子载波数量。为支持多个UE,经由基序列的十二个可行循环移位通过一个Zadoff-Chu基序列[88]或计算机产生的恒幅零自相关(CG-CAZAC)序列最多产生十二个DMRS。基序列被划分成30个群组并且相邻LTE小区从不同群组选择DMRS以减小小区间干扰。例如,如果一个OFDM符号内的资源块的最大数量是110(即,假设20MHz总信号带宽),那么有可能产生多达110×30=3300个不同序列。我们观察到,这30个基序列不保证为正交,并且被设计为减少小区间干扰,而不会将其完全消除。相比之下,相同基序列的12个循环移位为正交,由此允许最多12个UE在UL中通过相同RB传输而不会有干扰。将由每个UE使用的循环移位的值由BTS通过经由PDCCH发送的下行链路控制信息(DCI)消息提供。版本8中的DCI由 3个比特组成,让UE在包含十二个可用选项的池中最多只能使用循环偏移的8个值。
在本发明中利用了DMRS基序列的循环移位来通过UL信道实现MU- MIMO,并且当在TDD模式中利用了信道互易性时,为DL预编码估计来自多个UE的CSI。在本发明的一个实施例中,开环预编码方法被采用来通过DL信道从分布式BTS向UE发送同时非干扰数据流。在本发明的不同实施例中,开环MU-MIMO方法被采用来通过UL信道接收从UE到BTS 的同时非干扰数据流。来自所有活动UE的通过UL估计的相同CSI可用于为UL中的MU-MIMO操作计算接收器空间过滤器以及DL预编码的权重。由于版本8最多只定义8个正交DMRS(如上所述,这是因为DCI比特数受限),UL信道的MU-MIMO方案以及DL信道的MU-MAS预编码方案可最多支持八个UE,假设所有UE使用整个UL带宽。
增加通过UL中MU-MIMO或DL中MU-MAS预编码提供的同时UE 的数量的一种方法是通过频率域多路复用UE的DMRS。例如,如果在 TDD模式中使用了10MHz带宽,则可向UE分配50个RB。在该情况下,可将25个交错的RB分配至一组八个UE,并将剩余的25个交错的RB分配给另一组UE,总计同时可提供16个UE。然后将通过交错的RB发送的来自DMRS的估计插值来计算CSI。通过增加交错的UL RB模式的数量可支持更大数量的同时UE。可根据某些跳频顺序静态或动态地将这些模式分配至不同UE。在本发明的一个实施例中,通过正交交错的RB将DMRS分配给UE以增加要经由MU-MIMO或MU-MAS预编码支持的UE数。在同一实施例中,静态地分配交错的RB。在另一个实施例中,根据某些跳频模式动态地分配交错的RB。
一种可选的解决方案是在时域中多路复用不同UE的DMRS。例如, UE被划分成不同群组,并且用于这些群组的DMRS在连续时隙(各自具有0.5毫秒持续时间)内被发送。然而,在这种情况下,有必要保证不同群组的DMRS分配的周期性低于最快移动UE的信道相干时间。实际上,这是保证信道从经由DMRS估计出CSI的时间到系统经由DIDO预编码向 UE传输DL数据流的时间针对所有UE都不改变的必要条件。在本发明的一个实施例中,系统将活动UE划分成群组,并且在连续时隙内将同一组 DMRS分配给每个群组。在同一实施例中,系统针对所有活动UE估计最短信道相干时间,并且基于所述信息计算UE群组的最大数量以及DMRS 时间复用的周期性。
另一个解决方案是在空间上分离不同群组的采用相同DMRS组的 UE。例如,相同正交DMRS组可用于图11中由相同小区ID标识的来自不同天线子群集的所有UE。在本发明的一个实施例中,采用相同正交DMRS 组的UE群组在空间上分离,从而避免在群组之间产生干扰。在同一实施例中,相同正交DMRS组由相同小区ID标识的不同天线子群集采用。MU- MAS可将UE分配给“虚拟小区”以使UL中可使用的DMRS的数量最大化。在一个示例性实施例中,虚拟小区是UE周围具有相关性的区域(描述于名称为“在无线系统中利用相关性区域的系统和方法(Systems and Methods to Exploit Areas of Coherence in WirelessSystems)”的相关共同待审的美国申请序列号13/232,996中),并且DIDO系统针对不同UE产生多达 3300个具有相关性的区域。在本发明的另一个实施例中,30个基序列中的每一个被分配给不同天线群集(群集在2012年5月1日发布的名称为“用于基于信号强度测量调整DIDO干扰消除的系统和方法(System And Method For Adjusting DIDO InterferenceCancellation Based On Signal Strength Measurements)”的相关美国专利号8,170,081中被定义),以减小邻近天线群集之间的群集间干扰。
