JP7075993B2 - 電気化学機器及びそれを備えた電子機器 - Google Patents
電気化学機器及びそれを備えた電子機器 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7075993B2 JP7075993B2 JP2020517475A JP2020517475A JP7075993B2 JP 7075993 B2 JP7075993 B2 JP 7075993B2 JP 2020517475 A JP2020517475 A JP 2020517475A JP 2020517475 A JP2020517475 A JP 2020517475A JP 7075993 B2 JP7075993 B2 JP 7075993B2
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- Prior art keywords
- electrochemical device
- carbonate
- certain embodiments
- negative electrode
- lithium
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- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- -1 cyclic carboxylate Chemical class 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000008151 electrolyte solution Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000003575 carbonaceous material Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 150000003151 propanoic acid esters Chemical class 0.000 claims description 33
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 32
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 28
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 16
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical group O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl propionate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)CC FKRCODPIKNYEAC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910021383 artificial graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- UHOPWFKONJYLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-sulfanylethyl)isoindole-1,3-dione Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(=O)N(CCS)C(=O)C2=C1 UHOPWFKONJYLCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bisulfite Chemical compound OS([O-])=O LSNNMFCWUKXFEE-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 7
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- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001188 haloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 6
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- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 5
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical group FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 4
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- 229910012258 LiPO Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl propionate Chemical compound CCC(=O)OC RJUFJBKOKNCXHH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- OBNDGIHQAIXEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N [O].[Si] Chemical compound [O].[Si] OBNDGIHQAIXEAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- PMGNOQUKCGLETL-UHFFFAOYSA-N carbonic acid 1,2-difluoroethene Chemical compound C(O)(O)=O.FC=CF PMGNOQUKCGLETL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004969 haloethyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940017219 methyl propionate Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- YSYBYIDPNZPQLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl trifluoromethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC(F)(F)F YSYBYIDPNZPQLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
