JP7005090B2 - リチウム金属電池用負極、及びそれを含むリチウム金属電池 - Google Patents
リチウム金属電池用負極、及びそれを含むリチウム金属電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP7005090B2 JP7005090B2 JP2017091056A JP2017091056A JP7005090B2 JP 7005090 B2 JP7005090 B2 JP 7005090B2 JP 2017091056 A JP2017091056 A JP 2017091056A JP 2017091056 A JP2017091056 A JP 2017091056A JP 7005090 B2 JP7005090 B2 JP 7005090B2
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- Prior art keywords
- lithium metal
- poly
- copolymer
- styrene
- negative electrode
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims description 384
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 claims description 208
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 172
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 162
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 89
- -1 poly (propylmethacrylate-divinylbenzene Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 85
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 claims description 74
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 58
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000011244 liquid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 49
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000002608 ionic liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000004070 electrodeposition Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 30
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 28
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 23
- XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethoxyethane Chemical compound COCCOC XTHFKEDIFFGKHM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 21
- 229920001400 block copolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229920006037 cross link polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 19
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 19
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000007784 solid electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920001940 conductive polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 229920000352 poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) Polymers 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 15
- CHRJZRDFSQHIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C CHRJZRDFSQHIFI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011146 organic particle Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 XECAHXYUAAWDEL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920000122 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000004676 acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 claims description 11
- YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-Butyrolactone Chemical compound O=C1CCCO1 YEJRWHAVMIAJKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011245 gel electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- YUJWWNZPNQPZEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene ethyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound C(C(=C)C)(=O)OCC.C(=C)C1=C(C=CC=C1)C=C YUJWWNZPNQPZEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- CTSYMZHKWMVIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;butyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C CTSYMZHKWMVIIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- ZXHDFKAHCABVAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-bis(ethenyl)benzene;methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C ZXHDFKAHCABVAF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N trilithium;azanide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[Li+].[NH2-] BHZCMUVGYXEBMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- USDNTLSSMWDFHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-ethenylpyridine;styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1.C=CC1=CC=CC=N1 USDNTLSSMWDFHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-fluoro-1,3-dioxolan-2-one Chemical compound FC1COC(=O)O1 SBLRHMKNNHXPHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- QVVHERHZUFILIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N C(=C)C1=C(C=CC=C1)C=C.C(CCCC)OC(C(=C)C)=O Chemical compound C(=C)C1=C(C=CC=C1)C=C.C(CCCC)OC(C(=C)C)=O QVVHERHZUFILIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920009204 Methacrylate-butadiene-styrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 6
- LKAVYBZHOYOUSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-diene;2-methylprop-2-enoic acid;styrene Chemical compound C=CC=C.CC(=C)C(O)=O.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 LKAVYBZHOYOUSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfonyldimethane Chemical compound CS(C)(=O)=O HHVIBTZHLRERCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- HCBRSIIGBBDDCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoro-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)(F)COC(F)(F)C(F)F HCBRSIIGBBDDCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OCC OIFBSDVPJOWBCH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene carbonate Chemical group O=C1OCCO1 KMTRUDSVKNLOMY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Imidazolium Chemical compound C1=C[NH+]=CN1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910013385 LiN(SO2C2F5)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-O Piperidinium(1+) Chemical compound C1CC[NH2+]CC1 NQRYJNQNLNOLGT-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-O Pyrazolium Chemical compound C1=CN[NH+]=C1 WTKZEGDFNFYCGP-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-O Pyrrolidinium ion Chemical compound C1CC[NH2+]C1 RWRDLPDLKQPQOW-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl carbonate Chemical compound COC(=O)OC IEJIGPNLZYLLBP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethyl methyl carbonate Chemical compound CCOC(=O)OC JBTWLSYIZRCDFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-O hydron;1,3-oxazole Chemical compound C1=COC=[NH+]1 ZCQWOFVYLHDMMC-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-O hydron;pyrimidine Chemical compound C1=CN=C[NH+]=C1 CZPWVGJYEJSRLH-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910001959 inorganic nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- 229920012128 methyl methacrylate acrylonitrile butadiene styrene Polymers 0.000 claims description 5
- XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O phosphonium Chemical compound [PH4+] XYFCBTPGUUZFHI-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene carbonate Chemical compound CC1COC(=O)O1 RUOJZAUFBMNUDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O pyridinium Chemical compound C1=CC=[NH+]C=C1 JUJWROOIHBZHMG-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O sulfonium Chemical compound [SH3+] RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000001425 triazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- NJVOHKFLBKQLIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N (2-ethenylphenyl) prop-2-enoate Chemical compound C=CC(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1C=C NJVOHKFLBKQLIZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-diethoxyethane Chemical compound CCOCCOCC LZDKZFUFMNSQCJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- YAAQEISEHDUIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N C=CC#N.OC(=O)C=CC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 Chemical compound C=CC#N.OC(=O)C=CC=CC1=CC=CC=C1 YAAQEISEHDUIFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910015015 LiAsF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910013063 LiBF 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910013684 LiClO 4 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910013870 LiPF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910012513 LiSbF 6 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920007962 Styrene Methyl Methacrylate Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920002877 acrylic styrene acrylonitrile Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052788 barium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- BZDKYAZTCWRUDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N buta-1,3-diene;methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;prop-2-enenitrile;styrene Chemical compound C=CC=C.C=CC#N.COC(=O)C(C)=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 BZDKYAZTCWRUDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- ADFPJHOAARPYLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate;styrene Chemical compound COC(=O)C(C)=C.C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 ADFPJHOAARPYLP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002826 nitrites Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002828 nitro derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 150000002832 nitroso derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- MBDUIEKYVPVZJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-ethylsulfonylethane Chemical compound CCS(=O)(=O)CC MBDUIEKYVPVZJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YBJCDTIWNDBNTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methylsulfonylethane Chemical compound CCS(C)(=O)=O YBJCDTIWNDBNTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052582 BN Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron nitride Chemical compound N#B PZNSFCLAULLKQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910013528 LiN(SO2 CF3)2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- BTGRAWJCKBQKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N adiponitrile Chemical compound N#CCCCCC#N BTGRAWJCKBQKAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001519 homopolymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N succinonitrile Chemical compound N#CCCC#N IAHFWCOBPZCAEA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfolane Chemical compound O=S1(=O)CCCC1 HXJUTPCZVOIRIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N triglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOCCOC YFNKIDBQEZZDLK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N diglyme Chemical compound COCCOCCOC SBZXBUIDTXKZTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002823 nitrates Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940082615 organic nitrates used in cardiac disease Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002285 poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridazine Chemical compound C1=CC=NN=C1 PBMFSQRYOILNGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 206
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 50
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 42
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- MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N divinylbenzene Substances C=CC1=CC=CC=C1C=C MYRTYDVEIRVNKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 36
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 32
- 239000007774 positive electrode material Substances 0.000 description 25
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 24
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 17
- LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dimethyl ether Chemical compound COC LCGLNKUTAGEVQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 16
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 15
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 15
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 15
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 description 15
- WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tetrahydrofuran Chemical compound C1CCOC1 WYURNTSHIVDZCO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 14
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 description 14
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000006258 conductive agent Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 11
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethylene glycol Natural products OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 11
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 11
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 11
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000002033 PVDF binder Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 10
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 10
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Substances [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 229920002981 polyvinylidene fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 10
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 9
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 9
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 description 9
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc monoxide Chemical compound [Zn]=O XLOMVQKBTHCTTD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 8
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 125000003342 alkenyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 125000000304 alkynyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 238000007600 charging Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052732 germanium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 7
- 239000011255 nonaqueous electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 7