3.LTE中的上行链路MU-MAS方法
本发明在UL信道上采用开环MU-MIMO方案以接收从所有UE到 BTS的同时UL数据流。UL开环MU-MIMO方案由以下步骤组成:i)UE 向所有BTS发送信令信息和数据负载;ii)BTS使用信令信息计算来自所有 UE的信道估计;iii)BTS向CP发送信道估计和数据负载;iv)CP使用信道估计经由空间滤波来移除来自所有UE的数据负载的信道间干扰并且解调来自所有UE的数据流。在一个实施例中,开环MU-MIMO系统采用单载波频分多址(SC-FDMA)来增加从UE到BTS的UL信道的数量并且在频域中对它们进行复用。
在一个实施例中,UE之间的同步经由来自DL的信令来实现,并且所有BTS被假设为经由直接连线至同一时钟或共享公共时间/频率参考(在一个实施例中,通过GPSDO)而被锁定至同一时间/频率参考时钟。不同UE 处的信道延迟扩展的变化可在不同UE的时间参考之间产生时基误差,这可能影响通过UL执行MU-MIMO方法。在一个实施例中,仅同一天线群集内的UE(例如,彼此紧密邻近的UE)利用MU-MIMO方法来处理以减小不同UE之间的相对传播延迟扩展。在另一个实施例中,UE之间的相对传播延迟在UE处或在BTS处被补偿,以保证BTS处同时接收来自不同UE 的数据负载。
用于通过UL实现用于数据解调的信令信息的方法是用于先前章节处所描述的下行链路开环DIDO方案中的信令的相同方法。CP采用不同空间处理技术来移除来自UE数据负载的信道间干扰。在本发明的一个实施例中,CP采用非线性空间处理方法,诸如最大似然(ML)、决策反馈均衡(DFE) 或串行干扰消除(SIC)接收器。在另一个实施例中,CP采用线性滤波器,诸如迫零(ZF)或最小均方误差(MMSE)接收器来消除共信道干扰并且单独地解调上行链路数据流。
4.与现有LTE网络集成
在美国和世界上的其他地区,LTE网络已经投入运行或处于部署和/或致力于部署的过程中。这对于LTE运营商将是显著有益的,如果他们可以逐渐地将DID或MU-MAS能力部署到他们的现有或已经致力的部署中的话。以此方式,他们可在DIDO或MU-MAS将提供最大即时益处的区域中部署DIDO或MU-MAS,并且逐渐地推广DIDO或MU-MAS能力以覆盖他们的更多网络。适时地,一旦他们在区域中具有足够的DIDO或MU- MAS覆盖,他们就可以选择彻底地停止使用小区,并且替代地彻底切换成 DIDO或MU-MAS并且以低得多的成本实现高得多的频谱密度。贯穿这种从蜂窝到DIDO或MU-MAS的整个过渡,LTE运营商的无线客户将永不经历服务损失。相反,他们将仅仅经历他们的数据吞吐量和可靠性改进,而运营商将经历其成本降低。
有若干实施例将实现DIDO或MU-MAS到现有LTE网络的逐渐集成。在所有情况下,用于DIDO或MU-MAS的BTS将称为DIDO-LTE BTS 并且将利用上述LTE兼容的DIDO或MU-MAS实施例或如在将来可能开发出的其他LTE兼容的实施例中的一者。或者,DIDO-LTE BTS将利用LTE 标准的稍微改变的型式,诸如上述那些,并且将更新UE(例如,如果软件更新足以将UE修改成兼容DIDO或MU-MAS的话),或将部署DIDO或 MU-MAS兼容的新一代UE。在任一情况下,在LTE标准的约束内或作为 LTE标准的变体支持DIDO或MU-MAS的新BTS在下文将称为DIDO-LTE BTS。