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- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K phosphate Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002210 silicon-based material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002153 silicon-carbon composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- HFZLSTDPRQSZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-pyrrolidin-3-ylpyrrolidine Chemical compound C1CCCN1C1CNCC1 HFZLSTDPRQSZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910013372 LiC 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003709 fluoroalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- TWSRVQVEYJNFKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentyl propanoate Chemical compound CCCCCOC(=O)CC TWSRVQVEYJNFKQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 64
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 64
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 27
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- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
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- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 6
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 6
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- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 5
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- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 description 5
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 5
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 5
- YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine atom Chemical compound [F] YCKRFDGAMUMZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M Propionate Chemical compound CCC([O-])=O XBDQKXXYIPTUBI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000007983 Tris buffer Substances 0.000 description 4
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- UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose Chemical group OC1C(O)C(OC)OC(CO)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC2C(C(O)C(OC3C(C(O)C(O)C(CO)O3)O)C(CO)O2)O)C(CO)O1 UFVKGYZPFZQRLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
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- 125000001995 cyclobutyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 3
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- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 3
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- 229910001386 lithium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
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- TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K trilithium;phosphate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]P([O-])([O-])=O TWQULNDIKKJZPH-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 3
- QXPTZCKMBHNQCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluorobutan-2-yl hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound CCC(C(F)(F)F)OC(O)=O QXPTZCKMBHNQCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BWUZCLFBFFQLLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(C)OC(O)=O BWUZCLFBFFQLLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOC(C)OCC DHKHKXVYLBGOIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- KLKFAASOGCDTDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethoxymethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCOCC KLKFAASOGCDTDT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- JQVXMIPNQMYRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl dimethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OC)OC JQVXMIPNQMYRPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PPCXFTKZPBHXIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl ethanesulfonate Chemical compound CCOS(=O)(=O)CC PPCXFTKZPBHXIW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JKLNYGDWYRKFKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl sulfate Chemical compound CCOS(=O)(=O)OC JKLNYGDWYRKFKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FMQCKJHUYDYTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl sulfite Chemical compound CCOS(=O)OC FMQCKJHUYDYTMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- LNLFLMCWDHZINJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexane-1,3,6-tricarbonitrile Chemical compound N#CCCCC(C#N)CCC#N LNLFLMCWDHZINJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- WCWOFOOEGIRFKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentane-1,3-diol sulfurous acid Chemical compound S(=O)(O)O.C(CC(CC)O)O WCWOFOOEGIRFKM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- XDLVYYYGCNMREZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1,2-diol;sulfuric acid Chemical compound CC(O)CO.OS(O)(=O)=O XDLVYYYGCNMREZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDXJNCAVPFGVNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C(F)(F)F CDXJNCAVPFGVNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HUAZGNHGCJGYNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl butyrate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)CCC HUAZGNHGCJGYNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
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- IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinonitrile Chemical compound N#CCCC#N IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium disulfide Chemical compound S=[Ti]=S CFJRPNFOLVDFMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003624 transition metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium borate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[O-]B([O-])[O-] RIUWBIIVUYSTCN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphite Chemical compound COP(OC)OC CYTQBVOFDCPGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Classifications
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0566—Liquid materials
- H01M10/0569—Liquid materials characterised by the solvents
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/133—Electrodes based on carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
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- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
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Description
負極は負極集電体と、負極集電体の1つまたは2つの表面に配置された負極活物質層とを含む。
