US7885354B2 - System and method for enhancing near vertical incidence skywave (“NVIS”) communication using space-time coding - Google Patents
System and method for enhancing near vertical incidence skywave (“NVIS”) communication using space-time coding Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/02—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception
- H04L1/06—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received by diversity reception using space diversity
- H04L1/0618—Space-time coding
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- This invention relates generally to the field of communication systems. More particularly, the invention relates to a system and method for enhancing a Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (“NVIS”) communication channel using space-time coding techniques.
- NVIS Near Vertical Incidence Skywave
- satellite service requires a direct, unobstructed line of site to the satellite toward the south in the Northern Hemisphere or toward the north in the Southern Hemispere.
- users in apartments with windows facing away from the equator, near large trees or large buildings may not be candidates for geosynchronous satellite service.
- NVIS Near Vertical Incidence Skywave
- NVIS Near Vertical Incidence Skywave
- FIG. 1 shows an NVIS transmitting station 101 transmitting a radio signal to an NVIS receiving station 102 by bouncing the signal off of the ionosphere.
- an NVIS transmission is almost straight up and the reflection is almost straight down.
- any location with a view of the sky overhead will have a direct line of sight to the signal.
- the signal may be received in valleys, in cities amongst buildings, and in areas with significant tree coverage.
- NVIS NVIS
- MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
- IEEE JOURNAL ON SELECTED AREAS IN COMMUNICATIONS VOL. 21, NO. 3, APRIL 2003: “From Theory to Practice: An Overview of MIMO Space—Time Coded Wireless Systems”, by David Gesbert, Member, IEEE, Mansoor Shafi, Fellow, IEEE, Da-shan Shiu, Member, IEEE, Peter J. Smith, Member, IEEE, and Ayman Naguib, Senior Member, IEEE.
- MIMO technology is based on the use of spatially distributed antennas for creating parallel spatial data streams within a common frequency band.
- the radio waves are transmitted in such a way that the individual signals can be separated at the receiver and demodulated, even though they are transmitted within the same frequency band, which can result in multiple statistically independent (i.e. effectively separate) communications channels.
- MIMO can rely on uncorrelated or weakly-correlated multi-path signals to achieve a higher bandwidth and improved signal-to-noise radio within a given frequency band.
- MIMO technology within an 802.11g system Airgo Networks was recently able to achieve 108 Mbps in the same spectrum where a conventional 802.11g system can achieve only 54 Mbps (see http://www.airgonetworks.com).
- Direction antennae have been in use for many decades. Such antennae come in many forms, from antennae that are directional due to their fixed physical structure, such as dish antennae commonly used in satellite communications, to antennae that are directional due to signal phasing and other manipulation, such as phased-array antennae, and there are many variations in between.
- directional antennae are often used to achieve certain skywave propagation behavior (e.g. NVIS antennae are typically directional in the vertical direction to bounce back downward, and short-wave radio station antennae may be directional at an angle to maximize skywave skipping).
- phased-array antennae are used to focus the radio signal beam on a certain spot on the ionosphere, often for research purposes.
- HMRP High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program
- a system and method are described in which space-time coding techniques and directional antenna techniques are used to transmit and receive multiple data streams within a near vertical incidence skywave (“NVIS”) communication system.
- NVIS near vertical incidence skywave
- multiple independent data streams (or partially independent streams) are transmitted from a transmitting station at a high radiation angle, approaching or reaching 90 degrees.
- the data streams are reflected off of the ionosphere of the earth and received by one or more receiving stations.
- the space-time coding techniques are multiple-input multiple-output (“MIMO”) signal processing techniques.
- FIG. 1 illustrates a prior art Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (“NVIS”) system.
- NVIS Near Vertical Incidence Skywave
- FIG. 2 illustrates one embodiment of the invention in which space-time coding is employed within an NVIS system.
- FIG. 3 illustrates an NVIS ISP that provides connectivity to multiple NVIS client sites.
- FIG. 4 illustrates data Inputs multiplexed into a modulation and coding engine that converts a single data stream into separate, coded streams for transmission over M transmit antennas.
- FIG. 5 illustrates a transmitting/receiving station according to one embodiment of the invention.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an NVIS system that utilizes a directional antenna.