LTE标准支持各种信道带宽(例如,1.4、3、5、10、15和 20MHz)。在一个实施例中,具有现有LTE网络的运营商将为LTE-DIDO BTS分配新带宽,或将细分现有LTE频谱(例如,可将20MHz细分成两个10MHz块)以在一个频谱块中支持蜂窝配置中的常规LTE BTS并且在另一个频谱块中支持DIDO LTE BTS。有效地,这将建立两个单独的LTE 网络,并且UE装置将被配置用于使用一个或另一个网络,或在所述两个网络之间进行选择。在细分频谱的情况下,可在常规LTE网络与DIDO-LTE BTS网络之间均匀地划分频谱,或不均匀地将更多频谱分配给可在给定蜂窝LTE BTS和DIDO-LTE BTS部署层次和/或UE使用模式时最佳地利用频谱的任何网络。这种细分可随时间根据需要进行改变,并且在某一时刻,当所存在的部署的DIDO-LTE BTS足以提供与蜂窝BTS相同或更好的覆盖时,可将频谱全部分配给DIDO-LTE BTS,并且可以停运蜂窝BTS。
在另一个实施例中,常规蜂窝LTE BTS可被配置用于与DIDO-LTE BTS协调,使得它们共享同一频谱但轮流使用频谱。例如,如果它们均等地共享频谱使用,那么每个BTS网络将交替地利用一个10ms帧时,例如用于蜂窝LTE BTS的一个10ms帧、之后是用于DIDO-LTEBTS的一个 10ms帧。帧时也可被细分成不等的间隔。这种间隔分裂可随时间根据需要进行改变,并且在某一时刻,当所存在的部署的DIDO-LTE BTS足以提供与蜂窝BTS相同或更好的覆盖时,可将时间全部分配给DIDO-LTE BTS,并且可以停运蜂窝BTS。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,DIDO或MU-MAS被用作到LTE和 LTE-Advanced网络中的小小区的LOS或NLOS无线回程。因为小小区部署在LTE网络中,DIDO或MU-MAS提供到这些小小区的高速无线回程。随着对更高数据速率的需求的增长,向网络添加更多小小区,直至无线网络达到一种限制,即其中在不引起小区间干扰的情况下,在给定区域中不可添加更多小小区。在本发明的同一实施例中,DIDO-LTE BTS用于逐渐取代小小区,从而利用小区间干扰来提供增加的网络容量。
5.MU-MAS LTE调度程序
在MU-MAS中,分布式天线或BTS将同时预编码的数据流发送至多个UE。如“相关专利和专利申请”中所述,BTS的数量必须等于或大于 UE的数量以实现同时数据传输。在实际部署中,UE的数量可能超过BTS 的数量。在该情况下,可选择额外UE用于在不同时隙或频带下根据某个调度策略进行传输。调度程序利用UE的信道质量信息来决定要在给定时间和频率提供的最佳UE组。在本发明中使用了不同调度方法,包括成正比公平调度程序、轮询或贪婪算法。
如之前的部分中所述,LTE标准定义两个参数以将有关每个UE的链路质量告知调度程序:CQI和SRS。CQI测量DL信道的质量并从UE反馈给BTS。SRS是从UE发送至BTS的信令信息,用以测量UL信道质量。两个指标都提供时域和频域上的UL/DL信道质量的信息。在FDD系统中,DL调度程序必须将CQI用作性能量度,因为DL和UL信道质量可能因为不同载波频率而变化。在TDD模式中,DL调度程序采用CSI或SRS 或二者的组合来执行其调度决策。可将相同的性能指标用于UL调度。在本发明的一个实施例中,MU-MAS调度程序采用CQI和SRS作为调度算法使用的性能度量指标。
本发明所述的MU-MAS支持一个现有技术中未公开的额外信道质量指标:空间选择性指标(SSI),在相关的美国专利申请序列号13/475,598中对此有所描述,该专利申请名称为“分布式输入分布式输出无线系统中用于增强空间分集的系统和方法(Systems andMethods to enhance spatial diversity in distributed-input distributed-outputwireless systems)”。可基于经由反馈机制从所有UE或从UL信道(应用UL/DL信道互易性)获得的CSI来计算 SSI。在本发明的一个实施例中,调度程序采用SSI作为性能度量指标。SSI 是无线链路中可用的空间分集的一个量度。