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 7
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether Natural products COCCOCCOCCOCCOC ZUHZGEOKBKGPSW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrahydrofuran Natural products C=1C=COC=1 YLQBMQCUIZJEEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(fluorosulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FS(=O)(=O)[N-]S(F)(=O)=O VDVLPSWVDYJFRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
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- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M Nitrite anion Chemical compound [O-]N=O IOVCWXUNBOPUCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 5
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000000556 agonist Substances 0.000 description 5
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 5
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- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 125000005842 heteroatom Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydroxyacetaldehyde Natural products OCC=O WGCNASOHLSPBMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 230000001965 increasing effect Effects 0.000 description 5
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- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N palladium Substances [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Substances [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 125000000923 (C1-C30) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910012851 LiCoO 2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 125000004104 aryloxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 229910052797 bismuth Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000002837 carbocyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 125000004386 diacrylate group Chemical group 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000002847 impedance measurement Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000010954 inorganic particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052745 lead Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M lithium fluoride Chemical compound [Li+].[F-] PQXKHYXIUOZZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
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- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 4
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- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- CSDTZUBPSYWZDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentyl nitrite Chemical compound CCCCCON=O CSDTZUBPSYWZDX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910021382 natural graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001971 neopentyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 description 1
- 150000005181 nitrobenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VLZLOWPYUQHHCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethylbenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)CC1=CC=CC=C1 VLZLOWPYUQHHCG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004745 nonwoven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- TXQBMQNFXYOIPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N octyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCO[N+]([O-])=O TXQBMQNFXYOIPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N osmium atom Chemical compound [Os] SYQBFIAQOQZEGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000037361 pathway Effects 0.000 description 1
- GYDSPAVLTMAXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCCCOC(=O)C(C)=C GYDSPAVLTMAXHT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphinic acid Chemical compound O[PH2]=O ACVYVLVWPXVTIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phthalic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O XNGIFLGASWRNHJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920002852 poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000779 poly(divinylbenzene) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002454 poly(glycidyl methacrylate) polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920003229 poly(methyl methacrylate) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000058 polyacrylate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001515 polyalkylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002857 