JP6008875B2 - 二次電池セル用バインダー - Google Patents
二次電池セル用バインダー Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- JP6008875B2 JP6008875B2 JP2013550954A JP2013550954A JP6008875B2 JP 6008875 B2 JP6008875 B2 JP 6008875B2 JP 2013550954 A JP2013550954 A JP 2013550954A JP 2013550954 A JP2013550954 A JP 2013550954A JP 6008875 B2 JP6008875 B2 JP 6008875B2
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- Prior art keywords
- silicon
- binder
- electroactive
- particles
- polymer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 title claims description 186
- XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicon Chemical compound [Si] XUIMIQQOPSSXEZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 173
- 239000010703 silicon Substances 0.000 claims description 156
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 154
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 139
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 122
- 239000011263 electroactive material Substances 0.000 claims description 112
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 108
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 97
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 96
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 claims description 92
- 229920001577 copolymer Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 80
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 73
- 229910021645 metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 58
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 claims description 57
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 40
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 36
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims description 36
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N maleic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Propenoic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 31
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trans-butenedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 30
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 27
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propanedioic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 26
- -1 however Chemical compound 0.000 claims description 25
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical group 0.000 claims description 22
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- 150000002688 maleic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims description 18
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims description 16
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- GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N germanium atom Chemical compound [Ge] GNPVGFCGXDBREM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 13
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- MRAKLTZPBIBWFH-ARJAWSKDSA-N (z)-2-ethenylbut-2-enedioic acid Chemical group OC(=O)\C=C(\C=C)C(O)=O MRAKLTZPBIBWFH-ARJAWSKDSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- 210000003918 fraction a Anatomy 0.000 claims 1
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- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims 1