SSI取决于BTS以及UE的空间特征。在本发明的一个示例性实施例中,调度程序从所有UE获得SSI,并根据某个调度标准通过“最佳”SSI来调度UE。如果可用的BTS多于活动的BTS,则可将上述的用户选择标准和相关的美国专利申请序列号 13/475,598中所述的天线选择方法结合,该专利申请的名称为“分布式输入分布式输出无线系统中用于增强空间分集的系统和方法(Systems and Methods toenhance spatial diversity in distributed-input distributed-output wirelesssystems)”。在本发明的一个实施例中,调度程序根据某个调度标准选择BTS和UE的最佳子组。
相对于图9、10和11,在某些场景中可能没有足够的正交信令序列来启用同一天线群集或天线子群集中的大量BTS。在该情况下,如果激活了额外的BTS来覆盖具有更大活动UE数量的区域,可能会发生一定程度的干扰。在本发明的一个实施例中,调度程序测量天线群集或天线子群集之间的干扰程度,并调度UE来最小化该干扰对无线链路的影响。
在本发明中采用了名称为“分布式输入分布式输出无线系统中用于增强空间分集的系统和方法(Systems and Methods to enhance spatial diversity in distributed-input distributed-output wireless systems)”的相关美国专利申请序列号13/475,598中所述的天线选择算法来基于SSI选择最佳的活动BTS 组。然而,该天线选择算法可能需要高计算复杂度,因为必须在天线子组的所有可能排列上应用MU-MAS预编码处理后,方可根据SSI性能度量指标做出有关最佳子组的决策。在具有大量协同BTS的MU-MAS中,该计算负荷可能变得较昂贵,或者无法在实践部署中实现。因此,希望开发替代的技术来减少天线子组数,同时保持天线选择方法的良好性能。在本发明的一个实施例中,MU-MAS采用了以天线子组ID号的排队为基础的方法,该方法在下文称为“天线混淆方法”。在本发明的一个实施例中,天线混淆方法将包含所有可能天线子组ID的队列(即对于给定的可用BTS组而言的所有可能的活动BTS的排列)划分为不同的群组,并向这些群组分配不同的优先级。对这些群组进行定义以将公平机会分配至所有要选择的子组ID,但是仅对有限数量的子组(例如具有最高优先级的子组)计算 SSI度量指标,由此降低计算复杂度。在一个示例性实施例中,子组ID队列划分为三个群组,其中对每个群组分配不同规则:i)群组#1包含具有最高优先级的ID,仅在识别到更高优先级的新子组时才将这些群组拉出;ii)群组#2,其中在每次迭代方法时包括新天线子组(选自方法组#3);iii)群组 #3,其中根据轮询策略混淆天线子组ID。群组#1和#2中的所有子组ID在每次迭代方法时根据其优先级排序,以让群组#2中的子组ID有机会升级至群组#1。仅对群组#1和#2中的子组计算SSI,并且仅向这些子组应用天线选择算法。
6.MU-MAS LTE用户设备
本发明包括不同的LTE UE设计。在一个实施例中,UE是和采用预编码的MU-MAS兼容的LTE UE,如上文所述和图13中所描绘。
在不同的实施例中,UE 1401通过第一网络接口1404(例如Wi-Fi、 USB、以太网、蓝牙、光纤等)连接至不同的装置1402和1403,并通过第二网络接口1405连接至MU-MAS,如图14中所示。图14中的UE配备两个不同的网络接口,其中每个网络接口包括一根或多根天线(尽管在替代实施例中,第一网络接口1404可为没有天线的有线接口)。用圆圈标注第一网络接口的天线,而第二网络接口的天线则用三角形标注。在同一实施例中,第二网络接口支持MU-MAS预编码、通过兼容LTE的协议实施的 MU-MAS或MU-MAS(使用或不使用兼容LTE的协议实施)以及替代网络。在同一实施例中,替代网络为蜂窝网络、LTE网络或Wi-Fi网络。在同一实施例中,UE配合MU-MAS和/或替代网络两者中的任一者工作,并且UE根据一些标准选择MU-MAS或替代网络。在同一实施例中,所述标准包括:i)是否只有一个条件可用并且被选择;ii)是否有一个网络具有更佳性能;iii)是否有一个网络更为经济;iv)是否有一个网络的拥挤程度更低;v) 是否有一个网络使用的UE资源更少。
