JP4970483B2 - Kdrに特異的なヒト抗体及びその利用 - Google Patents
Kdrに特異的なヒト抗体及びその利用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP4970483B2 JP4970483B2 JP2009076394A JP2009076394A JP4970483B2 JP 4970483 B2 JP4970483 B2 JP 4970483B2 JP 2009076394 A JP2009076394 A JP 2009076394A JP 2009076394 A JP2009076394 A JP 2009076394A JP 4970483 B2 JP4970483 B2 JP 4970483B2
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Description
本発明は、KDRと結合し、血管内皮増殖因子受容体(VEGFR)へのKDRの結合をブロックし、KDRの活性化を中和するヒト抗体に関する。この抗体は、腫瘍性疾患及び過形成障害を治療するために用いられ、単独でも、あるいは他のVEGFR拮抗因子や表皮増殖因子受容体(EGFR)拮抗因子と組み合わせても利用できる。
血管新生は、すでに存在する血管からの毛管内皮細胞の増殖と移動、及び組織浸潤、管状構造への細胞の集合、閉回路の血管システムへの新しく形成する管状集合体の接合、及び新しく形成された毛細血管の成熟、などが関与する、新しい血管を生成するための高度に複雑なプロセスである。
本発明は、KDRと結合し、血管内皮増殖因子(VEGF)のKDRとの結合をブロックし、KDRの活性を中和するヒト抗体、又はその部分、を提供する。これらの抗体は、例えば、充実性及び非充実性腫瘍を含む腫瘍性疾患を治療するために用いられる。これらの抗体はまた、過形成障害の治療にも用いることができる。したがって、本発明は、KDRの活性を中和する方法、腫瘍に関連した血管新生を含めて腫瘍増殖を阻害する方法、及び血管新生に関連した他の疾患を治療する方法、を提供する。本発明は、VEGF受容体と結合するヒト抗体又は抗体断片を有するキットを提供する。
本発明は、VEGFR−2(KDR)の細胞外ドメインに特異的に結合する抗体を提供する。これらの抗体は、ヒトVH及びVLフレームワーク領域(FWs)、並びにヒト相補性決定領域(CDRs)を含む。好ましくは、VH及びVL可変ドメイン全体はヒト配列(human sequences)であるか、又はヒト配列から導かれる。例えば、本発明の可変ドメインは、再配置された可変領域遺伝子を含む末梢血液リンパ球から得られる。あるいはまた、CDR及びFW領域などの可変ドメイン部分は異なるヒト配列から得られる。別の例では、ヒトVH可変ドメインはヒトVH遺伝子セグメントとCDR3H領域の合成配列(すなわち、合成DH−JH遺伝子セグメント)によってコードされる。同様に、ヒトVL可変ドメインはヒトVL遺伝子セグメントとCDR3L領域の合成配列(すなわち、合成JL遺伝子セグメント)によってコードされる。
以下の実施例は、本発明の理解を助けるために示されるものであり、いかなる形でも本発明の範囲を制限する意図はなく、本発明を制限するものと解してはならない。実施例は、ベクターやプラスミドの構築、ポリペプチドをコードする遺伝子のベクターやプラスミドへの挿入、あるいは宿主細胞へのプラスミドの導入、などで用いられる従来の方法についての詳しい記述を含んでいない。それらの方法は、当業者には周知であり、Sambrook, J. and Russel, D. W. (2001) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3ed edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, など多数の文献に記載されている。
実施例I(a).タンパク質と細胞ライン.