- FIG. 7 illustrates how directional antennae can be used to create cells overlapping a desired coverage area.
- FIG. 8 illustrates another embodiment of the invention in which the desired client coverage areas are of varying density in terms of bandwidth requirements.
- One embodiment of the invention employs Multiple Input Multiple Output (“MIMO”) signal transmission techniques to increase the signal-to noise ratio and transmission bandwidth within a Near Vertical Incidence Skywave (“NVIS”) system.
- MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
- NVIS Near Vertical Incidence Skywave
- a first NVIS station 101 equipped with a matrix of N MIMO directional antennae 102 is configured to communicate with another NVIS station 103 equipped with a matrix of M MIMO directional antennae 104 .
- the directional antennae 102 and 104 are each directed upward to within about 15 degrees of vertical in order to achieve the desired NVIS and minimize ground wave interference effects.
- the two sets of directional antennae, 102 and 104 support multiple independent data streams 106 at a designated frequency within the NVIS spectrum (e.g., at a carrier frequency at or below 23 MHz, but typically below 10 MHz), thereby significantly increasing the bandwidth at the designated frequency (i.e., by a factor proportional to the number of statistically independent data streams).
- a designated frequency within the NVIS spectrum e.g., at a carrier frequency at or below 23 MHz, but typically below 10 MHz
- the NVIS antennae serving a given station may be physically very far apart from each other. Given the long wavelengths below 10 MHz and the long distance traveled for the signals (as much as 300 miles round trip), physical separation of the antennae by 100s of yards, and even miles, can provide advantages in diversity. In such situations, the individual antenna signals could be brought back to a centralized location to be processed using conventional wired or wireless communications systems. Alternatively, each antenna can have a local facility to process its signals, then can use conventional wired or wireless communications systems to communicate the data back to a centralized location.
- NVIS Station 101 has a broadband link to the Internet
- NVIS Station 103 has a link to a local network (for example, within a residence).
- a broadband connection to the Internet, by connecting through link 116 , uplinking through NVIS Station 103 , connecting to NVIS Station 101 , then reaching the Internet 110 through Link 115 .
- This link would be accomplished even if NVIS Station 103 were as much as 200 miles from NVIS Station 101 .
- the bandwidth would be extremely low compared to what was achievable through MIMO.
- an NVIS ISP 301 (typically with a connection to the Internet like NVIS Station 101 in FIG. 2 ) provides connectivity to multiple NVIS Client sites (two NVIS Client Sites, 303 and 305 , are shown in this example, but hundreds or thousands, or possibly millions, of client sites could be served simultaneously),
- Each NVIS Client site 303 or 305 provide some local network connectivity, such as a local network 130 of FIG. 2 , or directly provide connectivity to a data receiver and/or transmitter device (e.g. a server, a telephone, a television set, etc.).
- the NVIS Client Sites 303 and 305 could be located as much as 200 miles from the NVIS ISP 301 .
- N and M may be employed while still complying with the underlying principles of the invention.
- N>M the number of transmitting and receiving antennae
- the diversity is utilized to improve signal to noise ratio (“SNR”) or to establish statistically independent channels, and thereby increase channel capacity.
- SNR signal to noise ratio
- N ⁇ M the number of transmitting and receiving antennae
- diversity is utilized to improve signal to noise ratio (“SNR”) or to establish statistically independent channels, and thereby increase channel capacity.
- SNR signal to noise ratio
- N ⁇ M again, diversity will increase channel capacity.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a relationship where the output of one antenna is associated with the input of exactly one other antenna, the underlying principles of the invention are not limited to this implementation.
- N and M may be different.
- significantly more than six directional antennae may be used at each NVIS station 101 , 103 (e.g.
- N 10500 at each end resulting in significantly more independent data streams 106 and a significantly higher communications bandwidth.
- the actual number used will depend on the amount of bandwidth required for a given geographical region. For example, 500 might be needed to provide data bandwidth for a highly populated area, whereas 10 might be sufficient for a rural area with a very sparse population.
- N may be greater than M because it may be more practical to have more antennae at the server site than at the client site.
- the high speed communication link 115 is an Optical Carrier (“OC”)-192 or an OC-768 channel (or plurality of channels) as defined in the SONET specification.