在本发明的一个实施例中,UE 1501处于如图15中所描绘物理附接至用户装置1502的情况。在同一实施例中,该情况用作用户装置的辅助性添加。在另一个实施例中,该情况用于保护用户装置免受物理损伤。UE包括电池1503以及一个或多个网络接口1504。
在一个实施例中,UE电子器件嵌入在壳体中。在同一实施例中,UE 电子器件包括电池1503。电池包括通过物理电气接触或无线接触耦合的电源充电器。示例性电源耦合为导电型、感应型、RF型、光或热型,但是电源耦合不限于这些方法。在同一实施例中,UE电子器件耦合以接收来自用户设备的电源。该电源耦合通过物理接触或通过感应接触或无线接触完成。在同一实施例中,用户装置耦合以接收来自MU-MAS UE的电源。该耦合通过物理接触或通过感应接触或无线接触完成。在不同的实施例中,同一电源充电器为用户装置和MU_MAS UE两者供电。
在本发明的一个实施例中,UE被配置为和用户装置通信。在同一实施例中,可复位UE(例如经由开关,或者通过移除电源),从而用户装置可以在最初与其连接,并且一旦建立了连接,就可通过用户这种配置UE。此类配置包括配置专用密码和/或其他安全协议。在不同的实施例中,UE包括要被配置为和用户装置通信的构件。此类配置通过和另一个装置之间的通信端口完成,其中通信端口为USB,或者经由UE上的控件和/或按钮,或者通过显示器完成,其中使用按钮或触摸输入。
在另一个实施例中,同一RF链用于MU-MAS通信以及替代网络。在另一个实施例中,不同RF链用于MU-MAS通信以及替代网络。
7.利用信道互易性的射频(RF)校准
常规闭环MU-MAS方法采用UL信道来从UE到BTS或CP反馈量化的CSI或码本索引(和基于码本的有限反馈方案中一样)。然而该方案导致在启用CSI反馈信道时需要较大的反馈开销和高协议复杂度。在TDD系统中,其中UL和DL以相同频率设置,因此需要通过利用UL/DL信道互易性避免CSI反馈。在实际系统中,由于不同的RF部件和电路布局,BTS 或UE上的传输和接收RF链通常具有不同的特征。因此,要保留UL/DL 互易性,必须采用RF校准方法来补偿传输和接收链之间的RF失配。
典型无线收发器中的RF失配模型在[91]中有所描述,并且用于缓解 RF失配对于自适应数字波束赋形系统的性能的影响的硬件解决方案在[92] 中进行了讨论。在[93、94]中提议了在多输入多输出(MIMO)系统中启用RF 校准的软件技术,并分别在[95]和[96]中示出了多输入单输出(MISO)和采用天线选择的系统的实验结果。
然而,现有技术假设所有RF链在和MIMO系统一样的电路板上排布,由此简化RF校准问题,这是由于可以在本地获得有关所有RF链之间 RF失配的信息。相比之下,本发明由在地理上远离布置的分布式天线组成,使得这些天线之间的通信仅通过网络进行。因此,我们定义了我们称为“信标站”的新型系统单元,专门为通过分布式天线在MU-MAS中启用 RF校准而设计。此外,在现有技术的MIMO系统中,传输/接收链之间的重要RF耦合由于靠近同一电路板上的RF链而发生。相比之下,在本发明中,RF耦合仅在同一分布式天线的一个传输链以及一个接收链之间发生。因此,为RF校准采用的技术和现有技术中所述的技术明显不同,这将在下文中说明。最后,现有技术中公开的RF校准方法限制为具有单个用户的系统(例如单个用户设备装置)。如以下段落中的衍生中所示,具有多个用户的系统(例如MU-MAS)对于RF失配特别敏感,因为那种失配会产生用户间干扰。因此,必须采用空间技术在利用信道互易性的同时启用RF校准,如下文所述。
本发明由采用射频(RF)校准并利用下行链路(DL)和上行链路(UL)信道之间的互易性的MU-MAS组成,其包括多根分布式天线,多个用户设备装置(UE)以及一个或多个信标站。在一个实施例中,采用RF校准来从UL信道估计计算DL MU-MAS预编码权重。图16示出了系统的框图,该系统包括分布式天线1601、多个UE 1613、一个信标站1619、一个连接分布式天线的基站网络(BSN)1607、一个集中式处理器(CP)1621以及一个反馈信道 1620,该反馈信道是从信标到CP的校准控制信道。
