JP5896218B2 - 密閉型非水電解質二次電池 - Google Patents
密閉型非水電解質二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5896218B2 JP5896218B2 JP2012037967A JP2012037967A JP5896218B2 JP 5896218 B2 JP5896218 B2 JP 5896218B2 JP 2012037967 A JP2012037967 A JP 2012037967A JP 2012037967 A JP2012037967 A JP 2012037967A JP 5896218 B2 JP5896218 B2 JP 5896218B2
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- positive electrode
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Images
Classifications
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Description
かかる電池の一形態として、密閉型非水電解質二次電池が挙げられる。該電池は、典型的には、活物質を含む活物質層を備えた正負極からなる電極体が、電解質(典型的には、電解液)とともに電池ケースに収容された後、蓋体が装着されて封口(密閉)されることにより構築される。
上記空隙率の範囲を満たす導電材層では該導電材層中に好適な空隙が保たれており、電解質および所定の電池電圧を超えた際にガスを発生させる化合物からなる添加剤(過充電防止剤)が十分に浸潤している。このため、過充電時に好適に過充電防止剤を酸化分解することができる。また、過充電防止剤の分解に伴って正極(典型的には正極活物質)表面上に重合被膜が形成された場合においても、該導電材層において過充電防止剤の分解反応を安定的に生じさせることができ、必要なガス量を確保することができる。これにより電池ケース内に圧力上昇が生じるため、電流遮断機構を安定的に作動させることができる。従って、ここで開示される密閉型非水電解質二次電池では、電流遮断機構をより迅速かつ安定的に作動させることができ、従来に比べ該電池の信頼性を向上させることができる。
上記2層構造からなる正極を有する密閉型非水電解質二次電池は、本発明の効果(電流遮断機構の迅速かつ安定的に作動させること)と、優れた電池性能(例えば、高いエネルギー密度)とを高いレベルで両立させることができる。
導電材の比表面積が上記範囲を満たす場合、導電材層内に好適な空隙を保持し得る。このため該導電材層内に電解液が潤浸し易く、本願発明の効果をより高いレベルで発揮し得る。
黒鉛は反応性が高いため、該黒鉛を用いることで過充電防止剤の酸化分解反応(即ち、ガス発生)をより一層促進させることができる。また、他の導電材に比べて黒鉛化度(六角網面構造の配向性)が高いことから、通常使用時における電池反応とは無関係なガスの発生に起因する電池膨れ等の問題を低減することもできる。さらに、導電材としては体積密度が比較的小さいため、単位体積当たりの電池容量(エネルギー密度)を保持する上でも有効である。このため、本発明の効果と優れた電池性能とをより一層高いレベルで両立させることができる。
シクロヘキシルベンゼンやビフェニルは、酸化電位が凡そ4.5V〜4.6Vであるため、例えば凡そ4.1V〜4.2Vを上限充電電圧とする電池では、過充電時において速やかに酸化分解され水素ガスを発生し得る。このため、電流遮断機構を迅速に作動させることができる。
ここで開示される技術では、過充電防止剤の反応効率が高いため、従来に比べ少ない添加量で安定的に所望のガス量を得ることができる。従って、従来に比べ過充電防止剤の添加量を削減することができ、本発明の効果と優れた電池性能とをより高いレベルで両立させることができる。
ここで開示される密閉型非水電解質二次電池は、信頼性が従来に比べ向上しているため、該電池を直列および/または並列に複数個接続してなる組電池として好適に使用し得る。
ここで開示される密閉型非水電解質二次電池は各種用途向けとして利用可能であるが、高い信頼性と優れた電池性能とを両立していることを特徴とする。従って、高いエネルギー密度や出力密度が要求される用途で好適に用いることができる。かかる用途として、例えば車両(典型的には、プラグインハイブリッド自動車(PHV)、ハイブリッド自動車(HV)、電気自動車(EV))に搭載されるモーター駆動のための動力源(駆動用電源)が挙げられる。
なお、本明細書において「過充電状態」とは、充電深度(SOC:State of Charge)が100%を超えた状態をいう。ここでSOCとは、可逆的に充放電可能な稼動電圧の範囲において、その上限となる電圧が得られる充電状態(即ち、満充電状態)を100%とし、下限となる電圧が得られる充電状態(即ち、充電されていない状態)を0%としたときの充電状態を示すものである。
(1−W/ρV)×100 (1)