polybutadiene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004926 polymethyl methacrylate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005862 polyol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000003077 polyols Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002620 polyvinyl fluoride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920002717 polyvinylpyridine Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000036 polyvinylpyrrolidone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000001267 polyvinylpyrrolidone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013855 polyvinylpyrrolidone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000004323 potassium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- FBCQUCJYYPMKRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N prop-2-enyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CC(=C)C(=O)OCC=C FBCQUCJYYPMKRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NHARPDSAXCBDDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate Chemical compound CCCOC(=O)C(C)=C NHARPDSAXCBDDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JNTOKFNBDFMTIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl nitrate Chemical compound CCCO[N+]([O-])=O JNTOKFNBDFMTIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KAOQVXHBVNKNHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propyl nitrite Chemical compound CCCON=O KAOQVXHBVNKNHA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000002568 propynyl group Chemical group [*]C#CC([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000003373 pyrazinyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000003226 pyrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine Natural products COC1=CC=CN=C1 UMJSCPRVCHMLSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ILVXOBCQQYKLDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N pyridine N-oxide Chemical compound [O-][N+]1=CC=CC=C1 ILVXOBCQQYKLDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000246 pyrimidin-2-yl group Chemical group [H]C1=NC(*)=NC([H])=C1[H] 0.000 description 1
- 125000004527 pyrimidin-4-yl group Chemical group N1=CN=C(C=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004528 pyrimidin-5-yl group Chemical group N1=CN=CC(=C1)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000168 pyrrolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000001008 quinone-imine dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004627 regenerated cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000006413 ring segment Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910001419 rubidium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N scandium atom Chemical compound [Sc] SIXSYDAISGFNSX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004626 scanning electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007650 screen-printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N selanylidenegallium;selenium Chemical compound [Se].[Se]=[Ga].[Se]=[Ga] VSZWPYCFIRKVQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920000468 styrene butadiene styrene block copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- BUUPQKDIAURBJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfinic acid Chemical compound OS=O BUUPQKDIAURBJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920005608 sulfonated EPDM Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellanylidenegermanium Chemical compound [Te]=[Ge] JBQYATWDVHIOAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920006027 ternary co-polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001712 tetrahydronaphthyl group Chemical group C1(CCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 description 1
- 150000003536 tetrazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000003831 tetrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000335 thiazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000428 triblock copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphite Chemical compound CCOP(OCC)OCC BDZBKCUKTQZUTL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M trimethyl-[6-(trimethylazaniumyl)hexyl]azanium;bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)CCCCCC[N+](C)(C)C GBXQPDCOMJJCMJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 125000003258 trimethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:2])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[*:1] 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001935 vanadium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003981 vehicle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009736 wetting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013094 zinc-based metal-organic framework Substances 0.000 description 1