本願の電気化学機器に用いられる電解液は電解質と、電解質を溶解する溶媒とを含む。ある実施形態では本出願の電気化学機器で使用される電解液が添加剤をさらに含む。
本出願の電気化学機器の主な特徴の1つは電解液が溶媒としてプロピオン酸エステルを含むことである。負極活物質が炭素材料であり、負極接着剤がヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースである場合、電解液の溶媒としてプロピオン酸エステルを用いることにより、電解液の化学的安定性を向上させることができ、高温充電後の電気化学機器のガス発生現象を抑制することができ、電気化学機器の厚み膨張を低減することができる。
ある実施形態では、添加剤は、限定はされないが、以下の1つ以上を含む:フルオロカーボネート、炭素-炭素二重結合含有エチレンカーボネート、硫黄-酸素二重結合含有化合物、2~4個のシアノを有する化合物グループ、および酸無水物。
ある実施形態では、添加剤は1つまたは複数のフルオロカーボネートを含む。リチウムイオン電池の充放電時に、フルオロカーボネートがプロピオン酸エステルと一緒に作用して、負極の表面に安定した保護膜を形成し、電解液の分解反応を抑制することができる。
ある実施形態において、炭素-炭素二重結合含有エチレンカーボネートは、以下の1つ以上を含むがこれらに限定されない:ビニレンカーボネート、メチルビニレンカーボネート、エチルビニレンカーボネート、1,2-ジメチルビニレンカーボネート、1,2-ジエチルビニレンカーボネート、フルオロビニレンカーボネート、トリフルオロメチルビニレンカーボネート;炭酸ビニルエチレン、1-メチル-2-ビニルエチレンカーボネート、1-エチル-2-ビニルエチレンカーボネート、1-n-プロピル-2-ビニルエチレンカーボネート、1-メチル-2-ビニルエチレンカーボネート、1,1-ジビニルエチレンカーボネート、1,2-ジビニルエチレンカーボネート、1,1-ジメチル-2-メチレンエチレンカーボネートおよび1,1-ジエチル-2-メチレンエチレンカーボネート。ある実施形態では、炭素-炭素二重結合含有エチレンカーボネートは、入手が容易であり、より優れた効果を達成することができるビニレンカーボネートを含む。
ある実施形態では、硫黄-酸素二重結合含有化合物は、以下の1つ以上を含むが、これらに限定されない:環状硫酸エステル、鎖状硫酸エステル、鎖状スルホン酸エステル、環状スルホン酸エステル、鎖状亜硫酸エステルおよび環状亜硫酸エステル。
ある実施形態では、2~4個のシアノ基を有する化合物は、ジニトリル化合物、トリニトリル化合物およびテトラニトリル化合物の1つ以上を含むが、これらに限定されない。
ある実施形態において、酸無水物は、環状リン酸無水物、カルボン酸無水物、ジスルホン酸無水物およびカルボン酸スルホン酸無水物の1つ以上を含むが、これらに限定されない。ある実施形態では、環状無水リン酸は、トリメチルリン酸環状無水物、トリエチルリン酸環状無水物およびトリプロピルリン酸環状無水物の1つ以上を含むが、これらに限定されない。ある実施形態では、カルボン酸無水物には、無水コハク酸、無水グルタル酸および無水マレイン酸の1つまたは複数が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。ある実施形態では、ジスルホン酸無水物には、エタンジスルホン酸無水物およびプロパンジスルホン酸無水物の1つまたは複数が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。ある実施形態では、カルボン酸無水スルホン酸は、これらに限定されないが、スルホ安息香酸無水物、スルホプロピオン酸無水物およびスルホ酪酸無水物のうちの1つ以上を含む。
本願の電解液に用いられる電解質は限定されず、従来公知の電解質であればよい。ある実施形態では、電解質は、以下の1つまたは複数を含むがこれらに限定されない。LiClO4、LiAsF6、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiSbF6、LiSO3F、LiN(FSO2)2などの無機リチウム塩;LiCF3SO3、LiN(FSO2)(CF3SO2)、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(C2F5SO2)2、環状リチウム1,3-ヘキサフルオロプロパンジスルホンイミド、環状リチウム1,2-テトラフルオロエタンジスルホンイミド、LiN(CF3SO2)(C4F9SO2)、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiPF4(CF3)2、LiPF4(C2F5)2、LiPF4(CF3SO2)2、LiPF4(C2F5SO2)2、LiBF2(CF3)2、LiBF2(C2F5)2、LiBF2(CF3SO2)2、LiBF2(C2F5SO2)2などフッ素含有有機リチウム塩;ビス(シュウ酸)ホウ酸リチウム、ジフルオロ(シュウ酸)ホウ酸リチウム、トリス(シュウ酸)リン酸リチウム、ジフルオロビス(シュウ酸)リン酸リチウム、テトラフルオロ(シュウ酸)リン酸リチウムなどのジカルボン酸錯体含有リチウム塩。実施形態では、電解質は、LiPF6およびLiBF4を含む。ある実施形態では、電解質は、LiPF6、LiBF4などの無機リチウム塩と、LiCF3SO3、LiN(CF3SO2)2、LiN(C2F5SO2)2などのフッ素含有有機リチウム塩との組み合わせを含む。
本願の正極は、正極集電体と、正極集電体の片面または両面に配置された正極活物質層とを含む。
0.05≦x≦1.10および0.05≦y≦1.10。
ある実施形態では、リチウムイオンを通過させながら2つの電極シートの接触によって引き起こされる電流短絡を防止するために、本出願の電気化学機器の正極と負極との間にセパレータが提供される。
本願の電気化学機器は、電気化学反応を発生させるあらゆる機器を含み、その具体例には、あらゆる種類の一次電池、二次電池、燃料電池、太陽電池またはコンデンサが含まれる。 特に、電気化学機器は、リチウム金属二次電池、リチウムイオン二次電池、リチウムポリマー二次電池またはリチウムイオンポリマー二次電池を含むリチウム二次電池である。
(1)負極の調製
負極活物質、スチレン-ブタジエンゴムおよび接着剤を質量比96:2:2で脱イオン水と混合し、均一に撹拌して負極スラリーを得た。この負極スラリーを12μmの銅箔に塗布し、乾燥、冷間プレスした後、スライスカット、タブ溶接を行い、負極を得た。
N‐メチルピロリドン(NMP)を用いて、コバルト酸リチウム(LiCoO2)、導電性カーボン(Super‐P)およびポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVDF)を95:2:3の比率で混合し、均一に撹拌して正極スラリーを得た。この正極スラリーを12μmのアルミニウム箔に塗布し、乾燥、冷間プレスした後、スライスカット、タブ溶接を行い、正極を得た。
乾燥アルゴン雰囲気下、EC、PC、DEC(重量比1:1:1)を混合し、LiPF6を均一に添加混合し、LiPF6の濃度が1.15mol/Lのベース電解液を形成した。異なる量のプロピオネートおよび/または添加剤をベース電解液に添加して、異なる実施例/比較例の電解液を得た。