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 47
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 38
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- WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M Lithium hydroxide Chemical compound [Li+].[OH-] WMFOQBRAJBCJND-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
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- 239000011149 active material Substances 0.000 description 8
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- YYXLGGIKSIZHSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N ethene;furan-2,5-dione Chemical compound C=C.O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 YYXLGGIKSIZHSF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
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- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
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Images
Classifications
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- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/621—Binders
- H01M4/622—Binders being polymers
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F222/00—Copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical and containing at least one other carboxyl radical in the molecule; Salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof
- C08F222/02—Acids; Metal salts or ammonium salts thereof, e.g. maleic acid or itaconic acid
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F8/00—Chemical modification by after-treatment
- C08F8/44—Preparation of metal salts or ammonium salts
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
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Description
・前記集電装置に、前記電解質による損傷を防止するための保護層を与える優れた対腐食性を与えるべきであること;
・前記複合電極材料の成分を1つの凝集物として保持することが可能であるべきであること;
・前記複合体層と前記集電装置との間に強い接着性を与える必要があること;
・電池条件下で安定であること;及び
・導電性であるか、低内部抵抗を持つこと。
好ましくは、リチウム又は場合によりナトリウム及びカリウムなどの他のアルカリ金属イオン及び/又はカルシウム及びマグネシウムなどの他のアルカリ土類金属イオンと合金を形成することができる材料を含む。好適な電気活性材料の例は、シリコン、スズ、グラファイト、ハードカーボン、ガリウム、ゲルマニウム、アルミニウム、鉛、亜鉛、テルル、電気活性セラミック材料、遷移金属酸化物、カルコニド(chalconide)又は、これらの電気活性材料の1つ又は複数から形成される構造、例えば酸化物、水素化物、フッ化物、炭化物、又はこれらの材料の金属−合金を含む。本発明の第3の側面の好ましい実施態様では、電気活性材料はシリコン含有電気活性材料である。
当業者に明らかなことは、米国特許出願公開第2010/0297502号に記載された技術を用いて基板粒子を製造するためにカーボン基板上にナノ粒子、ナノワイヤ、及びナノチューブを成長させることが可能である。
好適なリチウム塩の例は、LiCl、LiBr、LiI、LiClO4、LiBF4、LiB10C20、LiPF6、LiCF3SO3、LiAsF6、LiSbF6、LiAlCl4、CH3SO3Li及びCF3SO3Liを含む。
100%ナトリウム塩:
20g(0.1587mol)のポリ(エチレン−alt−無水マレイン酸)(Aldrichから入手、Mw100000から500000)を25gの脱イオン水に混合した。12.6984g(0.3175mol)のNaOH(試薬級、無水、Aldrichから入手)を75gの脱イオン水に溶解した。前記水酸化ナトリウム溶液を前記ポリマー混合物へ撹拌しつつ段階的に添加した。得られた溶液は、100%の塩形成度を持つ、25重量%のポリ(エチレン−alt−マレイン酸)ナトリウム塩を与えた。
20g(0.1587mol)のポリ(エチレン−alt−無水マレイン酸)(Aldrichから入手、Mw100000から500000)を25gの脱イオン水に混合した。9.5238g(0.2381mol)のNaOH(試薬級、無水、Aldrichから入手)を75gの脱イオン水に溶解した。前記水酸化ナトリウム溶液を前記ポリマー混合物へ撹拌しつつ段階的に添加した。得られた溶液は、75%の塩形成度を持つ、24重量%のポリ(エチレン−alt−マレイン酸)ナチリウム塩を与えた。
20g(0.1587mol)のポリ(エチレン−alt−無水マレイン酸)(Aldrichから入手、Mw100000から500000)を25gの脱イオン水に混合した。6.3492g(0.1553mol)のNaOH(試薬級、無水、Aldrichから入手)を75gの脱イオン水に溶解した。前記水酸化ナトリウム溶液を前記ポリマー混合物へ撹拌しつつ段階的に添加した。得られた溶液は、50%の塩形成度を持つ、24重量%のポリ(エチレン−alt−マレイン酸)ナトリウム塩を与えた。