初代培養HUVECを、Cornell Medical Center, New York, のDr. S. Rafiiから入手して、EBM-2培地(Clonetics, Walkersville, MD)で、37℃、5%CO2で維持した。可溶融合タンパク質、KDR−アルカリ・ホスファターゼ(AP)、その免疫グロブリン(Ig)ドメイン欠失変異体、及びFlk−1−AP、が安定に形質移入されたNIH 3T3で発現され、細胞培養の上澄みからLu et al., J. Biol. Chem. 275: 14321-30 (2000) に記載されているように、APに対する固定されたモノクローナル抗体を用いるアフィニティー・クロマトグラフィーによって精製された。VEGF165タンパク質はバクロウイルスで発現され、Zhu et al., Cancer Res. 58: 3209-14 (1998) に記載されている手順に従って精製された。白血病細胞ライン、HL60とHEL、は、10%ウシ胎児血清を含むRPMIで維持された。
個々のTG1クローンを採取し、37℃で96ウエル・プレートで育成し、上述のようにM13K07ヘルパー・ファージによって救出(rescue)した。増幅されたファージ試料は、1/6体積の18%ミルク/PBSで1時間、RTでブロックされ、KDR−AP又はAP(1μg/ml×100μl)でコーティングされたMaxi-sorp 96ウエル・マイクロタイター・プレートに加えられた。RTで1時間のインキュベーションの後、プレートはPBSTで3回洗浄され、ウサギ抗M13ファージ−HRP接合体(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Piscataway, NJ)と共にインキュベートされた。プレートは5回洗浄され、TMBペルオキシダーゼ基質(KPL, Gaithersburg, MD)が加えられ、450nmでの吸収がマイクロプレート・リーダー(Molecular Devices, Sunnyvale, CA)を用いて読み取られた。
各ラウンドの選抜後の抗KDR Fabクローンの多様性が、制限酵素消化パタン(すなわち、DNA指紋)によって分析された。個々のクローンのFab遺伝子インサートが、プライマー:PUC19リバース、
5′AGCGGATAACAATTTCACACAGG3′、及びfdtet配列、
5′GTCGTCTTTCCAGACGTTAGT3′、を用いてPCR増幅された。増幅された生成物はfrequent-cutting酵素、BstNI、で消化され、3%アガロース・ゲル上で分析された。各消化パタンからの代表的クローンのDNA配列が、ジデオキシヌクレオチド配列決定法によって決定された。
個々のクローンのプラスミドを用いて非サプレッサーE.coliホストHB2151を変換した。HB2151におけるFab断片の発現が、細胞を30℃で、1mMイソプロピル−1−チオ−β−D−ガラクトピラノシド(IPTG, Sigma)を含む2YTM培地で培養することによって誘発された。細胞のペリプラズム抽出物が、20%(w/v)スクロース、200mM NaCl、1mM EDTA及び0.1mM PMSFを含む25mM Tris(pH7.5)に細胞ペレットを再懸濁し、続いておだやかに振とうしながら4℃で1時間インキュベートすることによって調製された。15,000rpmで15分間遠心分離した後、可溶Fabタンパク質が、Protein Gカラムをメーカー(Amersham Pharmacia Biotech)の指示に従って用いるアフィニティー・クロマトグラフィーによって上澄みから精製された。
3.7×1010クローンを含む大きなヒトFabファージ・ディスプレー・ライブラリー(DeHaard et al., J. Biol. Chem. 274:18218-30(1999))が、この選抜に用いられた。このライブラリーは、PCR増幅された抗体可変軽鎖遺伝子及び可変重鎖遺伝子を、それぞれ、ヒト定常領域軽鎖遺伝子(κとλ)及びIgG1重鎖CH1ドメインをコードするDNAに融合したものから成る。重鎖及び軽鎖の構造(constructs)は、どちらもその前に信号配列−軽鎖にはpelB、重鎖には遺伝子III信号配列−が先行している。重鎖構造はさらに、ファージ・ディスプレーのための遺伝子IIIタンパク質の一部、ヘキサヒスチジン・タグ、及び11アミノ酸の長さのc−mycタグ、をコードし、アンバー・コドン(TAG)が続いている。ヘキサヒスチジン・タグ及びc−mycタグは精製又は検出に利用できる。アンバー・コドンは、サプレッサー・ホスト(例えば、TG1細胞)を用いるファージ・ディスプレー、又は非サプレッサー・ホスト(例えば、HB2151細胞)で変換されたときに、可溶な形のFab断片の生成を可能にする。
実施例II(a).KDR結合及びKDR/VEGF相互作用ブロッキングの定量