- OC Optical Carrier
- the communication link 115 may be based on various other signal transmission technologies while still complying with the underlying principles of the invention (e.g., T-3, DS-3, STS channels, . . . etc).
- the second NVIS station 103 illustrated in FIG. 2 is coupled to a local area network 103 via a communications link 116 within a local geographical area.
- the communications link 116 coupling the second NVIS station 103 to the local area network 130 may be based on a variety of different signal transmission technologies.
- the local area network 130 of this embodiment communicatively interconnects a plurality of local clients and/or servers 140 owned/maintained by various organizations and/or individuals.
- the local area network 130 is an Ethernet-based network within a local organization (e.g., a local business, university, . . . etc).
- the M NVIS antennae may be positioned on the roof of a building or at any other location in which the antennae are provided with an unobstructed view of the sky (i.e., to receive the NVIS data streams 106 reflected off of the ionosphere 105 ).
- the NVIS station 103 may be directly coupled to a personal computer (“PC”) or server.
- the functional components of the NVIS station 103 may be embedded within a PC card such as a Peripheral Component Interconnect (“PCI”) card plugged into a PCI bus slot of a personal computer.
- PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
- the components of the NVIS station 103 may be integrated within an external communication device, capable of communicating with a PC or server via a Universal Serial Bus (“USB”), FirewireTM (IEEE 1394) interface or similar high speed PC interface.
- USB Universal Serial Bus
- FirewireTM IEEE 1394
- MIMO and diversity systems require substantially statistically independent communications channels in order to significantly increase the channel capacity.
- Angle of arrival differences of 2 degrees are usually sufficient to give a channel improvement (see, e.g., Reference Data for Radio Engineers, HW Sams Publishers, 5 th ed., 1973, pp 26-9).
- fading intervals of 0.05 to 95 seconds are observed for decorrelation to coefficient values of 0.6 or less.
- H is a complex r ⁇ t matrix having M rows and N columns with entries h ij describing the gains of each transmission path to a receiver from a transmit antenna.
- r and t represent the number of receivers and their corresponding antennas and the number of transmitters and their corresponding transmitters, respectively.
- the variable x is a complex t-vector, consisting of transmitters and their antennas, and the variable y is the corresponding vector of receivers and their antennas, the r-vector.
- the variable z is a complex noise vector (e.g., an independently-distributed Gaussian random variable with independent real and imaginary parts).
- the ith component of vector x is the signal transmitted from the antenna I
- the jth component of vector y is the signal received by antenna j.
- H is deterministic
- H is random, chosen according to some Probability Distribution Function
- H is random, but is considered fixed for some code word.
- the following discussion will focus on case (2). It should be noted, however, that the underlying principles of the invention are not limited to case (2).
- One way to solve the matrix H is to insert a null value into a symbol stream (by coding) and to insert a pilot signal into that null value. The pilot may then be detected at the receiver. Doing this allows h ij to be determined for a particular pair.
- various other known techniques may be employed while still complying with the underlying principles of the invention.
- 4 antennas are used on both transmit and receive, doubling the transmit power (on each transmitter) 4 more bits/sec/Hz may be achieved in a Gaussian channel (e.g., an additional 4 kb/s for a 1 kHz channel, or an additional 4 Mb/s for a 1 MHz channel).
- Channel State Information (“CSI”) is one factor which determines performance.
- channel soundings may be employed to determine the characteristics of the channel, much like a land-line modem sweeps the telephone channel during communications set-up and adjusts its digital signal processor (“DSP”) filters to take best advantage of different telephone circuit conditions.
- DSP digital signal processor
- NVIS is somewhat like a telephone line that is changing its characteristics with time. These changes may occur, at times, on a sub-one-second basis (whereas, at other times, conditions may be relatively stable). In one embodiment of the invention, these changing paths and time constants are dealt with by using CSI.
- pilot symbols used for channel sounding are transmitted along with data symbols, the effective channel rate may be reduced.
- the effective channel rate may be reduced.
- the optimal training interval independent of the number of transmitters and receivers is 1 ⁇ 2.
- Half of the available interval should be used for training (i.e., forming a mathematical model of the H matrix).
- an NVIS station 101 , 103 includes a signal transmitting pipeline 546 for processing outgoing NVIS data streams and a signal receiving pipeline 545 for processing incoming NVIS data streams.