20g(0.1587mol)のポリ(エチレン−alt−無水マレイン酸)(Aldrichから入手、Mw100000から500000)を25gの脱イオン水に混合した。3.8095g(0.0932mol)のNaOH(試薬級、無水、Aldrichから入手)を75gの脱イオン水に溶解した。前記水酸化ナトリウム溶液を前記ポリマー混合物へ撹拌しつつ段階的に添加した。得られた溶液は、30%の塩形成度を持つ、24重量%のポリ(エチレン−alt−マレイン酸)ナトリウム塩を与えた。
100%リチウム塩:
20g(0.1587mol)のポリ(エチレン−alt−無水マレイン酸)(Aldrichから入手、Mw100000から500000)を25gの脱イオン水に混合した。13.3206g(0.3175mol)のLiOH・H2O(試薬級、無水、Fisher Science、UKから入手)を75gの脱イオン水に溶解した。前記水酸化リチウム溶液を前記ポリマー混合物へ撹拌しつつ段階的に添加した。得られた溶液は、100%の塩形成度を持つ、23.4重量%のポリ(エチレン−alt−マレイン酸)リチウム塩を与えた。
20g(0.1587mol)のポリ(エチレン−alt−無水マレイン酸)(Aldrichから入手、Mw100000から500000)を25gの脱イオン水に混合した。9.99g(0.2381mol)のLiOH・H2O(試薬級、無水、Fisher Science、UKから入手)を75gの脱イオン水に溶解した。前記水酸化リチウム溶液を前記ポリマー混合物へ撹拌しつつ段階的に添加した。得られた溶液は、75%の塩形成度を持つ、23重量%のポリ(エチレン−alt−マレイン酸)リチウム塩を与えた。
アノード製造
望ましい量のシリコン含有電気活性材料を、脱イオン水中でビーズ粉砕された炭素混合物中に添加した。得られた混合物を、約3時間、1200rpmでIKAオーバーヘッド撹拌装置を用いて処理した。この混合に、溶媒又は水中の望ましい得用のバインダーを添加した。得られた混合物を最後に、Thinky(登録商標)混合装置を用いて、約15分間処理した。混合物の粘度は通常、20rpmで、500〜3000mPasであった。
試験セルに使用されたカソード材料は、ステンレス製集電装置上の市販リチウムMMO電極材料(例えば、Li1+xNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2)であった。
全てのセルで使用された電解質は、エチレンカーボネートとエチルメチルカーボネート(3:7体積比率)及び15重量%FECと3重量%VC添加物を含む混合物中に溶解した六フッ化リン酸リチウムであった。電解質はまた、セルに配置する前に溶解CO2ガスで飽和させた。
「スウェージロック」試験セルは次のように構成した:
・12mm直径のアノード及びカソードディスクを製造し、真空中で一晩乾燥させた。
・アノードディスクを、スウェージロックフィッティングから製造された2−電極セル内に配置した。
・2つの、12.8mm直径で16μm厚さのTonenセパレータを前記アノードディスク上に設けた。
・前記セルに40μlの電解質を添加した。
・カソードディスクを、前記湿らせたセパレータ上に設けてセルを完成させた。
・バネを含む12mm直径のプランジャを次に前記カソード上に配置し、最終的に前記セルを気密密閉した。前記バネ力が、電気電極と電解質の間の緊密境界面を維持した。
・30分間、電解質を電極内に浸透させた。
図1から9で、ポリエチレン−alt−マレイン酸の金属イオン塩(ポリエチレン−alt−無水マレイン酸の部分的塩形成で生成される)、構造化シリコン材料、グラファイト、及び導電性炭素を含む複合電極材料は、100サイクルを超える安定した放電容量性能を示すことが見られる。
このことは、ポリエチレン−alt−マレイン酸ナトリウム塩(ポリエチレン−alt−無水マレイン酸から製造)がポリエチレン−alt−マレイン酸リチウム塩よりも優れた性能持つことを示す。理論に縛られるものではないが、75%などの100%未満の塩形成度が好ましいと考えられるが、というのはこれはバインダー分子内に遊離カルボキシル基を与え、これによりシリコンと共有結合を形成でき、バインダーよシリコンとの接着性を改善すると考えられるからである。この強い結合形成は、シリコン含有アノード層の機械強度を改善し、シリコンがリチウム化又は脱リチウム化の際に膨張と収縮の対象となるサイクルの際に複合材料の凝集性を維持すると、考えられる。加えて、カルボキシル基は、シリコン含有アノード層と集電装置(例えば銅ホイル)との接着性を改善すると、考えられる。
Claims (17)
- 電気活性材料およびバインダーを有する複合電極材料であって、
a 前記電気活性材料は、シリコン、スズ、グラファイト、ハードカーボン、ガリウム、ゲルマニウム、電気活性セラミック材料、遷移金属酸化物、カルコニド、またはこれらの電気活性材料の1もしくは2以上で構成された構造の1または2以上を含み、
b 前記バインダーは、
(i)マレイン酸およびマレイン酸誘導体から選定された、20から100%のモノマー単位、および
(ii)アクリル酸またはアクリル酸誘導体から選定された、0から80%のモノマー単位
からなるポリマーの金属イオン塩を有し、
前記金属イオンは、ナトリウムおよびカリウムの一つまたは両方から選択され、ただし、ポリ(マレイン酸−co−アクリル酸)ナトリウムを除き、
前記塩の形成度は、40から80%であることを特徴とする複合電極材料。 - 電気活性材料およびバインダーを有する複合電極材料であって、
a 前記電気活性材料は、シリコン、スズ、グラファイト、ハードカーボン、ガリウム、ゲルマニウム、電気活性セラミック材料、遷移金属酸化物、カルコニド、またはこれらの電気活性材料の1もしくは2以上で構成された構造の1または2以上を含み、
b 前記バインダーは、
(i)マレイン酸およびマレイン酸誘導体から選定された、20から100%のモノマー単位、および
(ii)アクリル酸またはアクリル酸誘導体から選定された、0から80%のモノマー単位
からなるポリマーの金属イオン塩を有し、
前記金属イオンは、ナトリウムおよびカリウムの一つまたは両方から選択され、ただし、ポリ(マレイン酸−co−アクリル酸)ナトリウムを除き、
前記バインダーは、破壊までに、その元の長さの最大5倍まで延伸可能であることを特徴とする複合電極材料。 - 前記マレイン酸モノマー単位は、エチレンマレイン酸単位であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載の複合電極材料。
- 前記電気活性材料は、シリコン材料であり、シリコン含有粒子、チューブ、ワイヤ、ナノワイヤ、ファイバ、ロッド、シート、およびリボンの1または2以上を有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至3のいずれか一つに記載の複合電極材料。
- 前記シリコン含有粒子は、生シリコン含有粒子、シリコン含有ピラー化粒子、シリコン含有基板粒子、シリコン含有多孔性粒子、およびシリコン含有多孔性粒子断片の1または2以上を有することを特徴とする請求項4に記載の複合電極材料。
- さらに、導電性材料を有することを特徴とする請求項1乃至5のいずれか一つに記載の複合電極材料。