每个分布式天线单元由基带单元1602、传输RF链1603、接收RF链 1604、为TDD操作动态选择传输/接收RF链的RF开关单元1605以及天线 1606组成。在一个实施例中,基带单元包括基带信号处理和数模转换器 (DAC)。在另一个实施例中,所有基带处理在CP上执行,使得RF信号发送至每个分布式天线(例如经由RF同轴电缆或光纤网络上的RF)。每个 UE由基带单元1608、相应的传输/接收RF链1609以及1610、RF开关 1611和天线1612组成。信标站由基带单元1614、相应的传输/接收RF链 1615以及1616、RF开关1617和天线1618构成。
分布式天线和UE之间的无线链路建模为尺寸为MxN的复高斯信道矩阵H,其中M是UE的数量,N为分布式天线的数量。我们将HDL定义为 DL信道矩阵1622,将HUL定义为UL信道矩阵1623。只要DL和UL设置为相同载波频率,就会保持信道互易性。在该情况下,会保持以下属性,
上述模型对于单载波或多载波系统均适用。在多载波系统(例如 OFDM)中,复矩阵H表示一个子载波的信道,而相同型号扩展至系统中任意子载波。图16还示出了分布式天线上的传输和接收RF,该分布式天线分别通过尺寸为NxN的复信道矩阵AT和AR建模。同样,UE上的传输和接收RF单元分别通过尺寸为MxM的矩阵BT和BR建模。对于具有分布式天线的MU-MAS,由于相对的天线分离,分布式天线和/或UE之间的 RF耦合可忽略不计,使得AT、AR、BT和BR都表示为对角矩阵。我们观察到这是具有分布式天线MU-MAS的特有特征。因此,本发明和涉及多输入多输出(MIMO)系统的现有技术相比属于新型技术。
根据图16中的框图,我们将有效的DL信道矩阵(建模传输/接收RF 单元和无线链路)编写为
并将有效的UL信道矩阵编写为
在本发明的一个实施例中包括LTE蜂窝网络,在采用来自所有UE的 DMRS的eNodeB上估计有效UL信道。
和
其中kDL=kUL=k为列矢量,假设在分布式天线和信标站之间具有DL和 UL信道互易性。在一个实施例中,分布式天线和信标站之间的DL信道通过从分布式天线到信标发送训练信号来估计。在包括LTE蜂窝网络的一个示例性实施例中,DL序列CRS或CSI-RS或DM-RS由信标用于估计来自所有eNodeB的有效DL信道。在同一实施例中,信标站和分布式天线之间的UL信道通过从信标站到天线发送训练信号来估计。在本发明的一个实施例中,采用了多个信标站来改善RF校准矩阵的估计。在本发明中,在分布式天线之间不存在RF耦合,使得RF校准矩阵C为对角。
当采用线性预编码(例如迫零[65]、块对角化或BD[66-67]、矩阵求逆等)时,在第m个UE上接收的符号由
提供,其中是有效信道矩阵的第m行,是衍生自的第m个 UE的预编码矢量,sm是传输至第m个UE的符号,而nm为第m个UE上的白高斯噪音。出于简便考虑,以上模型假设每个UE上有单根接收天线,但是本发明扩展为UE上有任意数量的天线。可以示出的是,当使用了上述的 RF校准方法时,预先在发射器消除每个UE上的客户端间干扰,使得以下条件保持不变
其中是衍生自RF校准的信道矩阵的预编码权重矢量。在一个实施例中,通过RF校准的信道矩阵来计算预编码权重,由此预先消除每个UE 上的客户端间干扰。图18示出了对于以下三种情况,在频率平坦信道中采用BD预编码和4-QAM调制的MU-MAS的符号误差率(SER)性能:i)无RF 失配;ii)无校准情况下的RF失配;iii)有校准情况下的RF失配。我们观察到本发明中RF校准方法将SER减少至理想性能(即没有RF失配)。