なお、導電材層16は例えばセパレータの表面に設けることもできる。かかる場合には、単に正極集電体12上に主として正極活物質を含む正極活物質層14のみが形成された正極(即ち、正極活物質層上に導電材層が形成されていない構造の正極)を用いることもできる。また、本明細書において「層」とは、単に厚み方向の一部を、他の部分と区別するのに用いる用語である。従って、必ずしも微視的および/または巨視的に明瞭な区分が視認される必要はなく、例えば物理的または化学的な分析によってのみ区別し得る場合をも包含する。
なお、上記プレス処理後の正極活物質層の密度は、特に限定されないが、例えば2.0g/cm3以上(典型的には2.5g/cm3以上)であって、4.5g/cm3以下(典型的には4.0g/cm3以下、例えば3.8g/cm3以下)とすることができる。また、上記プレス処理後の導電材層の密度は特に限定されないが、例えば1.1g/cm3以上(典型的には1.2g/cm3以上、例えば1.3g/cm3以上)であって、1.5g/cm3以下(典型的には1.49g/cm3以下)とすることができる。
なお、ここで開示される技術においては、上述した正極表面(正極活物質層表面)への導電材層の形成に換えて、セパレータの表面に該導電材層を形成することもできる。かかる場合、導電材層が形成されたセパレータは、例えば正極に導電材層を形成する場合と同様に導電材をバインダ等ととともに適当な溶媒中で混合してなるスラリー状の組成物を、基材となるセパレータ上に塗布して作製することができる。導電材やバインダ、溶媒等としては、既に上述したものから1種または2種以上を適宜選択して用いることができる。なお、固体状の電解質を用いた密閉型非水電解質二次電池(リチウムポリマー電池)では、上記電解質がセパレータを兼ねる構成とすることもできる。
該非水溶媒としては、カーボネート類、エステル類、エーテル類、ニトリル類、スルホン類、ラクトン類等の非プロトン性溶媒を用いることができる。例えば、エチレンカーボネート(EC)、プロピレンカーボネート(PC)、ジエチルカーボネート(DEC)、ジメチルカーボネート(DMC)、エチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)、1,2−ジメトキシエタン、1,2−ジエトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、2−メチルテトラヒドロフラン、ジオキサン、1,3−ジオキソラン、ジエチレングリコール、ジメチルエーテル、エチレングリコール、ジエチルエーテル、アセトニトリル、プロピオニトリル、ニトロメタン、N,N−ジメチルホルムアミド、ジメチルスルホキシド、スルホラン、γ−ブチロラクトン等が挙げられる。例えば、カーボネート類を主体とする非水溶媒は、負極活物質表面に好適に被膜(SEI:Solid Electrolyte Interphase)を形成し得るため好ましく、なかでも比誘電率の高いECや、標準酸化電位が高い(即ち、電位窓の広い)DMCおよびEMC等を好ましく用いることができる。例えば、非水溶媒として一種または二種以上のカーボネート類を含み、それらカーボネート類の合計体積が非水溶媒全体の体積の60体積%以上(より好ましくは75体積%以上、さらに好ましくは90体積%以上であり、実質的に100体積%であってもよい。)を占める非水溶媒が好ましく用いられる。
過充電防止剤は該電池の作動電圧等に応じて適宜選択することが好ましく、例えば該電池の作動上限電圧+0.1V(典型的には+0.2V、例えば+0.3V)程度高い酸化電位を有しているものを好ましく選択し得る。更に、酸化電位の異なる2種以上の化合物を混在させることがより好ましい。例えば4.1V〜4.2Vを上限充電電圧とする電池では、酸化電位が凡そ4.5〜4.6Vであるシクロヘキシルベンゼン(CHB)やビフェニル(BP)等を好ましく用いることができる。かかる過充電防止剤は電池が過充電状態(例えば4.5V以上)になると速やかに酸化分解され、水素ガスを発生し得る。このため電流遮断機構をより迅速に作動させることができる。
図1および図2に示すように、本実施形態に係る密閉型非水電解質二次電池100は、捲回電極体80と、電池ケース(外容器)50とを備える。この電池ケース50は、上端が開放された扁平な直方体形状(角形)の電池ケース本体52と、その開口部を塞ぐ蓋体54とを備える。電池ケース50の上面(すなわち蓋体54)には、捲回電極体80の正極シートと電気的に接続する正極端子70および該電極体の負極シートと電気的に接続する負極端子72が設けられている。また、蓋体54には、従来の非水電解質二次電池の電池ケースと同様に電池ケース内部で発生したガスをケースの外部に排出するための安全弁55が備えられている。かかる安全弁55は、典型的には電流遮断機構30の作動する圧力以上で開放されるよう設定されている。
<例1〜11>