- the M antennae for transmit are normally separate from the M′ antennae for receive.
- network transport processing logic 560 formats incoming and outgoing data streams for distribution across a particular network (e.g., the Internet 110 or a local area network 130 ) or, alternatively, for direct processing by a personal computer or server.
- the NVIS illustrated in FIG. 5 is capable of both transmitting and receiving. It should be noted, however, that the underlying principles of the invention are not limited to an NVIS station capable of bidirectional communication. Moreover, NVIS stations capable of both full duplex and half duplex communication are contemplated within the scope of the invention.
- FIG. 4 shows data Inputs, coming from a single or multiple source(s) 400 , which are then multiplexed into a Modulation and Coding engine 401 that converts a single data stream into separate, coded streams for transmission over the M transmit antennas 405 (3 are shown for illustration purposes, but any number could be used). Multiple energy paths exist between the M transmit antennas 405 and the M′ receive antennas 406 . There are 3 receive antennas illustrated in FIG. 4 , although any number could be used. The number of transmit antennas is not required to be equal to the number of receive antennas. These multiple paths are not the same. We could also say that the channels are not highly correlated.
- the independent data streams are extracted from the over-the-air data+channel impairments, and are sent to the Combiner block 415 that reproduces the original data stream into the Data Output 420 .
- encoder 551 is comprised of a block-based error correction coder and/or a forward-error correction coder.
- the block-based error correction coder may be a Reed-Solomon encoder which adds redundant bits to each defined block of data, which may subsequently be used to repair errors in the transmitted signal, or many other types of encoders in space and/or time and/or other appropriate dimensions.
- the forward error correction coder of one embodiment is a Viterbi encoder which generates an encoded bitstream in which a correlation exists between multiple consecutive transmitted bits.
- Reed-Solomon, Viterbi, Turbo Codes or other encoding techniques could be employed.
- Reed-Solomon, Viterbi and Turbo Codes are well known encoding techniques and are not required for complying with the underlying principles of the present invention.
- the encoded signal is then provided to a modulator 541 which employs a specified modulation technique on the encoded signal.
- a phase-shift key (“PSK”) modulation technique is employed to modulate the signal such as quadrature phase-shift key (“QPSK”) modulation (currently used by satellite service providers).
- QPSK quadrature phase-shift key
- Various other modulation techniques may also be employed including, by way of example and not limitation, quadrature amplitude modulation (“QAM”) or M-QAM. Indeed, OFDM or multi-carrier modulation of any sort may also be used, for example.
- the modulated signal is then provided to a MIMO 525 transceiver which launches multiple data streams over the designated MIMO channel at a specified carrier frequency and bandwidth (e.g., 20 MHz).
- the MIMO transceiver 525 includes a weighting and/or mapping module 521 which maps different sequences of data to particular NVIS antennae 102 , 104 .
- a modulation scheme is employed by modulator 541 which generates complex modulation symbols (e.g., such as QPSK)
- different complex modulation symbols may be mapped to different antennae.
- the different “independent” data streams may be fully independent, partially independent (e.g., certain symbols may depend on other symbols), or fully redundant (e.g., the same data may be transmitted from two or more antennae); they may also be delayed relative to one another.
- fully independent data streams will result in higher overall bandwidth than partially independent or fully redundant data streams.
- the weighting/mapping module may provide spatial weighting of the different antenna elements and/or may perform linear antenna space-time precoding.
- the transmitted signal is then received and processed by the signal receiving pipeline 545 within a different NVIS station (e.g., station 103 ).
- a weighting/demapping module 520 within the transceiver 525 reconstructs the signal by combining the data encapsulated within the different data streams 106 in the correct order (i.e., based on the order in which they were mapped to the different antennae 102 , 104 ).
- the weighting/demapping logic 520 at the receiving station must reconstruct the original order prior to demodulation (e.g., by storing symbol b 2 until b 1 is received and/or by storing symbol b 3 until b 2 and b 1 are received).
- a memory such as an input buffer comprised of synchronous dynamic RAM (“SDRAM”) may be employed to store a portions of the data stream while awaiting for the arrival of a prior portions of the data stream.