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Description
リチウム金属またはリチウム金属合金を含むリチウム金属電極と、
前記リチウム金属電極の少なくとも一部分に配置された保護膜と、を含み、
前記保護膜のヤング率(Young’s modulus)は、106Pa以上であり、
1μmを超えて100μm以下のサイズ(size)の有機粒子(organic particle)、無機粒子(inorganic particle)及び有無機粒子(organic-inorganic particle)のうちから選択された1以上の粒子を含むリチウム金属電池用負極が提供される。
ポリスチレン、ポリ(スチレン-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(メチルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(エチルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(ペンチルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(ブチルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(プロピルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-エチレン-ブチレン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-メチルメタクリレート)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-アクリロニトリル)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-ビニルピリジン)共重合体、ポリ(アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(アクリロニトリル-エチレン-プロピレン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(メチルメタクリレート-アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(メタクリレート-ブタジエン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-アクリレート)共重合体、ポリ(アクリロニトリル-スチレン-アクリレート)共重合体のうちから選択された1以上の高分子、及び架橋高分子のうちから選択された1以上であってよい。
前記スチレン系反復単位を含むブロック共重合体は、ポリ(スチレン-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(メチルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(エチルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(ペンチルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(ブチルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(プロピルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-エチレン-ブチレン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-メチルメタクリレート)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-アクリロニトリル)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-ビニルピリジン)共重合体、ポリ(アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(アクリロニトリル-エチレン-プロピレン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(メチルメタクリレート-アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(メタクリレート-ブタジエン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-アクリレート)共重合体及びポリ(アクリロニトリル-スチレン-アクリレート)共重合体からなる群から選択された1以上を含む高分子であってよい。
前記架橋高分子の架橋度は、10ないし30%であってよい。
i)アンモニウム系、ピロリジニウム系、ピリジニウム系、ピリミジニウム系、イミダゾリウム系、ピペリジニウム系、ピラゾリウム系、オキサゾリウム系、ピリダジニウム系、ホスホニウム系、スルホニウム系、トリアゾリウム系及びその混合物のうちから選択された1以上の陽イオンと、
ii)BF4 -、PF6 -、AsF6 -、SbF6 -、AlCl4 -、HSO4 -、ClO4 -、CH3SO3 -、CF3CO2 -、Cl-、Br-、I-、SO4 2-、CF3SO3 -、(FSO2)2N-、(C2F5SO2)2N-、(C2F5SO2)(CF3SO2)N-及び(CF3SO2)2N-のうちから選択された少なくとも一つから選択された1種以上の陰イオンと、を含む化合物のうちから選択された1以上であってよい。
前記窒素含有添加剤は、無機硝酸塩、有機硝酸塩、無機亜硝酸塩、有機亜硝酸塩、有機ニトロ化合物、有機ニトロソ化合物、N-O化合物及び窒化リチウム(Li3N)からなる群から選択された1以上であってよい。
前記有機溶媒が、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、フルオロエチレンカーボネート、ガンマブチロラクトン、1,2-ジメトキシエタン、1,2-ジエトキシエタン、ジメチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、トリメチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ポリエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、スクシノニトリル、スルホラン、ジメチルスルホン、エチルメチルスルホン、ジエチルスルホン、アジポニトリル及び1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピルエーテルのうちから選択された1以上を含むことができる。
前記リチウム金属電池が、負極、セパレータ、液体電解質及び正極が順次に積層された構造を有することができる。
SikO1.5k(R1)a(R2)b(R3)c
LiaNibCocMndO2
Li2MnO3
LiMO2
ポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィア(平均粒径:約3μm)(EPRUI社)を、無水テトラヒドロフランに付加し、5重量%のブロック共重合体含有混合物を得た。
保護膜の厚みが約1μm及び8μmに変化したことを除いては、実施例1と同一に実施して負極を製造した。
保護膜形成用組成物の製造時、ポリ(アクリロニトリル-b-ブタジエン-b-スチレン)ブロック共重合体をさらに付加したことを除いては、実施例1と同一方法によって実施した。
前記ポリ(アクリロニトリル-b-ブタジエン-b-スチレン)共重合体の含量が、ポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体100重量部を基準にして、1重量部に変化したことを除いては、実施例4と同一方法によって実施し、負極を製造した。
ポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの平均粒径がそれぞれ約1.3μm及び8μmに変化したことを除いては、実施例1と同一方法によって実施し、負極を製造した。
ポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの代わりに、混合重量比が98:2(49:1)であるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアを使用したことを除いては、実施例1と同一方法によって実施し、負極を製造した。
実施例1によって製造された保護膜形成用組成物を、リチウム金属薄膜(厚み:約20μm)上部にドクターブレードで約5μm厚にコーティングした。前記コーティングされた結果物を約約25℃で乾燥させた後、真空、約40℃で熱処理し、リチウム金属薄膜上に保護膜が形成された負極を製造した。
実施例1によって得た負極の代わりに、実施例2ないし8によって得た負極を使用したことを除いては、実施例9と同一方法によって実施し、リチウム金属電池を製造した。