正極活物質粉末としてのLiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2(NCM)と、導電材としてのアセチレンブラック(AB)と、バインダとしてのポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)とを、これら材料の質量比がNCM:AB:PVdF=93:4:3となるよう混練機に投入し、固形分濃度(NV)が50質量%となるようにN−メチルピロリドン(NMP)で粘度を調製しながら混練し、正極活物質スラリーを調製した。このスラリーを、厚み15μmのアルミニウム箔(正極集電体)に塗布して乾燥させることで、正極活物質層を形成した。次に、導電材としての黒鉛(C)と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)とを、これら材料の質量比がC:PVdF=90:10であり、且つ固形分濃度(NV)が50質量%となるようにN−メチルピロリドン(NMP)と混合し、正極導電材スラリーを調製した。このスラリーを、上記形成した正極活物質層の上に塗布して乾燥させることで、導電材層を形成した。こうして得られた正極をロールプレスし、かかるプレスの圧力を変化させることにより、導電材層の密度(g/cm3)が異なる正極(例1〜11)を作製した。そして、作製した導電材層の密度を既に上述した手法で算出した。結果を表1に示す。
本例では、正極作製時に、導電材層を塗布しなかったこと以外は例1と同様に正極(例12)を作製し、かかる正極を用いてラミネートシート型非水電解質二次電池(例12)を構築した。
上記構築したラミネート型非水電解質二次電池(例1〜12)に、25℃の温度下において適当なコンディショニング処理を行った後、アルキメデス法を用いてセルの体積を測定した。なお、アルキメデス法とは、測定対象物(本例では、ラミネート型非水電解質二次電池)を、媒液(例えば、蒸留水やアルコール等)に浸漬し、測定対象物が受ける浮力を測定することによって、該測定対象物の体積を求める方法である。
その後、上記電池を25℃の環境下において、過充電状態(本例では、SOCが160%の状態。)まで1Cのレートで定電流充電し、再びアルキメデス法を用いてセルの体積を測定した。そして、過充電後のセルの体積(A(cm3))から、過充電前のセルの体積(B(cm3))を差し引いて、過充電時おけるガス発生量(A−B(cm3))を算出した。この値を電池の容量(Ah)で除して、単位容量当たりのガス発生量(cm3/Ah)を、図7に示す。
10 正極
12 正極集電体
14 正極活物質層
16 導電材層
20 負極
22 負極集電体
24 負極活物質層
30 電流遮断機構
32 変形金属板(第一部材)
34 接続金属板(第二部材)
38 絶縁ケース
40A、40B セパレータ
50 電池ケース
52 ケース本体
54 蓋体
55 安全弁
70 正極端子
72 負極端子
74 正極集電板
76 負極集電板
80 捲回電極体
100 密閉型非水電解質二次電池
110 冷却板
120 エンドプレート
130 拘束バンド
140 接続部材
150 スペーサ部材
155 ビス
200 組電池
Claims (8)
- 正極と負極とがセパレータを介して対向してなる電極体と、電解質と、所定の電池電圧を超えた際にガスを発生させる化合物からなる添加剤と、が電池ケース内に収容され、かつ該ガスの発生に伴って前記電池ケース内の圧力が上昇した際に作動する電流遮断機構を備えた密閉型非水電解質二次電池であって、
前記正極は、正極集電体と、該集電体上に形成された主として正極活物質を含む正極活物質層と、を備えており、
ここで、前記正極活物質層と前記セパレータとの間には、主として導電材を含む導電材層が形成されており、
前記導電材層の空隙率は35%以上55%以下であり、
前記所定の電池電圧を超えた際のガス発生量が、前記電流遮断機構を作動させるために必要なガス発生量である、密閉型非水電解質二次電池。 - 前記正極は、前記正極集電体上に形成された前記正極活物質層と、前記正極活物質層の少なくとも一部の表面上に形成された前記導電材層と、の2層構造からなる、請求項1に記載の密閉型非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記導電材の比表面積は、1m2/g以上30m2/g以下である、請求項1または2に記載の密閉型非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記導電材として少なくとも黒鉛を含んでいる、請求項1から3のいずれか一項に記載の密閉型非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記添加剤として、シクロヘキシルベンゼンおよび/またはビフェニルを含んでいる、請求項1から4のいずれか一項に記載の密閉型非水電解質二次電池。
- 前記添加剤の添加量が、前記電解質100質量%に対し、0.5質量%以上5質量%以下である、請求項1から5のいずれか一項に記載の密閉型非水電解質二次電池。
- 請求項1から6のいずれか一項に記載の密閉型非水電解質二次電池を複数個組み合わせた組電池。
- 請求項7に記載の組電池を駆動用電源として備える車両。
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