直接結合分析では、いろいろな量の可溶Fabタンパク質が、KDRをコーティングされた96ウエルMaxi-sorpマイクロタイター・プレートに加えられ、RTで1時間インキュベートされ、その後プレートはPBSTで3回洗浄された。次に、プレートは100μlのウサギ抗ヒトFab抗体−HRP接合体(Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratory Inc., West Grove, PA)と共にRTで1時間インキュベートされた。プレートは、ファージELISAに関して上述した手順に従って、洗浄され、現像(develop)された。競合的KDR/VEGFブロッキング分析では、いろいろな量のFabタンパク質が一定量のKDR−AP(100ng)と混合され、RTで1時間インキュベートされた。混合物は次にVEGF165(200ng/ウエル)で予めコーティングされた96ウエルのマイクロタイター・プレートに移され、RTでさらに2時間インキュベートされ、その後プレートは5回洗浄され、APの基質(p−ニトロフェニル・ホスフェート、Sigma)が加えられた。405nmでの吸収を測定して、結合したKDR−AP分子(8)を定量した。次に、IC50、すなわち、VEGFとのKDR結合の50%阻害に必要なFabタンパク質の濃度、を計算した。
可溶Fabタンパク質のKDRとの結合の反応速度(kinetics)がBIAコア・バイオセンサ(Pharmacia Biosensor)を用いて表面プラズモン共鳴によって測定された。KDR−AP融合タンパク質がセンサチップに固定され、可溶Fabタンパク質が1.5nMから100nMの範囲の濃度で注入された。各濃度でセンサーグラムが得られ、プログラム、BIA Evaluation 2.0、を用いて評価され、速度(rate)定数konとkoffが決定された。Kdは、速度定数の比koff/konから計算された。
KDR細胞外Ig様ドメイン欠失変異体の生成については以前に記載されている(Lu et al., (2000))。エピトープ・マッピング分析では、全長のKDR−AP、2つのKDR・Igドメイン欠失変異体のAP融合物、及びFlk−1−APがまず、捕集剤としてウサギ抗AP抗体(DAKO-immunoglobulins, Glostrup, Denmark)を用いて、96ウエル・プレート(Nunc)に固定された。次に、プレートはいろいろな抗KDR Fabタンパク質と共にRTで1時間インキュベートされ、続いてウサギ抗ヒトFab抗体−HRP接合体と共にインキュベートされた。プレートは前に述べたように洗浄され、現像(develop)された。
HUVEC(5×103細胞/ウエル)が96ウエル組織培養プレート(Wallach, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD)に、VEGF、基礎繊維芽細胞増殖因子(bFGF)、又は表皮細胞増殖因子(EGF)を含まないEBM−2培地200μlにプレーティングされ、37℃で72時間インキュベートされた。いろいろな量のFabタンパク質が重複したウエルに加えられ、37℃で1時間、予備インキュベートされ、その後VEGF165が最終濃度16ng/mlまで加えられた。18時間のインキュベーションの後、0.25μCiの[3H]TdR(Amersham)が各ウエルに加えられ、さらに4時間インキュベートされた。細胞はPBSで1回洗浄され、トリプシン化され、細胞ハーベスター(Harvester 96, MACH III, TOMTEC, Orange, CT)によってガラス・フィルター(Printed Filtermat A, Walach)上に収穫された。膜はH2Oで3回洗浄され、空気乾燥された。シンチレーション流体が加えられ、DNAに取り込まれた放射能がシンチレーション・カウンター(Wallach, Model 1450 Microbeta Scintillation Counter)で決定された。
HL60及びHEL細胞が血清を含まない素RPMI1640媒質で3回洗浄され、この媒質に1×106/mlで懸濁された。100μlの細胞懸濁液のアリクオットが、HL60細胞に対する3μmポアのトランス・ウエル・インサート、又はHEL細胞に対する8μmポアのトランス・ウエル・インサート(Costar(商標), Corning Incorporated, Corning, NY)に加えられ、抗KDR Fabタンパク質(5μg/ml)と共に37℃で30分間インキュベートされた。次に、インサートは、0.5mlの血清を含まないRPMI1640を含み、VEGF165を含む又は含まない24ウエル・プレートのウエルに入れられた。移動は、37℃、5%CO2で、HL60細胞では16−18時間、HEL細胞では4時間行われた。移動した細胞が下方コンパートメントから集められ、Coulterカウンター(Model Z1, Coulter Electronics Ltd., Luton, England)でカウントされた。
実施例III(a).IgG発現のためのベクターの構成.