セパレータとしては、ポリエチレン(PE)多孔質高分子フィルムを用いた。
得られた正極、負極、セパレータを順に巻回し、液体注入口を残して外装箔に入れた。リチウムイオン電池は液体注入口から電解液を注入し、封止した後、形成、容量等の処理を行って得た。
(1)リチウムイオン電池のサイクル後の容量維持率の試験方法
45℃において、リチウムイオン電池を1Cから4.45Vの定電流で充電した後、0.05Cの電流まで一定電圧で充電し、最初のサイクルである1Cから3.0Vの定電流で放電した。リチウムイオン電池を上記条件に従って数回サイクルさせた。リチウムイオン電池のサイクル後の容量保持率は、次式により算出した:
サイクル後の容量保持率=(対応するサイクル数の放電容量/最初のサイクルの放電容量)×100%
なお、“1C”は、1時間以内にバッテリ容量を完全に放電する電流値を意味する。
試験方法(1)に従って300サイクル後、リチウムイオン電池を25℃で30分間放置した後、0.5C~4.45Vの定電流で充電し、4.45V~0.05Cの定電圧で充電し、5分間放置した。60°Cで7日間保存後、1C~4.45Vの定電流で充電した後、0.05Cの電流まで定電圧充電し、1C~3.0Vの定電流で放電し、サイクル後の放電容量を蓄電放電容量として記録した。リチウムイオン電池のサイクル後の蓄電容量保持率は、次式により算出した:
サイクル後の蓄電容量保持=(サイクル後の蓄電放電容量/1サイクル目の放電容量)×100%。
25℃において、リチウムイオン電池を30分間放置した後、0.5C~4.45Vの定電流で充電し、4.45V~0.05 Cの定電圧で充電し、5分間放置し、厚さを測定した。そして、60℃で21日間保存した後、電池の厚みを測定した。リチウムイオン電池の厚さ膨張比は、次式により算出した:
厚さ膨張率=[(貯蔵後の厚さ-貯蔵前の厚さ)/貯蔵前の厚さ]×100%。
25°Cで0.5~4.45Vの定電流で充電し、0.05Cまで一定電圧で充電後、0.5~3.0Vの定電流で放電し、25°Cの放電容量を記録した。25℃において、0.5C~4.45Vの定電流で充電し、0.05Cまで一定電圧で充電した。その後、電池を-20℃のインキュベーターに入れ、2時間放置した後、0.5℃~3.0Vの定電流で放電させ、-20℃の放電容量を記録した。リチウムイオン電池の放電率は、以下の式により算出した:
放電率=[-20℃放電容量/25℃放電容量]×100%。
本実施例のリチウムイオン電池と比較例のリチウムイオン電池の組成と性能を表1-4に示す。その結果、炭素材料(例えば、人造黒鉛)およびヒドロキシアルキルメチルセルロース(例えば、ヒドロキシプロピルメチルセルロースナトリウム)を含む負極と、PPを含む電解液とからなるリチウムイオン電池は、サイクル後の容量維持率、サイクル後の貯蔵容量維持率、高温貯蔵性能および低温放電性能に優れていることがわかった。
Claims (19)
- 正極、負極および電解液を含み、負極が炭素材料およびヒドロキシアルキルメチルセルロースを含み、電解液がプロピオン酸エステル及び添加剤を含み、
前記添加剤は、フルオロカーボネートと2~4個のシアノ基を有する化合物との組み合わせを含む、電気化学機器。 - 前記炭素材料の比表面積が3m2/g以下であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気化学機器。
- 前記炭素材料の比表面積が、1.5m2/g~2m2/gで請求項2に記載の電気化学機器。
- 前記炭素材料が、天然黒鉛および人造黒鉛のうちの1つ以上から選択される、請求項1に記載の電気化学機器。
- 前記炭素材料は、人造黒鉛であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の電気化学機器。
- 前記負極が、シリコン材料、シリコン-炭素複合材料、シリコン-酸素材料、合金材料、およびリチウム含有金属複合酸化物材料のうちの1つ以上をさらに含む、請求項1に記載の電気化学デバイス。
- 前記ヒドロキシアルキルメチルセルロースがヒドロキシアルキルメチルセルロースナトリウムおよびヒドロキシアルキルメチルセルロースリチウムのうちの1つ以上から選択され、前記アルキルが1~8個の炭素原子を有する、請求項1に記載の電気化学機器。
- 前記プロピオン酸エステルは、プロピオン酸メチル、プロピオン酸エチル、プロピオン酸プロピル、プロピオン酸ブチル、プロピオン酸アミル、ハロプロピオン酸メチル、ハロプロピオン酸エチル、ハロプロピオン酸プロピル、ハロプロピオン酸ブチル、およびハロプロピオン酸アミルのうちの1つ以上から選択される、請求項1に記載の電気化学装置。
- 前記プロピオン酸エステルが、プロピオン酸エチルおよびプロピルプロピオネートのうちの1つ以上から選択される、請求項9に記載の電気化学機器。
- 前記プロピオン酸エステルの含有量が、前記電解液の全重量に対して10%~65%で請求項1に記載の電気化学機器。
- 前記添加剤が、さらに、炭素-炭素二重結合含有エチレンカーボネート、硫黄-酸素二重結合含有化合物、環状カルボキシレート、環状無水リン酸、無水カルボン酸、無水スルホン酸およびカルボン酸スルホン酸無水物のうちの1つ以上を含む、請求項1に記載の電気化学機器。
- 前記添加剤の含有量が、前記電解液の全重量に対して0.01%~15%である請求項1に記載の電気化学機器。
- フルオロカーボネートは、式C=O(OR1)(OR2)を有し、R1およびR2はそれぞれ、1~6個の炭素原子を有するアルキルまたはハロアルキルから選択され、R1およびR2の少なくとも1つは、1~6個の炭素原子を有するフルオロアルキルから選択され、R1およびR2は、それらが結合している原子と共に5~7員環を任意に形成する請求項1に記載の電気化学機器。
- フルオロカーボネートが、フルオロエチレンカーボネート、シス4,4-ジフルオロエチレンカーボネート、トランス4,4-ジフルオロエチレンカーボネート、4,5-ジフルオロエチレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-4-メチルエチレンカーボネート、4-フルオロ-5-メチルエチレンカーボネート、メチルトリフルオロメチルカーボネート、メチルトリフルオロエチルカーボネートおよびエチルトリフルオロエチルカーボネートのうちの1つ以上から選択される、請求項1に記載の電気化学機器。
- フルオロカーボネートがフルオロエチレンカーボネートで請求項15に記載の電気化学機器。
- 前記プロピオン酸エステルの含有量が、前記電解液の全重量に基づいて、前記添加剤の1.5~30倍である請求項1に記載の電気化学機器。
- 前記電解液はさらに、LiPF6、LiBF4、LiPO2F2、LiSbF6、LiAsF6、LiC4F9SO3、LiClO4、LiB(C2O4)2およびLiN(CxF2x+1SO2)(CyF2y+1SO2)を含み、xとyは1~5の整数である請求項1に記載の電気化学機器。
- 請求項1~18のいずれかに記載の電気化学機器を含む、電子機器。
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