正極活物質形成用組成物の製造時、LiCoO2の代わりに、LiNi0.6Co0.2Al0.2O2を使用したことを除いては、実施例12と同一方法によって実施し、リチウム金属電池を製造した。
ポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの平均粒径が約50μmに変化したことを除いては、実施例1と同一方法によって実施し、負極を製造した。
混合重量比が80:20であるポリ(スチレン-co-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの代わりに、混合重量比が95:5であるポリ(スチレン-co-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアを使用したことを除いては、実施例1と同一方法によって実施し、負極を製造した。
実施例1によって得た負極の代わりに、実施例18及び19によって得た負極をそれぞれ使用したことを除いては、実施例9と同一方法によって実施し、リチウム金属電池を製造した。
平均粒径が約3μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの代わりに、平均粒径が約3μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアと、平均粒径が約8μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアとを1:1重量比で使用したことを除いては、実施例1と同一方法によって実施し、負極を製造した。
平均粒径が約3μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの代わりに、平均粒径がそれぞれ約3μm、3.09μm、2.91μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの混合物(1:1:1重量比)を利用したことを除いては、実施例1と同一に実施して負極を製造し、該負極を利用して、実施例9と同一に実施し、リチウム金属電池を製造した。
平均粒径が約3μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの代わりに、平均粒径がそれぞれ約3μm、2.82μm、3.18μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの混合物(1:1:1重量比)を利用したことを除いては、実施例1と同一に実施して負極を製造し、該負極を利用して、実施例9と同一に実施し、リチウム金属電池を製造した。
平均粒径が約3μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの代わりに、平均粒径がそれぞれ約3μm、2.7μm、3.3μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの混合物(1:1:1重量比)を利用したことを除いては、実施例1と同一に実施して負極を製造し、該負極を利用して、実施例9と同一に実施し、リチウム金属電池を製造した。
平均粒径が約3μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの代わりに、平均粒径が約8μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアと、平均粒径が約3μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアとを9:1重量比で使用したことを除いては、実施例1と同一方法によって実施し、負極を製造した。
平均粒径が約3μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの代わりに、平均粒径が約3μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアと、平均粒径が約1.3μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアとを9:1重量比で使用したことを除いては、実施例1と同一方法によって実施し、負極を製造した。
実施例28:リチウム金属電池の製造
平均粒径が約3μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの代わりに、平均粒径が約50μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアを用いたことを除いては、実施例1と同様に実施して負極を製造し、該負極を用いて実施例9と同様に実施してリチウム金属電池を製造した。
実施例29:リチウム金属電池の製造
平均粒径が約3μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの代わりに、平均粒径が約100μmであるポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアを用いたことを除いては、実施例1と同様に実施して負極を製造し、該負極を用いて実施例9と同様に実施してリチウム金属電池を製造した。
LiCoO2、導電剤(Super-P;Timcal Ltd.)、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)及びN-メチルピロリドンを混合し、正極活物質層形成用組成物を得た。正極活物質層形成用組成物において、LiCoO2、導電剤及びPVDFの混合重量比は、97:1.5:1.5であった。
ポリスチレンを無水テトラヒドロフランに付加し、5重量%のポリスチレン含有混合物を得た。ポリスチレンの重量平均分子量は、約100,000ダルトンであった。
保護膜形成用組成物の製造時、ポリ(スチレン-b-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアの代わりに、アルミナ(Al2O3)を使用し、該アルミナの平均粒径がそれぞれ1μm及び0.2μmに変化したことを除いては、実施例1と同一方法によって実施し、保護膜及び負極を製造した。
1)実施例1及び4
実施例1及び実施例4によって製造された負極表面の状態を、走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)を利用して分析した。
実施例22によって製造されたリチウム負極表面の状態を、走査電子顕微鏡(SEM)を利用して分析した。該SEM分析写真は、図3Dに示されている通りである。
1)実施例9,12、28、29、及び比較例1ないし4
実施例9、実施例12、比較例1ないし4によって製造されたリチウム金属電池に対して、25℃で0.1C rate(0.38mA/cm2)の電流で、電圧が4.40V(対Li)に至るまで定電流充電を実施した後、次に定電圧モードで4.40Vを維持しながら、0.05C rateの電流でカットオフ(cut-off)した。1回充電を実施した後、リチウム金属電池において、リチウムミクロメータを利用して、ポーチ外装厚み変化、及びリチウム電着層の厚み偏差を測定し、下記表1に示した。また、負極上部に形成されたリチウム電着層の厚みを測定し、電着密度評価結果を下記表2に示した。
実施例23ないし25によって製造されたリチウム金属電池に対して、25℃で0.1C rate(0.38mA/cm2)の電流で、電圧が4.40V(対Li)に至るまで定電流充電を実施した後、続いて定電圧モードで4.40Vを維持しながら、0.05C rateの電流でカットオフ(cut-off)した。1回充電を実施した後、リチウム金属電池において、リチウムミクロメータを利用してポーチ外装厚み変化、及びリチウム電着層の厚み偏差を測定し、下記表3に示した。また、負極上部に形成されたリチウム電着層の厚みを測定し、電着密度評価結果を下記表3に示した。
MSの粒径差(%)={(MSの最大粒径-MSの平均粒径)/粒子の平均粒径}X100
実施例26及び27によって製造されたリチウム金属電池に対して、実施例23ないし25のリチウム金属電池に対して、実施例23ないし25のリチウム金属電池に対するリチウム電着密度、ポーチ外装変化、リチウム電着層厚及び偏差を測定し、下記表4に示した。
実施例17によって製造されたリチウム金属電池、及び比較例1によって製造されたリチウム金属電池に対して、インピーダンス分析機(Solartron 1260A Impedance/Gain-Phase Analyzer)を使用して、2-プローブ(probe)法によって、25℃で抵抗を測定した。振幅±10mV、周波数範囲は、0.1Hzないし1MHzであった。
1)実施例9及び比較例1
実施例9及び比較例1によって製造されたリチウム金属電池に対して、25℃で0.1C rateの電流で、電圧が4.40V(対Li)に至るまで定電流充電し、続いて定電圧モードで4.40Vを維持しながら、0.05C rateの電流でカットオフ(cut-off)した。続いて、放電時、電圧が2.8V(対Li)に至るまで、0.1C rateの定電流で放電した(化成段階、最初のサイクル)。このような充放電過程を2回さらに実施し、化成過程を完了した。
容量維持率(%)=(100回目のサイクル放電容量/最初のサイクル放電容量)×100
実施例17及び比較例1によって製造されたリチウム金属電池に対して、放電容量変化容量、維持率及びクーロン効率を測定した。
実施例1-4及び比較例3,4によって製造された保護膜形成用組成物を、基材上にキャスティングし、キャスティングした結果物において、テトラヒドロフラン(THF)をアルゴングローブボックス内で24時間にわたって約25℃で徐々に蒸発させ、真空下で25℃で24時間乾燥させ、膜状の保護膜を製造した。このとき、保護膜厚は、約50μmであった。
実施例1,2によって製造された保護膜のイオン伝導度を、下記方法によって測定した。
11 リチウム電極
12,23,42 保護膜
13,13a,13b,13c 粒子
13a’,13b’,43 マイクロスフィア