IgG軽鎖及び重鎖を発現させるための別々のベクターが構成された。クローニングされたVL遺伝子が消化され、ベクターpKN100(MRC)に結紮された。ローニングされたVH遺伝子が消化され、ヒトIgG I(γ)重鎖定常ドメインを含むベクターpGID105に結紮された。pKN100とpGID105はMRCから入手できる。構成物(construct)は制限酵素による消化で調べられ、ジデオキシヌクレオチド配列決定によって検証された。どちらの場合も、発現はHCMVプロモーターのコントロールの下にあり、人工の終止配列によって終結される。
IMC−2C6及びIMC−1121の両方が、安定に形質移入され、血清を含まない条件下で培養されたNS0細胞ラインで生成され、Protein Aアフィニティー・クロマトグラフィーを用いてバッチ細胞培養から精製された。抗体試料の純度はSDS−PAGEによって分析され、濃度はELISAによって、抗ヒトFc抗体を捕集剤(capturing agent)として用い、抗ヒトκ鎖抗体−ホースラディッシュ・ペルオキシダーゼ(HRP)接合体を検出剤として用いて決定された。臨床グレードの抗体、IMC−C225,が校正用の標準として用いられた。各抗体試料のエンドトキシン・レベルを検査して、生成物がエンドトキシンで汚染されていないことを確認した。
細胞ベースの放射免疫分析で、いろいろな量の抗KDR抗体が固定された量(2ng)の125I標識されたVEGF165(R&D Systems)と混合され、96ウエル・マイクロタイター・プレートで育成された80〜90%コンフルエント単層に加えられた。このプレートはRTで2時間インキュベートされ、冷たいPBSで5回洗浄され、内皮細胞に結合した放射能が測定された。図7Aに示されているように、抗KDR抗体はHUVECとの結合に関して、放射生標識されたVEGFと効率的に競合した。データは、三重複の測定に関する平均±SDを表している。
実施例IV(a).白血病細胞によるVEGFとKDRの発現
我々は3つの骨髄性白血病細胞ライン:HL60(前骨髄球性);HEL(骨髄巨核球性);及びU937(組織球性)におけるVEGF及びKDR発現を、RT−PCRによって調べた。次のプライマーを用いて、VEGF、Flt−1,KDR、及び内部対照、α−アクチンを増幅した:VEGF順方向:5′−TCGGGCCTCCGAAACCATGA−3′(SEQ ID NO:86)、及び逆方向:5′−CCTGGTGAGAGATCTGGTTC−3′(SEQ ID NO:87);Flt−1順方向:
5′−TTTGTGATTTTGGCCTTGC−3′(SEQ ID NO:88);及び逆方向:5′−CAGGCTCATGAACTTGAAAGC−3′(SEQ ID NO:89);KDR順方向:5′−GTGACCAACATGGAGTCGTG−3′(SEQ ID NO:90);及び逆方向:5′−CCAGAGATTCCATGCCACTT−3′(SEQ ID NO:91);α−アクチン順方向:5′−TCATGTTTGAGACCTTCAA−3′(SEQ ID NO:92);及び逆方向:5′−GTCTTTGCGGATGTCCACG−3′(SEQ ID NO:93)。PCR生成物は1%アガロース・ゲルで分析された。図8Aに示されているように、3つの細胞ラインはすべてVEGF発現に関して陽性(positive)であり、HL60とHELはKDR発現に関しても陽性であるが、U937は陽性でない。3つの細胞ラインは、RT−PCTによって検出されるFlt−1発現に関しても陽性である。
実施例II(e)で述べたような白血病細胞移動分析が3つの白血病細胞ラインについて行われた。移動は、HL60細胞では16〜18時間、HELとU937細胞では4時間行われた。
全ての実験に生後6〜8週の性別マッチした(雌)NOD−SCIDマウスが用いられた。マウスは137Csガンマ線源から約0.9Gy/分という線量率で3.5Gy照射され、2×107HL60細胞が接種された。腫瘍接種から3日後、7から9匹のマウスのグループが、週2回、いろいろな用量のIMC−1C11,IMC−2C6,又はIMC−1121抗体で腹腔内注射によって治療された。マウスは毎日、毒性の徴候が見られないか観察され、生存時間が記録された。統計的分析には、ノンパラメトリック片側Mann-Whitney Rank Sum検定法が用いられた。
Claims (9)
- 配列番号53により表される軽鎖可変ドメイン及び配列番号24により表される重鎖可変領域ドメインを含む、キナーゼドメイン受容体(KDR)に選択的に結合する単離抗体またはその断片。
- 前記断片が単一鎖抗体、Fab、単一鎖Fv、ダイアボディ、及びトリアボディから成る群から選択される、請求項1に記載の抗体またはその断片。
- 前記抗体又はその断片が、VEGFのKDRとの結合を阻害する、請求項1又は2に記載の抗体またはその断片。
- 配列番号53および配列番号24により表されるアミノ酸配列をコードするヌクレオチド配列を含む、単離ポリヌクレオチド。
- 請求項4に記載のポリヌクレオチドを含む、発現ベクター。
- 請求項5に記載の発現ベクターを含む組み換え宿主細胞。
- 配列番号24を含むポリペプチド及び配列番号53を含むポリペプチドを産生する、請求項6に記載の組み換え宿主細胞。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の抗体またはその断片の有効量を含む、血管新生を抑制するための医薬組成物。
- 請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の抗体またはその断片の有効量を含む、腫瘍増殖を低減するための医薬組成物。
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