- 前記バインダーは、ポリ(エチレン−alt−マレイン酸)のナトリウム塩であり、
前記電気活性材料は、シリコン含有ピラー化粒子およびシリコン含有生粒子の少なくとも一つから選定されることを特徴とする請求項1乃至6のいずれか一つに記載の複合電極材料。 - 請求項1乃至7のいずれか一つに記載の複合電極材料を製造する方法であって、
当該方法は、バインダー溶液を形成するステップと、前記バインダー溶液を電気活性材料と混合するステップとを有し、
a 前記バインダー溶液は、溶媒中で、ポリマーとともに金属イオンの塩を混合することにより形成され、前記ポリマーは、
(i)マレイン酸およびマレイン酸誘導体から選定された、20から100%のモノマー単位、および
(ii)アクリル酸またはアクリル酸誘導体から選定された、0から80%のモノマー単位
で構成され、
b 前記電気活性材料は、シリコン、スズ、グラファイト、ハードカーボン、ガリウム、ゲルマニウム、電気活性セラミック材料、遷移金属酸化物、カルコニド、およびこれらの合金もしくは混合物の1または2以上を含むことを特徴とする方法。 - 前記金属イオンの塩は、ナトリウムならびにカリウムの水酸化物および/または炭酸塩を含む群から選定されることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の方法。
- 前記溶媒は、エタノール、プロパノール、およびブタノールを含む群から選定されたアルコール、水、またはこれらの混合物の1または2以上から選定されることを特徴とする請求項8または9に記載の方法。
- 前記電気活性材料は、シリコン材料であり、シリコン含有粒子、チューブ、ワイヤ、ナノワイヤ、ファイバ、ロッド、シート、およびリボンを有する群から選定されることを特徴とする請求項8乃至10のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記電気活性材料は、生シリコン含有粒子、シリコン含有ピラー化粒子、シリコン含有基板粒子、シリコン含有多孔性粒子、およびシリコン含有多孔性粒子断片を有する群から選定されたシリコン含有電気活性材料であることを特徴とする請求項8乃至11のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 前記バインダーと混合される前に、追加の電気活性材料および導電性材料から選定された1または2以上の追加の成分が、前記シリコン含有電気活性材料を含むスラリーまたは分散物の形態に形成されることを特徴とする請求項8乃至12のいずれか一つに記載の方法。
- 集電体と、請求項1乃至7のいずれか一つに記載の複合電極材料とを有する電極。
- 請求項14に記載の電極を製造する方法であって、
基板の上に、請求項1乃至7のいずれか一つに記載の複合電極材料を形成するステップと、
前記形成された材料を、集電体と接続するステップと、
を有する方法。 - カソードと、電解質と、請求項14に記載の電極を有するアノードと、を有する電気化学セル。
- 請求項16に記載の電気化学セルを含む装置。
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PCT/GB2012/050174 WO2012101450A1 (en) | 2011-01-27 | 2012-01-27 | A binder for a secondary battery cell |
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US20100285358A1 (en) | 2009-05-07 | 2010-11-11 | Amprius, Inc. | Electrode Including Nanostructures for Rechargeable Cells |
GB0908089D0 (en) | 2009-05-11 | 2009-06-24 | Nexeon Ltd | A binder for lithium ion rechargaable battery cells |
GB2470190B (en) * | 2009-05-11 | 2011-07-13 | Nexeon Ltd | A binder for lithium ion rechargeable battery cells |
KR102067922B1 (ko) | 2009-05-19 | 2020-01-17 | 원드 매터리얼 엘엘씨 | 배터리 응용을 위한 나노구조화된 재료 |
US20100330419A1 (en) | 2009-06-02 | 2010-12-30 | Yi Cui | Electrospinning to fabricate battery electrodes |
SG178580A1 (en) * | 2009-09-03 | 2012-03-29 | Molecular Nanosystems Inc | Methods and systems for making electrodes having at least one functional gradient therein and devices resulting therefrom |
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2011
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2012
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- 2012-01-27 KR KR1020137022700A patent/KR20140018255A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
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- 2012-01-27 JP JP2013550954A patent/JP6008875B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2012-01-27 EP EP12704895.7A patent/EP2668687A1/en not_active Withdrawn
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GB2487569A (en) | 2012-08-01 |
US20140087250A1 (en) | 2014-03-27 |
JP2014510362A (ja) | 2014-04-24 |
GB2487569B (en) | 2014-02-19 |
EP2668687A1 (en) | 2013-12-04 |
KR20140018255A (ko) | 2014-02-12 |
WO2012101450A1 (en) | 2012-08-02 |
GB201101427D0 (en) | 2011-03-16 |
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