- SDRAM synchronous dynamic RAM
- some of the symbols received would be used purely to estimate the Channel Impairments, and would be removed from the coded data stream(s) before being Combined into the Output Data Stream.
- the reconstructed signal is then demodulated by a demodulator 540 .
- the demodulation technique employed by the demodulator 540 is based on the particular modulation scheme employed at the transmitting end (i.e., by modulator 541 ). For example, if QPSK modulation is employed by modulator 541 , then QPSK demodulation must be employed by demodulator 540 .
- the demodulated signal is then provided to a decoder 140 (or other type of forward-error-correction decoder) which attempts to correct bit errors caused by signal noise.
- a decoder 140 or other type of forward-error-correction decoder which attempts to correct bit errors caused by signal noise. For example, if Viterbi decoding was employed at the encoder, then the Viterbi portion of the decoder 550 determines the most likely transmitted bit sequence using a statistical correlation of the bit sequence actually received by the system, according to the Viterbi algorithm. Accordingly, the original bit sequence may be reconstructed, even in the presence of a significant amount of noise.
- Reed-Solomon encoding is employed at the encoder 551 , the Reed-Solomon section of the decoder 550 attempts to correct any errors and recover the original data.
- the number and type of errors that can be corrected depends on the characteristics of the particular Reed-Solomon code employed.
- the particular type of error correction coding employed is not pertinent to the underlying principles of the invention.
- the raw data stream is processed by network/transport processing logic 560 according to the particular network/transport protocol employed.
- TCP transmission control protocol
- the underlying data stream contains multimedia data such as an MPEG transport stream, then the transport stream is distributed and processed accordingly.
- the MPEG stream is an MPEG-2 stream, then it may be decoded by an MPEG-2 decoder and rendered on a computer or television display.
- Various other processing techniques may be employed by the network/transport processing logic while still complying with the underling principles of the invention.
- a conventional NVIS antenna system will typically provide coverage over a 200 mile radius.
- a 200 mile radius in a rural area may only encompass hundreds or thousands of potential users, but in a densely-populated area, it could encompass millions of users. So many users could potentially swamp the practically achievable bandwidth, given the physical number of antennae that would be required.
- FIG. 6 shows an NVIS system utilizing a highly directional antenna 600 .
- a typical NVIS antenna is directional to within about 15 degrees of each side of vertical (a 30-degree radius).
- the directional antenna 600 shown in FIG. 6 would steer a narrower beam within that 30 degree radius, and as a result the signal bouncing off the ionosphere would hit a smaller spot on the ground than the entire 200 miles radius of normal NVIS coverage.
- Such an antenna 600 can be accomplished using any of a number of prior art beam steering techniques.
- Vivato, Inc. http://www.vivato.net
- HMRP High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program
- the HAARP Phased Array antennas like those of the presently described embodiment, is implemented by a number of antenna elements distributed over a relative large area of land (from 100s of yards to 10s of miles).
- FIG. 6 also illustrates another property of a phased-array directional antenna: its ability to transmit more than one steered beam at once.
- FIG. 6 shows two simultaneous beams being steered by the directional antenna to create two spots at two different locations on the ground, each spot providing coverage to a different set of client stations 601 , 602 .
- a phased-array antenna can transmit any number of shaped beams at once.
- a single Vivato phased array antenna system is capable of transmitting and receiving multiple shaped beams.
- the beams can be at the same or different frequencies, and they can be of the same size and shape, up to the limitations of the antenna array and the signal processing system driving it.
- a given NVIS system can increase its overall bandwidth capacity by utilizing the same frequencies in more than one area.
- Various additional communication and signal processing techniques may be employed to implement the embodiments of the invention set forth herein including, by way of example, innovative phasing, programmable phase sections, DSP pre-distortion.
- phased-array antennas may be used for shaping narrow beams.
- the transmitter aperture that will make a 25-km (40 mile) diameter spot S at the receiver may be calculated, solving for D using the following equation:
- a 1.2-mile long phased-array antenna could be physically implemented by distributing small antennas over a large, relatively flat area.
- FIG. 7 shows a view from above of how directional antennae can be used to create cells overlapping a desired coverage area.
- Each of the cells in this example is one of 3 frequencies, A, B, and C, such that no overlapping cells are at the same frequency.