在本发明的另一个实施例中,向RF校准的信道矩阵应用了非线性预编码方法(例如污纸编码[68-70]或Tomlinson-Harashima预编码或THP[71- 72]、点阵技术或网格预编码[73-74]、矢量微扰技术[75-76])以在每个UE 上预先消除客户端间干扰。图19示出使用RF校准和UL/DL互易性通过非线性预编码技术获得的SER符合线性预编码的性能。图20a示出在具有两个分布式天线和两个UE的MU-MAS中UE 1的THP模运算之前的集群,而图20b示出该MU-MAS中UE 2的THP模运算之前的集群(THP点阵结构)。THP预编码旨在完全消除对“参考UE”的干扰,并向其他UE应用连续干扰消除。因此可以预知参考UE的SER性能可能优于其他UE。在一个实施例中,对UE应用了轮询或正比公平调度或其他类型的调度技术来保证所有UE的平均SER性能相似。
BD和THP方法的计算性能可能根据每个用户群集中分布式天线和/或 UE的数量而变化。在本发明的一个实施例中,MU-MAS动态地在线性和非线性预编码技术之间切换以最小化预编码器的计算复杂度,具体取决于每个用户群集中的分布式天线和/或UE的数量。
在实际MU-MAS中,信标站是专用于RF校准的无线收发器。由于信标需要反馈信道来传送来自所有分布式天线的估计的有效DL信道以用于校准,因此信标经由无线或有线链路和CP通信。在另一个实施例中,信标站为分布式天线中的任一者,并且校准参数相对于该天线计算出。在同一实施例中,将分布式天线组织为处于网状网络中,并计算相邻分布式天线之间的成对RF校准来保证良好的链路质量。在所有天线上执行RF校准,并且将校准信息反馈至CP,使得所有分布式天线通过彼此校准。在另一个实施例中,信标为UE中的任一者,其使用任何无线或有线链路将校准信息反馈至CP。
从信标到CP的校准信息通过有限的比特数来定量或经由基于码本的有限反馈方法发送以减少控制信道上的开销。我们观察到RF校准可以较慢速度运行(具体取决于因温度变化等所致的RF特征的变化速率)。如果校准信息的更新速率较慢,则无线数据信道可用于将该信息发送至CP而不会导致任何严重的数据速率丢失。在一个示例性的实施例中,在LTE蜂窝网络中,PUSCH用于将校准信息从UE反馈至CP。
在每个用户群采用一个或多个地理分布式信标,或采用天线群集或天线子群集,具体取决于该群集中信标和分布式天线之间的相对链路质量。在一个实施例中,将对群集中所有分布式天线具有最佳信号质量的信标用于RF校准。在另一个实施例中,在每个时间实例动态选择信标以适应通向分布式天线的链路由于传播环境中的变化而不断变化的质量。在另一个实施例中,协同采用多个信标(例如经由最大比率组合/传输)来最大化来自/通向分布式天线的链路上的SNR或SINR。在不同的实施例中,在每个群集执行一个或多个RF校准。
在本发明的一个实施例中,不仅将信标站用于RF校准,还用于将包括时间和频率同步参考的信令信息发送至分布式天线和/或UE。分布式天线和/或UE采用该参考来保持和MU-MAS主参考时钟之间的时间和频率同步。在一个实施例中,从信标到分布式天线以及UE的该参考时钟分配经由 LTE多媒体广播单频网络(MBSFN)通信信道实现。
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Claims (22)
1.一种具有多用户MU传输的多天线系统MAS MU-MAS,所述系统包括共享相同小区ID的多个无线收发器基站BTS、多个客户端装置UE和多个信标站,其中所述MU-MAS:
估计来自上行链路UL信令的UL信道状态信息CSI;
在所述BTS和所述信标站之间发送多个训练信号;
使用所述训练信号来估计所述BTS和所述信标站之间的信道并产生多个下行链路信道向量和多个上行链路信道向量;
使用所述多个下行链路信道向量和所述多个上行链路信道向量以及所述BTS和所述信标站之间的信道互易性来估计多个射频RF校准系数;
使用所述RF校准系数来计算复杂RF校准矩阵;以及
通过使用所述复杂RF校准矩阵预处理UL CSI的矩阵来获取下行链路DL CSI的矩阵。
2.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述多个BTS经由基站网络BSN互连至集中式处理器CP,并采用预编码来和多个UE通信。