14,44 イオン伝導性高分子
15,46 SEI
16 リチウム電着層
21,31 正極
22,32 負極
24 電解質
24a 液体電解質
24b 個体電解質
24c セパレータ
30 リチウム金属電池
34 ケース
41,51 リチウム金属電極
52 リチウムデントライト
Claims (20)
- リチウム金属またはリチウム金属合金を含むリチウム金属電極と、
前記リチウム金属電極の少なくとも一部分に配置された保護膜と、を含み、
前記保護膜は、リチウム塩または液体電解質を含み、
前記保護膜の気孔度は、25ないし50%であり、
前記保護膜のヤング率は、106Pa以上であり、
前記保護膜は、1μmを超えて100μm以下のサイズを有する有機粒子を含み、
前記有機粒子は、ポリ(スチレン-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(メチルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(エチルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(ペンチルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(ブチルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(プロピルメタクリレート-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-エチレン-ブチレン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-メチルメタクリレート)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-アクリロニトリル)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-ビニルピリジン)共重合体、ポリ(アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(アクリロニトリル-エチレン-プロピレン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(メチルメタクリレート-アクリロニトリル-ブタジエン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(メタクリレート-ブタジエン-スチレン)共重合体、ポリ(スチレン-アクリレート)共重合体及びポリ(アクリロニトリル-スチレン-アクリレート)共重合体からなる群から選択された1以上を含む高分子を含む、リチウム金属電池用負極。 - 前記液体電解質は、保護膜において、30ないし60体積%を占めることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。
- 前記液体電解質は、リチウム塩と有機溶媒とを含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。
- 前記保護膜の粒子が、化学的または物理的に架橋された構造を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。
- 前記保護膜は、イオン伝導性高分子をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。
- 前記イオン伝導性高分子が、ホモポリマー、共重合体または架橋高分子であることを特徴とする請求項5に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。
- 前記イオン伝導性高分子は、ポリスチレン、またはスチレン系反復単位を含むブロック共重合体であることを特徴とする請求項5に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。
- 前記保護膜が、サイズが互いに異なる有機粒子を含む単層膜または多層膜であることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。
- 前記粒子は、平均粒径が1.1ないし50μmであるマイクロスフィアであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。
- 前記粒子は、1:1重量比の平均粒径が3μmであるポリ(スチレン-co-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアと、平均粒径が8μmであるポリ(スチレン-co-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアと、を含むか、あるいは1:1重量比の平均粒径が3μmであるポリ(スチレン-co-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアと、平均粒径が1.3μmであるポリ(スチレン-co-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアと、を含むか、または1:1重量比の平均粒径が3μmであるポリ(スチレン-co-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアと、平均粒径が1.1μmであるポリ(スチレン-co-ジビニルベンゼン)共重合体マイクロスフィアとを含む請求項1に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。
- 前記保護膜の厚みが1ないし10μmであることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。
- 前記保護膜が、イオン性液体、1族元素または2族元素を含む金属塩、及び窒素含有添加剤のうちから選択された1以上、窒化ホウ素、またはその混合物をさらに含むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。
- 前記イオン性液体が、
i)アンモニウム系、ピロリジニウム系、ピリジニウム系、ピリミジニウム系、イミダゾリウム系、ピペリジニウム系、ピラゾリウム系、オキサゾリウム系、ピリダジニウム系、ホスホニウム系、スルホニウム系、トリアゾリウム系及びその混合物のうちから選択された1以上の陽イオンと、
ii)BF4 -、PF6 -、AsF6 -、SbF6 -、AlCl4 -、HSO4 -、ClO4 -、CH3SO3 -、CF3CO2 -、Cl-、Br-、I-、SO4 2-、CF3SO3 -、(FSO2)2N-、(C2F5SO2)2N-、(C2F5SO2)(CF3SO2)N-及び(CF3SO2)2N-のうちから選択された少なくとも一つから選択された1種以上の陰イオンと、を含む化合物のうちから選択された1以上であることを特徴とする請求項12に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。 - 前記1族元素または2族元素を含む金属塩は、Cs、Rb、K、Ba、Sr、Ca、Na及びMgのうちから選択された1以上を含む金属塩である1以上であり、
前記窒素含有添加剤は、無機硝酸塩、有機硝酸塩、無機亜硝酸塩、有機亜硝酸塩、有機ニトロ化合物、有機ニトロソ化合物、N-O化合物及び窒化リチウム(Li3N)からなる群から選択された1以上であることを特徴とする請求項13に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。 - 前記リチウム塩が、LiSCN、LiN(CN)2、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiAsF6、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiC(CF3SO2)3、LiN(SO2C2F5)2、LiN(SO2CF3)2、LiN(SO2F)2、LiSbF6、LiPF3(CF2CF3)3、LiPF3(CF3)3及びLiB(C2O4)2のうちから選択された1以上であり、
前記有機溶媒が、エチレンカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、フルオロエチレンカーボネート、ガンマブチロラクトン、1,2-ジメトキシエタン、1,2-ジエトキシエタン、ジエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、トリエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、ポリエチレングリコールジメチルエーテル、スクシノニトリル、スルホラン、ジメチルスルホン、エチルメチルスルホン、ジエチルスルホン、アジポニトリル及び1,1,2,2-テトラフルオロエチル2,2,3,3-テトラフルオロプロピルエーテルのうちから選択された1以上を含むことを特徴とする請求項3に記載のリチウム金属電池用負極。 - 正極、請求項1ないし15のうちいずれか1項に記載の負極、及びそれらの間に介在された電解質を含むリチウム金属電池。
- 前記リチウム金属電池において、リチウム電着層の厚みが40μm以下であることを特徴とする請求項16に記載のリチウム金属電池。
- 前記電解質が、液体電解質、固体電解質、ゲル電解質及び高分子イオン性液体のうちから選択された1以上を含むことを特徴とする請求項16に記載のリチウム金属電池。
- 前記リチウム金属電池が、セパレータを含むことを特徴とする請求項17に記載のリチウム金属電池。
- 前記リチウム金属電池は、セパレータをさらに含み、前記電解質は、液体電解質であり、前記リチウム金属電池が負極、セパレータ、液体電解質及び正極が順次に積層された構造を有する請求項16に記載のリチウム金属電池。
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