- Direction Antenna 1 would be configured to transmit shaped beams upward to the ionosphere, and they would reflect down to the ground in the cellular pattern shown.
- Directional Antennae 2, 3, and 4 would transmit shaped beams that, after reflecting off the ionosphere, would hit the ground at the same locations and same frequencies as the spots created by Directional Antenna 1. In this way, the four spatially diverse, overlapping signals would provide the diversity needed to implement MIMO as previously described.
- FIG. 8 shows yet another embodiment of the invention in which the desired client coverage areas are of varying density in terms of bandwidth requirements.
- the Directional Antennae are configured to make smaller spots.
- the Directional Antennae are configured to provide larger spots. Note that the spots created by Directional Antennae are not necessarily round or of uniform shape. Different shapes may be exploited to best fit the bandwidth needs of the areas requiring coverage.
- Embodiments of the invention may include various steps as set forth above.
- the steps may be embodied in machine-executable instructions which cause a general-purpose or special-purpose processor to perform certain steps.
- the various components within the NVIS stations 101 , 103 illustrated in FIG. 5 may be coupled to a PCI bus or other bus within a personal computer.
- various well known personal computer components such as computer memory, hard drive, input devices, . . . etc, have been left out of the figures.
- the various functional modules illustrated herein and the associated steps may be performed by specific hardware components that contain hardwired logic for performing the steps, such as an application-specific integrated circuit (“ASIC”) or by any combination of programmed computer components and custom hardware components.
- ASIC application-specific integrated circuit
- certain modules illustrated in FIG. 5 may be implemented on a programmable digital signal processor (“DSP”) such as a DSP using a Texas Instruments' TMS320x architecture (e.g., a TMS320C6000, TMS320C5000, . . . etc).
- DSP programmable digital signal processor
- the DSP in this embodiment may be embedded within an add-on card to a personal computer such as, for example, a PCI card.
- Various different DSP architectures may be used while still complying with the underlying principles of the invention.
- Elements of the present invention may also be provided as a machine-readable medium for storing the machine-executable instructions.
- the machine-readable medium may include, but is not limited to, flash memory, optical disks, CD-ROMs, DVD ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, magnetic or optical cards, propagation media or other type of machine-readable media suitable for storing electronic instructions.
- the present invention may be downloaded as a computer program which may be transferred from a remote computer (e.g., a server) to a requesting computer (e.g., a client) by way of data signals embodied in a carrier wave or other propagation medium via a communication link (e.g., a modem or network connection).
Abstract
Description
Y=Hx+z,
where each of these quantities is a vector. More specifically, in one embodiment, H is a complex r×t matrix having M rows and N columns with entries hij describing the gains of each transmission path to a receiver from a transmit antenna. In the matrix, r and t represent the number of receivers and their corresponding antennas and the number of transmitters and their corresponding transmitters, respectively. The variable x is a complex t-vector, consisting of transmitters and their antennas, and the variable y is the corresponding vector of receivers and their antennas, the r-vector. The variable z is a complex noise vector (e.g., an independently-distributed Gaussian random variable with independent real and imaginary parts).
where the ith component of vector x is the signal transmitted from the antenna I and the jth component of vector y is the signal received by antenna j.
Claims (26)
Priority Applications (37)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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US10/817,731 US7885354B2 (en) | 2004-04-02 | 2004-04-02 | System and method for enhancing near vertical incidence skywave (“NVIS”) communication using space-time coding |
PCT/US2005/011033 WO2005099159A2 (en) | 2004-04-02 | 2005-04-01 | System and method for enhancing near vertical incidence skywave (“nvis”) communication using space-time coding |
CA2539333A CA2539333C (en) | 2004-04-02 | 2005-04-01 | System and method for enhancing near vertical incidence skywave ("nvis") communication using space-time coding |
JP2007506302A JP2007537623A (en) | 2004-04-02 | 2005-04-01 | System and method for enhancing near vertical radiant space wave ("NVIS") communication using spatio-temporal coding |
EP05733294.2A EP1730867B8 (en) | 2004-04-02 | 2005-04-01 | System and method for enhancing near vertical incidence skywave (nvis) communication using space-time coding |
US12/630,627 US8654815B1 (en) | 2004-04-02 | 2009-12-03 | System and method for distributed antenna wireless communications |
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