3.根据权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述CP知悉所述BTS和所述UE之间的所述CSI,并利用所述CSI来预编码通过DL信道或UL信道发送的数据。
4.根据权利要求3所述的系统,其中在所述UE估计所述CS并反馈至所述BTS。
5.根据权利要求4所述的系统,其中使用射频RF校准并利用所述UL信道和DL信道的互易性,在所述BTS从所述UL-CSI生成所述DL-CSI。
6.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中采用所述多个RF校准系数来从所述UL信道计算DLMU-MAS预编码权重。
7.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其中计算了预编码权重来预先消除对于每个UE的客户端间干扰。
8.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其中预编码权重通过线性预编码方法来计算,所述线性预编码方法包括迫零或块对角化,及/或矩阵求逆。
9.根据权利要求6所述的系统,其中预编码权重通过非线性预编码方法来计算,所述非线性预编码方法包括污纸编码、Tomlinson-Harashima、点阵网格、矢量微扰。
10.根据权利要求2所述的系统,其中使用轮询或正比公平调度或其他类型的调度方法来保证符号误差率SER性能对于所述MU-MAS中的所有UE而言是相似的。
11.根据权利要求2所述的系统,其中预编码器根据预编码技术产生计算复杂度,并且取决于所述MU-MAS中的BTS和/或UE的数量,所述MU-MAS动态地在线性和非线性预编码技术之间切换以最小化所述预编码器的所述计算复杂度。
12.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中通过用包含所述多个RF校准系数的矩阵来预处理UL CSI的所述矩阵来获得RF校准。
13.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述多个RF校准系数通过所述BTS和多个信标站之间的DL信道和UL信道来获得。
14.根据权利要求13所述的系统,其中所述DL信道和所述UL信道通过从所述BTS发送至所述多个信标站或者从所述多个信标站发送至所述BTS的训练信号来估计。
15.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述信标站为所述BTS中的任一者。
16.根据权利要求1所述的系统,其中所述多个信标站为所述客户端装置中的任一者。
17.根据权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述多个RF校准系数经由无线或有线反馈信道从所述多个信标站中的至少一者发送至所述CP。
18.根据权利要求17所述的系统,其中采用基于定量或码本的有限反馈技术来将所述多个RF校准系数从所述多个信标站反馈至所述CP。
19.根据权利要求2所述的系统,其中所述MU-MAS是长期演进LTE网络,所述UE是LTEUE,所述BTS是LTE增强NodeB eNodeB基站或移动性管理实体MME基站,所述CP是LTE网关GW,且所述BSN是S1或X1接口。
20.根据权利要求19所述的系统,其中采用所述UL LTE解调参考信号DMRS或LTE探测参考信号SRS来估计从所述UE到所述eNodeBBTS的所述UL CSI。
21.根据权利要求19所述的系统,其中采用DL LTE特定于小区的参考信号CRS、或LTECSI参考信号CSI-RS、或LTE解调参考信号DM-RS来估计所述eNodeB与用于RF校准的所述多个信标站之间的所述DL CSI和所述UL CSI。
22.根据权利要求19所述的系统,其中使用LTE物理上行链路共享信道PUSCH来将所述RF校准系数从所述多个信标站反馈至所述CP。
Priority Applications (4)
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